Spesifikasi Geometri,

Kekasaran,
Toleransi dan Suaian

Mechanical Engineering Department

Itenas - Bandung
 PROLOG
Apa yang dimaksud dengan proses manufaktur?
Manufaktur adalah aplikasi fisik dan kimia untuk mengubah geometri
(geometry), sifat (properties), dan tampilan (appearance) dari material awal
sehingga sebuah produk (komponen) dapat berfungsi sebagaimana
mestinya (sesuai rancangan)
 PROLOG
Proses manufaktur sebagai pertambahan nilai (added
value)
Manufacturing adds value
to the material by changing
its shape or properties, or
by combining it with other
materials that have been
similarly altered

A manufacturing plant consists of a set of processes and systems (and, of course,

people) designed to transform a certain limited range of materials into products of
increased value
 PROLOG

Rancangan / design akan menjadi acuan dalam proses produksi

(manufaktur)....(sudah dibahas di sistem maunfaktur)

Dalam rancangan yang berbentuk gambar teknik terdapat banyak

simbol-simbol informasi yang harus diperhatikan dalam proses
pembuatan.

Simbol-simbol tersebut akan membentuk sebuah produk manufaktur

memiliki ciri produk manufaktur, yaitu :
INTER-CHANGE-ABILITY
 PROLOG

Simbol-simbol dalam design(rancangan) yang membentuk sifat INTER-

CHANGE-ABILITY dari produk manufaktur adalah
spesifikasi geometrik, kekasaran, toleransi dan suaian

Simbol-simboal sangat diperlukan agar bagian produksi memiliki acuan

untuk membuat produk dan mengetahui batasan yang tidak boleh
dilanggar.
 PROLOG

Produk manufaktur banyak dibuat untuk mengkomodasi atau (menyuplai)

peralatan mekanis yang bekerja secara dinamis, dimana di dalamnya
terjadi pergerakan relatif antara komponen satu dan lainnya.

Mesin-mesin mekanis yang memiliki banyak komponen tidak akan

memberikan kinerja (performance) yang baik jika di semua komponennya
tidak “terpasang’ dengan baik.

Komponen –komponen dalam mesin mekanis hanya akan “terpasang”

dengan baik jika setiap komponennya dibuat dengan spesifikasi geometri,
kekasaran, toleransi, suaian yang sesuai dengan tuntutan rancangan.
 PROLOG

Aspek yang dipertimbangkan dalam perancangan sebuah

produk (terutama komponen mesin)

 Apsek kekuatan, yaitu didapatkan dari perancangan perhitungan

kekuatan berdasarkan sifat mekanik
 Aspek fungsional, yaitu didapatkan dengan mempertimbangkan
sifat kimia, dimensi , spesifikasi geometrik (kebenaran bentuk),
kekasaran, toleransi dan suaian
 Aspek estetik, yaitu aspek keindahan yang lebih banyak bertujuan
untuk menarik konsumen.
 PROLOG
 Aspek kekuatan :
Kekuatan komponen dihitung berdasarkan batas-batas kekuatan
mekanik, seperti kekuatan tarik, kekerasan, kekuatan impak dan
batas kelelahan, termasuk “turunan” dari sifat mekanik yaitu
keuletan, kegetasan, modulus elastisitas, kekakuan dan
ketangguhan .
 PROLOG
 Aspek fungsional :
Sebuah komponen akan berfungsi dengan baik dengan pertimbangan
sifat fisik, misalnya :
 untuk peralatan penukar kalor diperlukan material dengan sifat
konduktifitas termal yang baik,
 untuk peralatan listrik perlu sifat konduktifitas listrik yang baik,
 untuk dapat terbang pesawat terbang perlu material yang ringan.
 PROLOG
 Aspek fungsional :

Aspek fungsional juga dapat dicapai dengan pertimbangan spesifikasi

geometri, kekasaran, toleransi dan suaian, misalnya:
 poros yang ditumpu oleh dua bantalan maka posisi bantalannya harus
berada pada satu sumbu yang sama,
 posisi setiap sudu pada turbin harus berada pada sudut yang benar
untuk mendapatkan keseimbangan yang baik dan tidak menimbulkan
getaran,
 pasangan roda gigi akan mengelinding dengan baik hanya jika
permukaan roda gigi membentuk pola involute sempurna dan
memiliki kehalusan yang tinggi
 PROLOG

 Aspek estetik / keindahan : .........

KEKUATAN FUNGSIONAL ESTETIK
 PROLOG

Aspek pembuatan dan perakitan

Aspek pembuatan dan perakitan ini seringkali dilupakan (oleh bagian
perancangan), dimana dokumen rancangan yang diterima oleh
bagian produksi tidak dapat direalisasikan di tingkat workshop, hal ini
sering terjadi karena :
 Tidak memahami cara membuat produk, sehingga ada bentuk-
bentuk yang tidak dapat dibuat, misal membuat lubang dengan
dimater kecil dan dalam.
 Tidak mengetahui keterbatasan teknologi produksi yang dimilliki
bagian produksi, misal : membuat produk dengan kontur rumit
sementara mesin CNC yang dimiliki tidak punya kemapuan untuk
membuat kontur tersebut
 PROLOG

Aspek pembuatan dan perakitan........

 Tidak mengetahui biaya produksi, misal membuat produk denan
bentuk yang sulit sehingga biaya produksinya menjadi sangat mahal,
yang berefek kepada harga produk yang mahal hingga tidak mampu
bersaing di pasaran.

Aspek ekonomis
 PROLOG

EKONOMIK &
KEKUATAN FUNGSIONAL ESTETIK PRODUKSI
BUSSINESS
Toleransi
Toleransi adalah besar simpangan (kesalahan) dimensi total
yang diijinkan.

Toleransi adalah beda (rentang) antara batas maksimum dan

minimum.

Diterima (accept) atau ditolak (reject) – nya sebuah produk

sepenuhnya tergantung dari batasan yang ditetapkan dalam
toleransi yang tercantum dalam gambar teknik.
 Toleransi menjadi acuan untuk dapat melakukan
kontrol kualitas dengan baik

kontrol kualitas diperlukan untuk mempertahankan

kualitas produk manufaktur sehingga deviasi produk
dapat ditekan sekecil mungkin. Dengan deviasi (sebaran
kesalahan) produk yang kecil maka produk manufaktur
yang dihasilkan akan memiliki sifat mampu tukar (inter-
change-ability) yang baik.
 Toleransi
Toleransi adalah besar total simpangan dimensi yang diijinkan.
Toleranci adalah beda (rentang) antara batas maksimum dan
minimum.

Beberapa cara menampilkan toleransi :

1. Langsung dituliskan pada ukuran (dimensi)
2. Toleransi Geometrik
3. Dicantumkan pada judul (etiket) gambar
4. Notes referring to specific conditions
 ANSI/ASME Standard
ANSI/ASME Standard Y14.5
Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except
those dimensions specifically identified as
reference, maximum, minimum, or stock. The
tolerance may be applied directly to the dimension
or indicated by a general note located in the title
block of the drawing.
1. Direct Limits and Tolerance Values
1. Direct Limits and Tolerance Values – Plus and
Minus Dimensions
2. Geometric Tolerance System

Geometric Dimensioning and Feature Control Frame

Tolerancing (GD&T) is a
method of defining parts Concentricity Symbol
based on how they function,
using standard ANSI symbols.

AU 2008
3. Tolerance Specifications in Title Block

General tolerance note specifies

the tolerance for all unspecified
toleranced dimensions.

AU 2008
4. Notes Referring to Specific Conditions
General Tolerances could be in the form of a note similar to the one shown below:

ALL DECIMAL DIMENSIONS TO BE HELD TO .002"

Means that a dimension such as .500 would be assigned a tolerance of 0.002,

resulting in a upper limit of .502 and a lower limit of .498
The information needed to produce a part, most often
comes in the form of a:

Working Drawing
 INGAT LAGI !!!

Basic Lines (part 1)

Visible (Object) Represents the Thick Draw the visible
object edges with
Line outline these lines

Hidden Line Shows hidden Medium Draw hidden edges

with these
details dashed

Construction Used during drafting Fine Faint lines,

sometimes
Line coloured

Dimension Used to indicate a Fine, Dimension &

8cm extension lines go
Line dimension with arrows
together!
Extension Line Used with a Fine 8 cm
dimension line Near arrows

Center (Axial) Shows center or Fine

Line symmetry With dash in
middle
 INGAT LAGI !!!
Basic Lines (part 1)
Ghost Line Shows possible Fine Sometimes in other
color
movement dashed

Cutting plane Position of a cross- Thick Used only if you

plan to draw a
line section With arrows
cross section

Hatched Surface of a cross- Fine Show where it is

solid (section view
Lines section only!!)

Long Break Shows that a line is Fine Used only for large
objects
shortened With zig-zag

Short break Object shortened or Medium

(cutaway) cut away With curve

Leader Line Points to something Fine Attaches a comment or

angle or dimension to an
With bent object.
arrow
 Technical Drawing of Fighter Plane
(Isometric Projection, exploded view)
 Technical drawings can represent things…

as simple as a spoon,

or…

Technical Drawing of a spoon

Multi-view, Orthographic projection
 as complex as a space ship

Photograph of Mercury Spacecraft

Technical Drawing of Mercury Spacecraft, Top View,

Orthographic

 Technical Drawing of Mercury Spacecraft, Isometric Projection

Simbol-Simbol Toleransi Geometrik
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING
AND TOLERANCING

TOLERANCE SIZES
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING
AND TOLERANCING

TYPE OF TOLERANCE
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING
AND TOLERANCING

SIZES OF MATING PARTS

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING
AND TOLERANCING

DEVIATIONS
 GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING
AND TOLERANCING

BASIC (EXACT) DIMENSIONS

Are shown in a rectangle to indicate that the tolerances in the general
tolerance note do not apply
 GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING
AND TOLERANCING

EXAMPLES OF DEVIATION OF FORM WHEN PERFECT FORM AT THE

MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION IS REQUIRED
 GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING
AND TOLERANCING

EXAMPLES OF DEVIATION OF FORM WHEN PERFECT FORM AT THE

MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION IS REQUIRED
 Geometric Tolerance

 A geometric tolerance is the maximum permissible

variation of form, profile, orientation, location, and run-
out from that indicated or specified on a drawing.
 Feature control frame for an individual feature is
divided into compartments containing, at the least, the
geometric tolerance symbol and the geometric
tolerance value
Symbols for Geometric Tolerances

Form

Orientation

Position
 Feature Control Frame

A geometric tolerance is prescribed using a feature control frame.

It has three components:
1. the tolerance symbol,
2. the tolerance value,
3. the datum labels for the reference frame.
 Reference Frame
A reference frame is defined by three perpendicular datum planes.
The left-to-right sequence of datum planes defines their order of precedence.
Order of Precedence
The part is aligned with the datum planes of a
reference frame using 3-2-1 contact alignment.

• 3 points of contact align the part to the primary

datum plane;

• 2 points of contact align the part to the secondary

datum plane;

• 1 point of contact aligns the part with the tertiary

datum plane
Using a Feature as a Datum
A feature such as a hole,
shaft, or slot can be used as
a datum.

In this case, the datum is the

theoretical axis, centerline,
or center plane of the
feature.

The “circle M” denotes the

datum is defined by the
Maximum Material
Condition (MMC) given by
the tolerance.
 Straightness of a Shaft
• A shaft has a size tolerance defined for its fit into a hole. A shaft meets this tolerance if at every
point along its length a diameter measurement fall within the specified values.

• This allows the shaft to be bent into any shape. A straightness tolerance on the shaft axis
specifies the amount of bend allowed.
 Straightness of a Hole
• The size tolerance for a hole defines the range of sizes of its diameter at each point
along the centerline. This does not eliminate a curve to the hole.
• The straightness tolerance specifies the allowable curve to the hole.
• Subtract the straightness tolerance from the smallest hole size (MMC) to define the
virtual condition Vc, or virtual shaft, that must fit the hole for it to be acceptable.
Straightness of a Hole
 Straightness of a Center Plane
• The size dimension of a rectangular part defines the range of sizes at any cross-section.

• The straightness tolerance specifies the allowable curve to the entire side.

• Add the straightness tolerance to the maximum size (MMC) to define a virtual condition Vc that the part must fit into
in order to meet the tolerance.
 Flatness, Circularity and Cylindricity
Flatness Circularity Cylindricity

• The flatness tolerance defines a distance between parallel planes that must contain the
highest and lowest points on a face.
• The circularity tolerance defines a pair of concentric circles that must contain the
maximum and minimum radius points of a circle.
• The cylindricity tolerance defines a pair of concentric cylinders that much contain the
maximum and minimum radius points along a cylinder.
 Parallelism Tolerance
A parallelism tolerance is measured relative to a datum specified in the control frame.
If there is no material condition (ie. regardless of feature size), then the tolerance defines parallel
planes that must contain the maximum and minimum points on the face.

If MMC is specified for the tolerance

value:
• If it is an external feature, then
the tolerance is added to the
maximum dimension to define a
virtual condition that the part
must fit;
• If it is an internal feature, then the
tolerance is subtracted to define
the maximum dimension that
must fit into the part.
Perpendicularity

• A perpendicular tolerance is
measured relative to a datum
plane.

• It defines two planes that

must contain all the points of
the face.

• A second datum can be used

to locate where the
measurements are taken.
 Perpendicular Shaft, Hole, and Center Plane
Shaft Hole Center Plane

• Shaft: The maximum shaft size plus the tolerance defines

the virtual hole.
• Hole: The minimum hole size minus the tolerance defines
the virtual shaft.
• Plane: The tolerance defines the variation of the location of
the center plane.
 Angularity

An angularity tolerance is measured relative to a datum

plane.
It defines a pair planes that must
1. contain all the points on the angled face of the part,
or
2. if specified, the plane tangent to the high points of
the face.
 Position Tolerance for a Hole
• The position tolerance for a hole
defines a zone that has a
defined shape, size, location and
orientation.
• It has the diameter specified by
the tolerance and extends the
length of the hole.
• Basic dimensions locate the
theoretically exact center of the
hole and the center of the
tolerance zone.
• Basic dimensions are measured
from the datum reference
frame.
 Position Tolerance on a Hole Pattern
A composite control frame signals a
tolerance for a pattern of features,
such as holes.

• The first line defines the position

tolerance zone for the holes.
• The second line defines the tolerance
zone for the pattern, which is generally
smaller.
Datum Reference in a Composite Tolerance
A datum specification for the pattern only specifies the orientation of the pattern tolerance zones.

No datum for the pattern Primary datum specified.

Material Conditions
• Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The condition in which a feature contains the maximum
amount of material within the stated limits. e.g. minimum hole diameter, maximum shaft diameter.
• Least Material Condition (LMC): The condition in which a feature contains the least amount of
material within the stated limits. e.g. maximum hole diameter, minimum shaft diameter
• Regardless of Feature Size (RFS): This is the default condition for all geometric tolerances. No
bonus tolerances are allowed and functional gauges may not be used.

ANSI Y14.5M RULE #1:

A dimensioned feature must have perfect form at its maximum material condition.
This means:
• A hole is a perfect cylinder when it is at its smallest permissible diameter,
• A shaft is a perfect cylinder when at its largest diameter.
• Planes are perfectly parallel when at their maximum distance.

ANSI Y14.5M RULE #2:

If no material condition is specified, then the it is “regardless of feature size.”
 Material Condition Modifiers
RFS If the tolerance zone is prescribed for the maximum material
condition (smallest hole). Then the zone expands by the same
amount that the hole is larger in size.
Use MMC for holes used in clearance fits.

MMC

No material condition modifier means the tolerance is “regardless of

feature size.”
Use RFS for holes used in interference or press fits.
Contoh-Contoh Penerapan
Toleransi Geometrik
dalam Gambar
Manufacturing control
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processing-in-manufacturing/