DESAIN OBAT
S1 FARMASI
INSTITUT SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL
Pokok Bahasan Desain Obat
• Materi 1 : Hubungan Sifat Fisika Kimia dan Aktivitas Biologis
Obat (P1&2)
• Materi 2 : Metode desain obat klasik dan modern (P3&4)
• Materi 3 : Hubungan Kuantitatif Struktur dan Aktivitas (P5-6)
• Aplikasi CADD (P7)
• UTS (P8)
• Siswandono dan Bambang Sukarjo, 1998, Prinsip-prinsip Rancangan Obat, Airlangga University Press,
Surabaya.
• Bravi, G.,E. Garcia, D.V.S. Green, M.M. Hann, 2000, Modelling Structure – Activity Relationship; Virtual
• Pranowo, H.D.,2000, Metoda Kimia Kuantum dalam Kimia Komputasi, Pusat Kimia Komputasi Indonesia
• Prammer, K.V., M. Winter, T. Kieber Emmons, 1995, Biocomputational Approaches in Protein-Based Drug
Design; Chemical and Structural Approaches to Rational Drug Design, CRC Press, USA.
• Wilson & Gisvold, 2011, Buku Ajar Kimia Medisinal Organik dan Kimia Farmasi, Ed.11, EGC, Jakarta.
Hubungan Sifat Fisika Kimia & Aktivitas
Biologis Obat
MATERI 1
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI
EFEK DAN AKTIVITAS MOLEKUL OBAT
ASPEK STEREOKIMIA
Isomer optik
Isomer geometrik
Isomer Konformasional
Efek sterik
ASPEK ELEKTRONIK
Efek elektronik langsung
Korelasi Hammet
Pengionan Obat
IKATAN KIMIA
Ikatan Van der Waals
Antraksi Hidrofob
Ikatan Hidirogen
Alih muatan
Ikatan ion
Ikatan kovalen
Dipol
A. Aspek Stereokimia Tentang Kerja Obat
H OH HO H
Cl OH Cl OH
H OH HO H
H OH H H Cl H
HO H
cis-
trans
H OH HO H
Isomer Geometri
CH2OH CH2OH
Isomer Konformasi
Molekul obat asimetrik dapat dirancang lebih awal menjadi
suatu molekul optis aktif atau akibat biotransformasi dalam
tubuh obat tersebut terbentuk isomer optis aktif atau geometri
sehingga memberikan efek kerja terhadap reseptor
10
9
10
9
HO
OH OH
(-)trans
OH
(+) TRANS
O
O
HO
OH HO
OH
O
O
OH
OH
H
H
HO O
HO
H OH H H
OH O
H OH
HO
HO OH
H H
H H
OH OH
COOH COOH
X
X
Substituen: NH2, NO2, OH, COOR, DST
Struktur elektronik juga terkait dengan pengionan obat,
dan memberikan efek pada pengangkutan obat ke lokasi
kerja, yang mana pengangkutan obat adalah hasil kerja
sama peningkatan kelarutan bentuk ion suatu obat dan
peningkatan kemampuan bentuk tak terion menembus
plasma sel (lapisan lipid) pada membran sel
Gaya Van der waals, bekerja efektif pada jarak 0,4 – 0,6 nm
dan menghasilkan gaya tarik kurang dari 2 kJ/mol. Karena
itu gaya ini sering terkalahkan gaya yang lain
D + A DA Dδ+ Aδ- D+ A- D+ + A-
Dipol, yaitu molekul yang membentuk muatan terpisah
dan dapat saling berinteraksi dipol-dipol tersebut atau
berantrasksi dengan ion
24
How drug works in the body
• Drugs with Non-specific target
• Drug with Specific target
25
Receptors
* macromolecules that operate to bind
messenger substances and transduce this
binding into an effect, i. e., a change in cell
function.
26
outer cell membrane
27
structure of the cell
-Highly prganized
-Functional organelles
* mitochondria
* endoplasmic reticulum
* Golgi apparatus
* lysosome
* centrioles
28
Cell functions
coordinated by means of
• cytosolic contacts between neighboring cells
(gap junctions,
e. g., in the myocardium)
• messenger substances
for the transfer of information
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Receptor ligand
any endogenous or exogenous chemical agent that binds to a specific
receptor
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Signal transduction
Translation of the message carried by the ligand
through the receptor into a physiological
response
Receptor + ligand complex R-L
Physiological response
31
Cellular Sites of drug actions
modifying cell function
32
Neurotransmitter action on its specific
receptor
33
Binding of a messenger to a receptor
34
ligand–receptor interactions
• causes the opening or closing of ion channels
• release of secondary messengers
35
Drug actions
The binding of a drug to a receptor either inhibits or stimulates its action, which
ultimately results in the physiological responses that are characteristic of the
action of the drug.
36
Ion channel protein structure
37
Opening of ion channel
38
ACETHYLCHOLINE
39
.
40
Phospholipid membrane
The cell membrane basically consists of a
phospholipid bilayer (50 Å = 5 nm in thickness),
41
G-Protein coupled receptors
Binding of the mediator molecule or of a structurally
related agonist molecule induces a change in the
conformation of the receptor protein, enabling the latter
to interact with a G-protein (= guanyl nucleotide-binding
protein)
42
G-proteins coupled receptors
43
G-proteins
G-proteins (= guanyl nucleotide-binding protein)lie at the inner leaf of the
plasmalemma andconsist of three subunits designated α, β,and γ.
There are various G-proteins that differ mainly with regard to their α-unit.
44
ligand-gated ion channel
the nicotinic cholinoceptor of the motor end plate
45
Protein synthesis regulating receptors
46
Bonding interactions
between substrate and enzyme
47
Example of induced fit: pyruvic acid
48
Intermolecular interactions
Types of Bond
• Covalent Bond
• Noncovalent bond
49
Covalent Bond
50
Drugs covalently bound to biological
structures
51
Alkylating cytostatic anticancer
52
The danger of covalent bonded drug to
biogenic molecules
Certain organic phosphoric acid compounds
bind with high affinity to a serine OH group in
the active center of AChE and thus block the
hydrolysis of acetylcholine.
53
Covalent bonded organophosphates
54
covalently bound foreign substances
55
Covalently bonding drugs as potentially
Biological weapons
the organophosphates have been misused as
biological weapons.
56
Noncovalent Bond
57
Noncovalent interactions
58
Electrostatic attraction
A positive and a negative charge attract each other.
59
Dipole–ion interaction
When bonding electrons are asymmetrically distributed over the atomic
nuclei involved, one atom will bear a negative (δ–), and its partner a
positive (δ+) partial charge.
The molecule thus presents a positive and a negative pole, i. e., it has
polarity or is a dipole. A partial charge can interact electrostatically
with anion of opposite charge.
60
Dipole-dipole interaction
61
van der Waals bonds
formed between apolar molecular groups that have come
into close proximity.
Spontaneous transient distortion of electron clouds
(momentary faint dipole, δδ) may induce an opposite
dipole in the neighboring molecule.
62
Vander Waals bonding
63
Hydrophobic interaction
The attraction between the water dipoles is strong enough
to hinder intercalation of any apolar (uncharged)
molecules.
64
Hydrophobic interaction
65
Agonists—Antagonists
An agonist (A) has affinity (tendency to adhere) for a receptor and affects
the receptor protein in such a manner as to cause achange in cell
function—“intrinsic activity.”
66
Molecular mechanism of agonist
67
Agonist and antagonist
68