diagnostik dan
forensik
Membran semipermeable
menyeleksi apa saja yang
boleh masuk ke dalam sel,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsklF1w4eok
Apa yang ada di dalam nukleus? Kromosom merupakan bentuk terkondensasi dari molekul DNA,
hal ini biasanya terjadi saat sel akan memasuki tahap
pembelahan sel (mitosis atau meiosis)
Jumlah kromosom dalam tubuh manusia ada 23 pasang (46
buah)
22 pasang merupakan autosom (kromosom tubuh) dan 1
pasang merupakan genosom (kromosom sex)
Pada proses pembelahan sel, kromosom juga ikut membelah
dan menghasilkan sel anakan baru yang identik (pada mitosis)
atau sel anakan baru yang tidak identik (pada meiosis)
Pembelahan sel
meiosis
Pembelahan
sel
mitosis
Tingkat Tingkat
kromosom DNA/RNA Deteksi perubahan
basa nukleotida
Deteksi kelainan
(delesi, insersi,
jumlah
duplikasi, mutasi
titik)
Deteksi
keberadaan
Deteksi kelainan
pathogen (deteksi
struktur
dengue, SARS-CoV
2)
The definition of “molecular detection”
Molecular detection: the
detection of genetic Molecular
material, both genetic Detection
material from from: Genetic
microorganisms disease. Exp:
(parasites, fungi, Cancer
bacteria, viruses, etc) as
well as genetic
abnormalities (comes Non-genetic
from mutation or gene disease. Exp:
defect) infection
Molecular detection using
several platforms ranging
from simple to advance
(high technology)
Know the specific Know how to make the Know the PCR
“genetic material” specific primer targeting optimum condition
features those “specific features” for amplified
Molecular
Detection
from: Genetic Must exactly know in Primers (F and R) could
disease. Exp: which region the amplified “defect” region
Cancer gene was defect of gene
Non-genetic
disease. Exp: Simply detect its Primers are designed to
infection “genetic material” amplify a specific region
of “foreign” gene
Primer design for “genetic disease”
MTHFR gene
tgtggtctcttcatccctcgccttgaacaggtggaggccagcctctcctgactgtcatccctattggcaggttaccccaaaggc
caccccgaagcagggagctttgaggctgacctgaagcacttgaaggagaaggt[gtctgcgggagccgatttcat]c
atcacgcagcttttctttgaggctgacacattcttccgctttgtgaaggcatgcaccgacatgggcatcacttgccccatcgtcc
ccgggatctttcccatccaggtgaggggcccaggagagcccataagctccctccaccccactctcaccgcaccgtcctcgca
caggctgggggctctgggtggagtgctgagttcgctgagttcttcccagatctcctctcaggtccagaacttgcacagcgttg
cttggccaccccattttggttacctctaattttccccccaaaacccagcaacagtgtctgttgaggggtttgttgtactttggcca
acaagcatcaccaaaagg
Using […] sign to ensure the primers will amplify the exact target (your interest gene)
Sample Case of “molecular detection”
Sample Case: bacterial infection (Corynebacterium diphtheria)
Sample Case: bacterial infection (Corynebacterium diphtheria)
Sample Case: bacterial infection (Corynebacterium diphtheria)
Conserve
region of
target
Sample Case: bacterial infection (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Genetic markers:
IS6110
23s rRNA
16s rRNA
HSPs (heat shock
protein)
rpoB
sodA
hsp65
recA
Juan Carlos Palomino, Molecular detection, identification and drug resistance detection
in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, Volume 56,
Issue 2, July 2009, Pages 103–111, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00555.x
Sample Case: viruses infection (HPV: Human papillomavirus)
Too many
genotypes, so
usually using
general primers
identify a
conserved region
among different
HPV genotypes,
such as the L1 or
E1 regions
Zaravinos A, Mammas IN, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA. Molecular detection methods of human
papillomavirus (HPV). The International Journal of Biological Markers. 2009;24(4):215-222.
doi:10.1177/172460080902400401
Sample Case: parasites infection (Plasmodium sp.)
In brief, the genus-specific primers Plu1 and Plu5 were used in a primary reaction, followed by a nested reaction using
specific primers for each of the 4 species of Plasmodium from humans
Liestiana Indriyati, Dicky Andiarsa , Budi Hairani, Paisal. 2017. VEKTOR MALARIA BARU DI KABUPATEN KOTABARU,
PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN, INDONESIA. Vektora Volume 9 Nomor 1, Juni 2017: 1 - 8
Sample Case: fungi infection (Coccidioides spp)
Genetic markers:
MBP-1 gene
SOWgp82 gene
Coi9-1
Umeyama T, Sano A, Kamei K, Niimi M, Nishimura K, Uehara Y. Novel approach to designing primers for
identification and distinction of the human pathogenic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii by PCR
amplification. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 May;44(5):1859-62. doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.5.1859-1862.2006. PMID: 16672423;
PMCID: PMC1479168.
Sample Case: genetic disease (lung cancer)
deletion
most common mutation in EGFR: Kobayashi S, Boggon TJ, Dayaram T, Jänne PA, Kocher O,
in-frame deletions around the LREA motif (LeuArgGluAla motif Meyerson M, Johnson BE, Eck MJ, Tenen DG, Halmos B. EGFR
mutation and resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer to
or amino-acid residues 747 to 750) of exon 19 gefitinib. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 24;352(8):786-92. doi:
point mutation (CTG to CGG) in exon 21, resulting in 10.1056/NEJMoa044238. PMID: 15728811.
substitution of leucine by arginine at codon 858, L858R (45–
50%)
threonine-to-methionine substitution at amino acid position
790 (T790M) → correlate with drug resistance
Forensik
• Jika merujuk pada “biologi forensik” maka yang dimaksud adalah menggunakan DNA untuk membuktikan
adanya suatu tindak kejahatan, menentukan siapa yang menjadi korban dan siapa perkiraan pelaku
• Didalam kromosom tidak semua berupa gen, ada bagian fragmen yang sekuennya berulang (repeat
secquence). Fragmen-fragmen tersebut mempunyai panjang berbeda pada setiap individu, sehingga bisa
digunakan sebagai penanda seseorang seperti halnya “sidik jari”. Sehingga disebut sebagai “Sidik jari DNA”
Extraction
Quantitation
Amplification
Capillary Electrophoresis
DNA Profiling
• Teknik yang digunakan: short tandem repeats, dot blots of allelic sequence information, mitochondrial sequence
determination and restriction fragment length polymorphisms
DNA Fingerprinting 33
Source: https://www.goconqr.com/mindmap/873812/dna-fingerprinting
36
TES PATERNITY
37
Bobot penilaian
No Nilai absolut Angka mutu Huruf mutu
6 60-64 2,33 C+
Nilai Praktikum (2 SKS) 7 55-59 2,00 C
UTS : 40%
UAS : 40%
Tugas : 20%
Nilai Akhir = (Nilai Teori x SKS Teori) + (Nilai Praktikum x SKS Praktikum) / Total SKS
Nilai Akhir = (Nilai Teori x 2) + (Nilai Praktikum x 2) / 4