28/08/2014

TEORI MENGENAI SEL

 Semua oganisme disusun oleh sel dan produk sel
 Sel merupakan unit struktural dan fungsional
terkecil dari makhluk hidup
 Sel dari semua species memiliki kesamaan
fundamental pada komposisi kimia dan
mekanisme metabolisme
BMSP 4
01. ORGANISASI PENYUSUN SEL

Madihah, S.Si., M.Si

Universitas Padjadjaran -- 2014

10 µm

KOMPOSISI UTAMA
ORGANISASI PENYUSUN SEL
PENYUSUN SEL
 Kehidupan diawali pada 1. Membran plasma/
tingkat seluler, yang
disusun oleh:
membran sel
 Molekul — kumpulan 2. Sitoplasma
atom  Organel
 Organel— struktur
dilingkupi membran  Sitoskelet
yang memiliki fungsi  Sitosol
khusus
 Sel —entitas kehidupan
(cairan intraseluler -
yang dipisahkan dari -- ICF)
lingkungannya oleh 3. Komponen
membran plasma
ekstraseluler

Table I. Compare prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell

1. MEMBRAN PLASMA
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
 Disusun oleh protein, fosfolipid, kolesterol, air,
Animal Plant
karbohidrat, ion-ion.
Size Smaller 1-10  bigger 10-100 m diameter
diameter  Fungsi:
Plasma membrane have have have # merupakan pembatas fleksibel yang menutupi komponen
Cell wall Usually peptidoglikan don’t have have (cellulose)
internal sel dan memisahkannya dgn lingkungan eksternal.
Core membrane don’t have have have
Nucleolus Don’t have have have
# memfasilitasi kontak dengan sel lain.
DNA have Have (internal Have (internal chromosome # menyediakan reseptor untuk berbagai substansi kimia.
chromosome)
Mitochondria Don’t have have have
# memperantarai keluarOutside
masuknya
of cell
materi (proses pasif, proses
Chloroplast Don’t have Don’t have have
aktif).
Endoplasm Reticulum Don’t have have have
Ribosome Have (more small) have have
Vacuole Don’t have Have (small) Have (usually big, one) Hydrophilic
region
Apparatus Golgi Don’t have have have
Lysosome Don’t have Always have Have (often) Inside of cell
0.1 µm
Hydrophobic
Microbody Don’t have Usually have Usually have TEM of a plasma region
(a)
membrane. The Hydrophilic
Cytoskeleton Don’t have have have Phospholipid
plasma membrane, region Proteins
Centriol Don’t have have Don’t have (on the plant high level) here in a red blood (b) Structure of the plasma membrane
cell, appears as a
9 + 2 Cilia Or Flagella Don’t Have Often Don’t have (spermatophyte) pair of dark bands
Have (thallophyta, Cycada, and separated by a
Bryophyta) light band.

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STRUKTUR MEMBRAN SEL MEMBRAN SEL  FOSFOLIPID BILAYER

 Tersusun dari lipid dan protein polar
hydrophilic
heads
(penyusun utama) dan nonpolar
hydrophobic
makromolekul lain (karbohidrat) tails
polar
 Fosfolipid
hydrophilic
heads

 Lipid yg paling banyak menyusun membran sel

 Bersifat amfipatik  memiliki gugus hidrofobik dan
hidrofilik
 Fluid mosaic model  membran sel memiliki
struktur fluid dgn mosaik berbagai protein di
dalamnya

MEMBRAN SEL  FOSFOLIPID BILAYER

DGN PROTEIN MEMBRAN TERSISIP
DIANTARANYA (FLUID MOSAIC MODEL) PROTEIN MEMBRAN DAN FUNGSINYA
Glycoprotein Extracellular fluid  Protein integral
 Menembus bagian Glycoprotein

Glycolipid hidrofobik membran Carbohydrate

 Merupakan protein
transmembran GlycolipidEXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
 Transport protein MEMBRANE

 Protein perifer
Phospholipids  Terikat lemah pada
Cholesterol permukaan membran Microfilaments
Peripheral
of cytoskeleton Cholesterol IntegralCYTOPLASMIC SIDE
Transmembrane  Cell surface identity protein protein OF MEMBRANE

Peripheral proteins marker

protein
Cytoplasm Filaments of
cytoskeleton

PROTEIN DALAM MEMBRAN FUNGSI PROTEIN MEMBRAN

Polar areas
Di dalam membran  Asam of protein Eksternal sel
amino nonpolar
Membran
• Hidrofobik plasma
• Protein dalam membran
Internal sel
Transporter Aktivitas enzim Reseptor permukaan sel
Pada permukaan luar membran
 Asam amino polar
Hidrofilik
•

Memperpanjang ke cairan
•

ekstraseluler dan ke sitosol

Pengenalan sel Adhesi sel Perlekatan pada

Nonpolar areas of protein sitoskelet & ECM

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KARBOHIDRAT MEMBRAN SELEKTIVITAS MEMBRAN SEL

 Berperan dalam pengenalan sel –
kemampuan sel untuk membedakan
sel yang satu dengan sel lainnya
 Berinteraksi dengan molekul di permukaan sel
lain  memfasilitasi pengenalan sel
 Sel harus dapt bertukar materi dgn
lingkungannya  dikontrol oleh membran
plasma
 Molekul hidrofobik  larut di lemak dan dapat
melalui membran dgn cepat
 Molekul polar  tidak dapat melalui membran
dgn cepat
 Molekul hidrofilik  menggunakan protein
transport untuk melewati membran

PERBEDAAN TRANSPORT PASIF DAN AKTIF 2. SITOPLASMA

 Merupakan cairan elastik,
semitransparan, dan pekat yang
mengandung suspensi partikel dan
filamen yang membentuk sitoskelet.
 75-90% disusun oleh air
 Sisanya adalah protein, karbohidrat,
lipid, dan senyawa anorganik.
 Fungsi: substansi tempat
berlangsungnya reaksi kimia;
tempat organel

SEL HEWAN
3. ORGANEL ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus NUCLEUS
 Komponen seluler yang sangat Rough ER Smooth ER
Chromatin
terspesialisasi untuk aktivitas seluler Flagelium

Plasma membrane
yang spesifik Centrosome

 Disusun oleh membran internal CYTOSKELETON

 Sel hewan vs sel tumbuhan  memiliki Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments
organel yg hampir serupa Microtubule
Ribosomes
s

Microvilli

Golgi apparatus

Peroxisome
In animal cells but not plant cells:
Lysosomes
Lysosome Centrioles
Mitochondrion Flagella (in some plant sperm)

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 Sel Tumbuhan  Inti sel / nukleus

Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus
Rough  Tempat kromosom sebagai materi genetik
NUCLEUS endoplasmic
Chromatin reticulum Smooth  Dilingkupi oleh membran inti  memisahkan internal
Centrosom endoplasmic
e reticulum nukleus dgn sitoplasma
Ribosomes (small brwon dots)
 Fungsi: Sintesis DNA, RNA dan perakitan sub unit
Ribosom dalam nukleolus Nucleus
Central vacuole
Tonoplast Nucleus
Golgi apparatus 1 µm Nucleolus
Microfilaments Chromatin
Intermediate Nuclear envelope:
CYTOSKELETON
filaments Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Microtubules

Nuclear pore

Mitochondrion Pore
Peroxisome complex
Rough ER
Plasma membrane
Surface of nuclear
Chloroplast envelope. Ribosome 1 µm
Cell wall
0.25 µm
Plasmodesmata Close-up of
In plant cells but not animal cells:
Wall of adjacent cell Chloroplasts nuclear
Central vacuole and tonoplast envelope
Figure 6.9 Cell wall
Plasmodesmata

Pore complexes (TEM). Nuclear lamina (TEM).

 Ribosom
 Disusun oleh ribosomal RNA (rRNA) dan protein SISTEM ENDOMEMBRAN
 Fungsi: sintesis protein  Fungsi: regulasi lalu lintas protein dan tempat terjadinya
proses metabolisme sel
Ribosomes Cytosol
1. Retikulum endoplasma  berkelanjutan dengan
membran inti
Free ribosomes  Terdiri dari:
 Retikulum endoplasma halus  tidak memiliki
ribosom; fungsi: sintesis lipid, metabolisme
Bound ribosomes karbohidrat, menyimpan kalsium, detoksifikasi
toksikan
Large  Retikulum endoplasma kasar  ada ribosom yg
subunit
menempel; fungsi: tempat sintesis protein membran
membran,,
protein sekretoris dan enzim hidrolitik
hidrolitik;; menghasilkan
Small vesikula transport
0.5 µm subunit
TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome

2. Apparatus Golgi
 Menerima vesikula transport yg dihasilkan oleh RE kasar
 Disusun oleh kantung membran pipih yg disebut cisternae
 Fungsi: modifikasi
odifikasi,, penyimpanan sementara
sementara,, dan
transport makromolekul
makromolekul;; Pembentukan vesik
vesikula
ula transport

cis face
(“receiving” side of
Golgi apparatus)
Smooth ER

Nuclear
Rough ER
envelope
1 Vesicles move 2 Vesicles coalesce to 0.1 0 µm
6 Vesicles also from ER to Golgi form new cis Golgi cisternae
transport certain
proteins back to ER Cisternae
ER lumen 3 Cisternal
Cisternae maturation:
Ribosomes Transitional ER Golgi cisternae
Transport vesicle move in a cis-
Smooth ER Rough ER 200 µm to-trans
direction
4 Vesicles form and
leave Golgi, carrying
specific proteins to
other locations or to
the plasma mem-
5 Vesicles transport specific trans face brane for secretion
proteins backward to newer (“shipping” side of
Golgi cisternae Golgi apparatus)

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3. Lisosom 4. Vakuola
 Merupakan membran berbentuk kantung yg berisi enzim  Dimiliki oleh sel tumbuhan atau fungi dan protista
hidrolitik  Terdiri dari:
 Dapat menghancurkan semua jenis makromolekul   Vakuola makanan  dibentuk melalui fagositosis
digesti intraseluler, dengan cara:  Vakuola kontraktil (pada protista)  memompa kelebihan air
(a) Fagositosis 1 µm
(b) autofagi keluar dari sel
Nucleus Lysosome containing
1µ m
two damaged organelles
 Vakuola sentral (sel tumbuhan)  pemyimpanan molekul organik

dan air

Mitochondrion
fragment
Central vacuole
Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome
Cytosol
Lysosome contains Food vacuole Hydrolytic Lysosome fuses with Hydrolytic enzymes
active hydrolytic fuses with enzymes digest vesicle containing digest organelle
enzymes lysosome food particles damaged organelle components Tonoplast

Digestive Nucleus Central

enzymes vacuole
Lysosome Lysosome Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Digestion Chloroplast
Food vacuole Digestion
V esicle containing 5 µm
damaged mitochondrion
(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food (b) Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle

Vakuola makanan dan vakuola kontraktil pada Paramecium HUBUNGAN ANTAR ORGANEL PENYUSUN
Paramecium, like other freshwater
Contractile V acuole Paramecium feeds mainly on bacteria.
SISTEM ENDOMEMBRAN
protists, constantly takes in water
by osmosis from the hypotonic Rows of cilia along a funnel-shaped oral 1 Nuclear envelope is
environment. groove move food into the cell mouth, Nucleus
where the food is engulfed into food
connected to rough ER,
Bladderlike contractile vacuoles which is also continuous
accumulate vacuoles by phagocytosis.
with smooth ER
excess water from radial canals and
periodically
expel it through the plasma membrane. Oral groove
Rough ER
Cell mouth

2
Membranes and proteins
Thousands of cilia cover produced by the ER flow in Smooth ER
50 µm the surface of Paramecium. Food vacuoles combine with the form of transport vesicles cis Golgi
lysosomes. As the food is digested, to the Golgi
the vacuoles follow a looping path Nuclear envelop

Micronucleus through the cell.

Macronucleus

3 pinches off transport

Golgi
Vesicles and other vesicles
that give rise to lysosomes and
Vacuoles Plasma
membrane
The undigested contents of food
trans Golgi
vacuoles are released when the
vacuoles fuse with a specialized
region of the plasma membrane
that functions as an anal pore.
4 Lysosome available 5 Transport vesicle carries 6 Plasma membrane expands
for fusion with another proteins to plasma by fusion of vesicles; proteins
vesicle for digestion membrane for secretion are secreted from cell

ORGANEL UNTUK PEMROSESAN ENERGI

1. Mitokondria DNA Mitochondria (mtDNA)
 Tempat berlangsungnya respirasi seluler  Berbentuk sirkuler
 Ditemukan di hampir semua sel eukariota
 Terdapat lebih dari satu
 Disusun oleh dua lapi membran  membran luar dan
membran dalam yg berlekuk (kristae)  Berukuran ~15 Kb pada hewan; ~ 200 kb sampai
2,500 kb pada tumbuhan
Mitochondrion  Lebih dari 95% protein mitokondria dikode di
Intermembrane space genom inti .
Outer
membrane
 Jumlah gen : 12-92

Free
 Gen untuk mitochondrial rRNAs, protein
ribosomes
in the
mitochondrial
komponen untuk rantai respirasi
matrix
Inner
membrane
Cristae

Matrix

Mitochondrial
DNA 100 µm

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2. Kloroplas
 Merupakan anggota organel plastida DNA Chloroplasts (cpDNA)
 Mengandung klorofil  reaksi fotosintesis  Bentuk: sirkuler
 Ditemukan di daun dan organ lain dari tumbuhan yg
 Ukuran berkisar dari 120 kb sampai 160 kb
berwarna hijau; serta di alga
 Struktur: tilakoid  kantung membran; dan stroma  cairan  Jumlah gen ~ 200

internal  Banyak protein kloroplas dikode di nukleus

 Mengkode untuk rRNAs, tRNAs dan ribosomal

protein dan protein terlibat untuk fotosintesis
Chloroplast

Ribosomes
Stroma
Chloroplast
Inner and outer
DNA
membranes
Granum

1 µm
Thylakoid

3. Peroksisom
SITOSKELET
 Menghasilkan hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) dan
mengubahnya menjadi air (H2O)  Jejaring serabut yg mengorganisasikan struktur
dan aktivitas di dalam sel
 Berada hampair memenuhi keseluruhan
Chloroplast sitoplasma
Peroxisome Microtubule
Mitochondrion

1 µm
Figure 6.20 0.25 µm Microfilaments

 Fungsi sitoskelet:  Komponen sitoskelet

1. Penyokong mekanis pada sel
2. Terlibat dalam motilitas sel, yg menggunakan protein
motorik
Vesicle
ATP
Receptor for
motor protein

Motor protein Microtubule

(ATP powered) of cytoskeleton
(a) Motor proteins that attach to receptors on organelles can “walk”
the organelles along microtubules or, in some cases, microfilaments.
Microtubule Vesicles 0.25 µm

(b) Vesicles containing neurotransmitters migrate to the tips of nerve cell

axons via the mechanism in (a). In this SEM of a squid giant axon, two
vesicles can be seen moving along a microtubule. (A separate part of
the
Figure 6.21 A, B
experiment provided the evidence that they were in fact moving.)

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1. Mikrotubulus  Flagella dan Cilia  disusun oleh mikrotubulus 

 Memberi bentuk pada sel perangkat lokomotor/pergerakan pada beberapa sel
 Mengarahkan pergerakan organel (a) Motion of flagella. A flagellum
Direction of swimming
 Membantu memisahkan kopi kromosom pada sel yg sedang usually undulates, its snakelike
motion driving a cell in the same
membelah direction as the axis of the
flagellum. Propulsion of a human
 Sentrosom  microtubule-organizing center (MtOC)  terdiri dari sperm cell is an example of
Centrosome
sepasang sentriol flagellatelocomotion (LM).

Microtubule 1 µm

Centrioles (b) Motion of cilia. Cilia have a back-

0.25 µm and-forth motion that moves the
cell in a direction perpendicular
to the axis of the cilium. A dense
nap of cilia, beating at a rate of
about 40 to 60 strokes a second,
covers this Colpidium, a
freshwater protozoan (SEM).

Longitudinal section Microtubules Cross section

of one centriole of the other centriole
Figure 6.23 B

Microvillus
 Protein dynein 2. Mikrofilamen / filamen aktin
 Bertanggung jawab untuk gerakan dari cilia dan flagella  Disusun oleh molekul protein aktin
Plasma membrane
Microtubule  Ditemukan pada mikrovili
doublets ATP
 Motilitas sel  aktin + miosin Microfilaments (actin
filaments)
1 3
2
Dynein arm
(a) Powered by ATP, the dynein arms of one microtubule doublet
grip the adjacent doublet, push it up, release, and then grip again. Intermediate filaments
If the two microtubule doublets were not attached, they would slide
relative to each other.
0.25 µm
Localized, synchronized activation of many
Outer doublets (c) dynein arms probably causes a bend to begin at
ATP Muscle cell
cross-linking the base of the Cilium or flagellum and move
outward toward the tip. Many successive bends,
proteins
such as the ones shown here to the left and Actin filament
right, result in a wavelike motion. In this
diagram, the two central microtubules and the
Anchorage cross-linking proteins are not shown.
in cell
Myosin filament
Myosin arm
(b) In a cilium or flagellum, two adjacent doublets cannot slide far because
they are physically restrained by proteins, so they bend. (Only two of
the nine outer doublets in Figure 6.24b are shown here.)
(a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction.

 Gerakan amoeboid  Cortex (outer cytoplasm):

keterlibatan aktin dan

gel with actin network
3. Filamen intermediat
Inner cytoplasm: sol
miosin with actin subunits  Menyokong bentuk sel
Extending  Menetapkan posisi organel Microvillus
pseudopodium

Plasma membrane

(b) Amoeboid movement

Microfilaments (actin
filaments)
Nonmoving
cytoplasm (gel)
 Aliran sitoplasma Chloroplast
Streaming
cytoplasm
(sol) Intermediate filaments

0.25 µm
Parallel actin
filaments Cell wall

(b) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells

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 Ekstraseluler matriks (ECM)

 Terdapat di luar sel hewan (karena tidak memiliki dinding
KOMPONEN EKSTRASELULER sel)
 Disusun oleh glikoprotein dan makromolekul lain
 Dinding sel
 Fungsi: penyokong, adhesi, pergerakan, regulasi
 Ditemukan pada sel tumbuhan, tidak ada pada sel
hewan
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Polysaccharide
 Dinding sel tumbuhan  disusun oleh selulosa Collagen
A proteoglycan
molecule
complex
 Terdiri dari beberapa lapis Central
vacuole
Plasma
membrane
Carbo-
hydrates
of cell Secondary
cell wall Core
Primary protein
cell wall
Central Fibronectin
vacuole Middle
of cell lamella

1 µm Proteoglycan
Central vacuole Plasma molecule
Cytosol membrane Integrins
Plasma membrane
Plant cell walls

Micro- CYTOPLASM
Integrin
filaments
Plasmodesmata

 Intercellular Junction (Hubungan antar  Sel Hewan  Tight junction; Desmosom;

Gap junctions
sel)
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
At tight junctions, the membranes of
Tight junctions prevent Tight junction
Cell walls neighboring cells are very tightly pressed
 Sel tumbuhan: plasmodesmata  saluran pada dinding sel fluid from moving
across a layer of cells
against each other, bound together by
specific proteins (purple). Forming continu-
ous seals around the cells, tight junctions
prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across
A layer of epithelial cells.
Interior 0.5 µm

of cell DESMOSOMES
Desmosomes (also called anchoring
Tight junctions junctions) function like rivets, fastening cells
Intermediate Together into strong sheets. Intermediate
filaments Filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins
Desmosome Anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.
Interior
Gap
of cell junctions
1 µm
GAP JUNCTIONS
Gap junctions (also called communicating
junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels from
0.5 µm Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes one cell to an adjacent cell. Gap junctions
Extracellular consist of special membrane proteins that
Space matrix surround a pore through which ions, sugars,
between Plasma membranes Gap junction amino acids, and other small molecules may
cells pass. Gap junctions are necessary for commu-
of adjacent cells
nication between cells in many types of tissues,
0.1 µm including heart muscle and animal embryos.

Sel: unit hidup yg lebih besar daripada jumlah

komponen penyusunnya
 Sel bergantung pada integrasi strukturnya untuk
menjalankan fungsinya.
5 µm

10 µm