Daftar Isi
Chapter I Introduction....................................................................3
Chapter II Constituent Analysis.....................................................7
Chapter III Noun Phrase..............................................................13
Chapter IV Noun Modification (Noun Phrase)............................20
Chapter V Post Modification.......................................................25
Chapter VI Adverb Phrase...........................................................29
Chapter VII Verb Group Part 1....................................................35
Chapter VIII Verb Group Part 2..................................................37
Chapter IX Verb Group Part 3.....................................................44
Chapter X Subordinate Clause.....................................................48
Chapter XI Progress Check I.......................................................57
Chapter XII Coordination............................................................64
Chapter XIII Progress Check II...................................................70
2
Chapter I
Introduction
Kata “syntax” di ambil dari bahasa Yunani Kuno yang memiliki
arti “menggabungkan” atau “gabungan dari beberapa komponen”
baik dalam bahasa lisan maupun tulisan, syntax mengamati aturan
atau tata cara penggabungan elemen dalam sebuah bahasa. Setiap
kata memiliki aturan dan hanya bisa disatukan atau
digabungkan oleh kata-kata tertentu. Syntax adalah salah satu
kunci bagi penulis untuk menyampaikan maksud dari sebuah text.
3
syntactic harus di susun untuk menghasilkan makna tersebut.
Kalimat tersebut akan di urai sampai pada bentuk kata.
4
interjections tidak akan dibahas dalam syntax karena interjecion
bisa dianggap sebagai satu kalimat mandiri.
Sampel analisis:
NP VP
Art N NP
Art N
Dari noun phrase dan verb phrase harus dipecah lagi. Noun
phrase ke dalam article/determiner dan noun, sedangkan perdicate
yang merupakan verb phrase di pecah ke dalam verb dan noun
phrase.
6
Chapter II
Constituent Analysis
7
Simbol-simbol penting dalam analisis konstituen
8
Sifat analisis konstituen itu successive, artinya bertahap dari
layer yang lebih tinggi ke layer yang lebih rendah (language
rank) seperti sentence > clause > phrase > word > morpheme
(selesai sampai word untuk syntax).
Contoh
9
Det N V NP
Det N V Det N
The Knight killed the lion
** Secara function:
** Secara form:
The student read the book of history > Subject Verb Object
The student read the book at school > Subject Verb Object
Adverbial
12
Chapter III
Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase : NP
Noun : N
13
Every man of courage is a man of his word
S
Subject Predicate
Subject verb Complement
Every man of is a man of his word
courage
Noun
Contoh:
14
Harus bisa disimpulkan bahwa Noun Phrase itu adalah kumpulan
kata yang mengekspresikan benda, orang, atau tempat yang
membentuk satu unit kesatuan. Ciri utamanya adalah:
Pronoun
I me myself
We us ourselves
He him himself
It it itself
15
Bentuk diatas akan menjadi patokan awal untuk pronoun.
Contoh:
Tina and her mother went out, even though she didn’t want to.
(bentuk yang ambigu)
Determiner
16
Semua kata harus menempel dengan noun, karena jika tidak,
tidak akan bisa disebut sebagai determiner.
2. I love you
17
I love you
S
NP VP
Pro V NP
Pro V Pro
I love you
3. No man is an island
No man is an island
S
NP VP
Det N V NP
Det N V Det N
No man is an island
5. Chris laughed
Chris laughed
S
NP VP
N V
Chris laughed
19
Chapter IV
Noun Modification (Noun Phrase)
Pra-Modifikasi
20
NP >DET + AP + N : All clever students, My unforgettable
experience, The fat dog.
AP : Adjective Phrase
A : Adjective
21
Neutral/Absolute Comparative Superlative
Funny Funnier Funniest
Bad Worse Worst
Old Older/Elder Oldest/Eldest
Contoh:
A difficult situation
Contoh:
22
The boy is young
Analisis konstituen
S
NP VP
DET N V NP
DET N V DET NP/N
DET N V DET AP N
DET N V DET A N
our Government created A difficult situation
23
The young boy is our neighbor.
S
NP VP
DET NP/N V NP
DET AP N V DET N
DET A N V DET N
the young boy is our neighbor
S
NP VP
DET N V NP NP
DET N V Pro DET NP
DET N V Pro DET AP N
DET N V Pro DET A N
my sister sent me that lovely picture
24
Chapter V
Post Modification
Prepositional Phrase
Relative / Adjective Clause
Prepositional Phrase
25
Prepositional Phrase : PP
Preposition :P
Contoh Preposition: of, at, to, from, till, with for, besides,
against, up, down, by, dsb.
At School
From Garut
Till the end
Down the street
In the deep blue ocean
1. The cat in the picture is cute → the phrase “in the picture”
modifies the word “the cat”.
2. The dog chased the cat with three legs → the phrase “with
three legs” modifies the word “the cat”.
26
Konstituen pada kalimat pertama
S
NP VP
Det NP V AP
Det N PP V A
Det N P NP V A
Det N P Det N V A
the cat In The picture is cute
S
NP VP
Det N V NP
Det N V Det NP
Det N V Det N PP
Det N V Det N P NP
Det N V Det N P Det N
the dog chased the cat with three legs
27
Penggunaan lain untuk prepositional phrase
S
NP VP
Det N V PP
Det N V P NP
Det N V P Det N
the cat sleeps on the Couch
S
NP VP
Det N V NP PP
Det N V N P NP
Det N V N P Det N
my brother Plays tennis in the morning
28
Chapter VI
Adverb Phrase
29
Berbeda dengan adjective yang memberi gambaran tambahan
pada benda, adverb bisa memodifikasi verb, adjective, adverb
yang lain, dan sebuah kalimat.
30
1. That game is extremely dangerous : “extremely” adalah
adjective yang memodifikasi “dangerous”
31
Hopefully, I will get the job
Analisis konstituen
Verb
S
NP VP
Det N V AdvP
Det N V Adv
the Man smiled Warmly
Phillip sings loudly in the shower
S
NP VP
N V AdvP PP
N V Adv P NP
N V Adv P Det N
32
Phillip sings loudly in the shower
Adjective
S
NP VP
Det N V AP
Det N V AdvP A
Det N V Adv A
the food Was exceptionally delicious
S
NP VP
Det N V NP
Det N V Det NP
Det N V Det AP N
33
Det N V Det AdvP A N
Det N V Det Adv A N
my brother Had a very difficult test
Chapter VII
Verb Group Part 1
34
Verb (V)
Present (Pres)
Past (Past)
Modal (MOD)
Progressive (Prog)
Perfect (Perf)
Passive (Pass)
Dalam verb phrase selalu ada verb group, dan dalam verb group
selalu ada auxiliary + verb.
I love you (di sini ada auxiliary tense dalam bentuk present)
35
Vgp > love
Aux+V
Aux+V
Chapter VIII
Verb Group Part 2
BE + V(ing)
Aux Present participle
Infinitive : Be
Verb I : Is, Am, Are
Verb II : Was, Were
Verb III : (Have/Has/Had) + Been
Contoh:
NP VP
DET N VGP NP
The Man Aux V Det N
37
The Man tense Prog singing a song
The Man (Present) is singing a song
NP VP
DET N Vgp AdvP
The Man Aux V Adv
The Man tense Prog sleeping soundly
The Man (Past) was sleeping soundly
NP VP
DET N Vgp NP NP
38
The Man Aux V Det N Det N
The Man Mod Prog Doin his project this year
g
The Man will be Doin his project this year
g
39
Konsep utama untuk bentuk Perfect:
Have + V3
(have/has/had)
Auxiliary Past participle
Infinitive : Have
Verb I : Have/Has
Verb II : Had
Verb III : (Have/Has/Had) + Had
Contoh:
NP VP
Pro Vgp NP
I Aux V Det N
I tense Perf seen that movie
I (Pres) have seen that movie
40
2. *She had gone to the library (Prepositional phrase)
NP VP
Pro Vgp PP
She Aux V P NP
She tense Perf gone to Det N
She (Past) had gone to the library
NP VP
Pro Vgp NP
They Aux V Det N
They Mod Perf bought a AP N
They may have bought a A car
They may have bought a new car
41
Kombinasi yang memungkinkan untuk Perfect + Progressive
NP VP
Det N Vgp NP
My Brother Aux V De N
t
My Brother tense Perf Prog eating my chips
My Brother (Present has been eating my chips
)
NP VP
N Vgp NP
Luna Aux V Det NP
Luna tense Perf Prog reading the N N
Luna (Past) had Been reading the Harry novel
Potter
42
2. Modal + Perfect + Progressive
The tourist will have been leaving this afternoon
NP VP
Det N Vgp NP
The tourist Aux V Det N
The tourist Mod Perf Prog leavin this afternoon
g
The tourist will have been leavin this afternoon
g
43
Chapter IX
Verb Group Part 3
BE + V3
Auxiliary Past participle
Infinitive : Be
Verb I : Is / Am / Are
Verb II : Was / Were
Verb III : (Have/Has/Had) + Been
NP VP
Det N Vgp AdvP
The room Aux V Adv
44
The room tense Pass cleaned frequently
The room (Present) is cleaned frequently
NP VP
Det N Vgp PP
The car Aux V P NP
The car tense Pass repaired b Det N
y
The car (Past) was repaired b a AP N
y
The car (Past) was repaired b a A mechanic
y
The car (Past) was repaired b a good mechanic
y
NP VP
45
Det N Vgp PP
The mission Aux V P NP
The mission Mod Pass completed in Det N
The mission will be completed in no time
NP VP
Det NP Vgp AdvP
Th AP N Aux V Adv
e
Th A furniture tense Per Pass replaced recently
e f
Th old furniture (Present) has been replaced recently
e
46
5. Our documents is being checked by the authority
NP VP
Det N Vgp PP
Our documents Aux V P NP
Our documents tense Prog Pass checked b Det N
y
Our documents (Present) is bein checked b the authority
g y
Future / (simple) perfect progressive dalam bentuk pasif
Contoh:
NP VP
Det N Vgp AdvP
The project Aux V Adv
The project Tense Perf Prog Pass done perfectly
The project (Present) has been being done perfectly
47
Modal + Perfect + Progressive + Passive
NP VP
Det N Vgp AdvP
The project Aux V Adv
The project Mod Perf Prog Pass done perfectly
The project will have been being done perfectly
Chapter X
Subordinate Clause
Noun Clause
Contoh:
I know what you did > I know it (“it” menggantikan “what you
did”)
NP VP
Pro VGP S
I Aux V What you did
49
I Tense know What you did
I (Present) know What you did
What Megan wrote surprised her family > It surprised her family
S VP
What Megan VGP NP
wrote
What Megan Aux V Det N
wrote
What Megan Tense Surprised her family
wrote
What Megan (Past) surprised her family
wrote
50
NP VP
Pro VGP NP S
I Aux V Pro whatever you
want
I Modal give you whatever you
want
I will give you whatever you
want
Contoh:
51
Kalimat “that you shared” adalah adjective clause karena
memberikan makna yang lebih spesifik pada kalimat “the
information”.
NP VP
Det NP VGP AP
The N S Aux V A
The information that you Tense Is incorrect
shared
The information that you (Present) Is incorrect
shared
NP VP
Det N VGP NP
The man Aux V Pro S
52
The man Modal take everything that he
needs
The man will take everything that he
needs
NP VP
Det NP VGP PP
The N S Aux V P NP
The burglar who is Tense Pass booed in N
suing the
homeowne
53
r
The burglar who is (Past) was booed in court
suing the
homeowne
r
Adverbial Clause
54
Biasanya memberi tahu tentang mengapa (why), bagaimana
(how), dimana (where), dan kapan (when) sebuah kejadian
terjadi.
Contoh:
S NP VP
Because you are Pro VGP NP
smart
Because you are I Aux V Pro
smart
Because you are I Tense like you
smart
Because you are I (Present) like you
smart
NP VP S
55
Pro VGP NP because you are
smart
I Aux V Pro because you are
smart
I Tense like You because you are
smart
I (Present) like You because you are
smart
NP VP S
Det N VGP PP when I was a
child
My parents Aux V P NP when I was a
child
My parents Tense lived in N when I was a
child
My parents (Past) lived in Bandung when I was a
child
56
S NP VP
When I was Det N VGP PP
a child
When I was my parents Aux V P NP
a child
When I was my parents Tense lived in Bandung
a child
When I was my parents (Past) lived in Bandung
a child
57
Chapter XI
Progress Check I
1. It is a progress check
NP VP
Pro VGP NP NP
It Aux V Det N N
It Tense is a progress check
It (Present) is a progress check
NP VP
Pro VGP NP AdvP
Everyone Aux V Det N Adv
Everyone Mod do the test individually
Everyone must do the test individually
58
3. The check is assessing your knowledge
NP VP
Det N VGP S
The check Aux V your
knowledge
The check Tense Prog assessing your
knowledge
The check (Present) is assessing your
knowledge
S NP VP
Hopefully Pro VGP NP AdvP
Hopefully you Aux V Det N Adv
Hopefully you Mod complete the test effortlessly
Hopefully you can complete the test effortlessly
59
5. The test should have been done in the previous meeting
NP VP
Det N VGP PP NP
Th test Aux V P Det AP N
e
Th test Mod Perf Prog Don in the A meeting
e e
Th test should have been done in the previous meeting
e
60
6. How you complete the test will indicate your basic knowledge
in this course
NP VP S
AdvP Pro NP VGP your basic
knowledge in this
course
Adv you AP NP Aux V your basic
knowledge in this
course
How you A Det N Mod Indicate your basic
knowledge in this
course
How you complete the test will indicate your basic
knowledge in this
course
61
7. The test is taken from the lesson that has been given in every
meeting
NP VP
Det NP VGP PP
The N S Aux V P NP
The tes is Tense Per Prog given in AP N
t taken f
from
the
lesson
that
The tes is (Past) has been given in A meeting
t taken
from
the
lesson
that
The tes is (Past) has been given in ever meeting
t taken y
from
62
the
lesson
that
8. If you fail to complete the test, you must review the lesson
from the beginning
S NP VP
If you Pro VGP NP PP
fail to
complete
the test
If you you Aux V Det N P NP
fail to
complete
the test
If you you Mod revie the lesso from De N
fail to w n t
complete
the test
If you you must revie the lesso from the beginning
fail to w n
complete
the test
63
Chapter XII
Coordination
Coordinator: coord
Terdiri dari coordinating conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or, yet,
dan so (konjungsi “for” jarang digunakan dalam Bahasa Inggris
Modern, baik dalam percakapan maupun tulisan).
64
I like coffee and tea.
The policeman asked the old man and the young boy
Analisis Konstituen
S
NP VP
Pro Vgp NP
Pro Aux V N coord N
Pro Tense V N coord N
I (Present) like coffee and tea
65
That smart and handsome boy is my nephew
S
NP VP
Det NP Vgp NP
Det AP N Aux V Det N
Det A coord A N Tense V Det N
That smart and handsome boy (Present) is my nephew
The policeman asked the old man and the young boy
S
NP VP
De N Vgp NP
t
De N Aux V De NP coor De NP
t t d t
De N Tens aske De A N coor De AP N
t e d t P d t
66
De N Tens aske De A N coor De A N
t e d t d t
the policema (Past aske the ol Ma and the youn bo
n ) d d n g y
S
S coord S
NP VP coord NP VP
Pro Vgp NP coord Pro Vgp NP
Pro Aux V Pro coord Pro Aux V Pro
Pro Tense miss Pro coord Pro Tense hate Pro
I (Present) miss you but I (Present) hate you
67
I love candy bars, yet they’re unhealthy
S
S coor S
d
N VP coor NP VP
P d
Pr Vgp NP coor Pro Vgp AP
o d
Pr Aux V N N coor Pro Aux V A
o d
Pr Tense V N N coor Pro Tense V A
o d
68
I (Present lov cand bar yet the (Present ar unhealth
) e y s y ) e y
S
S coor S
d
NP VP coor NP VP
69
d
De N Vgp N coor Pr Vgp NP
t P d o
De N Aux V N coor Pr Aux V Pro
t d o
De N Tens Per V N coor Pr Tens V Pro
t e f d o e
De N (Past Per V N coor Pr (Past V Pro
t ) f d o )
M docto (Past has tol m but I (Past ignore hi
y r ) d e ) d m
70
Chapter XIII
Progress Check II
1. The dog ran across the road and the man chased it
S
S coor S
d
NP VP coor NP VP
d
Det N Vgp PP coor De N Vgp NP
d t
Det N Aux V P NP coor De N Aux V Pr
d t o
Det N Tens V P De N coor De N Tens V Pr
e t d t e o
Det N (Past V P De N coor De N (Past V Pr
) t d t ) o
Th do (Past ra acros the roa and the ma (Past chase it
e g ) n s d n ) d
71
S
NP VP
Pro Vgp NP
Pro Aux V Det AP N
Pro Tense Prog V Det A N
Pro (Present) Prog V Det A N
Sally (Present) is buying a new dress
S
S coor S
d
NP VP coor NP VP
d
Pr Vgp NP coor Pr Vgp NP
o d o
Pr Aux V Pro coor Pr Aux V Pr N
o d o o
Pr Tense V Pro coor Pr Tense V Pr N
o d o o
72
Pr (Present V Pro coor Pr (Present V Pr N
o ) d o ) o
I (Present lik Jan but I (Present hat her brothe
) e e ) e r
S
NP VP
Pro Vgp PP
Pro Aux V P NP
Pro Mod Perf Prog V P Det N
Pro Mod Perf Prog V P Det N
She might have been persuaded by the saleswoman
S
NP VP
Det N Vgp AdvP
Det N Aux V Adv
73
Det N Mod Perf Prog V Adv
The summons might have been delivered already
S
NP VP
Pro Vgp NP
Pro Aux V Det N NP
Pro Tense Perf Prog V Det N Det N
Pro (Past) Perf Prog V Det N Det N
Ray (Past) had been telling the children a story
S
NP VP S
AdvP Pro Vgp PP S
74
Adv Pro Aux V P NP S
Adv Pro (Present) V P Det N S
How he (Present) deals with the deficit is grossly
important
S
S NP VP S
S Pr Vgp NP VP
75
o
S Pr Aux V Pr Vgp NP
o o
S Pr Tense V Pr Aux V N PP
o o
S Pr (Past) V Pr Tense V N P NP
o o
S Pr (Past) V Pr (Past) V N P Det N
o o
When I (Past) said I (Past) was going on the stage
I was
four
S
NP VP
Det N PP Vgp NP
Det N P NP Aux V Pro
Det N P Det N Tense V Pro
Det N P Det N (Present) V Pro
The books on the table (Present) are yours
76
10. Put those books on the table
S
NP
VP
Vgp NP
Aux V Pro N PP
Tense V Pro N P NP
(Present) V Pro N P Det N
(Present) Put those books on the table
77