MOOD ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE ON SUNDAY SERMON

Oleh:
Hiace Vega Fernando Siahaan 1)
Andi Jaihutan Silitonga 2)
Ismarini Hutabarat 3)
Universitas Darma Agung, Medan 1,2,3)
E-mail:
hiacevegafernando@yahoo.com 1)
andijaihutansilitonga@gmail.com 2)
ismarini.hutabarat23@gmail.com 3)

ABSTRACT
The focus of this research article is to investigate the usage of mood on religious discourse
on Sunday sermon that were delivered by the preachers. The objective of this study are to
analyze and identify the types of mood that used by the preachers in delivering the message
on Sunday sermon. Descriptive qualitative was used as the research methodology of this
study. Data in this study were the sentences that were uttered by the preachers on Sunday
sermon. The source data of this study were from five churches in Medan. Interactive model
was used in collecting and analyzing data. The findings of this study shows that five types
of mood were used in delivering the message on Sunday sermon in different occurrences,
namely: positive indicative mood, negative indicative mood, interrogative indicative mood,
imperative mood and offering mood. Positive indicative mood was the most dominantly
used by the preachers in delivering the message on Sunday sermon. This study highlights
that preachers used the variation of mood on Sunday sermon in order to make the
congregation understand the message and has a willingness to do the message on Sunday
sermon in their daily life.
Keywords: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Interpersonal Function, Mood, Sunday
Sermon

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi penggunaan modus dalam wacana
keagamaan pada khotbah Minggu yang disampaika oleh para pendeta. Tujuan dari
penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis mood yang
digunakan oleh para pendeta dalam menyampaikan pesan khotbah pada khotbah Minggu.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Data
dalam penelitian ini adalah kalimat-kalimat yang diucapkan oleh pendeta pada khotbah
Minggu. Sumber data penelitian ini berasal dari lima gereja yang ada di kota Medan.
Model interaktif digunakan dalam pengumpulan dan analisis data. Temuan penelitian ini
menunjukkan bahwa lima jenis modus digunakan dalam menyampaikan pesan pada
khotbah Minggu dengan jumlah yang berbeda, yaitu: modus indikatif positif, modus
indikatif negatif, modus indikatif pertanyaan, modus perintah dan modus penawaran.
Modus indikatif positif paling dominan digunkan oleh para pendeta dalam menyampaikan
pesan khotbah Minggu. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendeta menggunakan variasi
modus pada khotbah Minggu agar jemaat memahami pesan khotbah dan memiliki
kemauan untuk melakukan pesan khotbah Minggu dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
Kata Kunci: Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional, Fungsi Interpersonal, Modus, Khotbah
Minggu

1084 MOOD ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE ON SUNDAY SERMON

Hiace Vega Fernando Siahaan 1), Andi Jaihutan Silitonga 2), Ismarini Hutabarat 3)
1. INTRODUCTION discourse especially on Sunday sermons.
Sermons are a form of
Based on the previous studies, so there is a
communication used to convey spiritual
gap for this present study to do more
information based on the scriptures of their
analysis about mood type especially on
respective religions. In Christianity,
Sunday sermon. This present study aims to
sermons are based on the holy book of
determine the types of mood and describe
Christianity that is the Bible. The Bible
the reason for the most dominantly used of
serves as a foundation for pastors to
types of mood used on Sunday sermons.
deliver spiritual messages to the
congregations they serve.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This research focuses on
Interpersonal function is a function
examining the use of mood on Sunday
of language that expresses the meaning of
sermons delivered by pastors. This
exchange or meaning between persons. In
research used Systemic Functional
interpersonal functions, language is
Linguistics theory in analyzing data,
concerned with the interaction of
especially the use of mood. Mood is a
language. Interpersonal functions in
major source of interpersonal meaning in
clauses are realized by the mood system,
Systemic Functional Linguistics studies. In
the structure of mood and modalities. In
mood there are two important components:
addition, Sinar (2012: 27) also states that
'mood' and 'residue'. In Systemic
interpersonal sources discuss social
Functional Linguistics, 'mood' is
relationships: how societies interact,
constructed by the subject and finit and the
including the feeling of mutual sharing
rest is referred to as 'residue' constructed
between them. Furthermore, textual
by predicators, compliments and adjuncts
function is the meaning of the association
in a sentence. So mood is constructed by
or organization of experiences. Textual
five elements consisting of: subject, finite,
function deals with the organization of
predictor, complement and adjunct.
experiences into the form of texts in the
Some of the previous studies that
form of contexts. This function in the
have conducted an analysis about mood
system of clauses is realized into the use of
are as follows: Mehwish (2015); Utomo,
themes and rheme. Sinar (2012: 27) also
(2018); Astuti (2018); Andani (2019);
states that textual sources address the flow
Isti'anah (2020); Rahmawati (2021). From
of information: the way in which
the previous studies, none of them had
ideational and interpersonal meanings are
done the analysis of mood on religious
propagated in semiosis, including the
JURNAL DARMA AGUNG, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2022) Desember : 1084 - 1096 1085
interconnection between activity and differences in social status between
language (action, images, music, etc.). speakers and speech partners. For
Interpersonal function is the example, based on the dominance of the
interpretation of language as a means of choice of mood, it can be known who gave
exchanging information. This is in line information, reminded, forbid, ordered,
with the opinion (Halliday & Matthiessen, invited or influenced in the speech act.
2004: 106 – 158) which states that Clauses contained in the
interpersonal meanings can be reflected interpersonal meaning serve as clauses as
through a system of clauses because exchange as proposed by Halliday &
clauses are a source of lexicogrammatics Matthiessen (2004: 106 & 2014: 135)
used to organize the process of interaction which represent the relationship of
between speakers and partners or writers interaction in speech or conversation. In
and readers. In this case, the relationship the interaction of speakers in order to
that lasts during the Sunday sermon establish social relationships between
delivered by the pastor is the interpersonal speakers, language is needed in these
relationship between the pastor and the interactions. In an interaction according to
church congregation. Thus, the exchange Halliday (1994: 68) there are two
of action is realized through types of fundamental categories of speech, namely:
clauses called 'mood' in other words the 1) giving and 2) demanding (asking for
mode chosen by the speaker (Thompson, information). In addition, in the exchange
2004: 46 ; Eggins, 1994: 153) i.e. of exchanged experiences are commodities
indicative mood (declarative and consisting of two categories namely: a)
interrogative clauses), and imperative goods & services, b) information. The
mood. Differences in the dominance of use relationship between giving (giving) -
or choice of mood will result in differences requesting (demanding) and goods &
in the position of the speaker services - information can be seen in Table
(pronounator) with the speech partner 2.1 below.
(listener). This will also result in
Tabel 2.1
Relation Between Giving and Demanding
ROLES COMMODITY
Information Good & Services
Giving Statement Offer

Demanding Question Command

1086 MOOD ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE ON SUNDAY SERMON

Hiace Vega Fernando Siahaan 1), Andi Jaihutan Silitonga 2), Ismarini Hutabarat 3)
Source: Saragih (2011: 100)

Based on Table 2.1 above, four give/goods/ and services = offer, and 4)
relationships are obtained between giving demand/goods and services = command.
and requesting namely: 1) An example of these four relationships can
giving/information = statement, 2) be seen in Table 2.2 below.
demand/information = question, 3)
Tabel 2.2
Example of Relation Between Giving and Demanding
No. Relation Between Giving and Examples
Demanding
1. Giving/information = statement Adam bought that house in 2007.
2. Demand/information = question Did Adam buy that house in
2007?
3. Give/goods/ and services = offer I just bought that house
4. Demand/goods and services Buy that house!
= command

Interpersonal functions play an termed a basic word function because it is

important role in the exchange
experiences carried out by speakers or
language users using speech functions in
the form of: statements, questions, offers
and commands (Halliday, 1994: 69).
According to Saragih (2011: 101) that the
four functions of speech are basic speeches
functions and are human rights. It is
of from the four functions of the word that
another, more specific function of the
word is derived. Meanwhile, it is termed a
human right because the four functions of
the word must be the human right as a
human being. The relationship between the
speech function and the mode can be seen
in Figure 2.1 below.

SPEECH FUNCTION
Statement Offer
Question Command
MOOD
Declarative 0
Interrogative Imperative
Gambar 2.1 Speech Function Realize in Mood (Saragih, 2011: 104)

In Systemic Functional Linguistics well as the Residue expressed in the form

analysis, interpersonal functions are of predicators, compliments, and adjuncts.
characterized by the identification of the This is in line with Halliday's (1994)
Mood expressed in the subject and finit as opinion and passed on to the opinion of

JURNAL DARMA AGUNG, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2022) Desember : 1084 - 1096 1087
Saragih (2006: 19) and Sinar (2012: 46).
According to Saragih (2011: 99),
mood is the realization or coding of speech
functions in grammar. In other words,
mood is a form of function of the word as
a semantic element or meaning
grammar or as an element of expression in
a semiotic system. Mood is defined as the
arrangement of the subject and verbs in a
sentence. This sense is also used in the
Systemic Functional Linguistics view,
where the term 'subject' remains in use but
the term 'verb' is replaced by using the
term 'finit'.
3. RESEARCH METHOD
This research study was conducted
by using descriptive qualitative method.
The data data analysis was done by using
interactive model data analysis of Miles &
Hubberman (2014: 1). The focuses of this
study were to identify and describe the
using of mood on Sunday sermon. The
data of this study were 17 data of sermon
text from 5 of HKBP Churches in Medan.
The data were collected by using recording
technique. After collecting the data, then
the data were analyzed based
interactive model data analysis proposed
by Miles and Hubberman (2014), which
consists of data collection,
condensation, data display and conclusion.
The seventeen data of sermon text were
analyzed to identify and describe how the
1088 MOOD ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE ON SUNDAY SERMON
Hiace Vega Fernando Siahaan 1), Andi Jaihutan Silitonga 2), Ismarini Hutabarat 3)
preachers used the mood type in delivering
the sermon.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The realization of the use of
in interpersonal functions focused on the use
of mood contained on Sunday sermon
delivered by the pastor found that the
distribution of mood for each Sermon Text
(ST) studied had a different number of
distributions. Mood is the main source of
interpersonal meaning. In the mood there
are two important components: 'mood' and
'residue'. In Systemic Functional
Linguistics, 'mood' is constructed by the
subject and finit and the rest is referred to
as 'residue' constructed by predicators,
complements and adjuncts sentence.
Mood is constructed by five
elements consisting of: subject, finite,
predicator, complement and adjunct.
Based on the results of research that has
been carried out on the modes contained in
Sermon Text (ST), the results of the
frequency or distribution of each data
analyzed are obtained. The results showed
that the use of mood in Sermon Text (ST)
on showed different results for each type of
mode found. The results of the study are
presented in the form of a table to see the
data distribution of mood realization in the data
that has been analyzed as seen in Table 4.1
below.
 Table 4.1
Percentage of Mood Types
No. Types of Mood Occurences Percentage (%)
1. Modus Indikatif Positif 2713 81,9
2. Modus Indikatif Negatif 409 12,3
3. Modus Indikatif Interrogatif 92 2,8
4. Modus Imperatif 57 1,7
5. Modus Penawaran 43 1,3
Total 3314 100
Based on Table 4.1, it can be of 409 clauses, the interrogative indicative
explained that the number of mood mood with a total of 92 clauses, the
distributions contained in the seventeen imperative mood with the number of 57
Sermon Text (ST) studied is 3314 clauses clauses and the bidding mood with the
with different mood distributions from one number of 43 clauses. The following
another. From Table 4.1, it can be seen outlines the distribution of the five types of
that the most dominant mood used is the mood found in the seventeen SERMON
positive indicative mood with a total of TEXT (ST) that have been analyzed as
2713 clauses and sequentially followed by seen in Table 4.2 below.
the negative indicative mood with a total

Tabel 4.2
Types of Mood on Sermon Text (ST)
No. Sermon Types of Mood Occurences
Text Positive Negative Interrogative Imperative Offering
Indicative Indicative Indicative Mood Mood
(ST)
Mood Mood Mood
1. ST 1 144 27 12 3 1 187
2. ST 2 93 19 5 0 2 119
3. ST 3 128 30 2 0 7 167
4. ST 4 308 45 9 4 8 374
5. ST 5 142 35 7 8 0 192
6. ST 6 135 26 2 4 1 168
7. ST 7 260 42 10 10 3 325
8. ST 8 157 19 3 6 1 186
9. ST 9 191 20 2 3 1 217
10. ST 10 113 9 5 1 1 129
11. ST 11 162 21 4 2 0 189
12. ST 12 115 20 2 2 9 148
13. ST 13 223 14 7 2 3 249
14. ST 14 111 19 8 0 0 138
15. ST 15 183 29 8 6 4 230
16. ST 16 98 11 3 3 2 117
17. ST 17 150 23 3 3 0 179
Total 3314

Based on Table 4.2 above, it can be mood on Sermon Text (ST) that have been
seen that the distribution of the types of analyzed has a different number of

JURNAL DARMA AGUNG, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2022) Desember : 1084 - 1096 1089
distributions for each type of mood used.
In addition, it can be seen from Table 4.2
that there are types of mood that are not
found for some of the Sermon Text (ST)
analyzed, such as the imperative mood not
found on Sermon Text (ST) 2, Sermon
Text (ST) 3 and Sermon Text (ST) 14.
Furthermore, it can also be known that
Percentage of Mood Types on Sermon
Text (ST)
3% 2%1%
12%
82%
Figure 4.1. Percentage of Mood Types
Based on Figure 4.1 above, it can
be seen that the positive indicative mood
dominates its use in the delivery of Sunday
sermon messages by 82%. This is because
pastors explain more of the messages of
Sunday sermons to give understanding to
the congregations who listen to them. In
addition to the positive indicative mood,
based on Figure 4.1 it can also be seen that
in the Sermon Text (ST) a negative
indicative mood is found with a percentage
of 12%, an interrogative indicative mood
with a percentage of 3%, an imperative
mood of 2% and an offering mood of 1%.
1090 MOOD ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE ON SUNDAY SERMON
Hiace Vega Fernando Siahaan 1), Andi Jaihutan Silitonga 2), Ismarini Hutabarat 3)
Sermon Text (ST) 7 has a larger number of
distribution types of mood, namely 325
mood and the least number of distributions
of the types of mood used is found on
Sermon Text (ST) 16. Statistically, the
distribution of the types of mood in the
Sermon Text (ST) that has been studied
can be seen in Figure 4.1 below.
Positive Indicative Mood
Negative Indicative Mood
Interrogative Indicative Mood
Imperative Mood
Offering Mood
This is in line with research conducted by
Ngongo (2018) which also found that
declarative or positive mood dominates its
use on Sunday sermons which is has total
of 327 clauses.
Positive Declarative Indicative Mood
The collected of Sunday sermon
data is then transcribed into text, then
decomposed into clauses to be identified in
terms of searching for a positive
declarative indicative mood. In data
analysis, the first thing to do is to look for
the mood in the clause and then look for
the residue. Mood is analyzed by subject Consider the following example randomly
and finit while residues are analyzed based retrieved from data that has been collected
on predictors, complements and adjuncts.
Tabel 4.3
Example of Positive Declarative Indicative Mood Analysis of Sermon Text (ST)
[Text 3-18]
Percaya adalah kata kunci dalam firman Tuhan hari ini
(believes) (is) ('the keyword in the word of (today)
God')
Subject Finite Compliment Adjunct
MOOD R E S I D U

In the example of [Text 3-18] in placed before the predicator. Similar to

Table 4.3 it can be seen that 'believes' as positive indicative mood analysis, negative
the subject and 'is' as finit with its indicative mood analysis is first done by
complement 'the keyword in the word of looking for the mood and then looking for
God' plus the adjunct 'today'. Thus the the residue. Mood is analyzed based on the
mood is 'believe is' and the residue is 'the subject and the finite is subsequently
key word in God's word today'. analyzed based on predicators,
compliments and adjuncts. Consider the
Negative Declarative Indicative Mood following example randomly retrieved
The negative declarative indicative from data that has been analyzed.
mood is realized by adding words
containing negative elements such as
'no/not/not/not/don't' whose position is
Tabel 4.4
Example of Negative Declarative Indicative Mood Analysis of Sermon Text (ST)
[Text 6-19]
namun mereka tidak mengindahkan itu semuanya
(but) (they) (don’t) (heed) (all of that)
Conjunction Subject Finite Predicator Complement
MOOD RESIDU

From the example [Text 6-19] in

Table 4.4 it is known that the subjects are Interrogative Declarative Indicative
'they' while the finite are 'don’t' the next Mood
predicator is 'heed' and the complement is The interrogative indicative mood
'all of that'. Thus, the mood is 'they don't' is divided into two, namely the
while the residue is 'heed all of that'. interrogative indicative mood which

JURNAL DARMA AGUNG, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2022) Desember : 1084 - 1096 1091
requires a yes or no answer and the identify clauses that use question words
interrogative indicative mood which such as 'why, what' and identify clauses
requires information by using the word that require a yes or no answer. The
question. Interrogative indicative mood following is an example of using the
analysis is the same as declarative interrogative indicative mood randomly
indicative mood analysis both positive and retrieved from the analyzed Sermon Text
negative. In data analysis to find out the (ST)
first mood of interrogative indicative is to
Table 4.5
Example of Interrogative Declarative Indicative Mood Analysis of Sermon Text (ST)
[Text 1-24]
Siapakah Raja gereja itu?
(who) (King of the church) (that)
Wh-Questions Subject Compliment
RE MOOD SIDU

In the example [Text 1-24] in commodities exchanged are goods and

Table 4.5 it is known that the Wh- services in other words; this mood is the
Question is 'who', then the subject is 'King action of commands. Analysis for
of the church', the next complement is imperative mood is the same as analysis in
'that'. So that in that clause the mood is positive, negative and interrogative
'king of the church' and the residue is 'who declarative indicative mood. The analysis
is it'. The Sermon Text (ST) example [Text begins by finding the mood first and then
1-24] is an example of a clause that uses finding the residue. Mood was analyzed
an interrogative indicative mood that uses based on subject and finish components
question words. while residues were analyzed based on
predicator, complement and adjunct. As
Imperative Mood seen in the following randomly drawn
The imperative mood is a mood example.
referred to as proposal because the

Table 4.6
Example of Imperative Mood Analysis on Sermon Text (ST)
[Text 1-3]
Okuli mengatakan bahwa jangan takut, tetap terarah kepada
(Okuli) (says) (that) pernah Tuhan
(never) (fear, remaining directed to
God)
Subject Predicator Conjunction Finite Adjunct

1092 MOOD ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE ON SUNDAY SERMON

Hiace Vega Fernando Siahaan 1), Andi Jaihutan Silitonga 2), Ismarini Hutabarat 3)
 MO RESI OD DU
The clause in [Text 1-3] in Table negative, interrogative declarative
4.6, it is known that the subject is 'Okuli'; indicative mood and imperative mood.
the finite is 'never' while the predicator is Data analysis is carried out by first looking
'say'; the adjunct is 'fear, remain directed for the mood and then looking for the
to God'. Thus, the mood in the clause is residue. Mood is analyzed based on the
'okuli never' while the residue is ‘fear, components of the subject and finite, while
remain directed to God’. the residues are analyzed on the basis of
the components of predicators,
Offering Mood compliments and adjuncts. Consider the
Offering mood is a mood that following randomly displayed example.
offers either in the form of goods or
services. In the analysis of mood, it is the
same as other mood such as the positive,
Table 4.7
Example of Offering Mood Analysis on Sermon Text
[Text 1-4]
marilah kita membaca Alkitabyang menjadi firman Tuhan
(let’s) (we/us) (read) (bible)atau khotbah bagi kita pada
pagi hari ini
(which is the word of the Lord
or a sermon for us this morning)
Predicator Subject Predicator Compliment Adjunct
RE MOOD SI DU

In the example of [Text 1-4] in 5. CONCLUSION

Table 4.7 it is known that the subject is
'we', while the predicator 'let; read'; the
compliment is the 'Bible' and the adjunct is
‘which is the word of the Lord or a sermon
for us this morning '. So that in clause
[Text 1-4] the mood is 'we' and the residue
is 'let’s read the Bible which is the word of
God or a sermon for us this morning'.
In this study, it was found that
there were five types of mood used by the
preachers in delivering their message
sermon namely: positive indicative mood,
negative indicative mood, interrogative
indicative mood, imperative mood, and
offering mood. The five types of mood
have different percentage in the usage on
sermon text. The percentage of each type
of mood was as follow: positive indicative
mood was 81,9%; negative indicative

JURNAL DARMA AGUNG, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2022) Desember : 1084 - 1096 1093
mood was 12,3%; interrogative indicative The Routledge Handbook of
mood was 2,8%; imperative mood was Systemic Functional Linguistics.
1,7% and offering mood was 1,3 %. From New York: Oxford University
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churches, it was shown that the positive Research Design: Qualitative,
indicative mood type was dominantly used Quantitative,and Mixed Methods
in delivering the Sunday sermon followed Approaches (5th ed.). Thousand
by negative indicative mood, interrogative Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
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Bloor, Thomas & Bloor, Meriel. 2004. The
offering mood. The reason of positive
Functional Analysis of English.
indicative mood was dominantly used
New York: Oxford University
showed that the preachers want to give
Press, Inc.
more information to the congregation
Eggins, Suzanne. 2004. An Introduction
about the sermon. This article
Systemic Functional Linguistics.
recommended for more analysis about
London & New York: Continuum.
mood types in another field besides
Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). An Introduction
sermon text such as education text,
To Functional Grammar, Second
advertisement texts.
Ed. London: Edward Arnold.
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MOOD TYPES IN STEVE JOBS’
AND BARACK OBAMA’S
SPEECHES REFLEKSI
EDUKATIKA : Jurnal Ilmiah
Kependidikan, Nomor 9, Volume
1, Desember 2018, hlm. 6-12.

1096 MOOD ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE ON SUNDAY SERMON

Hiace Vega Fernando Siahaan 1), Andi Jaihutan Silitonga 2), Ismarini Hutabarat 3)