JUDUL BAB

BAB IV
SIMPLE VIBRATION APPARATUS

4.1 Tujuan Praktikum

Adapun tujuan praktikum alat “Simple Vibration Apparatus” adalah sebagai berikut.
1. Praktikan mengetahui dan memahami Pengaruh Konstanta Pegas dan Massa terhadap
Frekuensi.
2. Praktikan mengetahui dan memahami Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Massa terhadap
Konstanta Peredaman pada Konstanta Pegas dan Viskositas.
3. Praktikan mengetahui dan memahami Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Viskositas terhadap
Konstanta Peredaman pada Konstanta Pegas dan Massa.
4. Praktikan mengetahui dan memahami Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Konstanta Pegas
terhadap Konstanta Peredaman pada Viskositas dan Massa.

4.2 Dasar Teori

4.2.1 Getaran

Getaran adalah gerakan bolak – balik yang di sekitar daerah kesetimbangan dalam
suatu interval waktu. Kesetimbangan disini adalah keadaan dimana suatu benda berada
pada posisi diam jika tidak ada gaya yang bekerja. Getaran terjadi saat mesin atau alat
dijalankan dengan motor, sehingga pengaruhnya bersifat mekanis (Budiono, 2003:35).
Semua benda yang mempunyai massa dan elastisitas dapat bergetar. Getaran berhubungan
dengan gerak osilasi benda dan gaya yang berhubungan dengan gerak tersebut. Agar dapat
terjadi getaran mekanis, diperlukan dua elemen pengumpul energi. Elemen pengumpul
energi yang pertama adalah massa, dengan menyimpan energi kinetik kemudian yang
kedua adalah elastik yang bekerja menyimpan energi potensial.
1. Getaran bebas
Getaran bebas terjadi jika suatu sistem berosilasi karena terdapat gaya yang
bekerja dalam sistem itu sendiri ataupun jika terdapat gaya luas yang bekerja pada
sistem tersebut. Contoh getaran bebas adalah memukul garputala dan membiarkannya
bergetar, atau bandul yang ditarik dari keadaan setimbang lalu dilepaskan.

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2. Getaran paksa
Getaran paksa adalah getaran yang terjadi karena rangsangan gaya luar yang
diterapkan pada sistem mekanis. apabila rangsangan ini berosilasi maka sistem
tersebut akan dipaksa bergetar pada frekuensi rangsangannya.

4.2.2 Degree of Freedom

Degree of freedom (Derajat kebebasan) adalah derajat independensi yang diperlukan
untuk menyatakan posisi suatu sistem pada setiap saat. Menurut jumlahnya derajat
kebebasan terdiri dari 2, yaitu:

1. Single degree of freedom system

Pada masalah dinamika, setiap titik atau massa pada umumnya hanya
diperhitungkan berpindah tempat dalam satu arah saja yaitu arah horisontal.
Karena simpangan yang terjadi hanya terjadi dalam satu bidang atau dua
dimensi, maka simpangan suatu massa pada setiap saat hanya mempunyai
posisi atau ordinat tertentu baik bertanda negatif ataupun bertanda positif.
Pada kondisi dua dimensi tersebut, simpangan suatu massa pada saat t dapat
dinyatakan dalam koordinat tunggal yaitu Y(t). struktur seperti itu dinamakan
derajat kebebasan tunggal / singledegree of freedom system.

Gambar 4.1 Sistem Getaran Satu Derajat Kebebasan

Sumber : Vierck (1995,p.3)

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2. Multi degree of freedom system

Sistem multi degree of freedom adalah sistem yang koordinat kebebasannya

menentukan posisi lebih dari dua massa. Analisis sistem dengan banyak derajat
kebebasan, pada dasarnya sama dengan analisis sistem dengan satu atau dua derajat
kebebasan. Tetapi karena dibutuhkan banyak langkah untuk menemukan frekuensi
individu dengan perhitungan matematis, sistem dibagi menjadi banyak derajat
kebebasan.

Gambar 4.2 Sistem Getaran Berderajat Kebebasan Banyak

Sumber : Vierck (1995, p.323)

Gambar 4.3 Sistem Getaran Dua Derajat KebebasanSumber : Vierck (1995, p.6)\

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Contoh Aplikasi :

Gambar 4.4 Aplikasi Sistem Getaran Berderajat Kebebasan Banyak

Sumber : Kelly (2000,p.76)

4.1.3 Sistem Getaran Bebas

Sistem getaran bebas terjadi dalam suatu sistem karena tidak adanya
eksitasi luar sebagai hasil dari energi kinetik atau energi potensial yang ada
pada sistem. Sistem getaran bebas berawal dari transfer energi kinetik ke
potensial secara kontinu, begitu pula sebaliknya. Sistem getaran bebas dapat
diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut :
1. Sistem getaran bebas tak teredam

Gambar 4.5 Model Sistem Getaran Bebas Tak Teredam

Sumber : Kelly (2000,p.83)

Pada model yang paling sederhana redaman atau inersia dapat diabaikan, dan
tidak ada gaya luar yang memengaruhi massa. Massa m lalu ditarik ke arah atas dari
posisi setimbang, kemudian dilepas. Pada selang waktu t, massa akan berbeda pada

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jarak x dari posisi setimbang dan gaya pegas F = –kx yang bekerja ada benda akan
cenderung menahannya padaposisi setimbang.
Persamaan dari Gerakan :
𝐹 = −𝐹𝑝𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑚. 𝑎 = −𝑘. 𝑥
𝑎 −𝑘
=
𝑥 𝑚
−𝜔2.𝑥 −𝑘
=
𝑥 𝑚
𝑘 = 𝜔𝑛2
𝑚
𝑑2𝑥
−𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚 .............................................................................................(5-1)
𝑑𝑡2
𝑑2𝑥
𝑚. 2 +𝑘𝑥 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑚
= 𝑚
𝑑2𝑥 𝑘
+ 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑡2 𝑚
𝑑2𝑥
+ 𝜔2. 𝑥 = 0 ...................................................................................(5-2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑛

Gerakannya adalah gerakan harmonis sederhana dan periode T diberikan

dengan persamaan :

𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ atau 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √𝛥𝑠................................................................(5-4)
𝑘 𝑔

1 𝑘 1 𝛥𝑠𝑔
𝑓= √ atau 𝑓= √ ........................................................(5-5)
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 𝛥𝑠

Dimana :
k = Konstanta pegas (N/m)
x = jarak pergerakan pegas dari posisi normalnya (m)

ƒ = Frekuensi (Hz)
ωn = Frekuensi Pribadi (Hz)
T = Periode (s)

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2. Sistem getaran bebas teredam

Gambar 4.6 Model Sistem Getaran Bebas Teredam

Sumber : Kelly (2000,p.86)

Ketika peredam diperhitungkan maka gaya peredam juga berlaku pada massa selain gaya
yang disebabkan oleh pegas. Bila bergerak dalam sebuah fluida, benda akan mendapatkan
peredaman karena kekentalan fluida (Arifin, 2013). Perhatikan massa benda m disangga oleh
pegas dengan kekakuan k, inersia diabaikan dan dihubungkan dengan sebuah dashpot oli
yang mempunyai hambatanyang dapat dianggap sebanding dengan kecepatan relatif. Massa
m ditarik ke atas dari posisi seimbang, kemudian dilepaskan.
Pada selang waktu t, massa akan berada pada jarak x dari posisi setimbang. Gaya
pegas –kx yang bekerja pada benda akan cenderung menahannya padakeadaan seimbang
dan gaya peredaman yang cenderung untuk melawan gerakan adalah

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𝑑𝑥
−𝑐 .................................................................................................................(5-6)
𝑑𝑡

Dimana c adalah konstanta peredaman. Persamaan dari gerakan tersebut adalah:

𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑥
−𝑘𝑥 − 𝑐 =𝑚 .....................................................................................(5-7)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡2

Bentuk standar dari sistem ini adalah:

𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝜔𝑛𝜉 + 𝜔2𝑥 = 0................................................................(5-8)
𝑑𝑡2 𝑑𝑡 𝑛

Maka untuk kasus ini

𝑘 𝑐 ..............................................................................
𝜔2 𝑥 = dan 2𝜔𝑛𝜉 = (5-9)
𝑛 𝑚 𝑚

Dimana:
K = Konstanta pegas (N/m)
X = jarak pergerakan pegas dari posisi normalnya (m)
Ƒ = Frekuensi (Hz)
ωn = Frekuensi Pribadi (Hz)
T = Periode (s)
= Damping ratio
Jenis – jenis peredaman pada sistem getaran bebas adalah sebagai berikut :

• Underdamped
Benda yang mengalami underdamped biasanya melakukan beberapa osilasi sebelum
berhenti. Benda masih melakukan beberapa getaran sebelum berhenti karena redaman yang

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dialaminya tidak terlalu besar. Naufan. (2016) Osilasi Teredam (Ossilation Damped).

• Critical damping

Benda yang mengalami critical damping biasanya langsung berhenti

berosilasi (benda langsung kembali ke posisi setimbangnya). Benda langsung
berhenti berosilasi karena redaman yang dialaminya cukup besar. Naufan. (2016)
Osilasi Teredam (Ossilation Damped).

• Over damping
Over damping mirip seperti critical damping. Bedanya pada critical damping benda
tiba lebih cepat di posisi setimbangnya sedangkan pada over damping benda lama sekali
tiba di posisi setimbangnya. Hal ini disebabkan karena redaman yang dialami oleh
benda sangat besar. Naufan. (2016) Osilasi Teredam (Ossilation Damped).

4.1.4 Hukum Hooke

hukum Hooke adalah perbandingan tegangan dan regangan pada deformasi elastis,
dan memiliki rentang keabsahan yang terbatas. Suatu pegas jika ditarik oleh tangan, maka
tangan akan merasakan adanya tarikan dari pegas. Jika gaya tarik yang diberikan pada
sebuah pegas tidak melampaui batas elastis bahan maka pertambahan panjang pegas
berbanding lurus atau sebanding dengan gaya tariknya. Fisika Universitas (2002)

lewat rumus matematis dapat di gambarkan sebagai berikut:

𝐹 = −𝑘. 𝑥 ...........................................................................................(5-10)

Dimana:
F = Gaya (N)
k = Konstanta pegas (N/m)
x = Jarak pergerakan pegas dari posisi normalnya (m)

4.1.5 Frekuensi, Periode, Amplitudo, dan Damping Ratio

1. Frekuensi

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Frekuensi adalah banyaknya getaran yang terjadi pada suatu sistem padasatu
detik. Frekuensi dalam suatu sistem dapat ditentukan dengan cara
membandingkan antara banyaknya getaran yang terjadi dengan waktu getaran
yang terjadi (dalam detik). Satuan untuk frekuensi adalah Hertz (Hz).

Frekuensi pada sistem satu derajat kebebasan tanpa peredeman:

𝑘
1 √ ...........................................................................................(5-11)
𝑓 = 2𝜋 𝑚

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Keterangan :
f = Frekuensi (Hz)
k = Konstanta pegas (N/m)m
= Massa (kg)

Frekuensi pada sistem satu derajat kebebasan dengan peredeman:

𝑓 = 2𝜋𝜔𝑛√1 − 𝜁2............................................................................(5-12)

Keterangan :
f = frekuensi (Hz)
𝜔𝑛 = frekuensi natural (Hz)
𝜁 = damping ratio

1. Periode
Periode adalah waktu yang diperlukan untuk melakukan satu getaran.

1
𝑇 = .....................................................................................................(5-13)
𝑓

Keterangan:
T = periode (s)

2. Amplitudo
Secara sederhana amplitudo dapat diartikan sebagai simpangan terbesar yang dihitung dari
kedudukan setimbang. Osilasi merupakan variasi periodik terhadap waktu yang didapat dari
hasil pengukuran.
𝑌 = 𝐴 sin 𝜃

𝑌 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 ........................................................................................... (5-14)

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Dimana : 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
𝑌 = 𝐴 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡

𝑌 = 𝐴 sin 2𝜋 1 𝑡......................................................................................(5-15)
𝑇

Hubungan antara frekuensi dengan panjang gelombang dapat dilihat pada

persamaan dibawah ini :
𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
λ ...............................................................................................................
𝑣 = 𝑓. 𝜆atau v = (5-16)
T

Nilai cepat rambat gelombang (v) dan waktu (t) dapat dicari dengan simple
vibration apparatus, sehingga panjang gelombang ( ) dapat diketahui.

3. Damping Ratio
Damping ratio adalah perbandingan antara peredaman sebenarnya terhadap
jumlah peredaman yang diperlukan untuk mencapai titik redaman kritis.

𝑐
𝜁= ….........................................................................................(5-17)
√2𝑘𝑚

Dimana :
ζ : Damping ratio (kg/m)
c : Konstanta peredaman (Ns/m)k
: Konstanta pegas (N/m)

Kondisi-kondisi yang dipengaruhi oleh besarnya damping ratio pada suatu

sistem adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Under damped
Pada kondisi peredaman under damped, damping ratio yang dimiliki oleh
sistem kurang dari satu (ζ < 1).

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2. Critically damped
Pada kondisi peredaman critically damped, damping ratio yang dimiliki
oleh sistem sama dengan satu (ζ = 1).

3. Over damped
Pada kondisi peredaman over damped, damping ratio yang dimiliki oleh
sistem lebih dari satu (ζ > 1).

Gambar 4.7 Grafik Perbandingan Respon Getaran pada Tiap Kondisi damping ratio
Sumber : Kelly (2000)

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4.3 Rumus Perhitungan
4.3.1 Rumus-rumus yang digunakan
Adapun rumus-rumus yang digunakan pada praktikum ini adalah sebagai berikut.
1. Frekuensi Teoritis (𝑓)

1 𝑘
𝑓= √ ............................................................................................................. (4-1)
2𝜋 𝑚

Keterangan:
𝑓 = Frekuensi Teoritis (Hz)
𝑘 = Konstanta Pegas (N/m)
𝑚 = Massa (kg)

2. Frekuensi Aktual (𝑓 ′ )

𝑣
𝑓 ′ = 𝜆 ..................................................................................................................... (4-2)

Keterangan:
𝑓′ = Frekuensi Aktual (Hz)
𝑣 = Kecepatan Paper Roll (m/s)
𝜆 = Panjang Gelombang (m)

3. Frekuensi Natural (𝜔𝑛 )

𝑘
𝜔𝑛 = √𝑚 ............................................................................................................... (4-3)

Keterangan:
𝜔𝑛 = Frekuensi Natural (Hz)
𝑘 = Konstanta Pegas (N/m)
𝑚 = Massa (kg)

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4. Damping Ratio (𝜁)

1 𝑥
𝜁= ln 𝑥1 ............................................................................................................ (4-4)
2𝜋 2

Keterangan:
𝜁 = Damping Ratio
𝑥1 = Amplitudo (m)
𝑥2 = Simpangan Kedua (m)

5. Konstanta Peredaman (𝑐)

𝑐 = 2. 𝜁. 𝜔𝑛 . 𝑚 ....................................................................................................... (4-5)

Keterangan:
𝑐 = Konstanta Peredaman (N.s/m)
𝜁 = Damping Ratio
𝜔𝑛 = Frekuensi Natural (Hz)
𝑚 = Massa (kg)

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4.3.2 Penurunan Rumus
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4.4 Alat yang Digunakan

Gambar 4.XX Simple Vibration Apparatus

Sumber: Laboratorium Fenomena Dasar Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya (2023)

Gambar 4.XX Pegas

Sumber: Laboratorium Fenomena Dasar Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya (2023)

Gambar 4.XX Massa

Sumber: Laboratorium Fenomena Dasar Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya (2023)

Gambar 4.XX Peredam

Sumber: Laboratorium Fenomena Dasar Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya (2023)

Spesifikasi Alat:
- Frame
Massa Frame = 1,7 kg
- Pegas
Konstanta Pegas 1 = 3,30 kN/m
Konstanta Pegas 2 = 1,22 kN/m
Konstanta Pegas 3 = 0,47 kN/m
- Massa
Massa tiap piringan = 1 kg
- Peredam
Peredam 1 = SAE 40
Peredam 2 = SAE 50
Peredam 3 = SAE 90
- Paper Roll
Kecepatan = 0,02 m/s

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4.5 Prosedur Pengujian
4.5.1 Pengujian Tanpa Peredam
Langkah-langkah pengujian alat “Simple Vibration Apparatus” tanpa peredaman adalah
sebagai berikut.
1. Susunlah peralatan (seperti paper roll, pena dan frame) sudah terpasang dengan benar.
2. Hubungan power supply dengan sumber listrik.
3. Pasang pegas sesuai dengan variasi yang digunakan.
4. Pasang massa yang ingin digunakan sesuai dengan variasi.
5. Kalibrasi frame dengan cara mengatur pegas hingga garis pada frame dan garis pada
rangka terhubung.
6. Gerakan frame ke atas dan ke bawah untuk membentuk garis pemisah pada paper roll.
7. Arahkan saklar ke motor penggerak.
8. Tekan tombol hingga engkol menyentuh penahan frame.
9. Arahkan saklar ke paper roll.
10. Tekan tombol hingga garis yang terbuat pada paper roll lurus pada sumbu.
11. Berikan keterangan pada kertas sesuai dengan variasi pegas dan massa yang digunakan.
12. Ulangi langkah 3-11 untuk mengambil data dengan variasi massa dan pegas yang lain.
13. Lepaskan massa yang digunakan.
14. Lepaskan pegas yang digunakan.
15. Lepaskan power supply dari sumber listrik.

4.5.2 Pengujian Dengan Peredam

Langkah-langkah pengujian alat “Simple Vibration Apparatus” dengan peredaman adalah

sebagai berikut.
1. Susunlah peralatan (seperti paper roll, pena dan frame) sudah terpasang dengan benar.
2. Hubungan power supply dengan sumber listrik.
3. Pasang pegas sesuai dengan variasi yang ingin digunakan.
4. Pasang massa yang ingin digunakan sesuai dengan variasi.
5. Tuangkan oli sebagai peredam ke dalam dashpot.
6. Putar katup sesuai dengan variasi yang ingin digunakan.

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7. Kalibrasi frame dengan cara mengatur pegas hingga garis pada frame dan garis pada
rangka terhubung.
8. Gerakan frame ke atas dan ke bawah untuk membentuk garis pemisah pada paper roll.
9. Arahkan saklar ke motor penggerak.
10. Tekan tombol hingga engkol menyentuh penahan frame.
11. Arahkan saklar ke paper roll.
12. Tekan tombol hingga garis yang terbuat pada paper roll lurus pada sumbu.
13. Berikan keterangan pada kertas sesuai dengan variasi pegas, massa, viskositas oli dan
putaran katup yang digunakan.
14. Ulangi langkah 3-13 untuk mengambil data dengan variasi massa dan pegas yang lain.
15. Lepaskan massa yang digunakan.
16. Lepaskan pegas yang digunakan.
17. Buang oli dari dashpot.
18. Lepaskan power supply dari sumber listrik.

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4.6 Perhitungan
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4.7 Analisa Perhitungan
4.7.1 Hubungan antara Massa dengan Panjang Gelombang pada Konstanta Pegas …

Tabel 4.XX Hubungan antara Massa dengan Panjang Gelombang pada Konstanta Pegas …
No X Y XY X2 X3 X4 X2Y (Y-y)2 (Y-a-bX)2 (Y-i-jX-kX2)2

1
2
3
Σ

Dimana:
X = Massa
Y = Panjang Gelombang

Perhitungan Statistik:
𝛴𝑌
𝑦=
𝑛
…
𝑦=
…
𝑦=⋯

a. Regresi Linier (Y = a + bX)

(𝛴𝑌)(𝛴𝑋 2 ) − (𝛴𝑋)(𝛴𝑋𝑌)
𝑎=
𝑛𝛴𝑋 2 − (𝛴𝑋)²
… −. . .
𝑎=
… −. . .
𝑎=⋯

𝑛 𝛴𝑋𝑌 − (𝛴𝑋)(𝛴𝑌)
𝑏=
𝑛𝛴𝑋 2 − (𝛴𝑋)²
… −. . .
𝑏=
… −. . .
𝑏=⋯

SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑋
𝑌 = ⋯+ ⋯𝑋

𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)2 − 𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑋)²

𝑟² =
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)²
… −. . .
𝑟² =
…
𝑟² = ⋯

b. Regresi Polinomial (Y = i + jX + kX2)

𝛴𝑌 = 𝑛𝑖 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋² …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (i)
𝛴𝑋𝑌 = 𝑖𝛴𝑋 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 2 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋³ …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (ii)
𝛴𝑋 2 𝑌 = 𝑖𝛴𝑋 2 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 3 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋 4 …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (iii)

Dari persamaam (i), (ii) dan (iii) didapatkan:

i = ……
j = ……
k = …...

maka:
𝑌 = 𝑖 + 𝑗𝑋 + 𝑘𝑋 3
𝑌 = ⋯ + ⋯ 𝑋 + ⋯ 𝑋3

𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)2 − 𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑖 − 𝑗𝑋 − 𝑘𝑋²)²

𝑟² =
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)²
… −. . .
𝑟² =
…
𝑟² = ⋯

SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.7.2 Hubungan antara Putaran Katup dengan Konstanta Peredaman SAE 40 pada
Massa … dan Konstanta Peredaman …

Tabel 4.XX Hubungan antara Putaran Katup dengan Konstanta Peredaman SAE 40 pada Massa
… dan Konstanta Peredaman …
No X Y XY X2 X3 X4 X2Y (Y-y)2 (Y-a-bX)2 (Y-i-jX-kX2)2

1
2
3
4
5
Σ

Dimana:
X = Putaran Katup
Y = Konstanta Peredaman

Perhitungan Statistik:
𝛴𝑌
𝑦=
𝑛
…
𝑦=
…
𝑦=⋯

a. Regresi Linier (Y = a + bX)

(𝛴𝑌)(𝛴𝑋 2 ) − (𝛴𝑋)(𝛴𝑋𝑌)
𝑎=
𝑛𝛴𝑋 2 − (𝛴𝑋)²
… −. . .
𝑎=
… −. . .
𝑎=⋯

𝑛 𝛴𝑋𝑌 − (𝛴𝑋)(𝛴𝑌)
𝑏=
𝑛𝛴𝑋 2 − (𝛴𝑋)²

SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
… −. . .
𝑏=
… −. . .
𝑏=⋯

𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑋
𝑌 = ⋯+ ⋯𝑋
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)2 − 𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑋)²
𝑟² =
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)²
… −. . .
𝑟² =
…
𝑟² = ⋯

b. Regresi Polinomial (Y = i + jX + kX2)

𝛴𝑌 = 𝑛𝑖 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋² …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (i)
𝛴𝑋𝑌 = 𝑖𝛴𝑋 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 2 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋³ …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (ii)
𝛴𝑋 2 𝑌 = 𝑖𝛴𝑋 2 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 3 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋 4 …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (iii)

Dari persamaam (i), (ii) dan (iii) didapatkan:

i = ……
j = ……
k = …...

maka:
𝑌 = 𝑖 + 𝑗𝑋 + 𝑘𝑋 3
𝑌 = ⋯ + ⋯ 𝑋 + ⋯ 𝑋3

𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)2 − 𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑖 − 𝑗𝑋 − 𝑘𝑋²)²

𝑟² =
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)²
… −. . .
𝑟² =
…
𝑟² = ⋯

SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.7.3 Hubungan antara Putaran Katup dengan Konstanta Peredaman SAE 50 pada
Massa … dan Konstanta Peredaman …

Tabel 4.XX Hubungan antara Putaran Katup dengan Konstanta Peredaman SAE 50 pada Massa
… dan Konstanta Peredaman …
No X Y XY X2 X3 X4 X2Y (Y-y)2 (Y-a-bX)2 (Y-i-jX-kX2)2

1
2
3
4
5
Σ

Dimana:
X = Putaran Katup
Y = Konstanta Peredaman

Perhitungan Statistik:
𝛴𝑌
𝑦=
𝑛
…
𝑦=
…
𝑦=⋯

a. Regresi Linier (Y = a + bX)

(𝛴𝑌)(𝛴𝑋 2 ) − (𝛴𝑋)(𝛴𝑋𝑌)
𝑎=
𝑛𝛴𝑋 2 − (𝛴𝑋)²
… −. . .
𝑎=
… −. . .
𝑎=⋯

𝑛 𝛴𝑋𝑌 − (𝛴𝑋)(𝛴𝑌)
𝑏=
𝑛𝛴𝑋 2 − (𝛴𝑋)²
… −. . .
𝑏=
… −. . .

SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
𝑏=⋯

𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑋
𝑌 = ⋯+ ⋯𝑋
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)2 − 𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑋)²
𝑟² =
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)²
… −. . .
𝑟² =
…
𝑟² = ⋯

b. Regresi Polinomial (Y = i + jX + kX2)

𝛴𝑌 = 𝑛𝑖 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋² …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (i)
𝛴𝑋𝑌 = 𝑖𝛴𝑋 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 2 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋³ …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (ii)
𝛴𝑋 2 𝑌 = 𝑖𝛴𝑋 2 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 3 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋 4 …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (iii)

Dari persamaam (i), (ii) dan (iii) didapatkan:

i = ……
j = ……
k = …...

maka:
𝑌 = 𝑖 + 𝑗𝑋 + 𝑘𝑋 3
𝑌 = ⋯ + ⋯ 𝑋 + ⋯ 𝑋3

𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)2 − 𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑖 − 𝑗𝑋 − 𝑘𝑋²)²

𝑟² =
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)²
… −. . .
𝑟² =
…
𝑟² = ⋯

SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.7.4 Hubungan antara Putaran Katup dengan Konstanta Peredaman SAE 90 pada
Massa … dan Konstanta Peredaman …

Tabel 4.XX Hubungan antara Putaran Katup dengan Konstanta Peredaman SAE 90 pada Massa
… dan Konstanta Peredaman …
No X Y XY X2 X3 X4 X2Y (Y-y)2 (Y-a-bX)2 (Y-i-jX-kX2)2

1
2
3
4
5
Σ

Dimana:
X = Putaran Katup
Y = Konstanta Peredaman

Perhitungan Statistik:
𝛴𝑌
𝑦=
𝑛
…
𝑦=
…
𝑦=⋯

a. Regresi Linier (Y = a + bX)

(𝛴𝑌)(𝛴𝑋 2 ) − (𝛴𝑋)(𝛴𝑋𝑌)
𝑎=
𝑛𝛴𝑋 2 − (𝛴𝑋)²
… −. . .
𝑎=
… −. . .
𝑎=⋯

𝑛 𝛴𝑋𝑌 − (𝛴𝑋)(𝛴𝑌)
𝑏=
𝑛𝛴𝑋 2 − (𝛴𝑋)²
… −. . .
𝑏=
… −. . .

SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
𝑏=⋯

𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑋
𝑌 = ⋯+ ⋯𝑋
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)2 − 𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑋)²
𝑟² =
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)²
… −. . .
𝑟² =
…
𝑟² = ⋯

b. Regresi Polinomial (Y = i + jX + kX2)

𝛴𝑌 = 𝑛𝑖 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋² …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (i)
𝛴𝑋𝑌 = 𝑖𝛴𝑋 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 2 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋³ …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (ii)
𝛴𝑋 2 𝑌 = 𝑖𝛴𝑋 2 + 𝑗𝛴𝑋 3 + 𝑘𝛴𝑋 4 …… = ……i + ……j + ……k (iii)

Dari persamaam (i), (ii) dan (iii) didapatkan:

i = ……
j = ……
k = …...

maka:
𝑌 = 𝑖 + 𝑗𝑋 + 𝑘𝑋 3
𝑌 = ⋯ + ⋯ 𝑋 + ⋯ 𝑋3

𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)2 − 𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑖 − 𝑗𝑋 − 𝑘𝑋²)²

𝑟² =
𝛴(𝑌 − 𝑦)²
… −. . .
𝑟² =
…
𝑟² = ⋯

SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.8 Grarik dan Pembahasan
4.8.1 Grafik Pengaruh Konstanta Pegas dan Massa terhadap Frekuensi Tanpa
Peredaman

Ukuran Grafik 15 cm x 8 cm

Gambar 4.XX Grafik ...................................................................................................................

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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.8.2 Grafik Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Massa terhadap Konstanta Peredaman SAE
40 pada Konstanta Pegas …

Ukuran Grafik 15 cm x 8 cm

Gambar 4.XX Grafik ...................................................................................................................

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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.8.3 Grafik Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Massa terhadap Konstanta Peredaman SAE
50 pada Konstanta Pegas …

Ukuran Grafik 15 cm x 8 cm

Gambar 4.XX Grafik ...................................................................................................................

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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.8.4 Grafik Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Massa terhadap Konstanta Peredaman SAE
90 pada Konstanta Pegas …

Ukuran Grafik 15 cm x 8 cm

Gambar 4.XX Grafik ...................................................................................................................

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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.8.5 Grafik Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Viskositas Oli terhadap Konstanta
Peredaman pada Konstanta Pegas … dan Massa 2,7 kg

Ukuran Grafik 15 cm x 8 cm

Gambar 4.XX Grafik ...................................................................................................................

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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.8.6 Grafik Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Viskositas Oli terhadap Konstanta
Peredaman pada Konstanta Pegas … dan Massa 3,7 kg

Ukuran Grafik 15 cm x 8 cm

Gambar 4.XX Grafik ...................................................................................................................

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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.8.7 Grafik Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Viskositas Oli terhadap Konstanta
Peredaman pada Konstanta Pegas … dan Massa 4,7 kg

Ukuran Grafik 15 cm x 8 cm

Gambar 4.XX Grafik ...................................................................................................................

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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.8.8 Grafik Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Konstanta Pegas terhadap Konstanta
Peredaman pada Viskositas SAE 40 dan Massa …

Ukuran Grafik 15 cm x 8 cm

Gambar 4.XX Grafik ...................................................................................................................

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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.8.9 Grafik Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Konstanta Pegas terhadap Konstanta
Peredaman pada Viskositas SAE 50 dan Massa …

Ukuran Grafik 15 cm x 8 cm

Gambar 4.XX Grafik ...................................................................................................................

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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.8.10 Grafik Pengaruh Putaran Katup dan Konstanta Pegas terhadap Konstanta
Peredaman pada Viskositas SAE 90 dan Massa …

Ukuran Grafik 15 cm x 8 cm

Gambar 4.XX Grafik ...................................................................................................................

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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.9 Kesimpulan dan Saran
4.9.1 Kesimpulan
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
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2. ..............................................................................................................................................
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6. ..............................................................................................................................................
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SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …
 JUDUL BAB
4.9.2 Saran
- Untuk Laboratorium
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
- Untuk Sistem Praktikum
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
- Untuk Asisten
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
- Untuk Praktikan
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

SEMESTER GANJIL 2023/2024

KELOMPOK …