HUKUM HUMANITER

INTERNASIONAL
Universitas Sebelas Maret
 Pengertian dan Ruang Lingkup
 Part of the rules of public
international law which serve
as the protection of individuals
in time of armed conflict.
(Geza Herzegh)
 International Humanitarian
Law, in the wide sense, is
constituted by all the
international legal provisions,
whether written or customary,
ensuring respect for individual
and his well being” (Pictet )
 Asas, kaidah dan
ketentuan internasional
baik tertulis maupun tidak
tertulis yang keseluruhan
mencakup hukum perang
dan hak asasi manusia,
bertujuan untuk
menjamin penghormatan
terhadap harkat dan
martabat seseorang
(Pantap Hukum
Humaniter)
Ruang Lingkup & Tujuan HHI
Ruang Lingkup Konflik Bersenjata Internasional

Konflik Bersenjata Non-

Luas Sempit Tengah Internasional

Membatasi dan mengurangi akibat dari peperangan sebisa/ semaksimal mungkin

Menyesuaikan kebutuhan militer dengan Prinsip-prinsip Humaniter
 Tujuan Hukum Humaniter
 Memanusiawikan perang (mencegah perang tanpa
batas/ perang yang kejam)
 Memberikan perlindungan dari penderitaan yang tidak
perlu untuk kombatan maupun penduduk sipil
 Menjamin HAM para kombatan yang jatuh ketangan
musuh (dilindungi, dirawat dan menjadi tawanan
perang)
 Usaha menghapus ato mengurangi
kemungkinan terjadi perang (Preambule & art.
12 LBB, Preambule & art 1-2 Paris Pact)
 Sejarah dan Perkembangan
Zaman Kuno Abad Pertengahan
Praktik Bangsa Sumeria “ Dipengaruhi ajaran-ajaran agama,
Adanya kekebalan bagi utusan musuh seperti misal pentingnya sikap
Praktik Mesir Kuno : kesatria (mengajarkan pentingnya
perintah untuk memberikan makanan, minuman, pengumuman perang dan larangan
pakaian dan perlindungan kepada musuh; juga perintah penggunaan senjata tertentu)
untuk merawat yang sakit, dan menguburkan yang
mati
Praktik bangsa Hittie
Aturan yang dibuat berdasarkan keadilan dan
integritas, para pihak menandatangani pernyataan
perang dan traktat. Para penduduk yang menyerah
tidak diganggu.
Praktik di India
dilarang membunuh musuh cacat,
yang menyerah, yang luka harus dipulangkan setelah
diobati. Semua senjata dengan sasaran menusuk ke
hati, senjata beracun dan panah api dilarang
Perkembangan Zaman Modern
 Dimulai sejak 1850an-perang dunia I
 Berdirinya ICRC dan Konvensi Jenewa 1864
 Instructions for Government of Armies of the United States
atau disebut Lieber Code, dipublikasikan tahun 1863 (atas
dasar permintaan Lincoln kepada Lieber). Lieber code
memuat aturan-aturan rinci pada semua tahapan perang
darat, tindakan perang yang benar, perlakuan terhadap
penduduk sipil, perlakuan terhadap orang-orang tertentu
seperti tawanan perang yang luka, dsb.
 Perkembangan Istilah
Hukum Perang (Laws of War)

Erwad Kossoy The term of armed conflict tends to replace at least

in all relevant legal formulation, the older notion of war. On purely
legal consideration the replacement for war by ‘armed conflict’
seems more justified and logical

Hukum Konflik Bersenjata (Laws of Armed Conflict)

Awal abad 20, konsepsi cara berperang mulai dipengaruhi oleh

asas-asas kemanusiaan (Humanity Principle)

Hukum Humaniter Internasional

(International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflict)
Sumber HHI
 Sumber HHI (lain)
Nama Tahun
Protocol on binding laser weapon 1995
Geneva protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of 1925
asphyxiating, poisonous of the gases, and bacterial methods of
warfare
Convention on environmental modification techniques 1976
Convention on the prohibition/ restriction on the use of certain 1980
conventional weapons which may deemed do be excessively
injurious or to have indiscriminate effects
dll
The Hague
 The rights of belligerent to adopt means of injuring the
enemy is not unlimited (Art. 22. 
 “…Until a more complete code of the laws of war has
been issued, the High Contracting Parties deem it
expedient to declare that, in cases not included in the
Regulations adopted by them, the inhabitants and the
belligerents remain under the protection and the rule of
the principles of the law of nations, as they result from the
usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws
of humanity, and the dictates of the public conscience..”
(Konvensi Den Haag ke-II Tahun 1899)
The Hague Conventions
The Hague Conventions of 18 October 1907, address
 The Hague on 29  the pacific settlement of disputes (based on The Hague

July 1899 concern Convention I of 1899);

 Respecting the limitation of the employment of force for the
issues such as the recovery of contract debts (II)
pacific settlement  the opening of hostilities (The Hague Convention III);
 the laws and customs of war (Convention IV,)
of international  the rights and duties of neutral powers in case of war on land
(V);
disputes and the  the status of merchant ships at the outbreak of hostilities (VI);

laws and customs  the conversion of merchant ships into war ships (VII);
 the laying of automatic submarine contact mines (VIII);
of war, which were  the bombardment by naval forces in time of war (IX);

strengthened in the  the adaptation to maritime war of the principles of the Geneva
Convention of 1906 (X);
1907 Conventions  restrictions with regard to the exercise of the right of capture in
naval war (XI);
 the establishment of an international prize court (XII);
 the rights and duties of neutral powers in naval war (XIII).
Kapan HHI dipergunakan
 Konflik bersenjata
internasional, yang terjadi
antara paling sedikit dua
negara

 Konflik bersenjata non

internasional; yang terjadi di
sebuah negara antara
pemerintah dan kelompok
pemberontak

 Selain situasi konflik

bersenjata, HHI tidak
berlaku !
 Prinsip Dasar HHI

 Prinsip Pembedaan (Distinction  Prinsip Jus Cogen

Principle)  Marten Clause
 Prinsip kepentingan militer
(Principle of military necessity)
 Pembatasan (Limitation)
 Proporsional (Proportionality)
 Prinsip Perikemanusiaan
(Humanity Principle)
 Prinsip Kesatriaan (chivalry
principle).
Prinsip Pembedaan
 Merupakan ‘the corner stone of
international humanitarian law’
 Tercantum dalam deklarasi St.
Petersburg bahwa ”the only
legitimate object which States should
endeavor to accomplish during war
is to weaken the military forces of the
enemy”
 Menurut Jean Pictet, prinsip
pembedaan berasal dari asas umum
“asas ratione personae” bahwa ‘the
civilian population and individual
civilians shall enjoy general
protection against danger arising
from military operation’.
Combatant (Kombatan)
 Combatant  Non-Combatant
 Angkatan Bersenjata regular  Anggota angkatan
suatu negara bersenjata yang tidak ikut
 Milisi dan Korps sukarela bertugas digaris depan
 Levee en Masse (rohaniawan, medis)
 Gerakan Perlawanan
terorganisir

 Unlawfull combatant
 mata-mata (kecuali sedang memakai seragam maka akan tetap diperlakukan
sebagai tawanan perang jika tertangkap – pasal 29 KD IV, pasal 46 PT I 1977),
Tentara bayaran/ mercenaries (Pasal 47 PT I 1977), Tentara anak (kepasal 77 PT I
1977, pasal 4 (3) (c) PT II 1977).
  Serangan terhadap sasaran militer tetap dilarang jika “May be
expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to
civilians, damage to civilian objects or a combination thereof,
which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and
direct military advantage anticipated”;

A
A

B B
Pertanyaan dasar

Prinsip Pembedaan

1. Siapa dan apa yang oleh saya

serang?
2. Siapa dan apa yang tidak boleh
saya serang?
3. Siapa dan apa yang harus saya
lindungi?
Prinsip Pembedaan - Pengaturan
 Konvensi Den Haag  Konvensi Jenewa
Konvensi Den Haag IV
1907 mengenai hukum dan
kebiasaan perang di darat,
dalam lampiran yang
berjudul Regulations
respecting Laws and
Customs of War (Hague
Regulation). disebut
sebagai the Soldier’s
Vadamecum
Pasal 13 Geneva Convention I
on Wounded and Sick in
Armed Forces in the Field dan
pada Pasal 13 Geneva
Convention on Wounded, Sick
and Shipwrecked of Armed
Forces at Sea menentukan
‘Protected Person” dan Pasal 4
Geneva Convention III
Relative to the Treatment of
Prisoner of War mengatur
tentang ”Prisoner of War”
Prinsip Pembedaan – Regulasi Nasional
Negara Regulasi Isi
“Civilians…must be protected: it is
Military Manual
prohibited to attack them.
Burundi
“an attack whose aim it is to carry out
Hukum Pidana 1981
a massacre … is punished with death.”
“attacking civilians in war zones” is a
Estonia Hukum Pidana 2001
war crime
The principle of distinction is
concerned with distinguishing
The US Naval Handbook combatants from civilians and military
US
2007 objects from civilian objects so as to
minimize damage to civilians and
civilian objects
Prinsip kepentingan militer
 Prinsip ini muncul dari Proporsional
ketentuan yang
membenarkan penggunaan
kekerasan untuk
menundukan atau
menaklukan lawan demi
tujuan dan keberhasilan
Pembatasan
perang namun dengan tetap
memperhatikan prinsip
proporsionalitas dan
diskriminasi.
Pertanyaan dasar - Pemberlakuan
Pembatasan Proporsional

1. Alat dan metode apa yang 1. Bagaimana saya dapat

dapat saya gunakan? menyelesaikan misi saya
tanpa mengakibatkan
2. Alat dan metode apa yang
dilarang? kerusakan yang berlebihan?
 Prinsip Pembatasan
Limitation Principles

Limitation ratione personae Limitation ratione loci Limitation Ratione Conditionis

pihak yang berperang serangan harus benar- melarang penggunaan alat

harus membedakan antara benar dibatasi pada obyek
kombatan dan penduduk militer atau objek yang
sipil memberikan sumbangan
bagi keuntungan militer
secara efektif
dan cara berperang yang
menyebabkan luka
berlebihan atau
penderitaan yang tidak
perlu
Pengaturan – Pembatasan/Limitation
 Pasal 51 (5) (b) PT I 1977
 Pasal 85 (3) (b) PT I 1977
 Pasal 3 (3) (c) Protocol II to the Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons 1980
 Pasal 3 (8) (c) amandemen Protocol II to the Convention
on Certain Conventional Weapons 1996
 Pasal 8 (2) (b) (iv) ICC Statute 1998
Pengaturan - Proporsionalitas
 Art 51 (5) (b) & 85 (3) (b) PT I 1977
 Art 3 (3) (c) Protocol II to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 1980
 Art 3 (8) (c) amandemen Protocol II to the Convention on Certain Conventional
Weapons 1996
 Art 8 (2) (b) (iv) ICC Statute 1998
 Art 15 Lieber Code 1863,
 Art 24 (4) of the 1923 Hague Rules of Air Warfare,
 Paragraph 6 Memorandum of Understanding on the Application of IHL between
Croatia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1991,
 Paragraph 2.5 of the 1992 Agreement on the Application of IHL between the
Parties to the Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
 Paragraph 46(d) San Remo Manual 1994,
 Art 20(b)(ii) ILC Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind
1996,
 UNTAET Regulation No. 2000/15
Prinsip Perikemanusiaan (humanity)
Humanity Principle/ Unnecessary Suffering Principle

to prevent and to protect life and to assure respect for

alleviate suffering health the individual.

Unnecessary Suffering

“if we can put a soldier out of action by capturing him, we should not wound
him; if we can obtain the same result by wounding him, we must not kill him. if
there are two means to achieve the same military advantage, we must choose the
one which causes the lesser evil”. (Jean Pictet)

Art 23 (e) Hague Regulations on Land Warfare Tahun 1899 dan 1907
Prinsip Kesatriaan
 Chivalry principle / Code of warrior
 Prinsip yang muncul dari ketentuan untuk mengutamakan
kejujuran serta larangan untuk menggunakan alat dan
metode berperang yang tidak terhormat (tipu muslihat
atau khianat)
 Lieber Code, art 1 Konvensi Den Haag III (1907) ttg
permulaan perang, Pasal 23 ayat c Lampiran Konvensi
Den Haag IV
Prinsip Kesatriaan
TINDAKAN
KHIANAT

PENYALAHGUNAA
N LAMBANG YANG
DILINDUNGI
Marten Clause (related)
 Usul Fyodor Fyodorovich Marten pada Hague Peace Conference Tahun
1899 -> pembukaan Konvensi Den Haag ke-II Tahun 1899
 ILC menyatakan “the Martens “The preamble is much more than a pious
Clause provides that even in cases declaration. It is a general clause, making
not covered by specific the usages established among civilized
international agreements, civilians nations, the law of humanity and the
and combatants remain under the dictates of public conscience in to the
protection and authority of the legal yardstick to be applied if and when
principles of international law the specific provisions of the convention
derived from established custom, and the regulations annexed to it do not
from the principles of humanity and cover specific cases occurring in warfare,
from the dictates of public or concomitant to warfare” The US
conscience. Military Tribunal 1948
 Menurut hakim Shahabuddeen “provides authority for looking beyond
treaty law and custom to consider principles of humanity and the dictates
of the public conscience.”.
Isi Marten Clause
 “…Until a more complete code of
the laws of war has been issued,
the High Contracting Parties
deem it expedient to declare that,
in cases not included in the
Regulations adopted by them, the
inhabitants and the belligerents
remain under the protection and
the rule of the principles of the
law of nations, as they result from
the usages established among
civilized peoples, from the laws of
humanity, and the dictates of the
public conscience..” (Konvensi
Den Haag ke-II Tahun 1899)
“In cases not covered by this
Protocol or by other
international agreements,
civilians and combatants
remain under the protection
and authority of the
principles of international
law derived from
established custom, from the
principles of humanity and
from dictates of public
conscience.” (pasal 1 (2)
Protokol Tambahan I 1977)
Fungsi Marten Clause menurut Bruni
Oliveira Biaziati dan Gustavo Carvalho
 Reflex of natural law & moral obligation
 The clause as reminder that custom remains binding in absence of
conventional norms
 The clause as a source to induce the creation of customary rules
 The clause as an hermeneutic guidance to interpret humanitarian rules
 The clause as acknowledgement of legal autonomy of the principles of
humanity and the dictates of public conscience

Marten Clause memperkuat pandangan bahwa fokus dari Hukum Humaniter

Internasional adalah manusia itu sendiri dan untuk memastikan perlindungan bahkan
terhadap keadaan yang berada diluar domain hukum. Kurangnya norma hukum
humaniter yang mengatur tidak serta merta membenarkan tindakan yang berbasis
kepentingan militer
Pengaturan
 Pembukaan Konvensi Den Haag ke-II Tahun 1899
 Pada Konvensi Den Haag Tahun 1907,
 Konvensi Jenewa 1949 tentang perlindungan korban
perang
 Protokol Tambahan Konvensi Jenewa 1977
 Resolusi XXIII konferensi Tehran tentang Hak Asasi
Manusia Tahun 1968
 Dapat ditemukan juga pada Military Manual di beberapa
Negara seperti misalnya Amerika Serikat, Inggris serta
Jerman
Jus Cogen (related)
 Diperkenalkan oleh Hugo Grotius, C. Wolf dan Emmerich
Vattel pada sekitar abad 16
 “a super customary norm” / fundamental norm/
“international constitutional rules”
 a number of ‘universally recognised principles’ of
international law existed which rendered any
conflicting treaty void and that the peremptory effect of
such principles was itself a ‘unanimously recognised
customary rule of International Law (Openheim, 1905)
 Principles of natural law were so immutable that not even
God could change them (Grotius)
Definisi
 Art 53 KW 1969 “…is a norm accepted and recognized
by the international community of States as a whole as a
norm from which no derogation is permitted and which
can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general
international law having the same character…”
 Art 64 KW 1969 “..If a new peremptory norm of general
international law emerges, any existing treaty which is in
conflict with that norm becomes void and terminates..”
Yang termasuk Jus Cogen
 Norma Jus Cogen larangan agresi, perbudakan, perdagangan
budak, genosida, diskriminasi rasial, (politik) apartheid,
penyiksaan, aturan hukum humaniter yang diterapkan pada
konflik bersenjata serta hak untuk menentukan nasib sendiri
(Laporan tahunan ILC Tahun 2006 )

 Most norms of international humanitarian law, in particular

those prohibiting war crimes, crimes against humanity and
genocide, are also peremptory norms of international law
or jus cogens, i.e. of a non-derogable and overriding
character (kasus Kupreskic The International Criminal
Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia)
Konvensi Jenewa sebagai norma Jus Cogen
(menurut Nieto-Navia)
 Many provisions stipulate the protection of persons in absolute terms. Each
Convention contains a provision prohibiting reprisals against the persons
protected by the Convention. (The provision in Convention IV does this only
in a limited scale.)
 The Conventions prohibit the conclusion of special agreements which would
adversely affect the situation of protected persons or would restrict their
rights as defined by the Conventions. Thus, derogations by treaties inter se
which would have adverse effects are prohibited.
 The Conventions deny the validity of any renunciations of their rights by
protected the persons.
 The Conventions single out the grossest violations as ‘grave breaches’, and
prohibit the parties from absolving any other party of any liability incurred in
respect of the ‘grave breaches. There is a strong presumption that at least the
prohibitions of the ‘grave breaches’ of the Conventions are peremptory.
 The Conventions have received a nearly universal degree of ratification.
Hubungan HHI dan HAM
 Armed Conflict

 Konflik bersenjata internasional /  Konflik bersenjata non internasional/

International Armed Conflict (IAC) Non-International Armed Conflict
(NIAC)

 Selain situasi konflik

bersenjata, HHI tidak
berlaku !
Definisi IAC
 Pasal 2 KJ 1949 “Convention shall apply to
all cases of declared war or of any other
armed conflict which may arise between
two or more of the High Contracting
Parties” -> commentary “any difference
arising between two States and leading
to the intervention of armed forces is an
armed conflict”
 Tadic case, the Tribunal ICTY
menyatakan "an armed conflict exists
whenever there is a resort to armed force
between state”
 PT I memperluas IAC menjadi “which peoples
are fighting against colonial domination, alien
occupation or racist regimes in the
exercise of their right to self-determination”
D. Schindler, "the existence of an armed conflict
within the meaning of Article 2 common to the
Geneva Conventions can always be assumed
when parts of the armed forces of two States
clash with each other. [...] Any kind of use of arms
between two States brings the Conventions into
effect
 Definisi NIAC
 Pengecualian NIAC : Pasal 1(2) PT II
 Pasal 3 KJ 1949 "armed
conflicts not of an international
character occurring in the
territory of one of the High
Contracting Parties"
 1. The hostilities must reach a minimum level of
intensity. -> When the government is obliged to use
military force against the insurgents, instead of mere
police forces.
 2. Non-governmental groups involved in the conflict
must be considered as "parties to the conflict",
meaning that they possess organized armed forces.
This means for example that these forces have to
be under a certain command structure and have the
capacity to sustain military operations
tidak berlaku pada situasi kekacauan
dan ketegangan dalam negeri, seperti
kerusuhan-kerusuhan, tindakan
kekerasan yang terpencil
Pasal 1 PT II “applies to armed conflicts
"which take place in the territory of a High
Contracting Party between its armed
forces and dissident armed forces or
other organized armed groups which,
under responsible command, exercise
such control over a part of its territory as
to enable them to carry out sustained and
concerted military operations and to
implement this Protocol"
Definisi NIAC
NIAC" whenever there is [...] protracted armed violence between
governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between
such groups within a State“ (Judgments ICTY)

 non-international armed conflicts are  International armed conflicts :

armed confrontations that take place
within the territory of a State between
the government on the one hand and
armed insurgent groups on the other
hand. [...] Another case is the crumbling
of all government authority in the
country, as a result of which various
groups fight each other in the struggle
for power (H.-P.Gasser)
whenever there is resort to armed force
between two or more States.
 Non-international armed conflicts are
protracted armed confrontations
occurring between governmental armed
forces and the forces of one or more
armed groups, or between such groups
arising on the territory of a State. (ICRC
opinion paper)
Internationalized NIAC
 Bukan merupakan bentuk ke-3 konflik bersenjata
 Terjadi kondisi ini karena :
 1) One or more third States or an international/regional
organization intervene in support of a state involved in an
armed conflict against an organized armed group
2) One or more third States or an international/regional
organization intervene in support of an organized armed group
involved in an armed conflict against a State