LAPORAN
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B. Proses Pulp
Proses pembuatan pulp kraft merupakan proses yang umum
digunakan industri pulp di Indonesia dengan kelebihan lainnya yaitu
menghasilkan pulp dengan kekuatan tinggi, efisien pada banyak
jenis kayu, toleran terhadap kulit kayu, serta efisien dalam siklus
pemulihan bahan kimia (Kardiansyah dan susi ,2020).
Pembuatan pulp diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga jenis proses
yaitu proses mekanis, semi-kimia, dan kimia. Pemilihan jenis proses
tersebut tergantung spesies kayu yang tersedia dan penggunaan
akhir dari pulp yang diproduksi. Proses pembuatan pulp dengan
kimia paling banyak dilakukan hampir di seluruh dunia. Proses ini
melarutkan lebih banyak lignin dibandingkan dengan proses yang
lain. Selama proses pembuatan pulp, serpihan kayu dipisahkan
menjadi serat selulosa individu untuk menghilangkan lignin dari
kayu. Pembuatan pulp secara kimia yaitu kraft, soda, dan sulfit
menggunakan larutan kimia berair, suhu tinggi, dan tekanan untuk
mengisolasi serat pulp. Proses pembuatan kraft menggunakan
pemasak alkali yag terdiri dari sodium hidroksida (NaOH) dan
sodium sulfida (Na2S) untuk melarutkan lignin kayu, sementara
proses soda hanya menggunakan sodium hidroksida (NaOH)
(Paminto et al, 2020).
C. Delignifikasi
Delignifikasi atau pengurangan lignin dapat dilakukan secara
kimia, yaitu menggunakan asam atau basa. Delignifikasi bertujuan
untuk mengubah atau merusak struktur dari komponen penyusun
pada biomassa sehingga memudahkan enzim untuk menghidrolisis
menjadi monomer-monomer gula. Metode delignifikasi mengacu
pada proses pelarutan dan pemisahan satu atau lebih komponen-
komponen dari bahan (biomassa) sehingga pada ikatan komponen
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D. Faktor-Faktor Pulp
faktor–faktor yang mempengaruhi pembuatan pulp antara lain
sebagai berikut: (harahap.2021)
1. Konsentrasi Pelarut Semakin tinggi konsentrasi larutan
pemasak maka semakin banyak selulosa yang larut dalam
pelarut sehingga dapat berpengaruh dalam pemisahan dan
penguraian selulosa.
2. Perbandingan Cairan Pemasak terhadap Bahan Baku
Perbandingan cairan pemasak terhadap bahan baku haruslah
memadai agar pecahan – pecahan lignin sempurna dalam
proses degradasi dan dapat larut sempurna dalam cairan
pemasak. Perbandingan yang terlalu kecil dapat menyebabkan
terjadinya redeposisi lignin sehingga dapat meningkatkan
bilangan kappa (kualitas pulp rendah).
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E. Hemiselulosa
Hemiselulosa merupakan polimer dari polisakarida heterogen
yang dibentuk melalui biosintesis yang berbeda dari selulosa.
Adapun beberapa sifat kimia penting dari hemiselulosa terkait
dengan pengolahan biomassa antara lain adalah sedikit larut dalam
air, larut dalam alkali, larut dan terhidrolisis oleh asam, serta dapat
larut dengan larutan basa dingin (Ezsanita, 2021).
Hemiselulosa merupakan senyawa yang berbentuk melalui
proses biosisntesis yang sedikit berbeda dengan proses
pembentukan selulosa sehingga membuat pengelompokan antara
selulosa dan hemiselulosa juga berbeda . Hemi selulosa dapat
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F. Lignin
Lignin dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai lignin asli dan teknis.
Lignin asli adalah lignin asli struktur dalam lignoselulosa tanpa
modifikasi apapun. Sedangkan technical lignin dikenal dengan
istilah modified lignin, diekstraksi dari biomassa atau diisolasi dari
produk sampingan industri. Teknis yang khas Lignin dapat
dikategorikan sebagai lignin kraft, lignin hidrolisis, lignin
organosolv, dan lignin pirolitik. Ini dapat langsung digunakan
sebagai bahan baku untuk produksi produk akhir karena situs aktif
saat ini dari gugus hidroksil alifatik dan aromatik. (Nurfajrin
dkk,2021)
Lignin merupakan polimer alami yang memiliki fungsi utama
sebagai perekat pada lapisan tumbuhan. Lignin memiliki memiliki
gugus hidroksi, karbonil, dan metoksi serta memiliki kelarutan yang
rendah terhadap air sehingga berpotensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai
perekat, plastik biodegradable dan surfaktan pada sistem Enhanced
Oil Recovery (EOR). Berdasarkan kandungan kimia, lignin
merupakan potensi utama yang terdapat pada TKKS. Lignin
merupakan komponen makromolekul kayu ketiga yang berikatan
secara kovalen dengan selulosa dan hemiselulosa. Lignin ada di
dalam dinding sel maupun di daerah antar sel (lamela tengah) dan
menyebabkan kayu menjadi keras dan kaku sehingga mampu
menahan tekanan mekanis yang besar. Lignin dapat diisolasi dari
bahannya sebagai lignin preparatip atau turunan lignin
(pseudolignin), tetapi sifat protolignin yang asli sulit didapat.
(Pramana dkk,2020)
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G. Pektin
Pektin tersusun atas protopektin, asam pektinat dan asam pektat.
Protopektin adalah senyawa pektin pada tanaman yang masih muda
atau pada buah–buahan yang belum matang. Protopektin tidak larut
dalam air. Namun apabila dipanaskan dalam air yang terdapat asam,
maka protopektin dapat diubah menjadi pektin dan terdispersi dalam
air. Protopektin akan menjadi pektin yang larut karena adanya
hidrolisis asam, secara enzimatis dan secara fisis oleh pemanasan.
Hasil dari hidrolisis adalah asam pektinat (Nurhadiansyah, 2020).
H. Bilangan Kappa
Bilangan kappa adalah suatu indeks praktis yang digunakan
dalam pabrik atau laboratorium yang menyatakan derajat
delignifikasi. Bilangan kappa tinggi berarti kadar lignin tinggi pula.
(Teuku,2022)
Uji bilangan kappa dapat dihitung menggunakan persamaan
sebagai berikut (Budi dkk,2022) :
𝑉𝑏−𝑉𝑝
K= xd
𝑤
𝑉𝑏−𝑉𝑝
(0,00093 𝑥 )
d=10 0,3−0,5
Keterangan :
K = nilai bilangan kappa
Vb = volume blanko (mL)
Vp = volume titrasi dengan Na2S2O3 (mL)
w = berat sampel pulp (g)
I. Soda Pulping
Proses soda atau soda pulping adalah metode pembuatan pulp
kimia dengan menggunakan natrium hidroksida sebagai bahan
kimia Larutan NaOH juga dipercaya dapat memutuskan ikatan antar
serat sehingga dapat mempercepat proses pembuatan pulp. Selain
itu, limbah hasil pembuatan pulp menggunakan proses soda tidak
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B. Bahan
Berikut merupakan bahan yang digunakan pada praktikum teknologi
bahan alam pulp dan kertas.
Tabel 2. Bahan pada praktikum teknologi bahan alam pulp dan kertas.
No. Nama Massa Volume Kadar Densitas Produsen
Bahan (g) (mL) (%) (g/mL)
C. Gambar Alat
a. Pembuatan Pulp Kertas
Berikut ini merupakan gambar alat pembuatan pulp dan kertas
pada praktikum teknologi bahan alam pulp dan kertas.
Keterangan :
1. Botol kaca
2. Hot plate
3. Panci
4. Termometer
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b. Titrasi
Berikut ini merupakan gambar alat titrasi pada praktikum
teknologi bahan alam pulp dan kertas.
Keterangan:
1. Buret
2. Gelas beker
3. Klem
4. Kran
5. Statif
IV. CARA KERJA
Berikut merupakan cara kerja pada praktikum teknologi bahan alam pulp
dan kertas.
1. Persiapan Alat dan Bahan
Jerami pelepasan pektin dipotong-potong kemudian di cuci, setelah itu
dikeringkan.
2. Pembuatan Blanko Gelas beker berukuran 600 mL tambahkan aquades
sebanyak 210 mL, kemudian ditambahkan 25 mL larutan KMnO4 dan
25 mL larutan H2SO4 setelah itu diaduk selama 10 menit dengan
menggunakan stirrer. Setelah 10 menit, larutan ditambahkan dengan
larutan KI sebanyak 6 mL. Setelah itu, larutan dititrasi dengan larutan
Na2S2O3 yang telah dimasukkan ke dalam buret hingga terjadi
perubahan warna dari warna ungu menjadi bening lalu dicatat
volumenya.
3. Proses Pulping Jerami ditimbang menggunakan timbangan digital
sebanyak 2,5 gram lalu dimasukkan ke dalam gelas beker ukuran 250
mL dan ditambahkan dengan larutan NaOH variasi 6% atau 3 gram
kemudian diaduk selama 5 menit hingga merata. Setelah itu
dipindahkan ke dalam botol kaca untuk mulai melakukan proses
pulping. Panci yang telah ditambahkan minyak goreng secukupnya
dipanaskan dengan menggunakan hot plate hingga suhu mencapai
100°C dengan termometer, setelah suhu mencapai 100°C, botol kaca
yang berisikan larutan NaOH dan jerami dimasak dengan variasi waktu
30, 60, 90, 120, dan 150 menit. Setelah mencapai variasi waktu yang
telah ditentukan, jerami yang telah dipanaskan dikeluarkan dan
didinginkan hingga mencapai suhu ruang. Setelah itu residu dan filtrat
disaring menggunakan kertas saring dan dicuci dengan aquades.
Kemudian pulp diletakkan pada loyang lalu dioven pada suhu 60°C
selama 30 menit.
4. Penentuan Bilangan Kappa Sampel pulp kering jerami diletakkan ke
dalam gelas beker ukuran 600 mL kemudian ditambahkan dengan 230
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2. Pembuatan Blanko
Aquades 210 mL
KI 6 mL
Dititrasi
Catat Volume
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3. Proses pulping
Sampel Jerami
Gelas Beker 250 NaOH 50 mL
2,5 gram mL
Botol Kaca
Dipanaskan selama
Hot Plate 30,60,90,120, dan 150
menit pada suhu 120◦C
Loyang
Dipanaskan selama
Oven 30 menit dengan
suhu 60◦C
KMnO4 25 mL
+ Sampel
Gelas beker 600
H2SO4 25 Ml Kering pulp
mL
jerami
+
Aquades 210 mL
Stirrer Selama 10 Menit
KI 6 mL
Dititrasi
Catat Volume
A. Data Percobaan
Berikut ini merupakan data hasil praktikum teknologi bahan alam
pulp dan kertas yang telah dilakukan dengan variasi NaOH 6%.
TNR
Tabel 3. Hasil Percobaan Praktikum Pulp dan Kertas dengan NaOH.
Massa Massa
Titrasi Titrasi Selisih Titrasi
Waktu Pulp Pulp Faktor Bilangan Kadar
No Blanko Sampel Blanko dan
(menit) Kering Basah Koreksi Kappa Lignin
(ml) (ml) Sampel (ml)
(gram) (gram)
1 30 2,5 2,922 29 20 9 0,99961 3,59860 0,53979
2 60 2,5 2,643 29 20,5 8,5 0,99963 3,39876 0,50981
3 90 2,5 2,344 29 23 6 0,99974 2,39938 0,35991
4 120 2,5 2,005 29 24 5 0,99978 1,99957 0,29994
5 150 2,5 1,701 29 26,5 2,5 0,99989 0,99989 0,14998
B. Pembahasan
Pada praktikum yang telah dilakukan mengunakan bahan berupa
jerami dengan NaOH 2,5%. Proses dilakukan secara chemical pulping
dengan metode soda menggunakan natrium hidroksida. NaOH berperan
sebagai larutan pemasak yang berfungsi mendegradasi lignin untuk
mempermudah pemisahan terhadap selulosa.
Dimana :
Vb = Volume titrasi blanko
Vp = Volume titrasi sampel
d = Faktor koreksi
m = Massa pulp kering
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Amelia R, S., Yerizam, M., dan Dewi, E. (2021). “Analisis Karakteristik Pulp
Campuran Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dan Pelepah Pisang dengan Pelarut
NaOH”. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Teknologi Indonesia, 1(10), 389–393.
Arista, I., Ayu Amaliah, S., & Nibras Hamas. (2022). Pemanfaatan Daun Jati Kering
Di Kabupaten Gunungkidul Menjadi Kertas Seni Dan Produk Kerajinan
(Utilization of Dried Teak Leaves from Gunungkidul Regency into Art
Paper and Craft Product). SNIKB, 2715(7814), 1–10.
Ezsanita, S. (2021). Variasi Massa Pulp dari Campuran Tongkol Jagung dan Kulit
Singkong dengan Penambahan Binder Kulit Singkong untuk Pembuatan
Kertas Komposit. Skripsi. Makassar:Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin.
Lemma, H. B., Freund, C., Yimam, A., Steffen, F., & Saake, B. (2023).
Prehydrolysis soda pulping of Enset fiber for production of dissolving grade
pulp and biogas. RSC Advances, 13(7), 4314–4323.
Paminto, A. K., Surya Sitorus, R., Firmansyah, R., & Sahari Laili, N. (2020). Kajian
Efisiensi Energi di Industri Pulp dan Kertas. Jurnal Energi Dan Manufaktur,
13(1), 1.
Pramana,.A ,Nur ,.m, Heni Adhianata,dkk.( 2020). Karakteristik Fisik Lignin pada
Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit PT. Tunggal Perkasa Plantation Provinsi
Riau Menggunakan Metode Organosolv. Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran
Lingkungan (JPPL),2(1).
Sriana, T., Dianpalupidewi, T., Ukhrawi, S. M. P., & Nata, I. F. (2021). Pengaruh
Konsentrasi Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) pada Proses Delignifikasi
Kandungan Lignoselulosa Serat (Fiber) Siwalan (borassus flabellifer)
sebagai Bahan Dasar Pembuatan Bioethanol. Buletin Profesi Insinyur, 4(2),
49–52.
Susmiati, Y. (2018). The Prospect of Bioethanol Production from Agricultural
Waste and Organic Waste. Industria: Jurnal Teknologi Dan Manajemen
Agroindustri, 7(2), pp. 67–80.
Teuku,.M. (2020). Analisa Perbandingan Nilai Mutu Lembaran Pulp Kertas Antara
Bahan Baku Sabut Kelapa Dengan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Pada
Pemasakan Pulp Melalui Proses Soda. Jurnal Sains dan Aplikasi,8(2).
Surakarta,
1. Nayandra Dias
(D500200117)
2. Kh.Pratiwi Ayuningtyas
(Aisah Cory Prasono) (D500200121)
Mengetahui,
Dosen Pembimbing
B. Perhitungan
Berikut merupakan perhitungan dari hasil percobaan yang telah
dilakukan :
1. Menghitung Bilangan Kappa Pada Variasi Waktu 30 Menit
a. Menghitung nilai d
Selisih Blanko dan sampel = Tiitrasi Blanko – Titrasi Sampel
= 29-20
=9
(𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑝 )
𝑑 = 100,00093 𝑋
0,3 − 50
(9)
𝑑 = 100,00093 𝑋
0,3 − 50
𝑑 = 0,99961
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27
Kappa = 3,59860
Kappa = 3,39876
Kappa = 2,39938
Kappa = 1,99957
Kappa = 0,99989
c. Menghitung Kadar Lignin
Lignin =0,15% 𝑥 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝐾𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎
=0,15% 𝑥 0,99989
=0,14998%
HSL.01 Diisi sebelum menjalankan Penelitian/Experimen
Bagian 1 Proyek/penelitian/kegiatan
1.1: Deskripsi singkat tentang proyek/penelitian/kegiatan
BKB3 v1 Page 1 of 4
HSL.01 Diisi sebelum menjalankan Penelitian/Experimen
kesehatan
BKB3 v1 Page 2 of 4
HSL.01 Diisi sebelum menjalankan Penelitian/Experimen
Training khusus diperlukan untuk melakukan pekerjaan dengan selamat (Jika ya, isi detilnya di bawah) ya
A: Pekerjaan tidak dapat/tidak boleh dilakukan tanpa pengawasan langsung dari pembimbing/supervisor ya
(Jika ya, isi detilnya di bawah)
B: Pekerjaan tidak dapat/tidak boleh dilakukan tanpa persejuan/izin dari pembimbing/supervisor (Jika ya, ya
isi detilnya di bawah)
C: Pekerjaan dapat/ boleh dilakukan tanpa pengawasan langsung dari pembimbing/supervisor (Jika ya, isi ya
detilnya di bawah)
Pembimbing
Bagian 6 Persetujuan
6.1: Pengisi borang
Nama Tanda tangan Tanggal
BKB3 v1 Page 3 of 4
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BKB3 v1 Page 4 of 4
HSL.02 Risk
Assessment v.01
Diisi sebelum melaksanakan penelitian
Laboratorium Teknik Kimia Program
Studi Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Penilaian Resiko (Risk Assessment)
Judul Penelitian/Title of project
Pulp dan Kertas
or activity
Penanggung jawab/Responsible
Dr. Ir . Ahmad M.Fuadi , M.T
Person / Manager
Asal Institusi/Faculty/Prodi Teknik Kimia
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Tanggal Penilaian/Date of
09 Juni 2023
Assessment
Tempat Penelitian/Location of Laboratorium Teknik Kimia
Work
Pendahuluan
Borang penilaian resiko (risk assessment form) berikut dibuat memberi
penilaian terhadap aktivitas yang berpotensi menyebabkan bahaya dan resiko
terhadap kesehatan dan keselamatan, serta untuk mengidentifikasicara dan metode
yang tepat untuk mencegah dan mengendalikan bahayadan resiko tersebut. Hal ini
juga bertujuan untuk memastikan bahwa cara dan metode pengendalian sudah
dilaksanakan dengan baik.
Aktivitas yang berpotensi bahaya dan resiko yangsignifikan
Semua Aktivitas harus dinilai sehingga aktivitas yang berbahaya dan resikoyang
disebabkan aktivitas tersebut dapat diidenfikasi.
Telah
Bahaya/ Date
dilaksankan
Hazard 1
Resiko/
Iritasi pada mata
Risks
Metode dan Bilas bersih dengan air, gunakan peralatan pelindung .Jika gejala
peralatan berlanjut,hubungi dokter
kendali
Page 1 of 3
HSL.02 Risk
Assessment v.01
Diisi sebelum melaksanakan penelitian
Metode dan Minum banyak air . Jangan dipaksakan muntah
peralatan
kendali
Implemente Date
Emergency Procedures
d
Resiko/
Kontak mata,kontak kulit , dan tertelan.
Risks
Metode dan
peralatan Kontak mata : Bilas bersih dengan air mengalir. Jika gejala berlanjut,hubungi dokter
kendali
Kontak kulit : Cucilah kulit dengan sabun dan air mengalir .Jika iritasi kulit berlanjut,hubungi dokter
Page 2 of 3
HSL.02 Risk
Assessment v.01
Diisi sebelum melaksanakan penelitian
Additional Control Measures Implemente Date N/A
Bahaya/
Required d
Hazard
(List and Implement)
Resiko/
Risks
Metode dan
peralatan
kendali
Penilai
Nama Tanda tangan Tanggal
Page 3 of 3
HSL.02 Risk
Assessment v.01
Diisi sebelum melaksanakan penelitian
Page 4 of 3
Safety Data Sheet
Pulp
SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION
Product Identifier Pulp
Other Means of Bleached Mechanical Pulp
Identification
Other Identification Cellulose Pulp
Product Family Bleached Chemi-Thermo Mechanical Pulp - BCTMP
Recommended Use The product is used for various industrial/residential/commmercial purposes such as
absorbent hygiene products and paper and specialty materials.
Restrictions on Use None known.
Manufacturer/Supplier Quesnel River Pulp Company, 1000 Finning Road, Quesnel, BC, V2J 6A1
Identifier
Other Contact Slave Lake Pulp, a division of West Fraser Mills Ltd, PO Box 1790, Slave Lake, AB, T0G 2A0
Information
Emergency Phone No. West Fraser (Name not available), 1-604-895-2700 (fax: 1-604-681-6061)
Quesnel River Pulp Company, (250) 992-8919
Slave Lake Pulp, a division of West Fraser Mills Ltd, (780) 849-7777
SDS No. 002
Date of Preparation March 10, 2016
Note the hazards are determined based on pulp dust generated as a result of cutting or disturbing the product.
Signal Word:
Warning
Hazard Statement(s):
H320 Causes eye irritation.
H335 May cause respiratory irritation.
Precautionary Statement(s):
Prevention:
P264 Wash hands and skin thoroughly after handling.
P261 Avoid breathing dust.
P271 Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
Response:
P304 + P340 IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present
and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
Product
P337 + Identifier: Pulp -persists:
P313 If eye irritation Ver. 2 Get medical advice/attention. SDS No.: 002
Storage:
Date of Preparation: March 10, 2016
P403of+Last
Date P233 Store in a June
Revision: well-ventilated
12, 2020 place. Keep container tightly closed. Page 01 of 10
P405 Store locked up.
Disposal:
P501 Dispose of contents and container in accordance with local, regional, national and international regulations.
P304 + P340 IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present
and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P337 + P313 If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
Storage:
P403 + P233 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P405 Store locked up.
Disposal:
P501 Dispose of contents and container in accordance with local, regional, national and international regulations.
Other Hazards
May form combustible dust concentrations in the air.
The following information is based on pulp dust; avoid generating dusts. Avoid breathing in dust and prevent skin
contact. Do not get dust in eyes. Wear personal protective equipment to avoid direct contact with the dust.
General hygiene considerations: do NOT smoke in work areas. Do NOT eat, drink or store food in work areas. Wash
hands thoroughly after handling this product and before eating, using the washroom or leaving work area.
Conditions for Safe Storage
Product Identifier: Pulp - Ver. 2 SDS No.: 002
Date of Preparation: March 10, 2016
Date of Last Revision: June 12, 2020 Page 03 of 10
Conditions for Safe Storage
Store in an area that is cool and dry and separate from incompatible materials (see Section 10: Stability and Reactivity).
Protect from conditions listed in Conditions to Avoid in Section 10 (Stability and Reactivity). Follow all precautions given
on this safety data sheet.
Comply with all applicable health and safety regulations, fire and building codes.
If engineering controls, administrative controls and work practices are not effective in controlling exposure to dust from
this product, then wear suitable personal protective equipment including approved respiratory protection.
Individual Protection Measures
Eye/Face Protection
Not required if product is used as directed. Wear safety glasses with side shields and face shield if cutting product
with power tools and dusty conditions exist.
Skin Protection
Not required if product is used as directed. If cutting product and dusty conditions exist, wear protective clothing
(nitrile, leather/cotton gloves and cotton coveralls).
Respiratory Protection
Respirators are not normally required if the product is used with minimal disturbance and minimal dust is generated.
The following respirator requirements are recommended for dusty conditions.
If the product is disturbed (e.g., cutting) and potential for exposure to elevated dust concentrations exist, wear a
minimum half facepiece respirator with P100 cartridges for protection against dusts. Wear a half facepiece
respirator for protection up to 10 times the exposure standard and a tight fitting full facepiece respirator for
protection up to 50 times the exposure standard.
Class D2B
D2B - Toxic (Skin irritant; Eye irritant)
This product has been classified in accordance with the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products Regulations and
the SDS contains all of the information required by the Controlled Products Regulations.
Domestic Substances List (DSL) / Non-Domestic Substances List (NDSL)
Listed
CEPA - National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI)
Not Listed
USA
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Section 8(b)
Listed
Additional USA Regulatory Lists
TSCA: All ingredients of this product are either listed on the TSCA Inventory or are exempt from TSCA Inventory
requirements under 40 CFR 720.30.
CERCLA: This product does not contain ingredients which are subject to the reporting requirements of CERCLA.
OSHA: Pulp dust is a regulated hazard under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200] as
a nuisance dust. PEL: respirable = 5 mg/m³; total dust: 15 mg/m³
SARA 313:
This product does not contain any chemical ingredient (s) with known CAS numbers that exceed the de minimis
reporting levels established by SARA Title III, section 313 and 40 CFR section 372.
SARA 311/312:
This product does not meet the following categories:
An immediate (acute) health hazard: No
A delayed (chronic) health hazard: No
A corrosive hazard: No
A fire hazard: No
A reactivity hazard: No
A sudden release hazard: No
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Viewed 2020. Available at:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. 2020. Threshold Limit Values for
Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) - Multiple databases:
Chempendium / Cheminfo / Cesars / HSDB / RTECS / TDG / DSl-NDSL / NIOSH Pocket
Guide database. Viewed 2020. Available at:
http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/chempendium/search.html
Product Identifier: Pulp - Ver. 2 SDS No.: 002
ESIS (European Chemical Substances Information System) / European Chemicals Agency
Date of Preparation: March 10,
(ECHA). 2016 2020. Available at:
Viewed
Date of Last Revision: June 12, 2020
http://echa.europa. Page 09 of 10
eu/information-on-chemicals;jsessionid=27D3D23CAC10DA9D6BA7DF26DA012804.live1
Information of products / ingredient information from West Fraser Quesnel River, Slave Lake,
Hinton and Cariboo Mills.
http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/chempendium/search.html
Information of products / ingredient information from West Fraser Quesnel River, Slave Lake,
Hinton and Cariboo Mills.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Viewed 2020. Available at:
http://monographs.iarc.fr/
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Viewed
2020. Available at: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?IRIS
West Fraser provides the information contained herein in good faith but makes no
representation as to its comprehensiveness or accuracy. Accordingly, West Fraser will not be
responsible for damages resulting from use of or reliance upon this information. This
document is intended only as a guide to the appropriate precautionary handling of the material
by a properly trained person using this product. Individuals receiving the information must
exercise their independent judgment in determining its appropriateness for a particular
purpose. This information relates only to the specific material designated and may not be valid
for such material used in combination with any other materials or in any process. Such
information is to the best of this company’s knowledge and believed accurate and reliable as of
the date indicated.
Abstrak
Spirodela polyrhiza merupakan tanaman air yang mengambang bebas, tumbuh cepat, dan
tersebar luas di badan air yang tenang atau mengalir lambat.Proses hidrolisis pada Spirodela
polyrhiza mengalami hambatan karena adanya kandungan lignin. Penelitian ini bertujuan
untuk mempelajari pengaruh penambahan senyawa basa pada proses delignifikasi dan
pengaruh konsentrasi FeSO4 pada proses hidrolisis untukproduksi glukosa dari tanaman
Spirodela polyrhiza. Proses produksi glukosa dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu
proses pembuatan tepung Spirodela polyrhiza, proses pretreatment kimia (delignifikasi), dan
proses hidrolisis asam. Proses delignifikasi dan hidrolisis dilakukan di dalam oven pada suhu
121°C dan tekanan 1 atm. Senyawa delignifikasi yang digunakan dalam proses delignifikasi
adalah NaOH, KOH, dan Ca(OH)2. Proses hidrolisis ditambahkan senyawa FeSO4 pada
berbagai konsentrasi yaitu 20 mmol/L, 40 mmol/L, dan 80 mmol/L.Hasil penelitin
menunjukkan kadar glukosa terendah yaitu 4,55% yang diperoleh pada perlakuan delignifikasi
menggunakan senyawa Ca(OH)2 dan penambahan katalis FeSO4 sebesar 20 mmol/L.
Sedangkan, kadar glukosa terbesar yaitu 5,79% yang diperoleh dengan perlakuan delignifikasi
menggunakan senyawa NaOH dan penambahan katalis FeSO4 sebesar 80 mmol/L pada proses
hidrolisis asam.NaOH merupakan senyawa yang paling efektif dalam proses delignifikasi dan
penambahan FeSO4 pada proses hidrolisis dapat meningkatkan kadar glukosa yang diperoleh.
Abstract
Spirodela polyrhiza is a free-floating, fast-growing, and widely distributed aquatic plant in
calm or slow-flowing bodies of water. The hydrolysis process in Spirodela polyrhiza was
hampered due to the presence of lignin content. This study aims to study the effect of adding
base compounds on the delignification process and the effect of FeSO4 concentration on the
hydrolysis process on glucose production from Spirodela polyrhiza. The glucose production
process is carried out through several stages, namely the process of making Spirodela
polyrhiza flour, the chemical pretreatment process (delignification), and the acid hydrolysis
process. The delignification and hydrolysis processes were carried out in an oven at a
temperature of 121°C and a pressure of 1 atm. The delignification compounds used in the
delignification process are NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2. In the hydrolysis process, FeSO4
compounds were added at various concentrations, namely 20 mmol/L, 40 mmol/L, and 80
mmol/L. The results showed that the lowest glucose level was 4.55% which was obtained in the
delignification treatment using Ca(OH)2 compound and the addition of a FeSO4 catalyst of 20
mmol/L. Meanwhile, the highest glucose level was 5.79% which was obtained by
delignification treatment using NaOH compound and the addition of 80 mmol/L FeSO4 catalyst
in the acid hydrolysis process. NaOH is the most effective compound in the delignification
process and the addition of FeSO4 in the hydrolysis process can increase levels of glucose
obtained.
Spirodela polyrhiza merupakan tanaman air proton melemahkan ikatan energi dengan
yang mengambang bebas, tumbuh cepat, dan menarik elektron sehingga ikatan menjadi
tersebar luas di badan air yang tenang atau mudah rusak. Ion logam dapat memainkan
mengalir lambat. Secara morfologi, tumbuhan peran yang sama dan lebih efektif daripada
monokotil ini merupakan tumbuhan yang proton. Ion logam mempunyai muatan positif
sederhana dan tidak memiliki struktur khusus untuk berpasangan dengan elektron yang lain,
seperti daun atau batang, tetapi terdiri dari namun proton hanya dapat berpasangan dengan
struktur berbentuk bulat telur pipih yang disebut satu elektron. FeSO4 mempunyai proton lebih
pelepah dengan akar untuk stabilisasi. Warna banyak daripada H2SO4 pada pH yang sama
hijau cerah (bagian atas) dan ungu (bagian sehingga FeSO4 dapat menyerap pada posisi C2,
bawah) dari daun akan meningkatkan nilai C3, C6, dan O5 serta menyebabkan cincin piran
estetika dalam akuarium (Sharma et al., 2019) mudah rusak. PenambahanFeSO4 merusak
Delignifikasi atau pengurangan lignin dapat struktur kristalin selulosa dan meningkatkan
dilakukan secara kimia, yaitu menggunakan luas permukaan sehingga dapat meningkatkan
asam atau basa. Delignifikasi bertujuan untuk kandungan glukosa (Zhao et al., 2011).
mengubah atau merusak struktur dari Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk
komponen penyusun pada biomassa sehingga mempelajari pengaruh delignifikasi dan
memudahkan enzim untuk menghidrolisis pengaruh konsentrasi FeSO4 terhadap kadar
menjadi monomer-monomer gula. Metode glukosa dalam Spirodela polyrhiza
delignifikasi mengacu pada proses pelarutan
dan pemisahan satu atau lebih komponen- 2. METODOLOGI
komponen dari bahan (biomassa) sehingga pada Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium
ikatan komponen bahan tersebut menjadi Pengolahan Limbah Teknik Kimia Universitas
longgar dan memudahkan bahan kimia ataupun Diponegoro. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan
biologi masuk kemudian menguraikannya antara lain Spirodela polyrhiza yang diperoleh
(Susmiati, 2018). Delignifikasi secara basa dari kolam ikan di daerah Banyumas, NaOH,
biasanya menggunakan basa seperti natrium, KOH, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, FeSO4, akuades,
kalium, kalsium, dan amonia pada temperatur glukosa anhidrat, fehling A, fehling B, dan
dan tekanan tertentu dengan tujuan untuk methylene blue. Skema pembuatan bioetanol
mendegradasi ester dan ikatan samping ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1.
glikosida pada material sehingga menyebabkan
kerusakan struktur lignin, pembengkakan
selulosa, dan dekristalisasi. (Bensah, 2013).
Basa berkonsentrasi rendah (<4% b/b) sering
digunakan pada temperatur dan tekanan yang Gambar 1. Rangkaian alat pembuatan
tinggi. Beberapa basa seperti NaOH, KOH, bioetanol
Ca(OH)2, atau amonia anhidris sering
digunakan dalam proses delignifikasi
(Jędrzejczyk, 2019).
Hidrolisis adalah proses pengubahan
selulosa menjadi selobiosa dan selanjutnya
menjadi gula-gula sederhana seperti glukosa
Gambar 1. Skema Pembuatan Bioetanol
(Hermiati, 2017). Proses hidrolisis secara asam
dapat dilakukan dengan penambahan asam,
2.1 Preparasi Bahan
seperti asam sulfat, asam perklorat, dan asam
Spirodela polyrhiza dibersihkan dari
klorida. Asam ini dapat mengubah polisakarida
akarnya dan dicuci dengan air bersih hingga
(pati, selulosa) menjadi gula. Asam akan
tidak ada kotoran yang menempel.
bersifat sebagai katalisator yang dapat
membantu dalam proses pemecahan karbohidrat
2.2 Pembuatan Tepung Spirodela polyrhiza
menjadi gula. Rendemen glukosa yang tinggi
Spirodela polyrhiza yang telah dibersihkan
dapat dihasilkan dari hidrolisis asam bila
kemudian dikeringkan di bawah terik matahari
dicapai kondisi yang optimum (Girisuta, 2007).
selama 3 hari, selanjutnya bahan tersebut
Penambahan FeSO4 pada proses hidrolisis
dimasukkan ke dalam microwave pada suhu
asam menggunakan H2SO4 dapat meningkatkan
60°C agar kandungan air menjadi 4-5%. Bahan
konversi selulosa. Dalam reaksi katalisis,
56
Inovasi Teknik Kimia. Vol. 6, No.2, Oktober 2021, Hal 55-59 ISSN 2527-614X, e-ISSN 2541-5891
58
Inovasi Teknik Kimia. Vol. 6, No.2, Oktober 2021, Hal 55-59 ISSN 2527-614X, e-ISSN 2541-5891
PEAT
Homepage: http://publisher.uthm.edu.my/periodicals/index.php/peat
e-ISSN : 2773-5303
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30880/peat.2022.03.01.084
Received 17 January 2022; Accepted 11 April 2022; Available online 25 June 2022
Abstract: This research was conducted to assess the potential of Malaysian Betong
(Dendrocalamus Asper) bamboo as an alternative non-wood based material for
papermaking. Top section of Betong bamboo was selected as the raw material for this
study. Bamboo pulp was produced according to the Soda pulping method with 25%
alkali concentration (NaOH), 7:1 liquor to fibre ratio, 170 C cooking temperature and
3 hours cooking time. Malaysian International Organization for Standardization (MS
ISO) and the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) were
referred to as a standard for all process and characteristics tests. Pulp characteristics
have been observed as pulp moisture content (18.45 %), screen yield percentage
(20.88 %), pulp drainage time (5.88 s), and Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF)
(691.50 ml). For physical characteristics, thickness (578.9μm), grammage (130 gsm),
and paper density (0.225 g/cm3) were observed. Mechanical characteristics are also
investigated by tensile index (1.581 Nm/g), tear index (1.817 mN.m2/g), burst index
(1.730 kPa.m2/g), and folding endurance (1.758). The top section of Malaysian
Betong bamboo virgin soda pulp and paper had shown a promising quality as
papermaking material. However, more future in-depth investigation is needed to
improve the quality of the pulp and paper. This study showed the potential quality of
Malaysian Betong bamboo as an alternative non wood-based material for
papermaking.
1. Introduction
The global pulp and paper industry has been thriving, resulting in a rise in demand for pulp and
paper raw materials. Increased pulp and paper production involves extensive tree cutting, which leads
to deforestation [1]. It is critical to investigate the environmental effect of paper manufacturing since it
has several negative implications for the forest, resulting in a shortage of pulp and paper raw resources.
As a result, non-wood-based fibres are receiving more attention in order to help alleviate the increasing
lack of forest wood supply [2] [3].
The growth pattern of Bamboo is a miracle of nature. Bamboo is estimated to cover approximately
39 million hectares of land worldwide, accounting for 4 to 10% of total forest cover in various nations
[4]. According to (Azeez & Orege, 2018) [5], bamboo grows abundantly in Asia, where it contributes
up to 65 percent of all bamboo production. Bamboo has a rich history in Asia, where it plays an
increasingly important role in terms of environmental, social, and economic advantages. Considering
bamboo as a fast growing species [6] and grows so abundantly throughout Asia and Africa's temperate
and tropical areas, it comes as no surprise that people will keep developing new applications for it [7]
and enhance the utilization efficiency of bamboo resources [8].
Dendrocalamus is a subtropical bamboo species that grows naturally clumpy with strong culm walls
and large branches. Dendrocalamus Asper has huge woody culms that reach a height of 15-20 m and a
diameter of 8-12 cm, with moderately thick walls of 11-20 mm that thin off near the top of the culm.
Lower culms may have aerial roots (rootlets) from the node. Culm internodes are 40-50cm in length,
pale green in colour, and covered in short brown hairs [9].
Bamboo is largely made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which make up about 90% of
the total mass. The average length of bamboo fibre of Dendrocalamus Asper is longer than G.
Scortechinii, 2,261 µm to 3,734 µm [10]. Because the cooking chemical can penetrate the big capillaries
and disseminate into the surrounding tissue, the raw materials for pulping must have long fibres and
low silica and lignin content to produce high-quality paper [11]. Paper with longer fibre length will
have a greater tearing resistance [12]. Bamboo fibres are an excellent raw material for pulp manufacture.
They are finer than wood fibres, contributing to the smoothness and flexibility demanded [13].
Soda pulping is a process of extracting lignin from wood and a variety of annual plants, including
bagasse, different straw species, flax, hemp, and bamboo on an industrial scale [14]. Natural lignin is
also hydrolytically broken down into tiny particles that are soluble in the highly alkaline cooking
chemical [15]. Soda pulping has been used to effectively create a variety of non-wood natural pulps,
including Gigantochloa Apus bamboo [16] and Nigerian bamboo [17].
The aim of this study is to produce pulp and paper from the top section of Betong (Dendrocalamus
Asper) bamboo by using chemical soda pulping method. Moreover, the physical and mechanical
characteristics of virgin Betong bamboo soda pulp and paper were investigated. The findings of this
research are beneficial to papermaking and the Malaysian bamboo industry.
2. Materials and Methods
The methodology chapter, also known as the materials and methods section, explains all of the data
needed to achieve the study's goals.
2.1 Material Preparation
A 3-year-old Betong (Dendrocalamus Asper) bamboo culm was harvested from Putuo Village,
Kulai, Johor, Malaysia. Using a hand saw machine at Makmal Projek Teknologi Perabot, FTK UTHM
Pagoh, the sample was divided into three sections: basal, middle, and top (Figure 1a and 1b). The top
piece of the bamboo was then chipped manually, and the outer skins of the bamboo strips were removed
(Figure 1c). The bamboo strips were cut into smaller pieces around 10 to 15 mm wide with a hammer
and chisel (Figure 1d). The bamboo chips were washed and cleaned to remove any extraneous materials.
Then, the chips were naturally dried under the sun for three (3) days and being kept at less than 60
percent relative humidity and aerated on a regular basis to avoid decomposition as stated in (Husna et
al., 2014) (Figure 1e).
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Khair et al., Progress in Engineering Application and Technology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022) p. 849-857
Figure 1: Raw material preparation: (a) process of cutting bamboo culm, (b) top section of bamboo, (c)
chipping process of bamboo strips, (d) drying process in the open air
Conditions Value
Active alkali charge (NaOH) 25%
Liquor: fibre ratio 7:1
Initial Temperature 170 °C
Time to reach 170 °C 60 min
Time at 170 °C 180 min
The purpose of the pulping process was to produce paper pulp from the BBC. The moisture content
of the Bamboo specimen must be recorded before any operation can begin, in order to compute the
BBC real dry weight.
Next, in the rotary digester, an oven-dry (O.D) weight of bamboo fibres were estimated and
weighted before being mixed with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The rotary digester was
preheated for 60 minutes to reach 170 °C before being cooked for 180 minutes. After 3 hours, the
pressure valve was opened gently until the atmospheric pressure reduced to 1 atm before the hot fibre
was taken out carefully from the rotary digester.
Then, the softened bamboo fibre pulps from the rotary digester were poured inside the hydro pulper
with water to flush the excess fibre and the remaining black liquor so that the water murky disappeared.
Following the washing procedure, PTI Sommerville Fractionators with a slot size of 0.15 mm,
according to TAPPI T-275 standard, took over the screening process. This is to ensure that the fibres
collected were fine enough for the next process.
After the screening process, the fibres that were filtered out to the silk net were flushed using a
water pipe. Afterward, to remove moisture and water content, the fibre was spun with a Pulp Washing
Centrifugal Machine. To distribute the pulps, they were placed in the Commercial Mixer machine. The
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Khair et al., Progress in Engineering Application and Technology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022) p. 849-857
pulp was also weighted to get the pulp yield percentage. Lastly, the bamboo pulp was kept at 6 °C in
the chiller until further handsheet making.
2.3 Preparation of laboratory handsheet
The Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) T-205 "Forming Handsheets
for Physical Tests of Pulp" was used to produce the handsheets. For starters, a specific yield weight is
required to produce a paper with a weight of 120 gsm (2.44 g). In the following, the pulp is then
disintegrated to separate the pulp uniformly using a disintegrator machine. After that, a hand sheet paper
making machine was used to create Betong bamboo handsheet. TAPPI T-227 "Freeness of pulp
(Canadian standard technique)" was used to establish the freeness value, while TAPPI T-221 "Drainage
Time of Paper Pulp" was used to determine the drainage time. The sheets produced from this process
were dried and conditioned for at least 24 hours at temperatures below 25 °C and relative humidity
below 65 percent but not below 10 percent, according to TAPPI T-402.
2.3 Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of handsheet
The physical and mechanical properties of 120 gsm Betong bamboo handsheets were evaluated in
line with TAPPI and the Malaysian International Organization for Standardization (MS ISO). TAPPI
T-220 "Physical Testing of Pulp Handsheets" was used to measure the physical and mechanical
properties of these papers in a controlled temperature and humidity environment, as specified in TAPPI
T 402 "Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and
Related Products." MS ISO 536 and TAPPI T-411 were used to conduct the grammage and thickness
tests, respectively.
2.3 Image Analysis
A scanning electron microscope was used to examine the surface of the fibre (SEM). Gold-coated
paper samples were taped to the specimen mounts with double-sided conductive adhesive tape prior to
testing.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Pulp Characteristics
The grammage of virgin soda pulp 130-gsm paper made from Betong bamboo was obtained in this
study. The paper produced has grammage close to required grammage which is 120 gsm. The moisture
content of bamboo pulp was determined using an oven dry method where the result is 18.45 %. Thus,
the screen yield of soda bamboo pulp is only 20.88 %. This value is lower than the standard value of
chemical pulping which is 40.00-50.00 % [18]. As a result, pulping optimization and alternative pulping
methods such as Soda-Anthraquinone and Kraft should be used in this research. The high value of
Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) for bamboo virgin pulp is recorded which is 691.50 ml. This value
is confirmed by the fast drainage time which is 5.88 s resulting in a rapid formation of paper sheets.
3.2 Physical Characteristics
Table 1 shows the paper properties for the virgin top section of Betong bamboo pulp that consisted
of grammage, thickness and paper bulk density.
Table 1: Physical characteristics of Betong bamboo pulp
Physical Properties Grammage (g/m2) Thickness (μm) Paper Bulk Density (g/cm3)
Average 130 578.9 0.225
STDV - 27.4 0.010
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Khair et al., Progress in Engineering Application and Technology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022) p. 849-857
The physical properties were determined to find out the characteristics of paper such as thickness,
grammage and paper bulk density. Five spots were measured the thickness of paper to obtain the average
thickness of one sheet of paper. Single paper sheet has an average thickness of 578.9 μm. The grammage
value was 130 g/m2 which is close to the real value that is 120 g/m2. The apparent bulk density was
0.225 g/cm3.
3.3 Mechanical Characteristics
Table 2 lists the mechanical characteristics of paper, such as tearing, tensile, and bursting index, as
well as the folding endurance of the paper sheet from the top section of virgin Betong (Dendrocalamus
Asper) bamboo.
Table 2: Mechanical properties of Betong bamboo pulp
The ultimate tensile strength and maximum elongation of Soda Betong bamboo paper was
determined by a tensile test, as well as the relative contributions of individual fibre strength and
interfibre bonding. The average for tensile stress and tensile index is 2.62 N and 1.581 N.m/g
respectively.
Betong bamboo paper has a tearing index of 1.817 mN.m2/g and an average tearing force per sheet
of 236.158 mN. This proved that long fibre paper is said to be substantially more tearing resistant than
paper created with short fibres. Furthermore, raw material fibre length and diameter are linked to a
positive impact on a variety of mechanical characteristics of pulp and paper, such as tensile index and
tear index [19].
A pressure gauge on the device measures the bursting pressure required to break the paper during
the bursting test. The bursting strength and index, respectively, are 224.9 kPa and 1.730 kPa.m2/g.
Tensile breaking strength and bursting strength are closely related, and fibre characteristics and
papermaking techniques that improve tensile breaking strength also tend to improve bursting strength
[12].
Folding endurance is an empirical test that determines how many folds a paper can withstand before
its tensile strength falls below a certain threshold [20]. The number of folding for the paper to rupture
is around 52 times and the folding endurance is 1.758.
3.4 Characteristics verification
Table 3 compares the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo pulp and paper based on
various studies. The qualities of 3 year old bamboo was studied in the current study and (Chang et al.,
2013). In comparison to the yield percentage between both studies, (Chang et al., 2013) revealed a
greater percentage yield. An increased lignin concentration in mature bamboo stems might be one of
the factors. To accomplish total defibrillation, the level of concentration needed to be increased. The
kind and intensity of the pulping process utilised have a significant impact on the yield of pulp recovered
from a particular species of wood [24]. In the other comparison, the current studies and (Amsalu
Tolessa, 2017) both employed the same concentration of NaOH (25%) in their research. However, the
addition of Soda-Anthraquinone (Amsalu Tolessa, 2017) resulted in a higher pulp yield percentage. The
pulp yield was improved by pulping bamboo with soda AQ [25].
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Khair et al., Progress in Engineering Application and Technology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022) p. 849-857
Aside from that, based on the table, another research from (Husna et al., 2014) discovered a
variation in mechanical characteristics. It demonstrates that mechanical properties like tensile index and
tearing index have a greater value than the current study's results, which occurred as a result of the
beating revolutions used on the pulp in the study. The mechanical properties of pulp were strengthened
by the beating revolution due to improved interfibre bonding between the fibres for the paper [26].
Moreover, the top section of Betong bamboo (current study) shows higher folding endurance than
the top section of Semantan bamboo paper (Husna et al., 2014). This might be related to the greater
alkali content of Betong bamboo paper (25.00 % NaOH) compared to Semantan bamboo (20.00 %
NaOH, 0.01 % Anthraquinone). This shows that Betong bamboo paper is suitable for papermaking
along with previous research on Semantan bamboo paper.
Table 3: Comparison of Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of bamboo pulp from various research
References
Tensile Index
1.581 - 32.54 -
(N.m/g)
Tearing Index
1.817 - 13.45 206±4.2
(mN.m2/g)
Burst Index
1.730 - 1.54 4.30±0.141
(kPa.m2/g)
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Khair et al., Progress in Engineering Application and Technology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022) p. 849-857
Figure 1: SEM image of top section of Betong (Dendrocalamus Asper) bamboo pulp
As shown in Figure 1 the electron micrographs of Betong bamboo pulp fibre surface was presented
under magnification of 500 x. According to the SEM results, it has a diameter of 28.0 μm to 30.0 μm
which is close to the mean diameter from past research (Siam et al., 2019) which is 19.9 μm - 26.8 μm.
Figure 2: SEM image of top section of Betong (Dendrocalamus Asper) bamboo paper with 300x
magnification
Figure 2 shows SEM image of surface morphology for the paper hand sheet made from the top
section of Soda Betong (Dendrocalamus Asper) bamboo with 300x magnification. D. Asper fibres, as
illustrated in the SEM image of the paper, are a long-fibreed substance. It shows that the fibre has a
loose structure and unsmooth surface. It can be seen by the low tensile and tearing index which is greatly
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Khair et al., Progress in Engineering Application and Technology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022) p. 849-857
affected by the structure of fibre in the paper. In pulping and papermaking, wood with longer fibre
length, better flexibility coefficient, and/or lower wall to lumen ratio is well recognized [27]. Since
lignin, mineral, and extractive components are removed from plant raw materials during the cooking
process of 25% soda pulping, the fibres are shorter and their cross dimensions are decreased [28]. As
presented in the Figure 2, the fibre width was reduced to an average of 24.45 μm.
4. Conclusion
Paper making from top section of Betong (Dendrocalamus Asper) bamboo by using chemical soda
pulping method produced pulp moisture content and screen yield percentage of 18.45 % and 20.88
percent, respectively, in this experiment. The pulp drainage time was 5.882 seconds on average, and
the Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) was 691.5 mL. The thickness, grammage, and bulk density
determined from physical characteristics were 578.9 m, 130 gsm, and 0.225 g/cm3, respectively. Tensile
index, tear index, burst index, and folding endurance were all measured at 1.342 Nm/g, 1.817 mN.m2/g,
1.730 kPa.m2/g, and 1.758 Nm/g, respectively. Finally, scanning electron micrographs (SEM)
micrographs revealed the fibre composition on the paper surface which shown a promising quality as
papermaking material. However, more future in-depth investigation is needed to improve the quality of
the pulp and paper. This study had shown the potential quality of Malaysian Betong bamboo as another
non-wood based material for papermaking.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for funding this
project under the internal matching grant (Vot :H895) and for providing platform that made this research
possible. Authors would also like to thanks Putuo Village Kulai, Johor, Malaysia for Betong bamboo
material supply and Packaging Laboratory, UTHM for research facilities and support.
References
[1] A. Shamsuri and N. M. Main, “Review on The Paper Making Process From Bamboo As A Paper
Product,” vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 965–971, 2021.
[2] E. S. Abd El-Sayed, M. El-Sakhawy, and M. A. M. El-Sakhawy, “Non-wood fibers as raw
material for pulp and paper industry,” Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 215–230, 2020,
doi: 10.1515/npprj-2019-0064.
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