RADIKALISME

Teori dan Upaya Pencegahannya

Radikalisme berasal dari bahasa Latin radix yang
berarti akar. Maksudnya yakni berpikir secara
mendalam terhadap sesuatu sampai ke akar-
akarnya. Di dalam Cambridge Advanced Learners
Dictionary; Radical is believing or expressing the
belief that there should be great or extreme social or
political change. Radikal adalah percaya atau
mengekspresikan keyakinan bahwa harus ada
perubahan sosial atau politik yang besar atau
secara ekstrim.
1. Any position that goes to the heart of an idea or
issue. A radical criticism is one that strikes at the
most fundamental aspect of its target; a radical
theory is one that challenges the fundamental
assumptions and implications of rival theories.
2. A political or social position that calls for
extreme or fundamental change to remedy a
perceived problem. Compare reformism.
(Kamus APA)
 A Definition of Radicalism
Radicalism involves either:

Acceptance or espousal of beliefs, ideas, &

attitudes that contradict or fall outside of range
of acceptable or mainstream views within their
own societies
Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Depdiknas,
2002), radikalisme diartikan sebagai paham atau
aliran yang menginginkan perubahan atau
pembaharuan sosial dan politik dengan cara
kekerasan atau drastis. Radikalisme juga memiliki
penilaian berbeda terhadap situasi politik yaitu
membenarkan bahkan membutuhkan tindak
kekerasan menyangkut politik (political violence)
sebagai satu-satunya jalan untuk mengubah kondisi
politik (Moskalenko dan McCauley, 2009).
 Radikalisme menurut Cross (2013)
yaitu sebagai:
1) Istilah dalam lingkup gerakan sosial maupun politik yang berarti sebuah
proses, praktik, atau serangkaian keyakinan dari keadaan non-radikal
menjadi radikal. Praktik radikalisme sering diasosiasikan dengan
sejumlah taktik dan strategi yang berada di luar lingkup aksi protes
politis maupun religius yang dapat diterima, bahkan menjurus ilegal.
2)Radikalisme merepresentasikan sisi ekstrim dari (kurva) distribusi aksi
politik yang dapat diterima dan radikalisme dapat melibatkan aksi
kekerasan atas dasar keyakinan, bukan personal.
3)Radikalisme dapat merujuk pada keyakinan tentang cara terbaik untuk
meraih tujuan gerakan. Keyakinan radikal mengembangkan perasaan
bahwa cara yang diterima (oleh masyarakat) untuk mengubah keadaan
tidaklah cukup dan langkah-langkah luar biasa harus ditempuh.
Menurut Ermaya (2004:1) radikalisme adalah paham atau aliran
radikal dalam kehidupan politik. Radikalisme merupakan
perubahan secara mendasar dan prinsip. Secara umum dan
dalam ilmu politik, radikalisme berarti suatu konsep atau
semangat yang berupaya mengadakan perubahan kehidupan
politik secara menyeluruh, dan mendasar tanpa
memperhitungkan adanya peraturan-peraturan/ketentuan-
ketentuan konstitusional, politis, dan sosial yang sedang
berlaku. ada juga yg menyatakan bahwa radikalisme adalah
suatu paham liberalisme yang sangat maju (far advanced
liberalism) dan ada pula yang menginterpretasikan radikalisme
sama dengan ekstremisme/fundamentalisme.
McCauley and Moskalenko make a somewhat clearer
distinction of “radicalism” vis-à-vis “activism” where
the former would indicate willingness to engage in
illegal actions and the latter seeking social or political
change through legal activities. (McCauley and
Moskalenko, Measuring Political Mobilization: The
Distinction Between Activism and Radicalism 240)
Daniela Pisiou argues forcefully for retaining the term
radicalism with two of its historic characteristics – going
to the roots and sweeping change thus presenting the
following definition of the phenomenon: “political
ideology, with the objective of inducing sweeping
change based on fundamental or ‘root’ principles.”
(Pisiou 23) This definition emphasizes the
“fundamentalist” aspect of the phenomenon, a wish for
a “sweeping change,” but does not focus on the
potential for violence in particular or illegal action in
general.
Extremism is the third term often used in
connection to radicalization. According to Alex
Schmid, “extremists strive to create a
homogeneous society based on rigid,
dogmatic ideological tenets; they seek to
make society conformist by suppressing all
opposition and subjugating minorities”
(Schmid 2013:9).
Menurut Merriam-Webster Dictionary, ekstremisme secara
harfiah artinya “kualitas atau keadaan yang menjadi ekstrem”
atau “advokasi ukuran atau pandangan ekstrim”. Saat ini, istilah
tersebut banyak dipakai dalam esensi politik atau agama, yang
merujuk kepada ideologi yang dianggap (oleh yang
menggunakan istilah ini atau beberapa orang yang mematuhi
konsensus sosial) berada jauh di luar sikap masyarakat pada
umumnya. Namun, ekstremisme juga dipakai dalam diskursus
ekonomi.
 Radikalisme
ajaran atau paham yang bertentangan dengan
Pancasila’ antara lain ajaran ateisme,
komunisme/marxisme-leninisme, atau paham
lain yang bertujuan mengganti/mengubah
Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara
Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
(Perpu Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-undang
Nomor 17 Tahun 2013 Tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan)
Sociological Perspective &
Theorists
A Breakdown of Functionalism,
Conflict Theory and Symbolic
Interactionism
 Comparing the Theoretical
Perspectives
Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic
Interactionlism

Level of Macro Macro Micro

Analysis

Core •What keeps society

functioning smoothly?
•How are wealth and
power distributed in
•How do people co-
create the society?
Questions •What are the parts of society? •How does social
society & how do they •How do people with interaction influence,
relate? wealth and power create, and sustain
•What are the intended keep them? human relationships?
and unintended •Are there groups •Do people change
outcomes of an event? that get ahead and behavior from on
why? setting to another? If
•How are society’s so why?
resources and
opportunities
divided?
 Functionalism

Theoretical Paradigm #1
Components & Theorists
 Functionalism
• Functionalism views society as a system of
interrelated parts
• It is a macro (large scale) orientation
because it studies how social structures
affect how a society works
 Functionalist Theorists
• Auguste Comte
• Herbert Spencer
• Emile Durkheim
• Talcott Parsons
• Robert Merton
 What is Functionalism?
• According to functionalists, society is
relatively stable, which means that things
occur in society for a specific function and
those functions help maintain stability.
– Social institutions such as the family, economy,
educational system, and political system are
critical for society to function properly.
• Functionalism suggests that a society’s
values and norms provide the foundation
for the rules and laws that it creates.
• These norms regulate the relationships
between social institutions.
 Merton’s Functions
• One of Merton’s greatest contributions to
functionalism was the understanding that
social realities have both intended and
unintended functions.
– Social factors that affect people in society.
 Manifest & Latent
• Merton identified two types of functions:
– Manifest functions are factors that lead to an
excepted consequence or outcome.
– Latent functions are factors that lead to an
unforeseen or unexpected consequence.
• Merton suggested that when looking at any
social event, sociologists should ask the
question, “For whom is this functional?”
– By doing this, we’ll do a complete analysis
because we’ll consider both manifest and latent
functions
Conflict Theorists

Theoretical Paradigm #2
Components & Theorists
 Conflict Theorists
• Karl Marx
• Harriet Martineau
• W.E.B.du Bois
• Jane Addams
• John Bellamy Foster
 Conflict Theorist’s Worldview
• Conflict theory is a theoretical framework
that views society in a struggle for scarce
resources.
• Studies issues such as race, gender, social
class, criminal justice, and international
relations.
• Two main concerns for conflict theorists are
economic wealth and power.
• In general, the essence of conflict theory
suggests that a pyramid structure of power
an wealth exists in society.
• The elite at the top of the pyramid
determine the rules for those below.
• The study of inequality in sociology always
involves a consideration of conflict theory.
• Therefore, the paradigm applies to social
class, race, gender, marriage, religion,
population, environment, and a host of
other social phenomena.
• If you believe that discrimination, ageism,
sexism, racism, and classism occur in society
because some people have the power to
promote their desires over others’; then you
think like a conflict theorist.
 Karl Marx
• Marx suggested that in a capitalist system,
the bourgeoisie or members of the capitalist
class, own most of the wealth because they
control the businesses.
• Marx called the workers in a capitalist
system the proletariat, the poor working
class of society.
• The proletariat do all the work and the
owners reap all the benefits.
• According to Marx, workers will never get
ahead if they do not share in the wealth they
create.
 Why don’t workers change their
fate?
• Marx suggests that it was because people
had a false consciousness, or a lack of
understanding of their position in society.
• Marx proposed that the workers must
develop class consciousness, or an
understanding of one’s position in the
system.
• He suggested most workers do not truly
understand how capitalism enslaves them.
 Absolute Power Corrupts,
Absolutely!
• Marx believed that once workers recognized
their positions, they would unite to end the
tyranny and oppression.
• He proposed an overthrow of the private
ownership of business, and instead
suggested socialism.
• Marx felt that economic power should be in
the hands of the people because wealth
corrupts human nature.
 W.E.B. du Bois
• Du Bois was particularly interested in issues
of racial inequality in the United States.
• His book, The Philadelphia Negro, du Bois
showed that poverty among African
Americans in the United States was primarily
the result of prejudice and discrimination.
• Implying that slavery and capitalism led to
African Americans’ problems, du Bois
pointed out that history was influential over
the present.
• He also noted that African Americans of his
time had to live in two worlds, a white one
and a black one.
• Du Bois was the first and perhaps most influential
sociologist to study race in the US.
• He was a social activist, and became more
interested in working to improve life on the African
continent and less interested in live in the United
States.
• Du Bois eventually came to believe that African
Americans would never be equal to whites.
Symbolic Interactionism

Theoretical Paradigm #3
Components & Theorists
 Symbolic Interactionists
• George Herbert Mead
• Herbert Blumer
• Erving Goffman
• Howard Becker
 Symbolic Interactionism
• Symbolic Interactionism focuses on how
communication influences the way people’s
interactions with each other create the
social world in which we live.
• Symbolic Interactionists believe that the
root of society comes from its symbols.
• They suggest that the symbols we use are
arbitrary, meaning that they vary from
culture to culture.
• Our definition of what has value depends on
our understanding of it.
• Context and setting affects our
understanding of a social event.
• Social order results when the members of
society share common definitions of what is
appropriate.
• Disputes arise when we do not share the
same definitions.
• Symbolic interactionism is the most micro of
sociological approaches, as it often studies
the activities of individuals and then draws
connections to larger society from these.
• Studies of relationships, race, deviance, and
even social movements can all use a
symbolic interactionist approach.
• Interactionists argue that individuals have
the power to co-create the world, to make it
what they want it to be.
• People develop standards and norms
through a process of interacting with others.
• Symbolic Interactionism is a distinctly
American way of looking at the world.
 George Herbert Mead
• Symbolic Interactionism is the brainchild of
George Herbert Mead.
• In Mind, Self and Society, Mead suggests that
the root of society is the symbols that teach
us to understand the world.
• We then use these symbols to develop a
sense of self, or identity.
• It is this identity that we then take into the
world and interact with other identities to
create society.
• Thus, building blocks of society start with
our minds, where we interpret symbols.
• Mead suggests that we do this through
micro interactions we have every day.
• Mead argues that all these various symbols
enter our minds, where their meaning is
interpreted and we are told how to react.
• Mead suggests that this process is never-
ending, therefore, we have a fluid sense of
who we are.
• Our selves can change, and they do change
based on how we interpret the symbols
thrown our way.
• In this way, your self develops.
• Self is your identity, it’s what makes you
who you are and separates you from others.
 Self Evaluation
• According to Mead, you couldn’t have a self
without symbols or without someone to
pass those symbols to you.
• In other words, you learn who you are
through others.
• Mead proposed that symbols build society.
• Symbols have meanings and meaning directs
our lives.
• The symbols a society uses help us
understand the people in that society.
• Symbols help us define a situation and
determine what we should do about it.
 Herbert Blumer
• Established three basic premises that define the
symbolic interactionist perspective:
1. Human beings behave toward things on the
basis of the meanings they ascribe to those
things.
2. The meaning of such things is derived from, or
arises out of the social interaction that one has
with others and society.
3. These meanings are handled in and modified
through an interpretive process used by the
person in dealing with the things he or she
encounters.
 Erving Goffman
• Goffman developed a theory called
dramaturgy, a theory of interaction in which
all life is like acting.
• Goffman uses this theory to compare daily
social interactions to the gestures of actors
on a stage.
• People are constantly “acting” in order to
convince people of the character they wish
to portray to the outside world.
• Not to say that people are faking it, but
rather that people are concerned about
what the rest of the world will think of them
and they adjust their social interactions
accordingly.
 Howard Becker
• Becker suggests that human action is related
to the labels attached to it.
• In his book, Outsiders: Studies in the
Sociology of Deviance, Becker suggests that a
label is attached to a certain behavior when
a group with powerful social status labels it
deviant.
• He suggests that deviance is rooted in the
reactions and responses of others to an
individuals acts.
• Becker would suggest that the label we
ascribe to people has a major influence on
their behavior.
 Penanggulangan Radikalisme
• Penegakan Hukum
• Memperbaiki institusi yang lemah,
memperkuat sosialisasi, menanamkan
pendidikan karakter sejak dini
• Meminimalisir persaingan, menciptakan
sistem distribusi sumber daya yang
berkeadilan
• Mengurangi dampak labeling dan stigamasi.
 Peraturan ttg Radikalisme
1. UU No 15 Tahun 2oo3 Tentang Perpu No 1
Tahun 2oo2 Tentang Pemberantasan Tindak
Pidana Terorisme.
2. Perpu Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 Tentang
Perubahan Atas Undang-undang Nomor 17
Tahun 2013 Tentang Organisasi
Kemasyarakatan