BAB Elektrik dan Kemagnetan

6 Electricity and Magnetism

1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan penjana hidroelektrik yang biasa digunakan di kawasan yang menerima hujan
sepanjang tahun.
The diagram below shows the hydroelectric generator commonly used in areas that receive rain throughout the year.
 TP4/Menganalisis

air/water

empangan/dam
generator
generator

turbin
turbine

Terangkan bagaimana penjana hidroelektrik berfungsi untuk menjana tenaga elektrik.

Explain how the hydroelectric generator works to generate electrical energy.
xt Penjana hidroelektrik menggunakan air sungai yang menjunam dari empangan untuk menjana tenaga elektrik.
Air sungai dari empangan disalurkan ke bawah. Tenaga daripada air terjun memutarkan turbin. Turbin
menggerakkan dinamo dan tenaga elektrik dijana.
A hydroelectric generator uses river water that plunges from a dam to generate electrical energy. River water from a dam
The hydroeletric generator works by using waterflow to turn a turbine around, turning the
is channelled
kinetic down. into
energy The energy from theenergy.
eletrical waterfall rotates a turbine. The turbine moves a dynamo and electrical energy is
generated.

2 Foto di bawah menunjukkan sumber tenaga suria.

The photo below shows the sources of solar energy.

Apakah itu tenaga suria? Berikan huraian tentang tenaga ini dan penggunaannya.
What is solar energy? Give a description of this energy and its usage. TP4/Menganalisis
Tenaga suria adalah tenaga yang diperoleh daripada Matahari. Tenaga suria dapat digunakan untuk menjana
tenaga elektrik. Sel suria dan pengumpul haba suria menggunakan tenaga suria. Sel suria menyerap tenaga
cahaya secara langsung daripada Matahari dan menukarkannya kepada tenaga elektrik. Sel suria digunakan
untuk membekalkan tenaga elektrik kepada satelit, kalkulator elektronik, jam dan kenderaan yang tertentu.
Pengumpul haba suria menyerap tenaga haba daripada Matahari untuk memanaskan air.
Solar Energyis is
Solar energy the energy derived
energy obtained fromfrom sunlight.
the Sun. It is
Solar energy can one of the
be used renewable
to generate energy.
electrical energy. This
Solar cells and
energy is often used in low-utility enviroments like the desert, where water and wind is
solar-heat
rarely collectors
present tousebesolar
usedenergy.
as A a solar cell absorbs
source light energy
of renewable directly from the Sun and changes it to electrical energy.
energy
Solar cells are used to supply electrical energy to satellites, electronic calculators, clocks and certain vehicles. The solar-
heat collectors absorb heat energy from the Sun to heat up water.

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3 Sistem penghantaran dan pengagihan elektrik adalah pergerakan tenaga elektrik dari kawasan penjanaan seperti stesen
jana kuasa, ke pencawang bahagian. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sistem penghantaran dan pengagihan elektrik.
Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an
electrical substation. The diagram below shows the transmission system and distribution of electricity. TP4/Menganalisis

11 kV 132 kV
stesen jana
kuasa
power station
transformer injak naik Rangkaian Grid Nasional
step-up transformer National Grid Network

415 V
33 kV
kilang
factory 11 kV
220 – 240 V
substesen utama substesen utama lapangan
(transformer injak (transformer injak suis
turun) turun) switch zone
rumah/house branch substation main station
(step-down (step-down transformer)
transformer)
Terangkan peranan transformer dalam penghantaran dan pengagihan elektrik.
Explain the role of transformers in the transmission and distribution of electricity.
Transformer digunakan untuk mengubah voltan arus ulang-alik dalam penghantaran dan pengagihan elektrik.
Apabila arus yang tinggi mengalir melalui kabel, banyak haba akan terhasil dalam kabel. Hal ini menyebabkan
pembaziran tenaga elektrik. Bagi mengurangkan kehilangan tenaga, arus yang mengalir melalui kabel perlu dikurangkan.
Voltan perlu dinaikkan
Transformers dengan
are used tomenggunakan
control thetransformer
output ofinjak
annaik untuk mengecilkan
alternating current arus yangdistributing
when mengalir. it.

A transformer is used to change the voltage of an alternating current in the transmission and distribution of electricity.
When a high current flows through a cable , a large quantity of heat is produced in the cable. This is a waste of electrical
energy. To reduce the loss of energy, the current flowing in the cable has to be reduced. By raising the voltage with the use
of a step-up transformer, the current that flows can be reduced.

4 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan Rangkaian Grid Nasional dalam sistem penghantaran dan pengagihan elektrik.
The diagram below shows the National Grid Network in the transmission system and distribution of electricity. TP5/Menilai

Wajarkan peranan Rangkaian Grid Nasional dalam sistem penghantaran dan pengagihan elektrik.
Justify the role of National Grid Network in the transmission system and distribution of electricity.
Tenaga elektrik dapat dijana mengikut keperluan masa. Sesetengah stesen jana kuasa boleh dihentikan pada
waktu keperluan tenaga rendah dan dipasang semula pada waktu keperluan tenaga tinggi. Jika salah satu stesen
jana kuasa rosak, fungsinya dapat diambil alih oleh stesen lain dalam rangkaian itu sementara menunggu stesen
yang rosak dibaiki. Hal ini dapat mengelakkan bekalan elektrik daripada terputus. Bekalan tenaga elektrik yang
berlebihan daripada sesebuah stesen jana kuasa dapat disalurkan ke kawasan yang mempunyai permintaan
tenaga yang tinggi./Electrical energy can be generated according to the time needed. Some power stations can be shut down at
periods when the energy need is low and reconnected when the energy need increases. If one of the power stations breaks down,
its function can be taken over by another station in the network while waiting for the damaged station to be repaired.
This avoids the cassation of electricity supply. The excess supply of electrical energy from certain power stations can be
channelled to regions that have high energy demand.

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5 Terdapat dua jenis pendawaian yang biasa digunakan di negara kita, iaitu pendawaian satu fasa dan pendawaian
tiga fasa.
There are two types of wiring are usually used in our country, i.e. single-phase wiring (one-phase wiring) and three-phase
wiring.  Compare and contrast TP4/Menganalisis
Pendawaian satu fasa biasanya digunakan di rumah kediaman yang memerlukan bekalan elektrik yang rendah
atau sederhana. Jenis pendawaian ini sesuai digunakan bagi voltan bekalan elektrik sebesar 240 V. Pendawaian
tiga fasa biasanya digunakan dalam industri ringan dan berat kerana industri ini memerlukan nilai voltan yang
tinggi (biasanya melebihi 415 V). Namun demikian, sesetengah rumah kediaman yang menggunakan sesetengah
alat penghawa dingin yang bervoltan tinggi perlu menggunakan pendawaian tiga fasa untuk menggantikan
pendawaian satu fasa.
Single-phase wiring is usually used in homes that require low or moderate supply of electricity. This type of wiring is
suitable to be used for electricity supply with voltage as high as 240 V. Three-phase wiring is usually used in light and
heavy industries because these industries need high voltage values (usually more than 415 V). However, some homes that
use certain electric air-conditioners that need high voltage requires the use of three-phase wiring to replace single-phase
wiring.

6 Palam elektrik menghubungkan alat elektrik kepada punca elektrik melalui soket. Perhatikan palam-2 pin dalam
foto di bawah.
An electric plug connects an electrical appliances\ to the source of electricity through a socket. Observe the photo of 2-pin
plug below. TP5/Menilai

Pada pendapat anda, adakah palam 2-pin kurang sesuai digunakan berbanding palam 3-pin? Terangkan mengapa.
In your opinion, is a 2-pin plug less suitable to use compared to a 3-pin plug? Explain why.
Palam 2-pin kurang sesuai digunakan berbanding palam 3-pin. Hal ini kerana palam 2-pin tidak dihubungkan
kepada dawai bumi dan tidak mempunyai fius.
A 2-pin plug is less suitable to be used compared to a 3-pin plug. This is because a 2-pin plug is not connected to an earth
wire and does not have a fuse.

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