KULIAH PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN PERUBAHAN IKLIM, MINGGU 14

KONSEP PENCEGAHAN PENCEMARAN

UDARA DAN KEBIJAKANNYA
ABDU F. ASSOMADI
LABORATORIUM PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN UDARA DAN PERUBAHAN IKLIM (LPPUPI)
FTSPK-ITS
TUJUAN DAN STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN
PENCEMARAN UDARA

• Tujuan: mengurangi kadar zat pencemar dilingkungan untuk memenuhi standar kualitas udara (baku
mutu)
• Program/strategi pengendalian/pengurangan pencemar setidaknya terbagi menjadi:
• Pengendalian jangka panjang (long-term control) membuat aturan terukur yang diterapkan berjenjang dalam
jangka waktu yang panjang (multiyear period)
• Pengendalian jangka pendek (short-term control / episode control)  meliputi prosedur-prosedur singkat yang
diterapkan pada satu periode (beberapa jam atau hari) tergantung kondisi meteorology (yang akan
datang/prediksi)
TUJUAN SPESIFIK

• Long-term control: a typical objective might be to reduce to a specified value the expected number of
days per year that the maximum hourly average concentration of a certain pollutant exceeds a given
value
• Short-term /episode control: ordinarily to keep the maximum concentration of a certain pollutant below
a given value on that particular day
ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE REGIONAL AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY
 EVOLUSI (PERKEMBANGAN) PENDEKATAN
PERLINDUNGAN LINGKUNGAN (GLOBAL)

Dematerialization? Industial Ecology  Masa

depan?
Sumber:
Manual on the Development of
Cleaner Production Policies- Cleaner Production – 1990-an
Approaches and Instruments

UNIDO CP Programme, 2002 Recycling and Energy recovery – 1980-an

Resiko Lingkungan /Ekologi

1989—CP programme at
End of Pipe treatment – 1970-1n
UNEP
1998—UNEP’s International
Declaration on CP Dispersi  penyelesaian dengan pengenceran
(udara/air/energy) – 1960-an

No Action (revolusi industry – pertengahan abad

20)
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
EVOLUTIONARY “LADDER”
Anticipate &
prevent GOAL
Sustainable Development
cleaner production;
sustainable consumption

Prevent

Control recycling; treatment

Dilute
React &
treat Ignore Save &
opportunity
UNEP Division of Technology, Industry & Economics
Cost & liability
 REGULASI KUALITAS UDARA

Cost dan Teknologi

Keekonomian Kepedualian dan SDA
Stakeholder

• Melindungi dan meningkatkan kualitas udara

• Melindungi dan meningkatkan kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan
• Menurunkan resiko pada kesehatan lingkungan dan manusia
• Mengidentifikasi resiko berdasarkan prioritas.
MANAGEMEN KUALITAS UDARA
Standar
Emisi

Upaya Standar
Mitigasi Kualitas
lainnya Ambien

Managemen
Kualitas Udara

Standar
Tarif Polusi
Resiko
(Pollution
didasarkan
Taxes)
pada polusi

Analisis
Cost-Benefit
ENGINEERING CONTROL CONCEPT

• The cost of controlling any given air pollution source is usually

an exponential function of the percentage of control
• becomes an important consideration in the level of control
required
• In recovering control  a curve would want to be operating in
the area to the left of the intersection of the two curves,
• whereas the local air pollution forces would insist on operation
as far to the right of the graph as the best available control
technology would allow.
TOTAL COST OF AIR POLLUTION AS A SUM OF
CONTROL AND DAMAGE COSTS
THE CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM A
PROCESS

• depending on the process, fuel, types, availability of control equipment, etc.

• Control may consist of either removal of the pollutant or conversion to a less polluting form
• The three general methods of control emission
• process change  to less polluting or less emission
• Change / modification in operation
• Change of technology

• change to a fuel  less polluting fuel

• installation of control equipment  Air pollution control device
Teknik Umum Pengendalian Emisi

Tanpa Menggunakan Peralatan Menggunakan Alat Pengendali

Pengendali Emisi Emisi
• Process Change • Partikulat
• Energy Change (from fossil fired to • Cyclone
wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, • ESP (Electrostatic Precipitators)
solar cell) • Fabric Filter
• Wet Scrubbers
• High Quality Fuel (use low Sulfur
Fuel) • Gas
• Adsorptions/ Absorpstions Towers
• Good Operating Practices (good
• Thermal Inceneration
housekeeping, maintenance) • Catalytic Combustion
• Plant Shutdown • Condensations
POLLUTION REMOVAL
DISPOSAL OF POLLUTANTS

A common system for categorizing substances

• Toxic substances (acute or chronic damage to living systems)
• Flammable
• explosive or highly reactive
• irritating and/or sensitizing
• Corrosive (strong oxidizing agents)
• Radioactive
• bioaccumulative and/or biomagnified substances (with toxic effects)
• genetically interactive substances (mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic).
CONTROL
DEVICES,
TECHNOLOGIES,
AND
SYSTEMS
CONTROL
DEVICES,
TECHNOLOGIES,
AND
SYSTEMS
KONTROL PENCEMAR UDARA

• Pengelolaan/Kontrol Sumber
• Reduksi emisi ke Atmosfer
• Konversi Pollutant
• Pengelolaan emisi
• Removal Pollutant
• Oksidasi (thermal, catalytic, combustion)
• Absorpsi
• Adsorpsi
• Metode Biologi
 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
• Two basic approaches are used for controlling air pollution
• Controlling or confining the pollutant at source, by:
• Modifying the process
• Reducing the pollutant concentration use of the suitable equipment to destroy, alter or
trap the pollutant formed

• Dilution of pollutant in the atmosphere to permissible level before they can reach
the receptor, by using tall stacks, controlling the process
METHOD AND EQUIPMENT USED TO CONTROL GASEOUS POLLUTANT

• Combustion, for gases and vapor of organic in nature,

hydrocarbon, etc.
• Equipment : fume incinerator, steam or venturi flare and after
burner
• Absorption (gasses passed through scrubber or absorber
containing absorbent; chemical reactivity, time and surface
contact, concentration absorber)
• Equipment : plate tower, spray tower, packed tower, venturi of
scrubber
• Adsorption (gasses passed through porous solid; silica gel,
zeolite, iron oxide, activated carbon, Alumina, bauxite, etc.
• Equipment : Suitable container of adsorbent or column adsorbent
COMPARISON OF
METHOD TO
CONTROL GASEOUS
AIR POLLUTANT
METHOD OF PARTICULATE/GASEOUS CONTROL
CONTROL
PROCESS DEVICE STACK
Inlet Loading Outlet Loading

Efficiency
Type of Fuel High
Properties of
Efficiency (F/A, T) Pollutant Air quality

System Burner Cost Regulation

Space

Introduction to Air Pollution Control (Week I) 21/11/2022 09.56.31 22

 AIR POLLUTANT WORK

• The control equipment should be designed to meet emission limitation at

minimum cost with maximum reability
• The basic trade-off involve decision between collection efficiency, pressure drop,
installation cost, and operating cost.

inletloading  outletloading
Collection.Efficiency(by.weight)  100%
inletloading

Introduction to Air Pollution Control (Week I) 21/11/2022 09.56.31 23

 REFERENSI

[1] Vallero, A. Daniel, “Fundamentals of Air Pollution”, 4th.ed., Academic Press, 2008.
[2] Schnelle, Jr., Karl B. and Charles A. Brown, “Air pollution control technology
handbook”, CRC Press, 2002
[3] Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P., “Handbook of air pollution prevention and control”,
Elsevier Science, 2002
[4] Theodore, Louis, “Air Pollution Control Equipment Calculations”. John Wiley. New
York, 2008
[5] Dll.
TERIMA KASIH