Kuliah Minggu 4
-Manajemen Laba
-Proses Analisis Akuntansi
Akuntansi Akrual
╸ Laporan Keuangan disusun
berdasarkan akuntansi akrual
╸ Statement of Financial Accounting
Concept No.1 ”Informasi mengenai
laba perusahaan berdasarkan
akuntansi akrual biasanya memberi
indikasi kemampuan perusahaan
untuk menghasilkan arus kas saat ini
dan masa depan lebih baik dibanding
dengan informasi yang dibatasi oleh
aspek keuangan berupa penerimaan
dan pembayaran kas”
Akrual dan Arus Kas
Net Operating
= +
Accruals
Income Cash Flow
Implikasi Akuntansi Akrual thd Analisis Laporan
Keuangan
╸ Akuntansi akrual lebih unggul dari akuntansi kas, dalam
- Mengukur kinerja dan kondisi keuangan
- Meramalkan arus kas masa depan
3 strategi:
· Increasing Income – meningkatkan laba yang
dilaporkan pada periode kini
· Big Bath – penghapusan sebanyak
mungkin pada suatu
periode, lazimnya periode buruk
· Income Smoothing– manajer meningkatkan atau
menurunkan laba yang
dilaporkan untuk
mengurangi fluktuasinya
Mekanisme manajemen laba
1 Pemindahan Laba
•• Does
Doesnot
notpresent
presentserious
seriousvaluation
valuationproblems
problemsbecause
becauseof
ofits
its liquidity
liquidity
•• Requires
Requiresspecial
specialprecautions
precautionsagainst
againsttheft
theftand
anddefalcation
defalcation
•• Examine
Examinefor
forrestrictions
restrictionson
ondisposition
disposition
—— remove
removerestricted
restrictedbalances
balancesfrom
fromcurrent
currentassets
assetssince
sincethey
theyare
arenot
not
available
availablefor
forpaying
payingcurrent
currentobligations
obligations
—
— ininassessing
assessingliquidity,
liquidity, Cash and Cash Equivalents as a Percent of Total
consider
considerrepercussions
repercussions Assets
ofofviolating
violatingthese
these
agreements
agreements
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
—
— exposure
exposureoften
oftenmeasured
measured 0.00%
by the ratio of restricted INSTRUMEN
EASTMAN
MERCK &
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balances
balancesto tothe
thetotal
total
Current Asset Introduction
Analyzing Receivables
Assessment
Assessmentofofearnings
earningsquality
qualityisisoften
oftenaffected
affectedby byan
ananalysis
analysisofofreceivables
receivablesand andtheir
their
collectibility
collectibility
Analysis
Analysismust
mustbe bealert
alerttotochanges
changesininthe theallowance—computed
allowance—computedrelative relativetotosales,
sales,receivables,
receivables,
or industry and market conditions.
or industry and market conditions.
Two
Twospecial
specialanalysis
analysisquestions:
questions:
(1) Collection
(1) Collection Risk Risk
Review
Reviewallowance
allowancefor foruncollectibles
uncollectiblesininlight
lightofofindustry
industryconditions
conditions
Apply special tools for analyzing collectibility:
Apply special tools for analyzing collectibility:
••Determining
Determiningcompetitors’
competitors’receivables
receivablesas asaapercent
percentofofsales—vis-à-vis
sales—vis-à-visthe the
company under analysis
company under analysis
••Examining
Examiningcustomer
customerconcentration—risk
concentration—riskincreasesincreaseswhen
whenreceivables
receivablesare are
concentrated in one or a few customers
concentrated in one or a few customers
••Investigating
Investigatingthe theageagepattern
patternofofreceivables—overdue
receivables—overdueand andfor
forhow
howlong
long
••Determining
Determiningportion
portionofofreceivables
receivablesthat thatisisaarenewal
renewalofofprior
priorreceivables
receivables
••Analyzing
Analyzingadequacy
adequacyofofallowances
allowancesfor fordiscounts,
discounts,returns,
returns,and
andother
othercredits
credits
(2)
(2)Authenticity
Authenticityof ofReceivables
Receivables
Review
Review credit policy forchanges
credit policy for changes
Review
Review return policies forchanges
return policies for changes
Review
Review any contingencies onreceivables
any contingencies on receivables
Investment Securities
Analyzing Investment Securities
At
Atleast
leastthree
threemain
mainobjectives:
objectives:
(1)
(1) totoseparate
separateoperating
operatingfrom
frominvesting
investing(and
(and financing)
financing)performance
performance
(2)
(2) totoevaluate
evaluateinvestment
investmentperformance
performanceandand risk
risk
(3)
(3) totoanalyze
analyzeaccounting
accountingdistortions
distortionsdue
dueto
to accounting
accountingrules
rulesand
and
/or earnings management
/or earnings management
involving
involvinginvestment
investment
securities
securities
Investment Securities
Analyzing Accounting Distortions from Investment Securities
Potential
Potentialaccounting
accountingdistortions
distortionsan
ananalyst
analystmust
mustbe
bealert
alertto:
to:
•• Classification
Classification based
based on
on intent
intent
•• Opportunities
Opportunities for
for gains
gains trading
trading
•• Liabilities
Liabilities recognized
recognized at
at cost
cost
•• Inconsistent
Inconsistent definition
definition of
of equity
equity
securities
securities
Auditors
Derivative Securities
Analysis of Derivatives
Identify
IdentifyObjectives
Objectivesfor forUsing
UsingDerivatives—risk
Derivatives—riskassociated
associatedwithwithderivatives
derivativesisismuch
much
higher for speculation than for hedging; many companies implicitly speculate
higher for speculation than for hedging; many companies implicitly speculate with derivatives with derivatives
Risk
RiskExposure
Exposureand andEffectiveness
Effectivenessof ofHedging
HedgingStrategies—evaluate
Strategies—evaluatethe the
underlying
underlyingrisks,
risks,the
therisk
riskmanagement
managementstrategy,
strategy,the
theactivities
activitiestotohedge
hedgeits itsrisks,
risks,and
andthe
the
effectiveness of hedging operations; also consider counterparty
effectiveness of hedging operations; also consider counterparty risk risk
Transaction
TransactionSpecific Specificversus
versusCompanywide
CompanywideRisk RiskExposure—evaluate
Exposure—evaluate
companywide
companywideeffectseffectsofofderivatives;
derivatives;hedging
hedgingspecific
specificrisk
riskexposures
exposurestototransactions,
transactions,
commitments,
commitments, assets, and/or liabilities does not necessarily ensure hedgingofofcompanywide
assets, and/or liabilities does not necessarily ensure hedging companywide
risk
risk
Inclusion
Inclusionin inOperating
Operatingor orNonoperating
NonoperatingIncome—toIncome—tothe the
extent
extentderivatives
derivativesare
arehedges,
hedges,thenthenunrealized
unrealizedandandrealized
realized
gains
gains and losses should be excluded from operatingincome
and losses should be excluded from operating income
and
and their fair values should be excluded from operatingassets
their fair values should be excluded from operating assets
Plant Assets & Natural Resources
Analyzing Depreciation and Depletion
Revenue
Revenueisisimportant
importantfor for
Company
Companyvaluation
valuation
Accounting-based
Accounting-basedcontractual
contractualagreements
agreements
Management
Managementpressurepressureto toachieve
achieveincome
incomeexpectations
expectations
Management
Managementcompensation
compensationlinked linkedtotoincome
income
Valuation
Valuationof ofstock
stockoptions
options
Analysis
Analysismust
mustassess
assesswhether
whetherrevenue
revenuereflects
reflectsbusiness
businessreality
reality
Assess
Assessriskriskofoftransactions
transactions
Assess
Assessriskriskofofcollectibility
collectibility
Circumstances
Circumstancesfueling
fuelingquestions
questionsaboutaboutrevenue
revenuerecognition
recognitioninclude
include
Sale
Sale ofof assets
assets or or operations
operations not not producing
producing cash
cash flows
flows toto fund
fund interest
interest or
or
dividends
dividends
Lack
Lackofofequity
equitycapital
capital
Existence
Existenceofofcontingent
contingentliabilities
liabilities
Kesimpulan analisis aktivitas operasi
╸ Jika pendapatan dicatat terlalu
tinggi, maka harus mewaspadai
laba yang lebih tinggi dari
seharusnya
╸ Jika biaya dicatat terlalu rendah,
maka harus mewaspadai laba
yang lebih tinggi dari seharusnya
╸ Biaya yang terlalu rendah
menyebabkan aktiva yang terlalu
tinggi