• Contoh:
Utilitas Andrea untuk CD (Qc) dan film (QM)
B
4.24
A
3
C
IC1
IC2
BC2 BCg BC1
3 4.24 6 12
Jumlah film,
QM
Income Substitution
effect effect
2.1
Pengaruh Perubahan Harga: Efek substitusi dan
Pendapatan
B
10,000
Sl op
e=−
5
6,000 E D
5,000
F
3,000
C
1,000 1,400 2,000 Waktu luang
(hours)
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2.2
Seberapa Besar Pengaruh Penawaran Tenaga Kerja ?
Makanan yang
dikonsumsi
(dollars)
$20,000
(1,655 hours,
$4,725)
(1,910 hours,
$5,450)
10,000
6,000 A
B
5,000
3,000
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2.2
Seberapa Besar Pengaruh Penawaran Tenaga Kerja ?
Makanan yang
dikonsumsi
(dollars)
$20,000
(2,000 hours,
$5,000)
10,000 (2,000 hours,
$3,000)
6,000 A
5,000
3,000 B
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2.3
Ekuilibrium dan Kesejahteraan Sosial
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2.3
Kurva Permintaan
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2.3
Kurva Permintaan
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2.3
Kurva Permintaan
• Elastisitasofpermintaan
Elasticity demand: Theadalah persentase
percentage perubahan
change in the
jumlah barang
quantity yang of
demanded diminta
a goodakibat
causedsetiap
by 1%1%change in
perubahan
the price ofharga barang.
that good.
• Mathematically:
Secara matematis
Persentase perubahan jumlah barang yang diminta
Persentase perubahan harga
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2.3
Elastisitas Permintaan
Elastisitas permintaan:
• Elastisitas permintaan bertanda negatif apabila jumlah
barang yang diminta turun ketika harga naik.
• Elastisitas permintaan tidak konstan sepanjang kurva
permintaan.
• Biasanya, perubahan harga suatu barang akan
mempengaruhi permintaan barang lain.
• Efek suatu harga barang dalam permintaan untuk
barang lain disebut elastisitas harga silang (cross-price
elasticity).
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2.3
Elastisitas Permintaan
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2.3
Kurva Penawaran
Berapa
How much do yang
banyak firmsingin
want to sell
dijual ordiproduksi
atau produce at each
perusahaan
pada suatu tingkat harga ?
price?
••Kurva
Supplypenawaran : kurva
curve: A curve yang the
showing menunjukkan
quantity ofjumlah
a good
barang yang are
that firms bersedia
willinguntuk diproduksi
to produce perusahaan
(supply) at eachpada
price.
•setiap harga
Supply curves are the outcome of profit maximization
•Kurva penawaran adalah hasil maksimalisasi keuntungan
by firms.
oleh perusahaan
••Perusahaan
Firms produce output using
menghasilkan a production,
output menggunakansuchproduksi,
as .
seperti
q = √K x L
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Maksimalisasi Keuntungan
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2.3
Ekuilibrium : Gambaran Grafis
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2.3
Efisiensi Sosial
• Efisiensi sosial merupakan keuntungan bersih masyarakat dari seluruh
penjualan yang dihasilkan dalam suatu pasar tertentu, dan meliputi 2
komponen : konsumen surplus dan produsen surplus.. Disebut juga total
surplus sosial.
• Consumer surplus: The benefit that consumers derive from consuming a
good, above and beyond the price they paid for the good.
• Surplus konsumen adalah keuntungan yang konsumen dapat dari
mengonsumsi barang, diluar harga barang yang dibayar.
• Producer surplus: The benefit that producers derive from selling a good,
above and beyond the cost of producing that good.
• Surplus produsen adalah keuntungan yang produsen dapat dari menjual
barang, diluar biaya untuk memproduksi barang.
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Surplus Konsumen : Gambaran Grafis
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2.3
Surplus Produsen : Gambaran Grafis
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2.3
Surplus Sosial : Gambaran Grafis
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2.3
Ekuilibrium Kompetitif Memaksimalkan Efisiensi Sosial
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2.3
From Social Efficiency to Social Welfare: The Role of Equity
Dari Efisiensi Sosial ke Kesejahteraan Sosial : Peranan
keadilan
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2.3
Fungsi Kesejahteraan Sosial
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2.3
Memilih sebuah Kriteria Keadilan
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2.4
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2.4
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2.5
Kesimpulan