Manfaat Jahe Untuk Kesehatan

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HEALTHY LIFESTYLE - HEALTHY LIFESTYLE - HEALTHY
Manfaat
LIFESTYLE - HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

apotik hidup
jahe untuk

kesehatan
Sofyan Reza Yahya
22/501868/PSA/20234
A
F Latar belakang
Jahe memiliki nama latin Zingiber officinale merupakan tanaman yang tidak sulit ditemui di sekitar kita, terutama di
Indonesia. Jahe dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai a cooking spice, condiment and herbal remedy (Kashani and Moghaddasi, 2011).
PREPARE DISHES WITH VEGETABLES AND VEGETABLES

Sebagai bumbu masakan, jahe mudah ditemui dan digunakan sebagai bumbu masakan di sekitar kita. tanaman untuk ditanam,
karena bentuk tanamannya umbi-umbian, sehingga mudah ditanam. Bahkan dengan memanfaatkan lahan kecil disamping
rumah, jahe sudah bisa ditanam. Atau apabila memiliki lahan lebih luas dapat ditanam untuk keperluan bisnis. Bentuknya pun
tidak memakan tempat apabila tumbuh subur memiliki tinggi tidak sampai 1 meter dengan daun hijau tipis-tipis memanjang.
Jahe sebagai bumbu masak dapat dijadikan tambahan di masakan seperti sop, daging pangang, dll. Selain itu sebagai
bumbu atau rempah-rempah, jahe termasuk salahsatu jenis rempah-rempah yang mudah ditemui seperti sereh, laos, cengkeh,
kunir, pala, kemiri, dll. Jahe juga termasuk golongan apotik hidup atau tanaman obat. Apotik hidup ini termasuk dalam
beberapa jenis tanaman herbal seperti jahe, kunyit, kencur, kunir, lidah buaya dll. Jahe termasuk tanaman yang banyak
manfaatnya, selain untuk bumbu masak, rempah-rempah dan untuk tanaman obat.
Zingiber officinale commonly known as ginger is one of the most commonly used spice worldwide with medicinal value
(Haniadka and Jakribettu, 2016). Mengapa dalam artikel ini saya tulis mengenai apotik hidup ? karena jahe saya lihat disini
merupakan tanaman yang mudah ditemui di Indonesia, berasal dari pengalaman pribadi melihat bahwa Jahe tumbuh ditanam di
lahan sempit samping rumah, atau polybag kecil baik di samping rumah atau di green house samping rumah. Sebenarnya untuk
apa mereka menanam Jahe ? apa manfaat Jahe untuk kesehatan ? lalu bagaimana mereka memanfaatkanya. Jahe disini memiliki
manfaat kesehatan yang besar. Bahkan jahe merupakan satu dari banyak bumbu di belahan dunia dengan nilai kesehatan.
Dalam artikel ini akan memaparkan manfaat jahe untuk kesehatan bagaimana Jahe dapat bermanfaat bagi kesehatan di di dunia.
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Deskripsi botanis

Ginger is a species included in the Zingiberaceae family. This family covers up to 24 genus and
around 300 species. The genus Zingiber has about 20 species as well.
Jahe termasuk jenis family rizhoma, family ini hampir 24 genus dan 300 spesies. Termasuk Zingiber
family contohnya jahe, kencur, kunyit, laos, kecombrang dll.
Family is Zingiber. The plant is an aromatic herb and its taxonomic position is as follows ( Gupta and
Sharma, 2014 )
Ursell (2000) and Oludoyin and Adegoke (2014) reported that ginger is a perennial plant with
narrow, bright green, grass-like leaves, and it is cultivated in the tropics for its edible rhizomes and
has been found to be useful for both culinary and medicinal purposes ( Shahrajabian, Wenli Sun & Qi
Cheng, 2019 )
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Gambar. 1. Zingiber family
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•Ginger plant possesses perennial tuberous or rhizomatous roots. The plant generates an upright, annual stalk (pseudo-

stem), 60 to 90 cm tall, with dark green leaves. Its stalks are covered with flat sheaths that may be taken off stalk; 8 - 12
distiches leaves are present on the stem. The leaves are with long blades, or flat and stalk less blades; are alternative
(alternate), lance late, linear lance late, specula, 10 to 21 cm tall and 2 to 2.5 cm wide.
Gambar. 2. Jahe secara fisik
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The glomerule singly rises from the stem on a small stalk. Ground clearance of the glomerule is 12 to 30 cm; it is shaped as a
head surrounded by blades. The last blade is separated incrementally. The glomerule is more or less thumb-sized. The
flowers are tiny and pale yellow in color. The anthers are double, coronate long, thin arenaceous channeled and horn-
shaped. The ovary is oval and three-celled, each of which contains lots of eggs as well as filament-shaped, stigma funnel-
shaped, peripheral hairy anthers with horn-shaped anthers right under the apex. The plant is widely cultivated all over India,
Bangladesh, Taiwan, Jamaica and Nigeria. This perennial grows in warm climates (Schauenberg and Paris, 1977).
MAINTAIN A HEALTHY EATING LIFESTYLE -
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Gambar. 3. Zingiber family
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Jenis-jenis jahe
OUR GOALS - OUR GOALS - OUR GOALS - OUR GOALS - OUR GOALS
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 Red Ginger Gambar. 4 Red Ginger

Red Ginger (Z. officinale var. Rubra) is a variance of the Z. Officinale species
cultivated in Indonesia and Malaysia. Moreover, having gingerols and
shogaols, it is loaded with anthocyanin and tannin in its root bark.
Traditionally, it is used in species, syrup and as a remedy for rheumatism,
osteoporosis, asthma and cough. ( Shahrajabian et al,2019 )
Banyak ditemukan di Indonesia dan Malaysia. Digunakan untuk
- OUR GOALS
- OUR GOALS
membuat minuman
Gambar. 5 White Ginger
• Black ginger
Black ginger, the rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora (Zingiberaceae), has
traditionally been used as food and a folk medicine for one thousand year in
Asian Traditional Medicine especially in Thailand (Toda et al. Citation2016)
( Shahrajabian et al,2019 )
Digunakan untuk makanan pengobatan tradisional di pengobatan
tradisional Asia, khususnya Thailand, namun umumnya banyak ditemukan
Jahe kunig atau jahe putih
OUR GOALS - OUR GOALS - OUR GOALS - OUR

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Manfaat Jahe untuk

kesehatan

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 Relieves nausea ( Meredakan mual )
Oludoyin and Adegoke (2014) stated that the active hypoglycaemic component of ginger was
WHAT SETS US APART? - WHAT SETS US APART? - WHAT SETS US

notaffected by heat, hence, the consumption of ginger inraw and cooked forms in different cuisines
maybe aneffective regimen in the management of diabetes. Simi-larly, the medicinal uses of ginger are
enormous such asexert anti-microbial, anti nausea (Portnoi et al.2003)
Some other researchers emphasised that ginger plays an important role in Ayurvedic, Chinese, Arabic
and African traditional medicines used to treat headaches, nausea, colds, arthritis, rheumatism,
muscular discomfort and inflammation (Baliga et al. 2011; Dehghani et al. 2011)
Dengan kandungan jahe tersebut dapat menjadi anti mikroba dan anti mual.
APART?
APART?
 Treats cold and flu ( mengobati pilek dan flu )

Mishra et al. (2012) also revealed that ginger in Traditional Chinese Medicine, characterised as spicy
and hot, and it is claimed to warm the body and treat cold extremities, improves a weak and tardy
pulse, address a pale complexion, and strengthen the body after blood loss. In Traditional Chinese
Medicine as herbal therapy against several cardiovascular diseases (Wynn et al. 2001).
Dengan karakternya yang pedas dan panas, Jahe dapat menghangatkan tubuh, mengobati
kedinginan yang ekstrim, memperbaiki denyut nadi yang lemah dan lambat, mengatasi kulit pucat,
menguatkan tubuh setelah kehilangan darah.
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 Removes excess gas ( Menghilangkan kelebiha gas/ pencernaan )
Niksokhan et al. (2014) reported that ginger has been used in Traditional Medicine of Iran as an anti-

edema drug and is used for the treatment of various diseases including nausea, gastrointestinal
disorders, respiratory disorders, athero-sclerosis, migraine, depression, gastric ulcer, cholesterol; and
other benefits of giner are reducing pain, rheumatoid arthritis, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant
effects
Dalam pengobatan tradisional Iran sebagai obat anti-edema dan digunakan untuk pengobatan
berbagai penyakit antara lain mual, gangguan pencernaan, gangguan pernapasan, aterosklerosis,
migrain, depresi, tukak lambung, kolesterol ; dan manfaat jahe lainnya adalah mengurangi rasa sakit,
APART?
APART?
rheumatoid arthritis, antiinflamasi, dan efek antioksidan

 Aids in proper digestion ( membantu pencernaan yang tepat )
Surh et al. (1998), and Manju and Nalini (2010) mentioned that ginger is one of the most widely used
spices in India and has been utilised frequently in traditional oriental medicine for common cold,
digestive disorders and rheumatism.
Jahe merupakan bumbu yang paling banyak digunakan di India dan sering digunakan dalam
pengobatan tradisional oriental obat flu biasa, gangguan pencernaan dan reumatik.

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 Reduces arthritis pain ( mengurangi nyeri radang sendi )
Schwertner and Rios (2007) reported that the main components of ginger are 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-

gingerol, and 10-gingerol and these constituents have previously been shown to exhibit strong
antioxidant activity. 6-gingerol was reported as the most abundant bioactive compound in ginger with
various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic
properties (Kundu and Surh 2009; Dugasani et al. 2010).
Schwertner dan Rios (2007) melaporkan komponen utama jahe adalah 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-
gingerol, dan 10-gingerol dan konstituen ini sebelumnya telah terbukti menunjukkan aktivitas
antioksidan yang kuat. 6-gingerol dilaporkan sebagai senyawa bioaktif yang paling melimpah dalam
APART?
APART?
jahe dengan berbagai efek farmakologis termasuk antioksidan, analgesik, anti-inflamasi dan sifat
antipiretik (Kundu dan Surh 2009; Dugasani et al. 2010).
• Stomach ulcers ( sakit maag )
Zaman et al. (2014) mentioned that ginger root extract significantly inhibited the gastric damage and
ginger root showed significant anti-ulcerogenic activity in the model studied, it can be a promising
gastro-protective agent.
Ekstrak jahe secra signifikan menghambat kerusakan lambung dan akar jahe menunjukkan
aktivitas anti urserulgenik yang signifikan.

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 Liver protection ( perlindungan organ hati )
Sinagra et al. (2017) reported that ginger is an effective non-pharmacological option for treating

hyperemesis gravidarum with respect to the inherent heterogeneity of the available studies.
Gholampour et al. (2017) found that ginger extract appears to exert protective effects against ferrous
sulphateinduced hepatic and renal toxicity by reducing lipid peroxidation and chelating iron
ekstrak jahe tampaknya memberikan efek perlindungan terhadap toksisitas hati dan ginjal yang
diinduksi sulfat besi dengan mengurangi peroksidasi lipid dan pengkelat besi
Ekstrak Jahe memberikan perlindungan terhadap toksisitas hati dan ginjal yang diinduksi sulfat
besi dengan mengurangi peroksidasi lipid dan pengkelat hati
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 Relives asthma ( meredakan asma )

Mahassni and Bukhari (2019) found that the extract of ginger rhizome have different effects on cells
and antibodies of the immune system in smokers and nonsmokers, although both benefited from
enhancement of the thyroid gland. In their research, it has been found that ginger maybe beneficial for
smokers with anaemia, while for non-smokers, it may lead to a stronger antibody response or humoral
immunity against infections.
Jahe memiliki efek yang berbeda pada sel dan antibody sistem kekebalan tubuh pada perokok
dan bukan perokok, meskipun keduanya mendapat manfaat dari peningkatan dari kelenjar tiroid.
Kemungkinan secara tidak langsung menguatkan paru-paru.

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 Prevents obesity ( mencegah obesitas )
Mahmoud and Elnour (2013) discovered that ginger has a great ability to reduce body weight without

inhibiting pancreatic lipase level, or affecting bilirubin concentration, with positive effect on increasing
peroxisomal catalase level and HDL-cholesterol
Dapat menurunkan berat badan tanpa menghambat tingkat lipase pancreas atau mempengaruhi
bilirubin dengan efek positif peningkatan peroximal tingkat katalase HDL Cholestrol
 Improves cognition ( meningkatkan kognisi / kecerdasan )
Jittiwat and Wattanathorn (2012) demonstrated that ginger pharmacopuncture at GV20 can improve
memory impairment following cerebal ischemia more rapidly than acupuncture, and one probable
APART?
APART?
mechanism underlying this effect is improved oxidative stress

Jahe pharmacopuncture di GV20 dapat meningkatkan daya ingat juga menurunnya iksemia
cerebal lebih cepat, yang disebabkan mungkinnya efek peningkatan stress oksidatif
• Prevents cancer ( mencegah kanker )
Ginger con-sists of a complex combination of biologically active con-stituents, of which compounds
gingerols, shogoals andparadols reportedly account for the majority of its anti-cancer inflammatory
properties (Tjendraputra et al.2001)
Maghbooli et al. (2014) confirmed the efficiency of ginger powder in the therapy of common migraine
attacks and its similarity to the antiepileptic drug. Many studies have reported that Ginger has useful
effects to cancer prevention (Lee et al. 2008),
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 Relieves muscle pain ( meredakan nyeri otot)
Gingerol and shogaol in particular, is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties

(Kim et al. 2005)

Gingerol dan shogaol khususnya, dikenal memiliki anti-oksidan dan sifat anti-inflamasi (Kim et al.
2005)
 Prevents menstrual cramps ( mencegah kram menstruasi )
Khaki et al. (2012) reported that ginger has a protective effect against DNA damage induced by H2O2
and maybe promising in enhancing healthy sperm parameters. In Iran, traditionally ginger rhizome
was used for enhancing male sexuality, regulating female menstrual cycle, and also reducing painful
APART?
APART?
menstrual periods (Hafez 2010).

Jahe memiliki efek perlindungan terhadap kerusakan DNA yang diinduksi oleh H2O2 dan
mengatur siklus menstruasi wanita, dan juga mengurangi nyeri haid periode (Hafez 2010).
 Controls diabetes ( mengontrol diabetes )
Oludoyin and Adegoke (2014) stated that the active hypoglycaemic component of ginger was not
affected by heat, hence, the consumption of ginger in raw and cooked forms in different cuisines
maybe an effective regimen in the management of diabetes.
Komponen hipoglikemik tidak terkena panas, konsumsi dalam bentuk mentah atau matang
merupakan rejimen yang efektif dalam pengelolaan diabetes.

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 Boosts heart health ( meningkatkan kesehatan jantung )
Akinyemi et al. (2016) described that dietary supplementation with both types of rhizomes, namely

ginger and turmeric, inhibited arginase activity and prevented hypercholesterolaemia in rats that
received a high-cholesterol diet. In conclusion, these activities of ginger represent possible mechanisms
underlying its use in herbal medicine to treat several cardiovascular diseases.
Jahe memungkinkan kesehatan herbal untuk pengobatan penyakit kardiovaskular.
 Prevents infection ( mencegah infeksi )
Islam et al. (2014) boiled ginger extracts can be used in food preparation as well as against pathogenic
bacteria during active infection. Viljoen et al. (2014) suggested potential benefits of ginger in reducing
APART?
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nausea symptoms in pregnancy. They have found that ginger could be considered a harmless and
possibly effective alternative option for women suffering from nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
(NVP).
Ekstrak Jahe rebus dapat digunakan sebagai persiapan melawan bakteri pathogen selama
terkena infeksi, juga mengurangi rasa mual selama kehamilan.

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 Detoxifies the body
In folk medicine, turmeric has been used in lowering blood pressure and as tonic and blood purifier

Atashak et al. (2014) mentioned that 10 weeks of either ginger supplementation or progressive
resistance training (PRT) protects against oxidative stress and therefore both of these interventions can
be beneficial for obese individuals
Dalam pengobatan tradisional, kunyit telah digunakan untuk menurunkan tekanan darah dan
sebagai tonik dan pembersih darah. Suplementasi jahe selama 20 minggu atau pelatihan resistensi
progresif (pRt) dapat melindungi dari stress oksidatif yang juga bermanfaat untuk obesitas.
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APART?

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• Skin care
Malhotra and Singh (2003) also mentioned the effect of ginger on lowering cholesterol, and anti-

hyperlipidemic agent, the role of ginger in the treatment of nausea and vomiting (anti-emetic), ginger
possesses anti-skin tumour promoting effects, and that the mechanism of such effects may involve
inhibition of tumour promoter-caused cellular, biochemical, and molecular changes (Chemo-
protective), anti-viral activity, anti-motion and anti-nauseant effects, anti-inflammatory, diminishing or
eliminating the symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum, ginger influence on exert abortive and
prophylactic effects in migraine headache without any side effects and anti-ulcerogenic, Ginger and its
constituent play pharmacological effects in cancer management via modulation of molecular
APART?
APART?
mechanism, and the mechanism consist of Inhibition of VEGF, Activation of Bax, Inhibition of
Lypoxygenase, Activation o P53, Inhibition of Interlukin, Inhibition of Bcl2 & Survivin, Inhibition of
Cycloxygenase, Inhibition of IFN-γ, Suppression of TNF & NF-kB and Activation of G0/G1 phase
(Rahmani et al. 2014).
Jahe memiliki efek mengurangi tumor anti kulit dan itu nekanisme efek tersebut melibatkan
penghambatan dari tumor pengurangan disebabkan seluler biokimia dan perubahan molekuler (kemo-
protektif)

C • Treats diarrhoeaIncreases sexual activity ( mengobati diare dan neningkatkan aktivitas seksual )
Khaki et al. (2012) reported that ginger has a protective effect against DNA damage induced by H2O2 and maybe
promising in enhancing healthy sperm parameters. In Iran, traditionally ginger rhizome was used for enhancing

male sexuality, regulating female menstrual cycle, and also reducing painful menstrual periods (Hafez 2010).
Jahe memiliki efek perlindungan terhadap kerusakan DNA yang diinduksi oleh H2O2 dan mungkin
menjanjikan dalam meningkatkan kesehatan parameter sperma. Di Iran, secara tradisional rimpang temulawak
digunakan untuk meningkatkan seksualitas pria
• Improves brain function ( meningkatkan fungsi otak)
Jittiwat and Wattanathorn (2012) demonstrated that ginger pharmacopuncture at GV20 can improve memory
APART?
APART?
impairment following cerebal ischemia more rapidly than acupuncture, and one probable mechanism underlying
this effect is improved oxidative stress
Jahe pharmacopuncture di GV20 dapat meningkatkan daya ingat
• Regulates blood sugar ( mengatur gula darah )
Daily et al. (2015) claimed that ginger root supplementation significantly lowers blood glucose and HbA1c levels,
and when combined with dietary and lifestyle interventions, it maybe an effective intervention for managing
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Jahe secara signifikan menurunkan kadar glukosa dan HBA1c bila dkombinasikan dengan diet dan gaya
hidup mungkin efektif untuk mengelola diabaetes militus tipe 2

Penggunaan Jahe untuk kesehatan B
• Ginger tea ( Teh Jahe )
In order to prepare ginger tea, a 2.5 cm tall fresh
gingerroot is sliced or used in powdered form. Next, half
a dessertspoon of ginger refined using a grinder is added
to a full glass of cold water, heated up to the boiling
degree in a mild temperature, then boiled in a mild
temperature for 5 to 6 min and drained. If necessary,
acup of freshly brewed tea is sweetened by squeezing
juice of half a lemon and adding honey; and drinks it
before it cools down. There is no inconvenience in
drinking 1 or 2 cups of freshly brewed tea a day. The tea
is preferred especially in complaints related to digestive
system. ( Mohammad Sharrif and Kashani, 2012 )
Dengan cara menggunakan akar Jahe yang direbus
dalam 5 – 6 menit. Jika perlu rebusan the ditambah
Gambar. 6 Teh Jahe
setenah dari lemon dan ditambah madu yang diminum
ketika dingin, tidak salah jika diminum 1-2 gelas setiap
hari. Teh dapat disukai apabila terdapat masalah
pencernaan.
•
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HEALTHY FOOD, HEALTHY LIFE B
• Incture
You may prepare ginger tincture using a
proper dilution. Primary areas of use are
digestive problems, asthma and complaints
related to urinary tract. Drink it continuously
or when necessary by adding 10 to 15 drops
into half a tablespoon of lukewarm water for
2 or 3 times a day. ( Mohammad Sharrif and
Kashani, 2012 )
Tingtur jahe menggunakan

pengenceran yang tepat. Area penggunaan
utama adalah masalah pencernaan, asma
dan keluhan yang berhubungan dengan
saluran kemih. Minum terus menerus atau
bila perlu dengan menambahkan 10 sampai Gambar.7 Tingur Jahe
15 tetes ke dalam setengah sendok makan
air hangat selama 2 atau 3 kali sehari

HEALTHY FOOD, HEALTHY LIFE - HEALTHY FOOD, HEALTHY LIFE -
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• Spice
Ginger is such a spice that patients suffering
fromcstomach ulcer may use it conveniently.
Spices containingcginger with may be conveniently
added into soups, grilledcmeat with the purpose of
easing digestion, any kind ofccheese, vegetables,
fruit salad, rice pilaf, muffins orccakes. Spices with
ginger are preferred mostly due to their aphrodisiac
effect. (Mohammad Sharrif and Kashani, 2012)
Jahe adalah bumbu yang diderita pasien

tukak lambung dapat menggunakannya dengan
nyaman. Rempah-rempah yang mengandung jahe
dengan mudah ditambahkan ke dalam sup,
dipanggang daging dengan tujuan memperlancar
pencernaan, apapun jenisnya keju, sayuran, salad Gambar 8. Sop dengan Jahe
buah, nasi pilaf, muffin atau Kue

O DETOX DIET HEALTHY LIFESTYLE - DETOX DIET
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
Kesimpulan
DETOX DIET HEALTHY

Jahe merupakan tanaman yang memiliki berbagai
manfaat. Jahe dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai bumbu
dapur, rempah-rempah dan tanaman obat. Dalam
manfaatnya tersebut jahe memiliki manfaat untuk

LIFESTYLE
LIFESTYLE
kesehatan. Manfaat kesehatan tersebut dapat
dinikmati dalam bentuk teh jahe, tintur, dan bumbu
DETOX DIET HEALTHY

masakan. Sehingga jahe merupakan tanaman yang
memiliki banyak manfaat untuk kesehatan
C
D
THAN


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THANKS! - THANKS! - THANKS!
RESOURCES - RESOURCES - RESOURCES - RESOURCES -
RESOURCES - RESOURCES A
Refrensi :
DETOX DIET HEALTHY

Moghaddasi, Mohammad Sharrif and Kashani, Hamed Haddad. 2012. Ginger (Zingiber officinale): A
review : Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(26), pp. 4255-4258,11 July, 2012 Available online at
http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.787 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 Academic
Journals
Jakribettu , Ramakrishna and Haniadka ,Raghavendra .2016. Pai Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
Oils Chapter · December 2016 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00050-X
LIFESTYLE
Gupta, Subash kumar and Sharma, Anand. 2014. Medicinal properties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe - A
LIFESTYLE
Review. 21IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-
ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 9, Issue 5 Ver. V (Sep -Oct. 2014), PP 124-129 www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 124 |
Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian, Wenli Sun & Qi Cheng (2019) Clinical aspects and health benefits of
DETOX DIET HEALTHY

ginger (Zingiber officinale) in both traditional Chinese medicine and modern industry, Acta Agriculturae
Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science, 69:6, 546-556, DOI: 10.1080/09064710.2019.1606930
https://www.britannica.com/plant/ginger
https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger

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TABLE OF CONTENTS - TABLE OF CONTENTS - TABLE OF CONTENTS

DETOX DIET HEALTHY LIFESTYLE -

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 Red Ginger Gambar. 4 Red Ginger

OUR GOALS - OUR GOALS - OUR GOALS - OUR