MANAJEMEN
-Manajemen & Organisasi-
PENGERTIAN
2
MANAJERIAL
5
JENJANG MANAJEMEN
6
ESENSI MANAJEMEN
7
ESENSI MANAJEMEN cont’d
8
AKTIVITAS MANAJEMEN
1. Merencanakan (Planning)
Mendefinisikan sasaran, menetapkan strategi untuk mencapai
sasaran, menyusun rencana.
2. Mengorganisasi (Organizing)
Merancang pekerjaan guna mencapai sasaran organisasi (goals).
3. Kepemimpinan (Leading)
Bekerja dengan dan melalui orang untuk mencapai sasaran
organisasi.
4. Pengendalian (Controlling)
Memantau kinerja, membandingkan dengan standar, mengoreksi
bila perlu.
9
AKTIVITAS MANAJEMEN cont’d
10
YANG DILAKUKAN MANAJER
1. Interpersonal roles
Figurehead, leader, liaison
2. Informational roles
Monitor, disseminator, spokesperson
3. Decisional roles
Disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator
11
YANG DILAKUKAN MANAJER
1. Interaksi
Dengan orang lain
Dengan internal organisasi
Dengan pihak eksternal organisasi
2. Refleksi
Berpikir bijaksana
3. Tindakan
Melakukan langsung
12
KEAHLIAN MANAJERIAL
14
MANAGER’s SKILLS
15
MANAGER’s SKILLS cont’d
16
MANAGER’s SKILLS cont’d
18
MANAGER’s SKILLS & FUNCTIONS MATRIX
19
DINAMIKA TUGAS MANAJER
• Meningkatnya kesadaran pentingnya konsumen
– Konsumen: alasan organisasi ada
• Mengelola hubungan pelanggan adalah tanggung Jawab
semua manajer dan karyawan.
• Layanan pelanggan yang berkualitas dan konsisten sangat
penting untuk kelangsungan organisasi.
• Inovasi
– Melakukan hal-hal yang berbeda dan berani mengambil Risiko
• Manajer harus mendorong karyawan untuk berinovasi.
20
PERUBAHAN YANG MEMPENGARUHI
21
APAKAH ORGANISASI ?
Secara etimologis:
Organum (Latin); organon (Yunani) berarti alat,
anggota, bagian, atau badan.
23
KARAKTERISTIK ORGANISASI
24
PERUBAHAN ORGANISASI
25
MENGAPA MANAJEMEN?
27
UNIVERSAL NEED FOR MANAGEMENT
28
Terima kasih dan mohon maaf bila ada kesalahan
29
Politeknik Keuangan Negara – STAN
MANAJEMEN
-Pengambilan Keputusan-
MENETAPKAN TUJUAN (traditional)
3
MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES
Perencanaan Pelaksanaan pada
PIMPINAN bersama Evaluasi bersama
setiap pihak
Analisis hasil
Penetapan Bawahan yang dicapai
tujuan menunjukkan Mendiskusikan
& Penentuan kinerja yg baik akibat dari hasil
standar Pimpinan yang dicapai
Pemilihan memberikan Melakukan
BAWAHAN kegiatan pengarahan perbaikan
4
MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES cont’d
KEKUATAN KELEMAHAN
Meningkatkan koordinasi antara Cenderung gagal jika tidak ada
tujuan & rencana komitmen yg kontinu dari
Memperjelas prioritas & ekspektasi manajemen puncak
Memungkinkan komunikasi Terlalu menekankan pada tujuan
horizontal & vertikal jangka pendek
Meningkatkan motivasi karyawan Memerlukan bayak waktu &
Dapat menjalankan pengawasan yg usaha dalam implementasinya
lebih efektif Tidak cocok untuk manajer yg
otoriter & mereka yg
menerapkan birokrasi secara
ketat
5
S.M.A.R.T OBJECTIVES
6
S.M.A.R.T OBJECTIVES cont’d
7
S.M.A.R.T or NOT
8
JENIS JENIS RENCANA
9
JANGKAUAN PERENCANAAN
10
SPECIFIC vs DIRECTIONAL
11
HUBUNGAN TUJUAN & RENCANA
Tujuan Organisasi
12
RASIONALITAS KEPUTUSAN
Irasional > Rasional
Spiritual
Konsep/ Tujuan
Strategi/ taktik
While hard data may inform our intellect, it is largely soft data that generates wisdom…Hard information is often
limited in scope, lacking richness, and often fails to encompass important non economic and non quantitative factors .
Henry Mintzberg, The Rise and Fall of Strategic Thinking
14
KEPUTUSAN OLEH MANAJER
15
MENETAPKAN KEPUTUSAN
Problem
Objectives
Alternatives PrOACT
Consequences
Tradeoffs
Kondisi dasar
(lingkungan) yang Uncertainty
menjadi perhatian
utama pada setiap Risk tolerance
penetapan elemen
PrOACT Linked Decision
Hammond, et.al., 1999. Smart Choices; A Practical Guide to Making Better Decisions
16
HAMBATAN PENGAMBILAN
KEPUTUSAN
1/3 ego drove the decision
81% edict or persuasion drove the
decision
2/3 never explored alternatives once
they made up their minds
17
EFFECTIVE PLANNING IN DYNAMIC
ENVIRONMENTS
1. Develop plans that are specific but flexible.
2. Understand that planning is an ongoing process.
3. Change plans when conditions warrant.
4. Persistence in planning eventually pay off.
5. Flatten the organizational hierarchy to foster the
development of planning skills at all organizational
levels.
19
ORGNIZATION’s PYRAMID
20
Terima kasih dan mohon maaf bila ada kesalahan
21
Politeknik Keuangan Negara – STAN
MANAJEMEN
-Lingkungan Organisasi-
MANAJER DALAM ORGANISASI
3
4
Gen Y –milenial
Tahun 2016 menjadi masa yang istimewa bagi
generasi Y atau kaum milenial (terlahir 1980 s.d.
2000) → golongan terbanyak dari generasi
sebelumnya, menggantikan populasi gen X
(terlahir 1960 s.d. 1980)
5
BUDAYA ORGANISASI
Culture is a perception.
Culture is shared.
Culture is descriptive.
7
DIMENSI BUDAYA ORGANISASI
8
MEMBANDINGKAN BUDAYA
ORGANISASI
Dimension Organization A Organization B
10
Kultur Budaya yg kontras
• At Tesla Motors, the focus is product innovation (innovation and risk taking)
• In contrast, Southwest Airlines has made its employees a central part of its culture
11
KEKUATAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI
Budaya kuat : organisasi di mana nilai-nilai
kunci dipegang teguh dan diikuti secara
luas.
12
FAKTOR(s) YG MEMPENGARUHI
KEKUATAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI
1 Size of the organization
13
BUDAYA ORGANISASIcont’d
15
• Sumber terbentuknya kultur: refleksi visi pendiri perusahaan
• Tindakan top manager berdampak signifikan pada kultur organisasi
• Sekali tertancap, kultur harus dirawat (established & maintained)
16
SHARING THE ORG. CULTURE
17
Bagaimana kultur
mempengaruhi manajer?
• Karena kultur organisasi membatasi apa yang dapat dan tidak dapat dilakukan,
secara otomatis hal itu relevan bagi manajer (dalam POLC)
18
Current Issues terkait Kultur
• Mewujudkan kultur inovatif: challenge and involvement, freedom, trust and
openness, idea time, playfulness/humor, conflict resolution, debates, risk taking
• Mewujudkan kultur responsi pelanggan
Characteristics of Customer Suggestions for Managers
Responsive Culture
Type of employee Hire people with personalities and attitudes consistent with
customer service: friendly, attentive, enthusiastic, patient, good
listening skills
Type of job environment Design jobs so employees have as much control as possible to
satisfy customers, without rigid rules and procedures
Empowerment Give service-contact employees the discretion to make day-to-day
decisions on job-related activities
Role clarity Reduce uncertainty about what service-contact employees can and
cannot do by continual training on product knowledge, listening,
and other behavioral skills
Consistent desire to satisfy and Clarify organization’s commitment to do whatever it takes, even if
delight customers it’s outside an employee’s normal job requirements
• Mewujudkan kesinambungan (sustainability), improve kultur menyeluruh
19
LINGKUNGAN ORGANISASI
21
KETIDAKPASTIAN LINGKUNGAN
ORGANISASI
22
KETIDAKPASTIAN LINGKUNGAN
ORGANISASI
Stabil Dinamis
Sel 1 Sel 2
Lingkungan yang dinamis dan sulit
Simpel Lingkungan yang stabil dan mudah
diperkirakan diperkirakan
Sedikit komponen lingkungan Sedikit komponen lingkungan
Komponen nyaris serupa dan pada Komponen nyaris serupa tetapi proses
dasarnya masih sama Perubahannya berjalan terus menerus
Kebutuhan akan pengetahuan yang Kebutuhan akaan pengetahuan yang
canggih mengenai komponen minimal canggih mengenai komponen minimal
Sel 3 Sel 4
Lingkungan yang stabil dan mudah Lingkungan yang dinamis dan sulit
diperkirakan diperkirakan
Rumit Komponen tidak serupa dengan yang Komponen tidak serupa dengan yang
lain pada dasarnya sama lain dan pada dasarnya sama
Kebutuhan akan pengetahuan yang Kebutuhan akan pengalaman yang
canggih mengenai komponen tinggi canggih mengenaai komponen tinggi
23
STAKEHOLDER(s) ORGANISASI
(Griffin, 2017)
(Griffin, 2017)
(Griffin, 2017)
(Griffin, 2017)
Derajat perubahan
(stabil vs dinamis)
1b. Ketidakpastian
(Griffin, 2017)
Kombinasi antara derajat perubahan
(degree of change) dan derajat
homogenitas (degree of
homogeneity) menciptakan
ketidakpastian (uncertainty) bagi
organisasi.
Misalnya: Lingkungan yang
kompleks dan dinamis akan
menciptakan ketidakpastian yang
besar bagi organisasi
(Griffin, 2017)
Porter’s five competitive
forces
2. COMPETITIVE FORCES
(Griffin, 2017)
Merger,
Akuisisi,
Aliansi:
Manajemen Penggabungan
informasi: Reaksi perusahaan
– Boundary strategis: (merger),
spanners * status quo, pembelian
– Environmental perubahan strategi, perusahaan
scanning atau adopsi strategi (akuisisi), atau
– Information baru membentuk mitra
systems usaha baru dengan
perusahaan lain
(aliansi)
* Anggota organisasi yang berhubungan langsung
dengan pihak luar (contoh: bagian pembelian,
bagian pemasaran, humas)
(Griffin, 2017)
Pengaruh langsung
Fleksibilitas dalam
terhadap lingkungan
desain organisasi
– Mengubah kondisi
Fleksibilitas dalam
kompetitif di
struktur organisasi :
lingkungan, sesuai
• Struktur Mekanistik:
kebutuhan
dalam lingkungan stabil
– Membentuk atau
• Struktur organik:
mengubah hubungan
dalam lingkungan
dengan pelanggan,
dinamis
pemasok, regulator
(Griffin, 2017)
BAGAIMANA LINGKUNGAN
MEMPENGARUHI MANAJER?
Melalui tingkat ketidakpastian di masa depan dari
lingkungan yang ada sekarang.
Melalui berbagai hubungan dengan stakeholders yang
terjadi dan mempengaruhi keputusan manajerial.
1. Derajat perubahan.
2. Derajat kerumitan lingkungan organisasi.
38
LIFE CYCLE
declining
maturity
growth
formation
39
Terima kasih dan mohon maaf bila ada kesalahan
40
Politeknik Keuangan Negara – STAN
MANAJEMEN
-Diversity & Change Management-
DIVERSITY
KEBERAGAMAN DALAM ORGANISASI
Diversity:
▪ Perbedaan antarorang dalam organisasi.
▪ Perubahan komposisi pekerja dalam organisasi.
Kedalaman Diversity:
▪ Karakteristik demografi yang muncul saat kita cenderung
berpikir tentang keberagaman –usia, ras, jenis kelamin, etnis, dll–
hanyalah sebagian kecil dari pemahaman apa itu
keberagaman.
▪ Perbedaan dalam nilai, kepribadian, dan sifat kerja –
menjadi lebih penting karena perbedaan pada tingkat ini
dapat mempengaruhi cara orang melihat organisasi, saling
berkomunikasi, bereaksi terhadap pemimpin,
bernegosiasi, dan umumnya berperilaku di tempat kerja. 3
Definisi dan Level Diversity
Workforce diversity: RAGAM perbedaan dan kesamaan personel dalam organisasi
Surface-level diversity: perbedaan yang diterima dengan mudah, mendorong stereotypes tertentu,
belum merefleksikan pandangan/cara seseorang surface kb. 1 permukaan (of the water).
2 luaran. -ks. dangkal (dari luar). -kkt.
meratakan/melicinkan permukaan -kki.
Deep-level diversity: Perbedaan values, personality, dan work preferences muncul dipermukaan.
Perjalanan diversity dari masa ke masa Acuan larangan diskriminasi USA: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964 & the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
Time frame Events
1960s to 1970s Focus on complying with laws and regulations: Title VII of Civil Rights Act; Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission; affirmative action policies and programs
Early 1980s Focus on assimilating minorities and women into corporate setting: Corporate programs
developed to help improve self-confidence and qualifications of diverse individuals so
they can “fit in”
Late 1980s Concept of workforce diversity expanded from compliance to an issue of business
survival: Publication of Workforce 2000 opened business leaders’ eyes about the future
composition of workforce—that is, more diverse; first use of term workforce diversity
Late 1980s to Late Focus on fostering sensitivity: Shift from compliance and focusing only on women and
1990s minorities to include everyone; making employees more aware and sensitive to the
needs and differences of others
New Millennium Focus on diversity and inclusion for business success: Workforce diversity seen as core
business issue; important to achieve business success, profitability, and growth
4
DIVERSITY TODAY
5
KOMPONEN DIVERSITY
6
Tipe Diversity yg dijumpai di dunia kerja
Termasuk harus dihindari adalah persinggungan SARA, rasis,
bully…
7
MANAGING DIVERSITY
8
Pentingnya Mengelola Diversity → memanfaatkan banyak
orang dg beragam latar belakang
Mengelola personel
• Manfaatkan talenta pegawai
• Tingkatkan kinerja tim
• Libatkan pegawai dg ragam latar belakang
http://reward7269.simplelife40.live
Kinerja organisasi
• Kurangi biaya (high turnover, absenteeism, lawsuits)
• Tingkatkan kemampuan penyelesaian masalah
• Kembangkan fleksibilitas sistem
https://insights.jmw.com/blog/delivering-sustainable-performance-interventions
Stratejik
• Tingkatkan pemahaman marketplace, pertumbuhan penjualan
dan market share
• Tingkatkan inovasi → potential source of competitive advantage
9 • Bangun moral dan etik, hal benar yang dilakukan
https://evolllution.com/opinions/lessons-for-profit-strategic-planning/
MANAGING DIVERSITY cont’d
10
MANAGING DIVERSITY cont’d
▪ To be successful in working with and gaining
value from diversity requires a sustained,
systemic approach and long-term
commitment.
▪ Success is facilitated by a perspective that
considers diversity to be an opportunity for
everyone in an organization to learn from
each other how better to accomplish their
work that requires a supportive and
cooperative organizational culture as well as
group leadership and process skills that can
facilitate effective group functioning.
11
https://www.wikihow.com/Define-Your-Personality
13
DIVERSITY ISSUES cont’d
• Mentors
– Higher-level managers who help ensure that high-
potential people are introduced to top
management and socialized into the norms and
values of the organization.
14
DIVERSITY ISSUES cont’d
• Multicultural
organization
– An organization that
values cultural
diversity and seeks to
utilize and encourage
it.
15
MULTICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS
Monolithic organization
An organization that has a low degree of
structural integration—employing few
women, minorities, or other groups that differ
from the majority—and thus has a highly
homogeneous employee population.
Pluralistic organization
An organization that has a relatively diverse
employee population and makes an effort to
involve employees from different gender,
racial, or cultural backgrounds. 16
STAGES OF MANAGING DIVERSITY
• Managing Diversity
– Building an inclusive work environment that
allows everyone to reach their potential
17
DIVERSITY AMONG GLOBAL CULTURES
18
STAGES OF ADJUSTMENT TO A NEW CULTURE
Confusion → First contacts with the new culture leave you
anxious, uncomfortable, and in need of information and
advice.
Small victories → Continued interactions bring some
“successes,” and your confidence grows in handling daily
affairs.
Honeymoon → A time of wonderment, cultural immersion,
and even infatuation, with local ways viewed positively.
Irritation and anger → A time when the “negatives”
overwhelm the “positives,” and the new culture becomes a
target of your criticism.
Reality → A time of rebalancing; you are able to enjoy the
new culture while accommodating its less desirable
elements. 19
Inisiatif Mengelola
4
UUD 1945; UU No. 13/2003 Ketenagakerjaan (UUK):
“…menjamin hak-hak dasar pekerja/buruh dan
Diversity menjamin kesamaan kesempatan serta perlakuan
tanpa diskriminasi atas dasar apapun…”; UU No.
40/2008 Penghapusan Diskriminasi Ras dan Etnis
Perhatikan aspek legal
Mentoring: pemberian nasihat/panduan dari pegawai senior
berpengalaman (mentor) kepada yunior blm berpengalaman
(protégé) untuk penanganan diversity
22
Why Organizations Change?
Managers conduct change
Managers conduct
due to the needs to
change in order to
increase an organization’s
produce better
adaptive capacity, and
organizational
how organization might
performance in the form
achieve shareholder value,
of better quarterly
and the knowledge needed
results with
for achieving this.
correspondingly better
company share prices.
shaping
control
Organizational Learning
Economic Perspective
Perspective 23
FAKTORs PENDORONG PERUBAHAN
1. Perubahan Teknologi
2. Persaingan semakin intensif menjadi global
3. Pelanggan semakin banyak tuntutan
4. Profil demografis negara berubah
5. Terjadinya Privatisasi yg terus berlanjut
6. Pemegang saham minta banyak nilai
24
STAGES OF CHANGE
Krietner & Green borg
Kurt Lewin Robbin Schein
kenicki & Baron
Unfreezing Unfreezing
Unfreezing Unfreezing Unfreezing
Changing Cognitive-
Change Movement Changing
Restructuring
Refreezing Refreezing Refreezing
Refreezing Refreezing
1. unfreezing → pencairan
2. change → perubahan
3. refreezing → pembekuan kembali
25
Lewin’s three-step process treats change as a move away from the
6
organization’s current equilibrium state. It’s a calm waters scenario where
an occasional disruption (a “storm”) means planning and implementing
change to deal with the disruption. Once the disruption has been dealt with,
Proses Perubahan however, things continue on under the new changed situation. This type of
environment isn’t what most managers face today.
26
STAGES OF CHANGE cont’d
27
STAGES OF CHANGE cont’d
Change –Movement –Cognitive Restructuring
→ tahap pembelajaran dimana pekerja di beri
informasi baru cara baru dlm melihat sst dlm hal
ini perlu dibagun kesadaran baru = kehidupan
mrp proses yg terus menerus.
29
TIPOLOGI PERUBAHAN
Kreitner dan Kinicki (2001):
Adaptive change → perubahan yg paling rendah
tingkat kompleskitas, biaya & ketidakpastiannya,
karena cenderung meniru unit yg lain.
Innovative change → diperkenalkan praktik baru
pada organisasi. Ada modifikasi cara kerja.
Ketidakbiasaan dapat menjadikan ketakutan.
Radically innovative → mrp jenis perubahan yg
paling sulit dilaksankan dan cenderung paling
menakutkan terhadap tingkat kepercayaan
sehingga menyebabkan resistensi.
30
Area Perubahan –strategi, struktur,
teknologi, people 7
cara organisasi menggapai sukses
31
Popular OD Techniques
pelatihan/pengenalan hal2
sensitif penting dilakukan
32
IMAGES OF CHANGE OUTCOME
Intended:
▪ The dominant assumption is that intended change
outcomes can be achieved.
▪ Change is treated as the realization of prior intent
through the action of change managers
Partially-intended:
▪ Intended outcomes may be adapted along the way.
▪ Externally imposed forces and factors may modify what
was originally intended.
Unintended:
▪ There are a variety of internal and external forces that
either lead to change outcomes that are not intended by
Managers.
33
SIX IMAGES OF MANAGING
CHANGE
Images of Managing
Controlling Shaping
(activities) (capabilities)
Images of Partially
intended NAVIGATOR INTERPRETER
Change
Outcomes
Unintended
CARETAKER NURTURER
34
ISSUES DALAM PERUBAHAN
Banyak masalah yang bisa terjadi ketika perubahan
akan dilakukan , masalah yang paling sering &
menonjol adalah “penolakan atas perubahan itu
sendiri” (resistance to change).
Penolakan bisa jelas terlihat (eksplisit) & segera,
misal: mengajukan protes, ancaman mogok,
demonstrasi.
Penolakan yang tersirat (implisit) & lambat laun,
misal: loyalitas pd organisasi berkurang, motivasi
kerja turun, kesalahan kerja meningkat
35
RESISTENSI PERUBAHAN
▪ Acceptence / penerimaan → kesediaan
menerima perubahan yg ditujukan adanya
sikap antusias, kesedian bekerja sama di bwh
tekanan manajemen, pengunduran diri, sikap
mengabaikan.
▪ Indifference / tidak acuh → sikap tdk acuh yg
ditujukan dgn sikap apatis, hilangnya minat
hdp pekerjaan. Hanya bekerja jika diperintah
dan merosot perilakunya.
36
RESISTENSI PERUBAHAN cont’d
▪ Passive resistenace / resistensi pasif → adanya
sikap tidak mau belajar, melalkukan protes,
bekerja berdasarkan aturan, melakukan sedikit
mungkin. Dalm resistensi pasif, karyawan
melakukan penolakan thdp perubahan dgn tdk
berbuat sst.
▪ Active Resistence / resistensi aktif → melakukan
pekerjaan lebih lambat, memperpanjang wkt
istirahat, meninggalkan pekerjaan, melakukan
kesalahan dan sengaja melakukan sabotase.
37
MENGELOLA RESISTENSI
1. Pendidikan dan komunikasi
2. Partisipasi
3. Fasilitas dan dukungan
4. Negoisasi
5. Manipulasi dan pemilihan
6. Paksaan / kekerasan
38
Mengelola Perubahan
Mengapa orang resisten Teknik mengurangi resistensi terhadap perubahan apa
terhadap perubahan? saja ya?
39
Teknik Perubahan –Menimbang Kelebihan dan
Kelemahannya
Technique When Used Advantage Disadvantage
Education and When resistance is due to Clear up May not work when mutual
communication misinformation misunderstandings trust and credibility are
lacking
Participation When resisters have the Increase involvement Time-consuming; has
expertise to make a and acceptance potential for a poor solution
contribution
Facilitation and When resisters are fearful Can facilitate needed Expensive; no guarantee of
support and anxiety ridden adjustments success
Negotiation When resistance comes Can “buy” Potentially high cost; opens
from a powerful group commitment doors for others to apply
pressure too
Manipulation and When a powerful group’s Inexpensive, easy Can back re, causing change
co-optation endorsement is needed way to gain support agent to lose credibility
41
Isu Kontemporer Mengelola Perubahan –bentuk
“Kultur Berubah” (2)
Kondisi yang mendorong perubahan, misalnya krisis dramatis,
kepemimpinan beralih, dan kultur lemah
Strategi mendorong “Kultur Berubah”
Set the tone through management behavior; top managers, particularly, need to be
positive role models.
Create new stories, symbols, and rituals to replace those currently in use.
Select, promote, and support employees who adopt the new values.
43
Gejala Stres dan 1
Mengatasinya 2
46 https://pixabay.com/photos/jump-playing-fun-happy-joy-child-2892297/
disruptive ks. yang mengacaukan, yang
mengganggu, yang memecah belah. d. influence
Inovasi Disruptif pengaruh yang mengacaukan.
47
Contoh Inovasi Disruptif
Established Business Disruptor Established Business Disruptor
Compact disc Apple iTunes Traveler’s checks ATMs and Visa
Carbon paper Xerox copy machine Encyclopedias Wikipedia
Canvas tennis shoes Nike athletic shoes Newspaper Craig’s List
classified ads
Portable radio Sony Walkman AM/FM radio stations Sirius XM
50
Terima kasih dan mohon maaf bila ada kesalahan
51
Politeknik Keuangan Negara – STAN
MANAJEMEN
-Perencanaan-
WHY..??
KONSEP STRATEGI
Istilah strategi pada mulanya populer dibanding
kemiliteran. Saat ini sering pula dipergunakan dalam
ilmu ekonomi dan bisnis.
Strategi juga berasal dari kata Yunani kuno yang dapat
diartikan sebagai ilmu perang (beladiri)
Hubungan strategi dan perencanaan ialah bagaimana
caranya agar perusahaan dapat melaksanakan rencana
yang disiapkan tersebut sehingga mendatangkan
keuntungan bagi perusahaan.
Strategi Bisnis: Pola atau rencana yang diterapkan oleh
organisasi yang mengintegrasikan tujuan-tujuan besar
organisasi, kebijakan, dan tahapan langkah-langkah
sebagai sebuah kesatuan 4
TINGKATAN STRATEGI
5
TINGKATAN STRATEGI cont’d
6
TINGKATAN STRATEGI cont’d
2) Strategi Unit Usaha (Business-Unit)
Mencakup pengelolaan kepentingan dan operasi unit usaha
tertentu mendemikian berkaitan dengan pernyataan sebagai
berikut:
a) Bagaimana usaha itu akan bersaing dalam pemasarannya?
b) Produk atau jasa apa yang akan dilayani?
c) Bagaimana berbagai fungsi produksi pemasaran, keuangan
dan yang lain dikelola supaya memiliki kebutuhan pasar?
d) Bagaimana sumber daya didistribusikan dalam unit usaha?
8
MANAJEMEN STRATEJIK cont’d
VISI DAN MISI
TUJUAN DAN
SASARAN
STRATEGI STRATEGI
GENERIK PERENCANAAN VARIASI
FEED BACK
STRATEGI
APLIKASI RENCANA
BISNIS
EVALUASI DAN
KONTROL RENCANA
BISNIS
9
PEMBAGIAN RENCANA
RENCANA
RENCANA RENCANA
SEKALI PAKAI TETAP
MEWUJUDKAN
MISI
PROGRAM KEBIJAKAN
ANGGARAN PERATURAN 10
KOMPONEN RENCANA STRATEGIS
VISI Nilai-nilai
MISI
Tujuan
RENSTRA Indikator
Sasaran
Kinerja
Kebijakan
RENJA
Program
Kegiatan Indikator
Kinerja
11
HUBUNGAN ANTAR KOMPONEN
WHAT HOW
VISI
MISI
Tujuan
Program
Sasaran
Kegiatan
Kebijakan
12
CORPORATE STRATEGIES
• Corporate Strategies
• Top management’s overall plan for the entire
organization and its strategic business units
• Types of Corporate Strategies
• Growth: expansion into new products and
markets
• Stability: maintenance of the status quo
• Renewal: redirection of the firm into new
markets
13
CORPORATE STRATEGIES cont’d
• Growth Strategy
• Seeking to increase the organization’s business by
expansion into new products and markets.
• Types of Growth Strategies
• Concentration
• Vertical integration
• Horizontal integration
• Diversification
14
CORPORATE STRATEGIES cont’d
Concentration
• Focusing on a primary line of business and increasing
the number of products offered or markets served.
Vertical Integration
• Backward vertical integration: attempting to gain
control of inputs (become a self-supplier).
• Forward vertical integration: attempting to gain control
of output through control of the distribution channel or
provide customer service activities (eliminating
intermediaries).
15
CORPORATE STRATEGIES cont’d
Horizontal Integration
• Combining operations with another competitor in the
same industry to increase competitive strengths and
lower competition among industry rivals.
Related Diversification
• Expanding by combining with firms in different, but
related industries that are “strategic fits.”
Unrelated Diversification
• Growing by combining with firms in unrelated industries
where higher financial returns are possible.
16
CORPORATE STRATEGIES cont’d
• Stability Strategy
• A strategy that seeks to maintain the status quo to deal with the
uncertainty of a dynamic environment, when the industry is
experiencing slow- or no-growth conditions, or if the owners of
the firm elect not to grow for personal reasons.
• Renewal Strategies
• Developing strategies to counter organization weaknesses that
are leading to performance declines.
• Retrenchment: focusing of eliminating non-critical weaknesses
and restoring strengths to overcome current performance
problems.
• Turnaround: addressing critical long-term performance
problems through the use of strong cost elimination measures
and large-scale organizational restructuring solutions.
17
BCG MATRIX
18
THE ROLE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
19
THE ROLE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE cont’d
20
22
PORTER’s FIVE FORCES
1. Threat of New Entrants
The ease or difficulty with which new competitors can enter an industry.
2. Threat of Substitutes
The extent to which switching costs and brand loyalty affect the likelihood of
customers adopting substitutes products and services.
5. Current Rivalry
Intensity among rivals increases when industry growth rates slow, demand
falls, and product prices descend. 23
Barriers to Entry …
… large capital requirements or the
need to gain economies of scale
quickly.
… strong customer loyalty or strong
brand preferences.
… lack of adequate distribution
channels or access to raw materials.
Power of Suppliers …
… high when
* A small number of dominant, highly
concentrated suppliers exists.
* Few good substitute raw materials or
suppliers are available.
* The cost of switching raw materials
or suppliers is high.
Power of Buyers …
… high when
* Customers are concentrated, large or
buy in volume .
* The products being purchased are
standard or undifferentiated making it
easy to switch to other suppliers.
* Customers’ purchases represent a
major portion of the sellers’ total
revenue.
Substitute products …
… competitive strength high when
* The relative price of substitute
products declines .
* Consumers’ switching costs decline.
* Competitors plan to increase market
penetration or production capacity.
Rivalry among competitors
… intensity increases as
* The number of competitors increases
or they become equal in size.
* Demand for the industry’s products
declines or industry growth slows.
* Fixed costs or barriers to leaving the
industry are high.
PORTER’s FIVE FORCES
1. Threat of New Entrants
The ease or difficulty with which new competitors can enter an industry.
2. Threat of Substitutes
The extent to which switching costs and brand loyalty affect the likelihood of
customers adopting substitutes products and services.
5. Current Rivalry
Intensity among rivals increases when industry growth rates slow, demand
falls, and product prices descend. 29
BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS
31
RESOURCES ALLOCATION
• Types of Resources
– The assets of the organization –
• Financial: debt, equity, and retained earnings
• Physical: buildings, equipment, and raw materials
• Human: experiences, skills, knowledge, and
competencies
• Intangible: brand names, patents, reputation,
trademarks, copyrights, and databases
32
RESOURCES ALLOCATION
33
S.W.O.T ANALYSIS
S.W.O.T ANALYSIS cont’d
DECISION MAKING SEQUENCES
37
PROBLEMS
38
METODE FISHBONE
39
CONTOH RCA – IPK MAHASISWA
40
METODE PARETO
41
PLANNING PROCESSES
FIRST MOVER ADV – DIS.ADV
• Advantages • Disadvantages
Reputation for being Uncertainty over exact
innovative and industry direction technology and
leader market will go
Cost and learning benefits Risk of competitors
Control over scarce imitating innovations
resources and keeping Financial and strategic risks
competitors from having High development costs
access to them
Opportunity to begin
building customer
relationships and customer
loyalty
44
CRERATING STRATEGIC FLEXIBILITY
1. Know what’s happening with strategies currently
being used by monitoring and measuring results.
2. Encourage employees to be open about disclosing
and sharing negative information.
3. Get new ideas and perspectives from outside the
organization.
4. Have multiple alternatives when making strategic
decisions.
5. Learn from mistakes.
45
PERAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
46
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
47
48
Terima kasih dan mohon maaf bila ada kesalahan
49
https://www.briantracy.com/blog/b
usiness-success/management-skills-
what-makes-a-good-leader/
ATB IKHTISAR:
PERENCANAAN dan penentuan
PEMBELAJARAN MANAJEMEN
tujuan (goal-setting)
- ALTAF -
http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/p
hoto/children-playing-with-a-giant-
1 metal-globe-royalty-free-
image/57533121
Materi ke- Pokok Bahasan Referensi
PERENCANAAN dan • Robbins, Stephen & Mary Coulter.
5 penentuan tujuan (goal- (2018). Management 14e. USA:
setting) Pearson Education, Inc.
• Griffin. (2003). Fundamental of
Management: Core Concepts &
Applications. Houghton Mefflin
Company.
4
Tipe Plans
8
Contoh
Praktik Tujuan
sektor publik
Penentuan
tujuan (SS)
diwujudkan
dalam Strategy
Map
Tiap level
memiliki Kontrak
Kinerja dengan
atasannya,
dengan target2
tertentu
IKU dilaporkan
dan dievaluasi
tiap periode
11
Tugas
Baca
12
5
Contingency factors in planning:
Pengembangan dan Organizational level; Degree of
pdkt Perencanaan environmental uncertainty; Length of
future commitments
http://medexec.org/effective-planning-simplified/
https://slideplayer.com/slide/9474065/
14
scanning membaca sekilas
Competitor intelligence:
mengumpulkan informasi tentang
pesaing yang memungkinkan
manajer mengantisipasi tindakan
pesaing daripada hanya bereaksi
terhadap mereka
MANAJEMEN
-Struktur & Desain Organisasi-
Teknologi, Komunikasi dan
Desain Organisasi
A. Bagaimana teknologi memengaruhi komunikasi
1. Sistem komputer yang dijadikan jaringan
Surat elektronik
Surat suara
Mesin faksimili
2. Kemampuan tanpa kabel
B. Bagaimana komunikasi memengaruhi desain
organisasi
1.Telecommuting
2. Tempat kerja virtual
Terima kasih dan mohon maaf bila ada kesalahan
38