•maintain neutrality
Nitrides combine the superior hardness of ceramics with high thermal and
mechanical stability, making them suitable for applications as cutting tools,
wear-resistant parts and structural components at high temperatures. TiN
has a cubic structure which is perhaps the simplest and best known of
structure types. Cations and anions both lie at the nodes of separate fcc
lattices. The structure is unchanged if the Ti and N atoms (lattices) are
interchanged.
b. Struktur AX2/A2X
Ag2Te
• Wurtzite structure
• Zinc blende structure
Struktur oksida
• Spinel structure
Carbon
• Pure carbon has many polymorphs with
vastly varying properties. It also exists
in the amorphous state.
• Diamond: Is similar to ZnS in structure
• Graphite is considered to be a
crystalline ceramic
• Fullerenes, C60, are a newly discovered
polymorph - with interesting properties.
Diamond
• AX type crystal structure similar
to that of ZnS.
• Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four
other C atoms in a diamond-cubic crystal
structure.
• The material is optically transparent and
extremely hard (hardest natural material known)
and durable.
• In engineering applications, cruder or industrial
forms of diamond, that are much less expensive
than the gemstone forms, are used as abrasives,
indentors, and coatings (especially thin films) for
Graphite
• Layers of hexagonally arranged and
covalently bonded C atoms.
• Between layers, weaker Van der Walls
bonds are active, giving easy slip
on the {0001} crystallographic planes.
• Excellent as a dry lubricant, relatively high strength at
elevated temperatures, high thermal and electrical
conductivity, low thermal expansion, resistance to
thermal shock, and good machinability.
• Usage: electrodes, heating elements, crucibles,
casting molds, rocket nozzles, and other applications.
Fullerenes,
C60
• Molecular form of carbon with a
hollow spherical structure resembling
a geodesic dome (soccer ball.)
• Called buckyballs after R. Buckminister
Fuller, who pioneered the geodesic dome.
Discovered in 1985 and have since been found to
occur naturally in several sources.
• In the solid crystalline state, C60 molecules pack
together in a FCC unit cell arrangement with a lattice
parameter a=1.41 nm.
• The pure solid material density is about 1.65 g/cm3 and
it is relatively soft and is non-conducting since it has no
free electrons.
Properties of Buckyballs
• When alkali metal anions, most notably K+, are in the structure
(usually 3 per C60 molecule), the resulting molecular material
(K3C60) displays the characteristics of a metal. In fact, K3C60 is
considered to be the first molecular metal ever encountered.
a M 4(A Na A Cl )
V a3 NA
4 ions (22.99 35.45) g/mol
2[(0.102x1 0 7 0.181x10 7 )]cm 3 (6.023x10 23 )ions/mol
2.14 g/cm 3
(actual 2.16g/cm 3 )
Try It!
• Calcualte the theoretical density
of pure C60 based on a FCC unit
cell as shown:
a=1.41 nm
M 4(60)(12.0 11)
7 3
V (1.41x10 ) N A
1.71g/cm 3
(actual 1.65g/cm ) 3
Struktur Silikat dan Gelas
• Struktur silikat
1. Transformasi displasif
Transformasi displasif terjadi karena penyimpangan struktur yang
melibatkan perubahan sudut ikatan namun bukan pemutusan ikatan.
Contoh dari transformasi ini adalah transformasi martensit pada
logam, transisi tetragonal-monoklinik ZrO2 dan transisi anatase-
rutile TiO2.
2. Transformasi rekonstruktif
Transformasi rekonstruktif melibatkan pemutusan ikatan dan
pembentukan struktur baru. Energi yang dihasilkan oleh
transformasi ini lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan energi hasil
transformasi displasif. Energi aktivasi untuk transformasi ini sangat
tinggi sehingga kadang-kadang diperlukan bantuan dari luar agar
terjadi transformasi.
Transformasi struktur
kristal
Struktur gelas
• Pembentukan gelas
Model Struktur gelas
• Model kristalin ---- model
dikembangkan berdasarkan data
XRD dengan menggunakan
analisis lebar puncak
0.9
t
B cos
Dimana:
t=ukuran partikel
B=lebar puncak difraksi
λ=panjang gelombang
sinar-x
Model Struktur gelas
• Model jaringan acak (random network)----dalam model ini gelas
dipandang sebagai jaringan tiga dimensional yang tidak mempunyai
kesimetrian dan keperiodikan
Aturan pembentukan gelas oksida menurut Zachariasen
Z=4
Tabel struktur silikat