Chromatography
Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi
1
HPLC
C
P I
FD
F C
E D A B
F C
E D
ISI LOOP
dgn semprit
suntik
Penggunaan
4
Keunggulan HPLC
• Volume suntik terkendali menghasilkan volume yang tidak berubah
menjamin presisi analisis kuantitatif.
• Pengembangan teknik HPLC paling intensif pada jenis fase diam,
detector dan software
• Variasi kolom dan detector emnyebabkan memudahkan pengaturan
selektivitas
• Dibanding GC cocok untuk senyawa yang tidak stabil terhadap
pengaruh suhu.
• Otomasi mudah
5
Keterbatasan
6
Kolom HPLC fase sungsang (Reverse)
7
Structur senyawa yang berpengaruh pada waktu tambat
(Rt) pada kolom HPLC
• Senyawa netral
– Untuk senyawa netral Rt tergantung dari perbandingan polaritas
dan hidrofobitas yang terkandung dalam senyawa tersebut. pH
eluen tidak mempengaruhi Rt
8
Hidrofobisitas
• OH
C18 (ODS)
Weak
Strong
OH
10
Menaikkan polaritas eluen
20 % 30 % 40% / H2O
1 : p-Hydoxymethylbenzoate
2 : p-Hydoxyethylbenzoate Eluen : MeOH
3 : p-Hydoxypropylbenzoate
4 : p-Hydoxybutylbenzoate 11
Pengaruh jumlah atom C pd gugus alkil
C8
Sedang
C18 (ODS)
sample
Kuat
C4
sample [emah
sample
12
Pengaruh fase diam
Analytical Conditions
ODS C8 TMS Column : Shim-pack CLC-ODS
Mobile phase : MeOH : H2O = 7 :3
Flow rate : 1.0 mL/min
Temperature : 40 C
Injection volume : 10 uL
Detection : UV-254 nm
Peaks
1. Methyl benzoate
2. Ethyl benzoate
3. n-Propyl benzoate
4. n- Butyl benzoate
13
• Senyawa yang dapat ter-ion-kan
– Laju elusi bagi senyawa yang dapat di-ion-kan bisa dikendalikan dengan cara
mengatur pH larutan dapar dari eluennya..
Untuk asam K’app = K’/(1+10pH-pKa)
untuk basa K’app = K’/(1+10pKa-pH) ►
– Jika kolom terikatnya adalah gugus alkil maka pilihlah fase gerak yang dapat
menekan ionisasi analitnya. Jika analitnya bereaksi asam pilihlah eluen yang
bereaksi asam. Sedangkan jika analtnya basa pilihlah eluen yang bereaksi basa.
R-COOH RCOO- + H+
(pKa=4.5)
R-NH2 + H+ R-NH3+
(pKa=6.0)
– Variasi pH fase gerak hanya dapat dilakukan pada rentang pH 2-8.5, karena
pada pH < 2 salut silan pada fase diam lepas dan pada pH > 8,5 silikanya
cenderung terlarut.
14
Reverse Phase
Ion-Pair Chromatography
Ion-Pair Reagent
15
Ion Paring
Important Considerations
R-COOH RCOO- + H+
(pKa=4.5)
R-NH2 + H+ R-NH3+
(pKa=6.0)
16
Type of Ion-Pair Reagents
Hexane Sulfonate Pentane Sulfonate
1 Maleic Acid
2 Phenylephrine
3 Phenylpropanolamine
4 Naphazoline
5 Phenacetin
6 Pyrilamine
17
Concentration of
Ion-Pair Reagents
18
Penyebab terjadinya puncak yang berekor
Dead Volume
20
Incorrect solvent for sample
• Better do not select a high soluble solvent as a sample
solvent.
Methanol as a sample solvent Ethanol as a sample solvent
20 uL Caffeine 20 uL Caffeine
21
Secondary retention effects
• Silanol Group
– Even modified silica gel (e.g. ODS, C8), residual
silanol group are still remained on the surface
area.
– Silanol group will strongly absorb amine
compounds, therefore tailing will be happened.
C18
OH
Silanol group
silica core C18
O- negative charge
C18 22
C18
End capping
C18 C18
OH TMS treatment O-TMS
silica core C18 silica core C18
OH TMS : trimethylsilyl group
O-TMS
C18 C18
C18 C18
[Non-End capping type] [End capping type]
23
Secondary retention effects
C18
+ O-TMS
O High pure type of
silicaMcore C18
O-TMS silica gel are available.
M+ C18 O
C18
24
HPLC system
25
Isocratic Elution System
column
Single Solvent
26
Gradient Elution System
A
column
injector detector
pump oven
B concentration
B
pump
Time
27
Isocratic Elution Mode
MeOH / H2O = 6 / 4
Long Time Analysis
Bad Separation
MeOH / H2O = 8 / 2
MeOH concentration
95%
30%
29
Calibration method
30
External Standard Calibration
Preparation of Standards
Target Compounds
31
External Standard Calibration
Calculation of Results
Y = bX + a
[Peak Area]
b : SLOPE
2500 a : Y intercept
125 2500
[Concentration]
32
Internal Standard Calibration
Preparation of Standards
Internal
Target Compounds Standard
33
Internal Standard Calibration
Analysis of Vanillin
34
Internal Standard Calibration
Calculation of Results
[Target Area / IS Area]
Y = bX + a
b : SLOPE
5.0 a : Intercept
1.67 T 2500
500
[Target Conc. / IS Conc.]
IS
Y = Target Conc. / IS Conc.
1.67 = Target Conc./ 100 ppm
Target Conc. = 167 ppm
35
Data Kalibrasi Internal
IS St IS St C
ppm ppm Count Count 1,0558
1 0 ,1 1 4 ,2 627 662 1,4059 1,2882
1 0 ,1 1 7 ,2 628 809 1,7030 1,5224
1 0 ,1 2 0 ,0 4 624 950 1,9842 1,9110
1 0 ,1 2 3 ,1 629 1202 2,2871
Sample 1,4778
1 0 ,1 1 8 ,9 9 609 900 1,8800 1,4529
1 0 ,1 1 8 ,7 3 616 895 1,8540 1,4644
1 0 ,1 1 8 ,8 5 618 905 1,8660
0,9920
Mean r 0,9583
SD slope (b) -0,3237
RSD intercept (a)
36
Advantage of external standard
calibration method
• Only the target compound separation can be
focused.
Target Target
37
Disadvantage of external standard
calibration method
• Injection error will directly influence the
quantitative result.
10 uL injection 11 uL injection
10 uL injection 11 uL injection
1100 2200
1000 2000
IS T
IS T
39
Advantage of internal standard
calibration method
IS
T IS T
T
IS
41
Disadvantage of internal standard
calibration method
42
Calibration Method
• External standard calibration
– Separation is not difficult
– Injection error will directly influence the
quantitative result
• Internal standard calibration
– Injection error can be eliminated
– Recovery in the pretreatment procedure can be
estimated
– Separation is slightly difficult
– Difficult to look for the IS compound
43
Standard additive
calibration method
Original
Sample T
Target
T
44
Standard additive
ABC EDC
calibration method AB : BC = ED : DC
100/10 = ED/7
10 = ED/7
ED = 70
T x104
B A
Peak Area
17
T
10x104
12
7
C
X =70 ppm
T
7x104
E D
-70 0 50 100 ppm
Added amount 45