Pengantar

Biologi Sel
Nama Mata Kuliah : Biologi Sel
Kode :
Status : Wajib
Dosen : M. Ali Azis Hasan Rizki, M.Sc
No. Hp : 085713430059 (WA)
Cara Evaluasi Penilaian
• Kuliah: 75%
• Tugas/Presentasi :10%
• UTS :25%
• UAS :25%
• Diskusi :10%
• Kehadiran : 5%
• Praktikum: 25%
• Laporan : 20%
• Kehadiran : 5%
• Syarat Mengikuti Ujian: kehadiran 75%
Bahasan Pokok Biologi Sel

Proses katabolisme dan Tipe-tipe pengisyaratan

Teori-teori sel dengan Bagian-bagian sel dan
Struktur sel prokariotik Fungsi protein dan anabolisme pada daru suatu contoh-
dukungan dan bukti- fungsi masing-masing
dengan eukariotik proses sintesis protein prokariotik dan contoh proses di dalam
bukti ilmiah bagian
eukariotik sel

Dasar mekanisme ekpresi gen,

Bentang struktur Proses pengaturan
proses pengekspresian suatu gen Prinsip-prinsip Siklus sel, interfase,
plasmid dan perananya tekanan osmosis sel,
dari proses transkripsi, perekayasaan dan mitosis, kariokinesis
dalam rekayasa endositosis dan
pematangan mRNA dan proses produk rekombinan dan miosis
genetika eksositosis
translasi.
 Bahan Referensi

1. Albert, B. et al, 2002, The Cell, Garland Science

2. Campbell, N.A., J.B. Reece dan L.G. Mitchell,
2002, Biologi, Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta
3. Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Paul Matsudaira,
Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Matthew P.
Scott, Lawrence Zipursky, James Darnell
Publisher: W. H. Freeman, Year: 2008
4. Yuwono, T., 2006, Biologi Molekuler, Penerbit
Erlangga, Jakarta.
Cell
BIOLOGI
SEL
Ilmu yang mempelajari sel
mengenai struktur, fungsi dan
aktivitas-aktivitas di dalam sel
Sejarah Sel

• Antoni van Leewenhoek (1665)

membuat dan menggunakan
mikroskop, menyebut sel
sebagai satuan kehidupan.

Antoni van Leewenhoek adalah orang

yang pertama kali yang melihat sel
tunggal dan mengamati darah, cairan
mani, feses, dan email gigi
Sejarah Sel

• Robert Hooke (1666):

melihat rongga kosong
pada sayatan jaringan
gabus tumbuhan
kemudian dinamakan
cellula

Mikroskop rancangan Hooke

yang digunakan untuk
mengamati sel tumbuhan
Robert Hooke,
Mikroskop
Sejarah Sel

• Schleiden & Schwann (1838 & 1839)

• Teori sel: semua mh terdiri dari sel-sel, sel = unit struktural dan fungsional terkecil
dari semua mh.
• Johannes Evangelista Purkinje (1839) mengenalkan istilah protoplasma (zat yg
pertama kali dibentuk, tersusun dari nukleus dan sitoplasma
• [lebih cair])
• Rudolf Virchow (1858)
• setiap sel yg ada berasal dari sel yg sebelumnya
 Robert Hooke (1665) meneliti sayatan gabus di bawah mikroskop, istilah cellula (Sel)

Robert Brown (1833) menemukan inti sel pada sayatan sel anggrek, disebut nukleus.

Felix Durjadin (1835) menemukan cairan sel yang hidup (sarkode)

Johanes Purkinje (1787-1869) menyatakan bahwa isi sel adalah protoplasma

TEORI SEL Matthias Schleiden (ahli botani) dan Theodor Schwann (ahli zoologi) (1810-1883) Sel adalah bagian dari
organisme.

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) Setiap sel berasal dari sel-sel yang telah ada sebelumnya omnis cellula ex
cellulae.

Max Schulze (1861) Sel merupakan kesatuan fungsional makhluk hidup. Sel mengatur fungsi-fungsi pada
makhluk hidup.

Austria Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Sel merupakan kesatuan herediatas (sifat menurun) makhluk hidup.
Sel mengandung sifat keturunan (genetik) atau hereditas yang diwariskan pada keturunanya.
Konsep tentang sel secara singkat adalah sel merupakan kesatuan struktural, fungsional, dan
herediter yang terkecil; semua organisme, tumbuhan, hewan, dan mikrobia terdiri dari
sejumlah sel dengan jumlah yang tertentu
Komposisi Sel
Komposisi sel ditinjau dari unsur kimia
Karakteristik Dasar Sel
 Sel sangat kompleks namun teratur
 Sel memiliki program genetik dan memiliki cara untuk menggunakannya
 Sel mampu memperbanyak diri
 Sel membutuhkan, memperoleh dan menggunakan energi
 Sel melaksanakan berbagai reaksi kimiawi
 Sel terlibat dalam berbagai aktivitas mekanis
 Sel mampu merespon terhadap berbagai rangsang
 Sel mampu mengatur diri
Penggolongan Jasad Seluler

Berdasarkan
jumlah sel

Uniseluler Multiseluler

Prokariot Eukariot Eukariot

 Sel Prokariotik

Istilah prokariotik berasal dari bahasa Yunani. Pro

artinya sebelum dan karyon artinya biji atau inti,
Sel Eukariotik

Istilah eukariotik berasal dari

bahasa Yunani, eu artinya nyata
dan karyon artinya inti.
TUGAS

• Membedakan antara sel prokariotik dengan eukariotik (Tabel atau

Gambar)
• Membedakan Struktur sel hewan dan Tumbuhan (Tabel atau Gambar)
• Mencari Fungsi organel sel (Retikulum endoplasma dan Ribosom,
struktur dan fungsi, kompleks golgi, lisosom dan peroksisom, intisel
dan mitokondria dan kloroplas)

• Tugas berupa ppt dikirimkan via email/wa: senin 5 April batas pada pukul
22.00
Cell Structure
and Function
Nama Mata Kuliah : Biologi Sel
Kode :
Status : Wajib
Dosen : M. Ali Azis Hasan Rizki, M.Sc
No. Hp : 085713430059 (WA)
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote Cells
Prokaryote
DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is
usually a singular, circularly arranged chromosome.
DNA is not associated with histones; other proteins
are associated with the DNA.
Generally lack organelles. Advances in microscopy
reveal a few membrane-enclosed organelles (for
example, some inclusions).
Cell walls almost always contain the complex
polysaccharide peptidoglycan.
Usually divide by binary fission.
Eukaryote
DNA is found in the cell’s nucleus, which is
separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear
membrane, and the DNA is found in multiple
chromosomes.
DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal
proteins called histones and with nonhistones.
Have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles,
including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi complex, lysosomes, and sometimes
chloroplasts.
Cell walls, when present, are chemically simple.
Cell division usually involves mitosis.
General
Structure of
Bacterial Cells
The Cell Surface

Structures on cell
surface
protecting the
cell from external
hazard and
maintains cell’s
integrity.

On the other
hand, they also
must enable
transport of large
molecules into
and out of the
cell.

The structures
and their
composition can
vary between
organisms
Capsules

01 02 03
True capsules: discrete Less discrete structure Glycoclayx: thin layer
layer of polysaccharides called slime layer or of tangled
(and/or polypeptide) biofilm: polysaccharides polysaccharide fibers on
deposited outside the matrix where cells cell surface, cannot be
cell wall embeded detected visually
Capsules
Capsules composition

Bacterium Capsule composition Structural subunits

Gram-positive Bacteria
Bacillus anthracis polypeptide (polyglutamic acid) D-glutamic acid
Bacillus megaterium polypeptide and polysaccharide D-glutamic acid, amino sugars, sugars
Streptococcus mutans polysaccharide (dextran) glucose
Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharides sugars, amino sugars, uronic acids
Streptococcus pyogenes polysaccharide (hyaluronic acid) N-acetyl-glucosamine and glucuronic acid
Gram-negative Bacteria
Acetobacter xylinum polysaccharide (cellulose) glucose
Escherichia coli polysaccharide (colonic acid) glucose, galactose, fucose glucuronic acid
Pseudomonas aeruginosa polysaccharide mannuronic acid
Azotobacter vinelandii polysaccharide glucuronic acid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens polysaccharide (glucan) glucose
Capsules Functions

Mediate attachment of cells to surfaces.

Protect bacterial cells from engulfment or from antimicrobial

agents

Protect cells from drying or desiccation  soil bacteria.

Carbohydrate reserves  dextrans.

Involve in floating mechanism of cell mass (slime layer/biofilm)

B. antrachis
Fimbriae and Pili
Fimbriae (sing.: fimbria)

• Short hair-like projection, composed of protein called pilin,

found numerous on cell surface
• Play role in adherence of cells on surfaces or other cells, forming
biofilm
• Commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria

Pili (sing.: pilus)

• Longer than fimbriae, also composed of pilin, but only one or

two per cell
• Involved in motilities (twitching and gliding motility) and DNA
transfer (conjugation, or sex, pili)
Some fimbriae and pili properties

Typical number on Distribution on

Bacterial species where observed Function
cell cell surface
stabilizes bacteria during transfer of DNA
Escherichia coli (F or sex pilus) 1-4 uniform
during conjugation
Escherichia coli (common pili or Type surface adherence to epithelial cells of the
100-200 uniform
1 fimbriae) GI tract
surface adherence to epithelial cells of the
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 100-200 uniform
urogenital tract
Streptococcus pyogenes (fimbriae plus adherence, resistance to phagocytosis;
? uniform
the M-protein) antigenic variability
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10-20 polar surface adherence
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
? ? attachment to sulfur particles
(an archaic)
Flagella (sing.: flagellum)

The base part of the

Long and thin (20nm) Helical structure flagella called hook
whiplike appendages that composed of protein which connects flagella
attached to cell at one end monomers called flagellin with its motor which
called basal body
Flagella (sing.: flagellum)
Bacterial cell wall

Composed of unique One of the most important

Essential structure for
components found nowhere sites for attack by
viability
else in nature. antibiotics.

Provide for immunological

Provide ligands for
Cause symptoms of disease distinction and
attachment and receptor sites
in animals. immunological variation
for drugs or viruses.
among strains of bacteria.
Cell Wall:
Bacteria
Peptidoglycan
Gram Positive vs

Gram Negative
 Composed of 40 % phospholipid and 60 %
protein.

Phospholipids are amphoteric molecules with a

polar hydrophilic glycerol "head" attached via
Cell Membrane an ester bond to two nonpolar hydrophobic
fatty acid tails.

Protein molecules dispersed inside the

phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membrane: Function
Bacterial Cell Membrane
Membrane Transport
Bacterial DNA
• Chromosomal DNA
• Mostly circular, placed in nucleoid, one each cell
• Some bacteria have linear chromosome, some other have two
chromosomes (Vibrio cholerae)
• Plasmid
• Circular, much smaller than chromosome, can be many each cell
Ribosomes
• Same function as eukaryotic ribosomes: protein
synthesis
• Two subunits: Large 50S and Small 30S
General Structures
Eukaryotic microorganisms

Algae

Fungi

Protista
 • Flagella: long projections, few in number
Flagella and cilia • Cilia: Short projections, numerous
• Both made of microtubules
Fungal Cell Wall

• Mainly made of chitin: linear

polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine
• Also found: mannan & glucan
• Zygomycetes: additional chitosan
Fungal Cell Wall
Hyphal Septa
• Ascomycota and Basidiomycota hyphae contain septum made of
chitin
• The septa has pore to permit passage of nuclei and cytoplasmic
stream
The plasma membrane
• Selective barrier (selective permeability)
• Cell to cell recognition
• Crossing the membrane:
• membrane transport (small molecules)
• Endocytosis in animal cells (large molecules)
Cytoplasm

• All substances inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus

• Liquid portion of cytoplasm called cytosol
• Cytoskeleton:
• made of microfilament, intermediate filament, and microtubules
• provides support, shape, and assistance in transporting substances through the cell
• Cytoplasmic streaming: movement of cytoplasm from one part of cell to
another
Ribosomes
• Place of protein synthesis
• Ribosome molecule in eukaryote is 80S ribosome consists of:
• a large 60S subunit containing 3 molecules of rRNA
• a smaller 40S subunit with 1 molecule of rRNA.
• Free ribosomes: unattached to any structure, synthesize protein
used inside cell
• Bound ribosomes: attached to nuclear membrane or
endoplasmic reticulum, synthesize membrane protein and
excreted protein
• Mitochondrial/chloropast ribosomes: 70S ribosome, synthesize
protein used by mitochondria or chloroplast
The Nucleus
• Enveloped by double membrane with pores
• Contains hereditary information (DNA)
• Nucleoli: actually condensed regions of chromosomes
where ribosomal RNA is being synthesized.
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Fungal Nuclei
• Each compartment of fungi can contain one or many
nuclei: up to 50 at the apical of A. nidulans.
• Yeast only have one nucleus per cell
Plasmids

• Infrequent in fungi
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
• Plasmid found in the nucleus
• Circular, dsDNA, 2 µm, 6200bp
• Can be up to 100 copies per cell
• Kluyveromyces fragilis
• Two linear dsDNA with different lengths
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Flattened membranous sacs or tubules called cisternae,
continuous with nuclear membrane
• Rough ER: attached by ribosomes, processing place of protein
• Smooth ER: unattached by ribosomes, synthesized
phospholipids, fats, and sterols
Golgi Complex
• Consists of 3 to 20 cisternae stacked togather
• Place of molecule processing and stransport
Energy Factory: Mitochondria

• Smaller than chloroplast

• Contain ribosomes and their own DNA
• Surrounded by a double membrane
• Inner membrane surrounds the matrix and is convoluted (folds) to form cristae.
• Matrix – Inner semifluid containing respiratory enzymes
• Break down carbohydrates

• Involved in cellular respiration

• Produce most of ATP utilized by the cell
Carbohydrates Factory: Chloroplast

• Bound by a double membrane organized into flattened disc-like sacs

called thylakoids
• Chlorophyll and other pigments capture solar energy
• Enzymes synthesize carbohydrates
Lysosome, Peroxisome, Vacuole

• Derived from Golgi Complex

• Lysosome: single membrane-enclosed sphere consists up to 40 types of strong digestive enzymes
• Peroxisome: similar to lysosome but smaller, consists enzymes to oxidize substances specially toxic substances
such as alcohol and hydrogen peroxide
• Vacuole:
• temporary storage organelles for substances such as proteins, sugars, organic acids, and inorganic ions.
• has roles in endocytosis
• store metabolic wastes and poisons
• take up water to increase cell in size and also providing rigidity to leaves and stems.
Thank You