LEARNING OUTCOMES
Real Per capita income (derived from the value of national income calculated
using fixed prices) is usually used to measure the growth of an economy.
Economic growth rate = (real per capita income at year 2 – Real per capita income at
year 1)/real per capita income at year 1) x 100
PENGIRAAN PERAKAUNAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL
1. Perbelanjaan Pendekatan
(nilai barang akhir)
2.Pendekatan Pendapatan (kos faktor)
3.Produk Pendekatan (nilai tambah)
Pendekatan Perbelanjaan (nilai akhir)
Ukuran perbelanjaan penduduk tempatan dan asing suatu negara untuk barang dan perkhidmatan akhir dalam jangka masa satu tahun.
Hitung pendapatan negara melalui jumlah perbelanjaan untuk barang akhir sahaja, untuk mengelakkan masalah pengiraan dua kali.
• Perbelanjaan oleh sektor isi rumah. Perbelanjaan ini dikenali sebagai peribadi
atauperbelanjaan penggunaan swasta. (C)
• Perbelanjaan pelaburan (I) merujuk kepada perbelanjaan oleh syarikat
(swasta) dan pemerintah (awam) untuk membeli modal untuk digunakan dalam
pengeluaran.
• Perbelanjaan oleh sektor kerajaan untuk barang dan perkhidmatan akhir.
Perbelanjaan ini dikenali sebagaiperbelanjaan kerajaan atau awam. (G)
• Eksport bersih (XM) adakah nilai timbul ketika pengeluaran eksport (X)
dikurangi perbelanjaan import (M) (eksport bersih = eksport (X) - import (M))
Eksport (X) - Import (M) =
Eksport bersih
Pengiraan Pendapatan Negara Melalui Kaedah Perbelanjaan
Items RM (million)
Household consumption expenditure (C) 2,500
Government expenditure (G) 350
Gross investment (public investment + private investment) (I) 350
Change in stocks /iventory 100
Net export 100
Exports 600
Imports (500)
GDP at market price 3,400
Indirect taxes (300)
Subsidies 150 (150)
GDP at factor price 3,250
Net factor income payments from abroad 100
Factor income received from abroad 800
Factor income paid to abroad (700)
GNP at factor price 3,350
Depreciation (50)
Net National Product at factor price / National Income 3,300
Items RM (million)
Household consumption expenditure (C) 2,500
Government expenditure (G) 350
Gross investment (public investment + private investment) (I) 350
Change in stocks /iventory 100
Net export 100
Exports 600
Imports (500)
GDP at market price 3,400
+ Net factor income payments from abroad 100
Factor income received from abroad 800
Factor income paid to abroad (700)
GNP at market price 3500
Indirect taxes (300)
Subsidies 150
GNP at factor price 3350
Depreciation (50)
Net National Product at factor price / National Income 3,300
PENDEKATAN PENDAPATAN (KOS FAKTOR)
Dengan menggunakan kaedah pendapatan, pendapatan faktor pengeluaran terdiri daripada
Items RM (million)
Wages and salaries 2000
Rent 110
Private corporate income 400
Net interest 290
Gross interest 460
Interest on consumer loans (60)
Interest on governmentr loans (110)
Companies profits 500
Dividends 120
Undistributed profit 170
Corporate income tax 210
Net National Product at factor price (NNPfc) / National Income 3,300
To calculate GDP mp from National Income: