Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia Foreign Trade

Misfi laili Rohmi1, Tiara Juliana Jaya2, and Nur Syamsiyah3

1,3
IAIN Metro Lampung
2
UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Email Addres:
1
misfilailirohmi@metrouniv.ac.id, 2tiarajulianajaya@uin-malang.ac.id,
3
Nursyamsiyah@metrouniv.ac.id

Abstract: Indonesia is a developing country whose needs are exported from abroad.
Therefore Indonesia needs foreign trade to fulfill goods that cannot be produced
domestically or to distribute goods in which Indonesia has an absolute advantage in
producing these goods. However, the policies are taken by the domestic government and
Indonesia's foreign trading partner countries to limit the spread of the Covid-19 virus have
an impact on the inflow of goods to and from abroad. Thus, this study intends to see how
the Covid-19 pandemic has affected Indonesia's foreign trade by using the Paired Sample
T-test, which observes conditions before and during/after a pandemic occurs. This study
found that the Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on Indonesia's foreign trade from the
aspect of oil and gas exports, imports of raw materials, and imports of Indonesian capital
goods.

Key Word: Covid, International Trade, Import, Export.

Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara berkembang yang kebutuhannya di ekspor dari luar
negeri. Karenanya Indonesia membutuhkan perdagangan luar negeri untuk memenuhi
barang yang tidak bisa diproduksi di dalam negeri maupun untuk menyalurkan barang yang
mana Indonesia memiliki keunggulan mutlak dalam memproduksi barang tersebut. Akan
tetapi, kebijakan yang ditempuh pemerintah dalam negeri maupun negara mitra dagang luar
negeri Indonesia untuk membatasi penyebaran virus Covid-19 jelas berdampak pada arus
keluar masuk barang barang dari dan ke luar negeri. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini
bermaksud melihat sejauh mana Pandemi Covid-19 memberikan pengaruh terhadap
perdagangan luar negeri Indonesia dengan menggunakan uji Paired Sample T-test, yakni
mengamati kondisi sebelum dan saat/setelah terjadi pandemic. Hasil penelitian ini
menemukan fakta bahwa Pandemi Covid-19 berdampak pada perdagangan luar negeri
Indonesia dari aspek ekspor migas, impor bahan mentah dan impor barang modal Indonesia
Dan Pandemi Covid-19 tidak berdampak pada perdagangan luar negeri Indonesia dari aspek
ekspor nonmigas dan impor barang konsumsi.

Kata Kunci Covid, Perdagangan Internasional, Impor, Ekspor.

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 267

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

INTRODUCTION
What is happening in other countries can at least give an idea of the magnitude of the
impact caused by this Covid pandemic. From the publication (Ministry of Finance, 2020),
the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy. In the first
quarter (Q1) 2020, economic growth in various countries experienced a decline in
performance until the contraction in several countries. In China as the country of origin of
COVID-19, Q1 economic growth contracted by -6.8%. Deep contraction also occurred in
Europe (-3.3%), including France (-5.4%) which is one of the countries hardest hit by
COVID-19. In Asia, Singapore recorded growth - 2.2%, while South Korea (1.3%),
Indonesia (3.0%), and Vietnam (3.8%) were still able to record positive growth although
much lower than the previous period. The United States (US) was also able to avoid an
economic contraction in Q1, although it only grew by 0.3%. The declining performance of
world economic growth is largely a consequence of the extraordinary policies taken to
suppress the transmission of COVID-19. Extreme activity restrictions and restrictions have
kept global trading activity under pressure, as can be seen from the Baltic Dry Index which
continues to be at a very low level. The manufacturing sector was also severely affected, as
seen from the Manufacturing Purchasing Manager Index (PMI) at the world level and in
various countries, which contracted even more than the contraction during the global
financial crisis period. China's PMI, which briefly rebounded to levels above 50 (indicating
positive growth) in March, fell back below 50 levels in April although not as deep as other
countries. As the initial country of COVID-19 transmission that has taken extreme measures
such as a lockdown since February, the pattern of suppressing COVID-19 and China's
economic recovery is running earlier than most other countries.
The decline in the level of global economic demand made commodity prices also
continue to weaken. The deepest decline occurred in crude oil, which was also affected by
the issue of the Saudi Arabia-Russia price war and storage capacity. As of April, world
crude oil prices fell more than 65% (ytd). The decline in oil prices has an impact on other
energy commodities such as coal. Metal commodity prices also weakened in line with
expectations of reduced industrial activity. Prices of food and agricultural commodities are
relatively more stable with a slight upward trend in recent times driven by tight global
supply. The IMF projects that crude oil prices in 2020 will be below the 2019 average. The
projected weak commodity prices in the future could cause commodity exporters to
experience pressure on their financing and business activities Ministry of Finance (2020).
COVID-19 is spreading at a rate that can cause fear for international trade (Gormsen
and Koijen, 2020). Similarly, Indonesia's economy is devastated by COVID 19. Indonesia's
economic growth is expected to decline at 2.1% - 3.5% in 2020, and it is predicted that in
2021-2022 it will return to an average of 5.4% when aggregate demand has improved
(Muhyiddin, 2020). According to Sri Mulyani in the Press conference "Measures to
Strengthen Social Protection and Economic Stimulus Facing the Impact of Covid-19," stated
that Covid19 would have an impact on several sectors, namely. (1) The household sector is
health problems, loss of income, decrease in purchasing power of the community. (2)
MSME sector, i.e., MSMEs cannot run their businesses and the increase in NPL credit for
MSMEs. (3) Co-ordination sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, accommodation,

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 268

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

and trade industries will be disrupted. (4) The financial sector will experience liquidity,
depreciation, and capital flight problems.
Indonesia is based on epidemiological, resource, economic, social and cultural,
security, and the magnitude of the threat of effectiveness. President Joko Widodo establishes
large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) that are considered to result in economic and trade
problems (Sari, 2020). This social or physical distancing has an influence on a decrease in
overall economic activity ((Iskandar et al., 2020). The rapid spread of the virus and the
challenge to identify forces the international world to think quickly and appropriately to take
public policy. As a country with an open economy, Indonesia cannot be separated from
international trade activities (Thirafi, 2020).
In terms of Indonesia's foreign trade, the lockdown policy implemented by the
destination country and exports or the country of import origin impacts the disruption of
Indonesia's import-export activities. The following is a graph of Indonesia's export growth
during the period 2018-2021.

Development of Indonesian Export Value

18.000,00
16.000,00
Export Value (in million US $)

14.000,00
12.000,00
10.000,00
8.000,00
6.000,00
4.000,00
2.000,00
0,00

Period

Figure 1. Development of Indonesian Export Value

The figure above shows that the value of exports is experiencing a volatile trend; a
reasonably sharp decline occurred in March 2020 – May 2020. This is suspected because of
the pandemic outbreak that hit the world, so that it has implications in the foreign trade
sector of Indonesia.
(Budiyanti, 2020) in his research, suggests that non-oil and gas exports and non-oil
and gas imports decreased in January 2020 when compared to the previous month. This
decrease occurred to most major destination countries, China, which reached USD 211.9
million or down 9.15%. Meanwhile, the total value of non-oil and gas imports during
January 2020 was USD 9,670 million or decreased by USD 313.5 million or decreased by
3.14% compared to December 2019. The decrease was influenced by the decreasing value

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 269

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

of non-oil and gas imports from several major countries, including China, from USD 4.07
billion to USD 3.94 billion or down 3.08%.
(Sari, 2020) stated that during the Covid-19 pandemic, Indonesia's export and import
activities were disrupted (observation using SITC code). In January 2020, Indonesia's total
monthly exports were 118.89. This figure rose by 4.35 compared to December 2019. In
February 2020, Indonesia's monthly export value was 125.22. This is an increase of 6.40
compared to January 2020. While in March 2020 amounted to 118.82. This figure decreased
by 6.40 compared to February 2020.

In terms of imports, it is seen on the chart that the value of Indonesia's imports
throughout 2019-2020 is also experiencing a volatile trend. In March-May 2020, Indonesian
imports' value decreased quite sharply, allegedly due to the official announcement of
positive cases of Covid-19 for the first time on March 02, 2020. Indonesia's largest import
country, China, which imposed a lockdown caused a limited number of commodities before
the pandemic.

Development of Indonesian Import Value

18.000,00
Import Value (In Million US $)

16.000,00
14.000,00
12.000,00
10.000,00
8.000,00
6.000,00
4.000,00
2.000,00
0,00

Period

Figure 2. Development of Indonesian Import Value

This study intends to see how the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on aspects of
Indonesia's international trade before and after the pandemic. The data was taken until the
Ministry of Trade's last release (January 2021), when this research was compiled.

THEORITICAL REVIEW
International Trade. Foreign trade often arises because of differences in the prices of
goods in different countries. Prices are determined by production costs consisting of wages,
capital costs, land rent, and raw material costs, as well as efficiency in the production

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 270

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

process. In addition to price differences, other factors that can cause international trade are
differences in natural resources and production factors that exist in a country. Each country
has different natural resources so it will produce different goods. However, because people's
needs are very diverse and the state can't meet all the needs of its people, this causes
international trade to meet the needs within a country (Pradeksa et al., 2016).
The development of international trade in each country cannot be separated from
things that are and will take place in global economic activities. The flow of economic
globalization and free trade provides opportunities as well as obstacles to trade activities
that spread to the Indonesian economy. In general, the Indonesian state carries out trading
activities in the form of exports and imports from and to various countries in the world
(Wahyu Setianto, 2014).
International trade involves the transfer of ownership of goods or services that cross
the borders of the state territory; in this case, the activity is experiencing constraints due to
the Covid 19 Pandemic that hit the world, because the world economy is in crisis and
millions of people around the world depend on international trade for food security and
livelihoods (Pinshi, 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic, established by the United Nations,
affects transportation, tourism, employment, health, and other sectors. The "lockdown"
policy adopted by various countries prevents the further spread of covid-19, resulting in
hampered economic activity and pressure on world economic growth in the future, including
its development (Susilawati et al., 2020). A country establishes international trade relations
due to technological differences, differences in natural resources wealth, differences in
tastes, climate differences, and increased profits. To meet the country's needs, the
government will follow international trade (Tobing and Panday, 2020).
(Safitriani, 2014) explains that one of the economic activities that cannot be separated
from international trade is the activity of capital flows, both in and out of a country. When
international trade activities occur in the form of export and import activities, it is likely that
there will be a transfer of production factors from the exporting country to the importing
country due to differences in costs in the international trade process.

Export. Exports are helpful to reduce the impact of the fragile domestic market by widening
the coverage of the target market to the global market (Bakari & Mabrouki, 2017). Exports
also help gain knowledge on how to market products in foreign markets. This study uses
data on Indonesia's oil and gas exports and non-oil and gas exports in 2019 – early 2021,
which are sourced from data from the Indonesian Ministry of Trade combined with data
from BPS. The oil and gas sector consists of oil and natural gas, and the non-oil and gas
sector consists of the agricultural, plantation, forestry, industrial, handicraft, and service
sectors (Mejaya et al., 2016).
From a macroeconomic perspective, an export-based economy has several advantages
including: (1) Export activities will generate cash inflows in the form of foreign currency as
payment for products sold abroad. The foreign exchange received will certainly increase the
foreign exchange reserves of the exporting country, which in turn can strengthen the
country's economic fundamentals. (2) Export activities will be able to absorb a lot of
workers, especially for non-oil and gas exports. This of course is very suitable for Indonesia,
which has a large workforce. (3) Export-based countries are to facilitate the achievement of

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 271

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

the goal of economic independence. Countries that depend on their national needs by
importing goods from outside will be easily affected by economic turmoil (Wardhana, 2014)

Import. Globally about 20 percent of manufactured products are produced in China, and
therefore, with the rise of COVID 19, many countries face significant problems (Hasanat et
al., 2020). Not only China but other countries where their products are imported are equally
hampered. On the other hand, imports are an activity in which a country enters goods or
services from another country. Imports are an indicator of a country's inability to meet its
own needs (Bakari & Mabrouki, 2017). All countries conducting international trade
activities will have a trade balance that records export-import activities therein. This study
uses data on imports of Indonesian capital goods, raw goods and consumer goods in 2019 –
early 2021 sourced from data from the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia which
is combined with data from BPS.

Conceptual Framework
The frame of mind in this study is as follows

Covid-19 Pandemic Event First Discovered in

Wuhan, China December 2020

Event Period for 13 Months

Indonesia's Exports and Imports Indonesia's exports and imports

during/after the Pandemic before the Pandemic

Figure 3. Conceptual Framework

METHOD
This research is included in quantitative analysis using paired sample t-test. The paired
sample t-test was conducted to determine the difference in the average of 2 (two) groups of
samples in pairs, but the treatment obtained was different (Nuryadi et al., 2017). This study
was conducted to look at Indonesia's foreign trade by comparing the conditions before and
after the pandemic until the last month released by the Ministry of Trade Pandemic. Time
series data is processed using SPSS 24.
Data analysis in this study used parametric statistical analysis with paired sample t-
test. As a rule in parametric statistics, the data must be normally distributed. Thus, before
analyzing the data with a different test, the normality test of the data will be carried out first.
The basis for decision-making in this test is determined by looking at the significant value.

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 272

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

If the value of sig. > 0.05 then the data is normally distributed, and vice versa if the value
of sig. <0.05 then the data is not normally distributed (Putri and suhadak, 2018).
The paired sample t-test was carried out to find out the difference in the average of 2
(two) paired sample groups, but the treatment they got was different (Nuryadi et al., 2017).
The data used is secondary data in the form of time-series data. The data is sourced from
the Ministry of Finance and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The data is then processed
using SPSS. The paired t-test is a parametric test that is by the purpose of this study, namely
to analyze whether there are differences in paired samples (Putri & suhadak, 2018). The
formula for the paired t-difference test is as follows:

𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑡=
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠

The decision making criteria in this test are as follows standard error of the difference
between the two samples
1) Ho is accepted if: t count ≤ t table or Sig. > 0.05.
2) Ha is accepted if: t count > t table or Sig. ≤ 0.05.
The observed time is 13 months before discovering the coronavirus for the first time
in December 2019, namely November 2018-November 2019, and 13 months after that,
namely January 2020-January 2021. The retrieval of this period is intended to obtain
updated data until the time of this study.

The observation moon can be seen from the following table

Table 1. Month of Observation Before and After Covid 19

Month of Observation After Covid 19
Month of Observation Before Covid 19
Dec 2019 0
Nov 2018 -13
Jan 2020 +1
Dec 2018 -12
Feb 2020 +2
Jan 2019 -11
March 2020 +3
Feb 2019 -10
Apr 2020 +4
Marc 2019 -9
May 2020 +5
Apr 2019 -8
Jun 2020 +6
May 2019 -7
Jul 2020 +7
Jun 2019 -6
Agust 2020 +8
Jul 2019 -5
Sep 2020 +9
Agust 2019 -4
Oct 2020 +10
Sept 2019 -3
Nov 20 +11
Oct 2019 -2
Dec 2020 +12
Nov 2019 -1
Jan 2021 +13

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 273

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Indonesia's Oil and Gas Exports. Before the
test paired sample t-test, first conducted a trial against the normality of the data as the
primary condition of parametric statistics. Here are the results of the normality test with
SPSS of Indonesia's oil and gas exports before and after the Covid-19 pandemic Here are
the results of normality tests on Indonesian foreign trade variables.

Table 2. Tests of Normality

Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Oil and gas exports before .162 13 .200* .930 13 .338
the pandemic
Oil and gas exports after .194 13 .193 .900 13 .135
the pandemic
Non-oil and gas exports .174 13 .200* .917 13 .230
before the pandemic
Non-oil and gas exports .134 13 .200* .971 13 .903
after the pandemic
Imports of consumption .208 13 .127 .911 13 .190
before the pandemic
Imports of consumption .085 13 .200* .978 13 .971
after the pandemic
Import of raw materials .160 13 .200* .954 13 .655
before the pandemic
Import of raw materials .123 13 .200* .958 13 .717
after the pandemic
import of capital goods .155 13 .200* .912 13 .198
before the pandemic
import of capital goods .194 13 .192 .942 13 .489
after the pandemic
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

The normality test using Shapiro-Wilk obtained the significance value of Indonesian
foreign trade variables both before and after the pandemic is greater than the alpha value
specified (0.05). It can be concluded that all data is usually distributed. Furthermore, after
the normality assumption is fulfilled, a paired sample t-test is conducted with the following
results.

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 274

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

Table 3. Paired Samples Test

95% Confidence Interval

Paired Differences Std. Std. Error of the Difference
Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper
Pair 1 Oil and gas 344,83462 296,20101 82,15138 165,84214 523,82709 4,198 12 0,001
exports before
the pandemic -
Oil and gas
exports after the
pandemic
Pair 1 Non-oil and gas -52,84615 1388,45798 385,08896 -891,88291 786,19060 -0,137 12 0,893
exports before
the pandemic -
Non-oil and gas
exports after the
pandemic

Pair 1 Imports of 124,28077 263,16326 72,98836 -34,74720 283,30873 1,703 12 0,114

consumption
before the
pandemic -
Imports of
consumption
setelah the
pandemic
Pair 1 Import of raw 2071,26615 1326,12542 367,80102 1269,89658 2872,63573 5,631 12 0,000
materials before
the pandemic -
Import of raw
materials before
the pandemic

Pair 1 imports of 431,70231 303,13803 84,07536 248,51783 614,88679 5,135 12 0,000

capital goods
before the
pandemic -
imports of
capital goods
after the
pandemic

Table 3 is the most crucial output because it answers research questions about whether
or not there is an average difference in conditions before the pandemic and after the
pandemic based on the value of sig. (2-tailed) < 0.05, then it can be concluded there is a
difference in average and vice (Santoso, 2016). From the table, we can see there are three
variables that value sig. (2-tailed) < 0.05, i.e., the value of oil and gas exports, imports of
raw materials, and imports of capital goods. Thus, it can be concluded that the Covid-19
pandemic affects oil and gas exports, imports of raw materials, and imports of Indonesian
capital goods.
This study's results are in line with research conducted by Thirafi (2020), where
negative trends experienced in Indonesia's trade balance due to the Covid-19 pandemic,
starting from March 2020 and reaching its peak in May 2020. According to a report by the
Ministry of Finance (2020), the Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the
economy globally. The decline in global economic demand has also weakened commodity
prices. The issue of a price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia led to a decrease in crude
oil commodities. The cost of world crude oil fell more than 65%, as the drop in oil prices
influenced other energy commodities such as coal. Metal commodity prices also weakened

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 275

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

as expectations of reduced industrial activity eased. The IMF projects crude oil prices in
2020 will be below the 2019 average. The projection of weak commodity prices in the future
may cause commodity exporters to experience pressure on financing and business activity.
Ministry of Finance Report (2020), cumulatively viewed from January to April 2020,
imports of raw/auxiliary materials and capital goods decreased by 7.3% (yoy) and 14%
(yoy) respectively.

Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Oil and Gas Exports, Imports of Raw Materials and
Imports of Indonesian Capital Goods. Meanwhile, the significance of variable non-oil and
gas exports and imports of consumer goods shows a figure more significant than the alpha
value, so it can be concluded that there is no influence of the Covid-19 pandemic non-oil
and gas exports and imports of Indonesian consumer goods. This is in line with research
(Tobing & Panday, 2020), which found similar results in which from observations for 9
(nine) months on Indonesia's non-oil and gas exports before and after the pandemic also
found no difference, which means the Covid-19 pandemic does not affect Indonesia's non-
oil and gas exports.
The following is a graph of the development of Indonesia's non-oil and gas exports
during the Covid-19 pandemic

Non-Oil and Gas Export Development Chart

20.000,00

15.000,00

10.000,00

5.000,00

0,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Figure 4 Non-Oil and Gas Export Development Chart

Source : Data processed

From the graph, we can see that at the beginning of the pandemic, Indonesia's non-oil
and gas exports had experienced a sharp decline, but in the following months Indonesia's
non-oil and gas exports again showed an increase.
In terms of imports of consumer goods, this study is in line with research Hobbs
(2020), which states that the Covid Pandemic causes shocks on the demand side of consumer
goods, panic buying and hoarding by consumers so that there is a run out of stock of
consumer goods in the short term. Although the Covid pandemic has lowered the
competitiveness of various sectors of the economy, it has no impact on Canada's food and
agricultural export sectors. Canada is a significant exporter of foodstuffs and agriculture.
That means that the importing countries of food and agriculture continue to import because
they have to meet domestic needs due to the emptiness of food stocks caused by the Covid-

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 276

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

19 pandemic. Canada is still able to provide food supplies to surrounding countries. This
illustrates that during the Pandemic, the need for consumption materials actually increased
in order to maintain individual survival so that in general the Covid-19 Pandemic actually
increased the demand for consumer goods.
Covid-19 is known to have been in Indonesia on March 2, 2020, when it was published
two residents of Depok, West Java was affected by this virus. Since then, Covid-19 has
spread rapidly across the archipelago with the number of infected cases and deaths
continuing to increase. To deal with this, the government issued various policies, including
the Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy through a Government Regulation (PP)
on March 31, 2020. At the beginning of the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic, the
government's attention was mainly focused on handling health aspects. However, over time,
the impact of the pandemic and social restriction policies have disrupted all sectors of life.
For this reason, in addition to continuing to address the health aspect, various policies have
been issued to overcome the impact of the pandemic on businesses experiencing a decline
in production activities and people suffering from declining incomes and purchasing power
(Ahmad Suryana, I Wayan Rusastra, Tahlim Sudaryanto, Sehat, 2020)
The government must choose a policy from a 2-way path in dealing with this
pandemic (Yamali & Putri, 2020). The government must look at substantive policies and
focus on policies that regulate the economy. The two policies were carried out
simultaneously which resulted in the ineffective implementation of these policies. In
addition to the ineffective implementation of the policies that have been made, these policies
also make coordination between the central government and local governments not well
established. The objectives to be achieved from the policy are breaking the chain of the
virus's spread and economic improvement has not yet been achieved it tends to get worse
(Muhyiddin, 2020)
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the Indonesian government to issue
regulations/policies related to its handling. The regulations/policies referred to include 4
Presidential Decrees, 2 Presidential Regulations, 1 Government Regulation, 1 Presidential
Instruction, and 1 Government Regulation in place of Law. The regulations that have been
made are alternative solutions to problems that can be seen from the health, bureaucracy,
political and financial aspects of the Indonesian state as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
One of the Indonesian state finances depends on the foreign trade sector, in this case, exports
and imports. Thus, the government should make policies that can boost the foreign trade
sector, for example by providing subsidies to exporters as well as suppressing taxes and
special import duties on consumer goods, considering that during the Covid pandemic,
people can get panic buying at any time so that the market is over-demanded for goods.
consumption.
Nine regulations that have been issued by the government are the basis for the
allocation, distribution, and stabilization policies that can be carried out. The first step is
that the government is obliged to allocate qualified inputs and resources to its policy
orientation (Allocation Policy), namely to the new vulnerable groups affected by Covid-19,
including business groups that require mass crowds, groups of casual daily workers, street
vendors, businessmen. workers affected by layoffs, farmers, the poor, and so on. However,
we know that foreign trade is a business group that requires mass crowds both as
exporters/importers and the wider community as a market share.

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 277

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

These Covid-19 externalities have weakened their opportunities to generate daily

income, caused massive layoffs of workers, and weakened company finances. This incident
will experience an increase in numbers that continue to increase if this pandemic lasts long.
In addition, the "stay at home" appeal to the community will result in a significant decrease
in people's income from their routines, very limited economic activity, and other influences
that follow.

CONCLUSION
The conclusions of this study are as follows. (1) The Covid-19 pandemic impacted
Indonesia's foreign trade in terms of oil and gas exports, imports of raw materials, and
Indonesian capital goods imports. (2) The Covid-19 pandemic has no impact on Indonesia's
foreign trade in terms of non-oil and gas exports and imports of consumer goods.
The recommendation of this study are as follows. (1) Reduce or limit export bans on
certain commodities such as oil and gas exports that are severely affected by pandemics. (2)
2) Simplify and reduce import restrictions on the types of imported goods affected by the
pandemic, such as importing raw materials and importing capital goods. (3) Provide
convenience, for example, by providing subsidies for exporter companies and importers
affected by the pandemic

REFERENCES
Ahmad Suryana, I Wayan Rusastra, Tahlim Sudaryanto, Sehat, M. P. (2020). Dampak
Pandemi Covid-19.
Bakari, S., and Mabrouki, M. (2017). Impact of Exports and Imports on Economic Growth:
New Evidence From Panama. Journal of Smart Economic Growth, 2(1), 67–79.
Budiyanti, E. (2020). Dampak Virus Corona Terhadap Sektor Perdagangan Dan. Pusat
Penelitian Badan Keahlian DPR RI, XXI(4), 19–24.
Gormsen, N. J., and Koijen, R. S. J. (2020). Coronavirus: Impact on stock prices and growth
expectations. Review of Asset Pricing Studies, 10(4), 574–597.
https://doi.org/10.1093/rapstu/raaa013.
Hasanat, M. W., Hoque, A., Shikha, F. A., Anwar, M., Hamid, A. B. A., and Tat, H. H.
(2020). The impact of coronavirus on business continuity planning. Asian Journal of
Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 85–90.
Hobbs, J. E. (2020). Food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian Journal
of Agricultural Economics, 68(2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12237.
Iskandar, A., Possumah, B. T., dan Aqbar, K. (2020). Peran Ekonomi dan Keuangan Sosial
Islam saat Pandemi Covid-19. SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I, 7(7).
https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v7i7.15544.
Kementerian Keuangan. (2020). Laporan Ekonomi dan Keuangan.
Lenzen, M., Li, M., Malik, A., Pomponi, F., Sun, Y. Y., Wiedmann, T., Faturay, F., Fry, J.,
Gallego, B., Geschke, A., Gómez-Paredes, J., Kanemoto, K., Kenway, S., Nansai, K.,
Prokopenko, M., Wakiyama, T., Wang, Y., and Yousefzadeh, M. (2020). Global
Socio-Economic Losses and Environmental Gains From The Coronavirus Pandemic.
PLoS ONE, 15(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235654.

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 278

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747
 Rohmi, Jaya, and Syamsiyah: The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia …

Mejaya, A., Fanani, D., dan Mawardi, M. (2016). Pengaruh Produksi, Harga Internasional,
Dan Nilai Tukar Terhadap Volume Ekspor (Studi pada Ekspor Global Teh Indonesia
Periode Tahun 2010-2013). Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis S1 Universitas Brawijaya,
35(2), 20–29.
Muhyiddin. (2020). Covid-19, New Normal dan Perencanaan Pembangunan di Indonesia.
The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning, IV(2), 240–252.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2021.01.002.
Nuryadi, N., Astuti, T. D., Utami, E. S., dan Budiantara, M. (2017). Dasar-Dasar Statistika
Penelitian. Sibuku Media.
Pinshi, C. (2020). What impact does COVID-19 have on the Congolese economy and
international trade?
Pradeksa, Y., Darwanto, D. H., dan Masyhuri, M. (2016). Faktor-Faktor Yang
Mempengaruhi Impor Gandum Indonesia. Agro Ekonomi, 25(1).
https://doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.17381.
Putri, A. B., dan suhadak. (2018). Perang Dagang Amerika Serikat Dan China ( Studi pada
Badan Pusat Statistik Periode September 2017- September 2018 ). Jurnal
Administrasi Bisnis S1 Universitas Brawijaya, 71(1), 81–90.
Safitriani, S. (2014). Perdagangan Internasional Dan Foreign Direct Investment Di
Indonesia. Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan, 8(1), 93–116.
https://doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v8i1.89.
Santoso, S. (2016). Panduan Lengkap SPSS Versi 23 (Pertama). PT. Elex Media
Komputindo.
Sari, D. (2020). Fenomena Ekonomi Dan Perdagangan Indonesia Di Masa Pandemi Corona
Virus Disease-19 ( Covid-19 ). Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Investasi, 4(1), 81–93.
Susilawati, S., Falefi, R., and Purwoko, A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19’s Pandemic on the
Economy of Indonesia. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-
Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2), 1147–1156.
https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i2.954.
Thirafi, L. (2020). Dua Dekade Terakhir Neraca Perdagangan Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi
Dan Pendidikan, 17(2), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.21831/jep.v17i2.34616.
Tobing, G. M., dan Panday, R. (2020). Uji Beda Nilai Ekspor Nonmigas Di Indonesia
Sebelum Dan Saat Terjadinya Pandemi Virus Corona. December.
Wahyu Setianto. (2014). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Ekspor Tekstil
Indonesia Periode 2007-2011. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 3(1), 124–
134. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v3i1.3525.
Yamali, F. R., dan Putri, R. N. (2020). Dampak Covid-19 Terhadap Ekonomi Indonesia.
Ekonomis: Journal of Economics and Business, 4(2), 384.
https://doi.org/10.33087/ekonomis.v4i2.179.

Jurnal Ekonomi/Volume XXVI, No. 02 Juli 2021: 267-279 279

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v26i2.747