KEUANGAN
Analisis Laporan Keuangan
Mengapa dilakukan?
1. Menilai kondisi keuangan dan hasil usaha
perusahaan masa lalu, masa sekarang, dan
prediksi yang akan datang
2. Menilai kekuatan dan kelemahan keuangan
perusahaan
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Analisis Bisnis
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Menilai Lingkungan Bisnis
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Analisis Industri
• Analisis potensi laba berdasarkan kondisi industri,
• Setiap industri memiliki profitabilitas yang berbeda tergantung
dari keunggulan yang dimilikinya
• Kompetisi industri dengan industri lainnya akan mempengaruhi
profitabiltas industri.
• Kompetisi dalam industri akan mempengaruhi profitabilitas
masing-masing perusahaan dalam industri
• Struktur pasar dalam suatu industri menentukan apakah
perusahaan dalam industri tersebut dapat memperoleh laba yang
abnormal
• Kondisi perekonomian mempengaruhi profitabilitas industri dan
perusahaan
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Aktivitas Bisnis
Kompetisi Pricing
Aktivitas
Perencanaan: Promosi
Distribusi
Tujuan
Proyeksi
Kinerja Manajemen
Opportunities Tantangan
Faktor yang Menentukan Profitabilitas
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Analisis Keuangan / Financial Analysis
9
Prospective Analysis
Business Environment
& Strategy Analysis
Accounting Analysis
Financial Analysis
Intrinsic Value
10
Aktivitas Bisnis
Aktivitas Investasi Aktivitas Pendanaan
• Pembelian sumber daya • Pemilik (equity)
• Penjualan sumber daya • Non pemilik (liabilities)
Investasi Pendanaan
Investasi = Pendanaan
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JENIS ANALISIS
• Analisis Horisontal
• Analisis Vertikal
• Analisis Common Size
• Analisis Ratio
• Analisis Du-Pont
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ANALISIS HORISONTAL
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Analisis Horizontal
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ANALISIS VERTIKAL
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Common Size
Assets
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J. Holmes, Attorney-at-Law
Income Statements
For the Years Ended December 31, 2005 and 2006
2006 2005
Amount Percent Amount Percent
Fees earned $187,500 100.0% $150,000 100.0%
Operating expenses:
Wages expense $60,000 32,0% $45,000 30.0%
Rent expense 15,000 8,0% 12,000 8.0%
Utilities expense 12,500 6,7% 9,000 6.0%
Supplies expense 2,700 1,4% 3,000 2.0%
Miscellaneous exp. 2,300 1,2% 1,800 1.2%
Total operating expenses $92,500 49,3% $70,800 47.2%
Net income $95,000 50,7% $79,200 52.8%
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Analisis Rasio
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Tujuan Analisis Rasio
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Logika dibalik Ratio Analysis
• Analisis likuiditas
• Analisis aktivitas / pemanfaatan aktiva
• Analisis tingkat hutang (leverage / solvabilitas)
• Analisis profitabilitas / rentabilitas
• Analisis pasar
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Comparative Statements
CLOVER CORPORATION
Compa ra tive Income Sta te me nts
For the Ye a rs Ended De ce mbe r 31, 1999 a nd 1998
1999 1998
Revenue
Net sales $ 494,000 $ 450,000
Cost of merchandise sold 140,000 127,000
Gross profit 354,000 323,000
Operating expenses 270,000 249,000
Income from operations 84,000 74,000
Interest expense 2,640 3,200
Other expenses 1,360 800
Income before income tax 80,000 70,000
Income tax expense (20%) 16,000 14,000
Net Income $ 64,000 $ 56,000
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Comparative Statements
CLOVER CORPORATION
Compa ra tive Balance She ets
De ce mber 31, 1999 a nd 1998
1999 1998
Assets
Cash $ 30,000 $ 20,000
Accounts receivable 20,000 17,000
Merchandise inventory 12,000 10,000
Equipment 60,000 60,000
Less Accumulated depreciation (15,000) (12,000)
Building 100,000 100,000
Less Accumulated depreciation (25,000) (20,000)
Land 168,000 125,000
Total Assets $ 350,000 $ 300,000
Lanjutan
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Comparative Statements
CLOVER CORPORATION
Compa rative Ba la nce She ets, Continue d
De cem be r 31, 1999 a nd 1998
1999 1998
Liabilities
Accounts payable $ 39,000 $ 40,000
Notes payable 33,000 40,000
Total Liabilities $ 72,000 $ 80,000
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock, $1 par $ 27,400 $ 17,000
Paid-in capital 198,100 153,000
Retained earnings 52,500 50,000
Total Stockholders' Equity 278,000 220,000
Total Liabilities & Stockholders' Equity $ 350,000 $ 300,000
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Analisis Likuiditas
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Rasio Likuiditas
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Net Working capital
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Current Ratio
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Current Ratio
Current $62,000
= = 1.59 : 1
Ratio $39,000
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Quick Ratio (Acid Test)
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Quick Ratio (Acid Test)
Quick $50,000
= = 1.28 : 1
Ratio $39,000
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Cash Ratio
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Cash Ratio
Cash $30,000
= = 0.769 : 1
Ratio $39,000
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Rasio Aktivitas
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Receivable Turnover
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Receivable Turnover
Receivable $494,000
= = 26.70 times
Turnover ($20,000 + $17,000) ÷ 2
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Average Age of Receivables
Receivable Turnover
sebesar 26.70 kali.
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Average Age of Receivables
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Inventory Turnover
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Inventory Turnover
Inventory $140,000
= = 12.73 times
Turnover ($12,000 + $10,000) ÷ 2
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Average Days’ Supply in Inventory
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Average Days’ Supply in Inventory
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Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio
Fixed $494,000
Asset = = 1.826
Turnover ($288,000 + $253,000) ÷ 2
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Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio
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Total Asset Turnover Ratio
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Total Asset Turnover Ratio
Total $494,000
Asset = = 1.52
Turnover ($350,000 + $300,000) ÷ 2
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Operating Cycle
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Cash Conversion Cycle
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Kebutuhan Working capital
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Rasio Solvabilitas / Leverage
54
Times Interest Earned
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Cash Coverage
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Debt/Equity Ratio
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Debt Ratio
Total Liabilities
Debt Ratio =
Total Asset
$72,000
Debt Ratio = = 0,2057
$350,000
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Rasio profitabilitas
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Gross Profit Margin
60
Profit Margin
61
Profit Margin
Profit $64,000
= = 12.96%
Margin $494,000
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Return on Owners’ Investment
64
Return on Total Investment
65
Return on Total Investment
66
Financial Leverage
67
Financial Leverage
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Earnings per Share (EPS)
Income
EPS =
Average Number of Shares of
Common Stock Outstanding
69
Earnings per Share (EPS)
Income
EPS =
Average Number of Shares of
Common Stock Outstanding
$64,000
EPS = = $2.88
(27,400 + 17,000) ÷ 2
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Quality of Income
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Quality of Income
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Quality of Income
Quality $66,000
= = 1.031
of Income $64,000
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Rasio pasar
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Price/Earnings (P/E) Ratio
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Price/Earnings (P/E) Ratio
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Dividend Yield Ratio
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Dividend Yield Ratio
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Rasio lainnya
79
Book Value per Share
80
Book Value per Share
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Analisis komponen
82
Intepretasi rasio
83
Dwi Martani - 081318227080
martani@ui.ac.id atau dwimartani@yahoo.com
http://staff.blog.ui.ac.id/martani/ 84