1 Memaksimalkan Kepuasan
Terbatas
Teori Keuangan Publik 2.2 Penerapan: TANF and
Theoretical Tools of Penawaran Tenaga Kerja pada
Single Mothers
Public Finance
2.3 Ekuilibrium dan
Kesejahteraan Sosial
2.5 Kesimpulan
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
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2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
FIGURE 2-1
Kurva indiferen untuk
bundel cd dan movie.
Andrea indiferen dalam
memilih untuk
mengkonsumsi 2 cd dan 1
movie atau 1 cd dan 2 movie,
namun akan lebih memilih
untuk mengkonsumsi 2 cd
dan 2 movie.
Kepuasan sama besarnya
dalam satu kurva indiferen.
Kurva indiferen yang
semakin jauh dari sumbu
menunjukkan tingkat
kepuasan yang lebih tinggi
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
Kurva indiferen memiliki dua sifat penting, keduanya berasal dari asumsi
lebih banyak lebih baik, yaitu:
1. Konsumen lebih memilih kurva indiferen yang lebih tinggi.
2. Kurva indiferen selalu memiliki slope menurun.
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2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
Derivasi dari kurva indiferen adalah cara untuk mengetahui fungsi utilitas
individu dengan baik.
Sebuah fungsi utilitas adalah suatu representasi maematis
U = f(X1, X2, X3, ),
dimana
X1, X2, X3, dan lain-lain
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
Marginal Utility
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2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
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2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
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2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
Budget Constraints
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2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
Budget Constraints
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2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
Analisis marjinal, pertimbangan biaya dan keuntungan dari penambahan satu unit
produksi atau konsumsi, adalah suatu konsep sentral dalam menjelaskan pilihan
individu terhadap barang/jasa dan keputusan produksi perusahaan.
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2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.1
Constrained Utility Maximization
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.2
Implementasi: TANF dan Ketersedian Tenaga Kerja pada
Single Mothers
Identifikasi Batasan Anggaran
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.2
Implementasi: TANF dan Ketersedian Tenaga Kerja pada
Single Mothers
Efek Bantuan Sementara Keluarga Kurang Mampu(TANF) pada
Batasan Anggaran
Efek perubahan pada Jaminan Pendapatan
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.2
Implementasi: TANF dan Ketersedian Tenaga Kerja pada
Single Mothers
Efek Bantuan Sementara Keluarga Kurang Mampu(TANF) pada
Batasan Anggaran
Respon Tingkat Penawaran Tenaga Kerja
Utilitas Maksimum untuk
Sarah. Ketika TANF
menjamin $5.000, dengan
fungsi utilitas
U=(100xln(C))+(175xln(L))
, kepuasan optimal Sarah
ada di titik Leisure 1910 jam
dan consumption $5.450.
Ketika jaminan berkurang
menjadi $.3000, titik
optimum menjadi leisure
1.655 jam dan consumption
$4.275.
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.2
Putting the Tools to Work: TANF and Labor Supply
among Single Mothers
The Effect of TANF on the Budget Constraint
How Large Will the Labor Supply Response Be?
Utilitas Maksimum
untuk Naomi. Karena
Naomi menilai leisure
lebih berharga dibanding
konsumsi, dia memilih
leisure 2000 jam.
Pengurangan dalam
jaminan membuat Naomi
mengurangi consumption
dari $5.000 ke $3.000
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Demand Curves
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Demand Curves
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Demand Curves
Elasticity of Demand
elasticity of demand
Persentase perubahan
jumlah barang yang diminta
karena perubahan 1% dari
harga barang tersebut.
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Demand Curves
Elasticity of Demand
Ada beberapa poin penting terkait elastisitas permintaan:
Nilai elastisitas biasanya negatif, dimana quantitas menurun ketika harga
naik.
Elastisitas sepanjang kurva permintaan biasanya tidak konstan.
Kurva permintaan vertikal terjadi ketika barang yang diminta tidak
berubah ketika harga naik. Pada kasus ini permintaan bersifat perfectly
inelastic.
Kurva permintaan horizontal terjadi ketika jumlah barang yang diminta
berubah tak hingga walaupun hanya terjadi sedikit perubahan harga. Pada
kasus ini permintaan bersifat perfectly elastic.
Efek dari harga satu barang pada permintaan barang lain disebut
elastisitas harga silang (cross-price elasticity). Pada umumnya ,
perubahan harga satu barang akan mempengaruhi permintaan barang
lainnya.
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2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Supply Curves
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2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Equilibrium
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Social Efficiency
Consumer Surplus
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Social Efficiency
Consumer Surplus
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Social Efficiency
Producer Surplus
producer surplus
Keuntungan yang didapatkan
produsen karena menjual
suatu barang, diatas biaya
produksi barang tersebut
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Social Efficiency
Producer Surplus
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Social Efficiency
Social Surplus
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
Social Efficiency
Social Surplus
Ekuilibrium
kompetitif
memaksimalkan
surplus sosial.
Batasan harga pada PR
mengurangi kuantitas
penawaran ke QR dan
membuat deadweight
loss di area D + E
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
It is sometimes confusing to know how to draw deadweight loss triangles. The key to
doing so is to remember that deadweight loss triangles point to the social optimum, and
grow outward from there.
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2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
SWF = U1 + U2 + . . . + UN
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2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.3
Equilibrium and Social Welfare
commodity egalitarianism
Prinsip bahwa masyarakat harus
memastikan bahwa individu
memenuhi seperangkat kebutuhan
dasar, namun di luar itu distribusi
pendapatan menjadi tidak relevan.
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.4
Welfare Implications of Benefit Reductions: The TANF
Example Continued
Efficiency
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.4
Welfare Implications of Benefit Reductions: The TANF
Example Continued
Equity
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CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL TOOLS OF PUBLIC FINANCE
2.5
Conclusion
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