tomografi
Setio Adi Saputro, SST.,M.Pd.,M.K.K.K
Introduction
Panoramik disebut juga Orthopantomografi atau Rotografi.
Secara etimologis orthopantomografi berasal dari kata :
• Ortho berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti normal atau lurus.
• pan berasal dari bahasa Inggris yang berarti menyeluruh.
• Tomos berasal dari bahasa Yunani berarti potongan atau irisan.
• Graphic berasal dari bahasa Yunani berarti gambaran atau catatan.
Jadi dari asal kata tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa orthopantomografi (OPG) berarti
pemeriksaan radiologis dari gigi beserta rahangnya yang berbentuk melengkung sehingga
terlihat gambaran yang lurus dari film dengan menggunakan prinsip tomografi.
Tomografi
Teknik radiografi khusus dengan cara mengaburkan bayangan struktur
objek yang superposisis untuk menampakan secara lebih jelas struktur yang
diperiksa (principles od Radiographic Imaging An Art And Science, 1992)
1
Gambar 1 Paten diberikan kepada Koch dan Sterzel Aktiengesellschaft di Düsseldorf, Jerman, untuk
peralatan x-ray yang mampu menggambarkan rongga tubuh. Horst Bergen dinobatkan sebagai penemu
peralatan tersebut. 2 Unit panorama intraoral panograf yang dikembangkan Watson and Sons Ltd, 3. Paten
peralatan sinar-X rotasi dikeluarkan untuk AF Zulauf pada tahun 1922
Pesawat Panoramic Intraoral
Peralatan panorama intraoral menggunakan anoda berbentuk konus yang terletak di ujung batang tipis
dengan titik fokus (sumber sinar x-ray) yang sangat kecil (kira-kira 0,1 mm) dibandingkan dengan
peralatan konvensional.
Paradoksnya, faktor-faktor ini tampaknya tidak menghalangi pengembangan unit panorama intraoral yang
mengandalkan isotop radioaktif sebagai sumber radiasinya. Untungnya, eksperimen lebih lanjut dengan
peralatan panorama intraoral jenis ini dengan cepat dibatasi, bukan hanya karena risiko radiasi yang nyata
namun juga biaya isotopnya.
Indikasi Pencitraan Panorama
Indikasi pencitraan panoramik terbatas pada situasi dimana pencitraan intraoral
tidak praktis dan tidak realistis
Radiografi panoramik tidak boleh digunakan sebagai alat skrining untuk pasien
baru
Indikasi pencitraan panoramik berikut ini diambil dari Kriteria Seleksi Radiografi Gigi,
sebuah dokumen yang diterbitkan oleh Fakultas Dokter Gigi Umum (UK):
Dimana lesi tulang atau gigi yang belum erupsi tidak dapat terlihat pada radiografi
intraoral.
Pada pasien dengan pertumbuhan gigi yang terbengkalai dimana secara klinis terdapat
beberapa gigi karies dan terdapat penyakit periodontal lanjut yang menyeluruh secara
bersamaan.
Sebagai bagian dari penilaian ortodontik dimana terdapat kebutuhan klinis untuk
mengetahui keadaan gigi dan ada tidaknya gigi. (Selain itu, British Orthodontic Society
telah mengeluarkan pedoman tentang penggunaan radiografi dalam ortodontik.)
Dalam penilaian gigi molar ketiga sebelum ekstraksi bedah.
Komponen Pesawat panoramik
1. Kepala tabung sinar-X. Menghasilkan sinar x-ray. Sinar diarahkan
sedikit ke atas, menuju slot pada tempat kaset.
2. Diafragma. Berkas sinar X dikolimasi oleh diafragma sehingga
membentuk berkas berbentuk celah vertikal. Lebar sinar x-ray tidak
boleh lebih dari 5 mm.
3. Tempat kaset. Memiliki lembaran logam di bagian depan yang
mencegah hamburan foton sinar-X mencapai kaset, yang dapat
menurunkan kualitas gambar. Terdapat celah vertikal sempit pada
dudukannya yang berhadapan langsung dengan sumber sinar-X. Hal
ini memastikan bahwa hanya sejumlah kecil film yang diekspos pada
satu waktu.
Komponen Pesawat panoramik
4. Kereta kaset. Memindahkan kaset ke belakang tempat kaset selama
pemaparan.
5. Blok gigitan. Digunakan untuk menemukan lokasi gigi seri atas dan
bawah dalam hubungan tepi-ke-tepi pada lapisan fokus. Ini juga
memisahkan gigi atas dan bawah untuk mencegah tumpang tindih.
6. Penanda berkas cahaya. Digunakan untuk memposisikan pasien
dengan benar, untuk memastikan gigi berada pada lapisan fokus.
7. Peralatan penahan kepala. Memungkinkan kepala pasien tidak
bergerak setelah diposisikan secara akurat.
8. Holder. Minimalkan pergerakan pasien
Pesawat Panoramic
ekstraoral
Pesawat pamoramic
Prinsip Panoramic / Tomografi
Gerakan rotasi simultan dari sumber sinar-X, kaset, dan tempat kaset pada
bidang horizontal menghasilkan lapisan fokus berbentuk U pada gigi dan
rahang
Gambar diperbesar antara 10 - 30%. Perbesaran pada bidang vertikal dan horizontal sama, hanya untuk
struktur yang berada di tengah lapisan fokus (fulcrum).
Struktur di luar lapisan fokus terdistorsi, kabur, dan seringkali tidak dapat dikenali. Beberapa penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa lapisan fokus dapat menyempit jika ditangkap secara digital, sehingga posisi pasien menjadi
lebih penting.
Waktu pemaparan 12-20 detik untuk orang dewasa. Sangat penting bagi pasien untuk tetap tidak bergerak
selama pemaparan, untuk mencegah pergerakan artefak pada gambar.
GAMBAR Pengaruh posisi suatu benda terhadap ukuran
radiografinya.
A. Mandibula menopang cincin logam yang
ditempatkan di tengah fokus (fulcrum). Mandibula
diposisikan di tengah-tengah fokal palung dengan
menempatkan tepi insisal gigi seri tengah pada
lekukan di ujung alat pemosisian batang gigitan.
B. Hasil radiografi panoramik menunjukkan distorsi
minimal pada cincin logam.
C. Mandibula dan cincin diposisikan 5 mm dari fulcrum.
D. Hasil radiografi panoramik menunjukkan perbesaran
horizontal pada gigi cincin dan gigi mandibula.
E. Mandibula dan cincin diposisikan 5 mm di depan
takik pada bite-block.
F. Hasil radiografi panoramik menunjukkan minifikasi
horizontal pada gigi cincin dan gigi mandibula.
Gambaran skematis tentang hubungan antara sumber sinar-X, pasien, kolimator, dan Kaset. Ketika tabung sinar-X
bergerak mengelilingi satu sisi pasien, kaset bergerak pada sisi yang berlawanan. Kaset bergerak melewati
kolimator secara simultan untuk merekam gambar.
Citra Radiografi Panoramic
Gambaran Panoramic Normal
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