Pigmentasi Eksogen
Pigmentasi Eksogen
EKSOGEN
drg. Selviana Rizky P
PIGMENTASI ?
Mekanisme
Endogen
Eksogen
PIGMENTASI EKSOGEN
Pigmentasi yang terjadi
akibat induksi faktor eksternal
Etiologi
Sumber eksterna
Kontak langsung
mukosa mulut
Terhisap Absorbsi Distribusi
Hematogen
Deposisi di Jaringan
Lesi Rongga Mulut
Mercury + Residual
alloy released
Afinitas tinggi
Ikatan ion
Sel
Perak amalgam pada gigi merupakan
sumber penguapan merkuri
Amalgam memiliki bahaya toksik melalui
Pelepasan merkuri
absorption,
Korosi permukaan
Reaksi pelepasan merkuri dan residual logam
membentuk senyawa antar logam
Merkuri dapat menyebar ke enamel, dentin,
sementum dan gingiva
Pembentukan metil merkuri
streptococcus sanguis, mutans and mitior
Mercury compounds have high affinity to proteins,
amino acids, purine, pyrimidine and nucleic acid
[8].
Mercury toxicity was explained by its interaction
with these molecules through sulfhydryl groups,
and disulfide bonds on cell membrane;
mercury compounds alter the selective
permeability of cell membranes for ions and
nutrients and possibly block more specific
membrane transport processes.
Manifestasi Klinis
Makula
Seringkali ditemui di
• Gingiva
• Mukosa alveolar
• Mukosa bukal
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
Radiograf
demonstrate the metallic fragments.
Biopsy
If no metallic fragments are found
Amalgam Tattoo
HPA
Stippling granular berwarna cokelat pada
serabut kolagen
• Di sekeliling pembuluh darah dan serabut saraf
Inflamasi limfosit
Penatalaksanaan
No treatment
in a cosmetically objectionable location such as
the anterior maxillary facial gingiva
conservative surgical excision can be performed;
alternatively Q-switched ruby or alexandrite lasers.
Graphite Tattoo
Etiologi
Deposisi partikel grafit di mukosa RM
• Jatuh dengan pensil di mulut
• Pensil menusuk langit-langit mulut
Patogenesis
Graphite
Carbon
Bind Cell
Tunggal
Carbon
Bind Cell
Policyclic amine
Pigmentasi
jaringan
Manifestasi Klinis
Cigaratte
Commonly affects anterior gingiva
Pipe smoker
Commisural and buccal mucosa
Histopatologi
increased melanin pigmentation of the
basal cell layer of the surface epithelium,
collections of incontinent melanin
pigmentation are seen free within the
superficial connective tissue and in
scattered melanophages
Diagnosis
smokinghistory with the clinical
presentation and medical history
Penatalaksanaan
Cessation of smoking
Biopsy
when the pigmentation is in unexpected
locations, such as the hard palate
when there are unusual clinical changes,
such as increased melanin density or
surface elevation.
Medicinal Metal-Induced
Pigmentation
Heavy Metal Pigmentation
Heavy Metal Pigmentation
Lead
LEAD
Brass fixture
• Ceramic
Kristal
• Kabel elektrik
Pelindung radiasi
• Folk remedies
Cosmetics
Lead
Anak-anak
Orang dewasa
Anak-anak
Terhisap serpihan cat berbahan dasar
timbal
Terpapar bau dan debu saat renovasi
Terpapar timbal pada gasoline
Preparasi formula dengan air keran yang
terkontaminasi logam
Dewasa
Industri
Terpapar saat menangani baterai timbal
oksida
Welding of lead cover surface
Makanan dan kontainer minuman yang
mengandung timbal
Kontaminasi timbal pada alkohol
Gejala Sistemik
Akut
• Anemia, fatigue, irritability, weakness
• Ensefalopati
• Disfungsi ginjal
Kronik
• Disfugsi sistem saraf, ginjal, marrow, joint
• Fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, headache
Manifestasi Klinis RM
Ulcerative stomatitis
Chronic
•Gastrointestinal upset
•Gejala neurologik
Oral Changes
Rasa metal
Stomatitis ulseratif
Gingiva biru-keabuan hingga kehitaman
Kerusakan tulang alveolar
Eksfoliasi gigi
Chronic mercury exposure
Acrodynia
Eritema, ras pruritus
Deskuamasi telapak tangan dan kaki
Severe sweating
Increased lacrimation
Photophobia
Gejala neurologis
Hipertensi
Takikardi
GI upset
Silver
SILVER
Mempunyai efek antibakteri
Denture sore
ARGYRIA
Acute
Coma
Pleural
edema
Hemolysisi
Bone marrow failure
Chronic
Argyria
Efek toksik
Diskolorasi keabuan diffuse
Konjungtiva, sklera, kuku berpigmentasi
Rongga mulut:
Slate-blue silver line disepanjang margin
gingiva
First Sign Argaria
Diskolorasi
•Deposisi perak logam
•Pigmen perak sulfida
Bismuth & Arsen
Bismuth & Arsen
` Occupational
Medication
exposure
Drinking water
Immunological disease
Dental restoration
Manifestasi Klinis
Pruritus
Oral mukositis
Mukosa bukal
Lateral border lidah, palatum dan faring
Systemic allergic reaction
Metallic taste
Cyrhiasis
Drug-Induced Pigmentation
Drug-Induced Pigmentation
phenolphthalein
minocycline
tranquilizers,
•chlorpromazine
antimalarial medications
•chloroquine, hydrochloroquine, quinidine, and quinacrine;
estrogen
Chemotherapeutic agents
•doxorubicin, busulfan, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, or imatinib