Introduction to

Teknik Kelautan FTK- ITS

Fatigue Failure

Dr. Eng. Ir. Rudi Walujo Prastianto, ST., MT.

Dept. Teknik Kelautan – ITS
Surabaya
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334)
 Review - Jenis Kriteria Kegagalan Struktur
1. Kriteria Kegagalan Elastic (Elastic Failure)
2. Kriteria Kegagalan Ultimat (Ultimate Failure)
3. Kriteria Kegagalan Tekuk (Buckling Failure)
4. Kriteria Kegagalan Lelah (Fatigue Failure)
 Review - Pemusatan Tegangan
( Stress Concentration )
• Distribusi tegangan (Stress distribution) • Ketidakkontinyuan
(Discontinuity):
• Pemusatan tegangan (Stress concentration)
✓ Ketidakkontinyuan
• Tegangan nominal (Nominal Stress) Bentuk (Geometrycal
• Tegangan Hotspot (Hotspot Stress) Discontinuity)
✓ Ketidakkontinyuan
Material (Material
Discontinuity)

Local stress at Tubular Joint in

FEA (Finite Element Analysis)
 A local stress concentration
• Kasus → bentuk scallop kotak pada struktur lambung
kapal aluminium → pada sudut-sudut nya rentan terjadi
initial crack → retak merambat cepat → failure.
• Definisi → suatu proses kegagalan kumulatif sebuah
komponen struktur akibat terkena beban berulang/siklik
→ dapat menyebabkan kerusakan/kegagalan premature.
• Kelelahan dapat terjadi → meskipun tegangan maksimum
yang terjadi masih lebih rendah dari pada tegangan luluh
(yield stress) materialnya.
• Generally, the load amplitude of each cycle is not large
enough to cause the structural failure by itself → but
failure could occur when the accumulated damage
experienced by the structure reaches a critical level.
• Proses metalurgi yg kompleks → dalam skala mikro
sangat sulit dijelaskan dan dimodelkan secara akurat.

Kelelahan logam ( metal fatigue )

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 5
• Contoh beban siklik pada bangunan/struktur laut →
mencakup tegangan bolak-balik (alternating stresses)
akibat:
• Ombak/gelombang laut penimbul beban (the wave
induced loading),
• Pusaran/ulekan fluida (air/angin) penimbul getaran [
vortex-induced-vibration (VIV) ], dan
• Beban fluktuatif akibat angin serta efek lingkungan
lainnya.

Beban Siklik pada Bangunan Laut

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Cross-flow Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV)

Fatigue failure due to VIV

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 7
 LOAD (kN)

tension
Stress
concentrated

0 cycle
compression

Mechanisms of Fatigue Failure

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 8
 Alexander L. Kielland Rig Accident

27 March 1980 at 18.30

Casualty: 123 men out of 212 men onboard
Production loss

Brittle fracture of
the World War II Liberty ships
Totally 2700 ships → 400 fractures, 90 serious
failure, 20 ships broken completely in two.

Contoh Kasus
Kegagalan Lelah
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 9
The fatigue life of a structural detail is directly linked to the fatigue
process, which can be grouped into the following three stages:
• Crack initiation,
• Crack propagation,
• Final fracture failure.

Tahap Kegagalan Lelah

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 10
Tahap Kegagalan Lelah ( lanjutan… )
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 11
• Namun demikian utk desain struktur atau komponennya → memerlukan suatu
asesmen thd kegagalan/kerusakan lelah (fatigue damage assessment) → harus
dibuat suatu Metode Analisis Kelelahan → Kegagalan/Kerusakan Lelah dapat
dikuantifikasikan.

• In general, there are two methods for fatigue analysis:

✓ S-N approach (based on fatigue tests), and
✓ Fracture mechanics approach.
• For fatigue design purpose → the S-N curve approach is widely used and is the
most suitable one.
• Fracture mechanics method → is used to determine acceptable flaw size,
assessing the fatigue crack growth, planning inspection and repair strategy, etc.
• For the S-N curve approach → there are three methodologies for fatigue
damage calculations, depending on the methods of determining fatigue load:
✓ Simplified Fatigue Analysis,
✓ Spectral Fatigue Analysis,
✓ Time Domain Fatigue Analysis
Metode Analisis Kelelahan
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 12
• Stress-controlled fatigue → related to high cycle (low
stress) fatigue → in which a major part of the material
behaves elastically → Even though the material
immediately adjacent to the notch may become plastic,
both the extent of plastic zone, and the stress in it are
limited.
• Since stress is directly proportional to strains,
conventionally, the fatigue strength is expressed in terms
of stress.

Stress-Controlled Fatigue
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• One of the earliest investigations of stress-controlled cyclic loading
effects on fatigue life → Wohler in 1893 → studied railroad wheel
axle failure.

Several important facts were revealed

from this investigation as can be seen in
the plot of stress range vs. the number of
cycles to failure (see the Figure).
• First, the number of cycles to failure
increases with decreasing stress
range.
• Below a certain stress range, which is
referred to as fatigue endurance limit
→ the fatigue life is infinite.
• Second, the fatigue life is reduced
dramatically by the presence of a
notch.
Wohler's S-N Curves for Krupp Axle Steel
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 14
 • These observations indicate that → fatigue is a three-stage process
involving initiation, propagation, and a final failure stage (see the Figure).

Illustration of Fatigue Life (Initiation and Propagation Stages)

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 S – N Curves from Fatigue Tests
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 16
 Terminology for Alternating Stress
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 17
• Much of the fatigue data → was generated from constant
amplitude & constant frequency tests → these results are
not realistic in actual field service conditions.
• In reality many structures are subjected to → a range of load
fluctuations & frequencies.
• In order to predict the fatigue life of a structural detail
subjected to a variable load history → based on constant
amplitude test data → a number of cumulative damage
theories have been proposed.
• The Palmgren-Miner law → has still been widely applied in
engineering due to its simplicity.

Cumulative Damage for Variable

Amplitude Loading (VAL)
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 CAL

VAL

Note:
CAL = Constant Amplitude Load
VAL = Variable Amplitude Load

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A variable load history → based on constant amplitude
test data → cumulative damage theories can be used.
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 20
 Palmgren-Miner Cumulative Damage Law
Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 21
Metode untuk Estimasi Umur Lelah Struktur

CUMMULATIVE FRACTURE
DAMAGE: MECHANICS:
• Miner’s Rule • Paris’ Law
• S-N Curve • Crack Growth Curve
• Long-Term Stress Range • SIF Range
Distribution

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 Paris and Erdogan (1963) → the most relevant
parameter to describe the fatigue crack growth was
the range of the stress intensity factor (K).

• Fatigue crack growth → the zone of

inelasticity is often small enough for the
small scale yielding assumption to be
valid.
• Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
(LEFM) → can thus be applied in the
fatigue crack growth analysis.

Fracture Mechanics in Fatigue Analysis

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 Cumulative Damage
Strengths of method:
• The analysis and calculation are
quite simple with a reasonable
estimate of life.
• Therefore, this method is still
widely adopted by most of
design codes / standards.
• There are numerous test
database available.
Note:
CAL = Constant Amplitude Load
VAL = Variable Amplitude Load
Weaknesses of method:
• This method is completely empirical in
nature and lacks the physical insights
into the mechanisms of fatigue, but may
be proved to be equivalent to a Paris law
integration of crack growth
• Inherent scatter in fatigue test data either
under CAL or VAL may leads to
inaccuracy fatigue damage / life
prediction.
• Treatment in low stress high cycles
region is different in CAL & VAL.
• Interaction effects in VAL cannot be
well estimated.
• Stress cycle counting methods,
particularly the “broad band” VAL.
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 Fracture Mechanics
Strengths of method:
• This method gives better insight of
fatigue mechanisms dealing with
fatigue crack propagation and
fracture criteria.
• By using this method, the
phenomena of non-propagating
crack and load interaction behavior
can be well predicted by models.
• Since crack propagation can be
appropriately estimated, thus it is
possible to develop an inspection
planning system
Weaknesses of method:
• Assumption of crack initiation
size becomes the main drawback
of this method since it has
influence on accuracy of fatigue
life prediction.
• Stress intensity factor for
complicated geometry may
require many effort in FEA to
determine.
• In particular case which involve
elastic-plastic problems, the
LEFM (Linear Elastic Fracture
Mechanics) is not longer valid,
that makes the analysis much
more complex.
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