Maksud dan Tujuan Jaminan Kredit

a. b. c. Untuk menghindari terjadinya wanprestasi oleh pihak debitur (penerima kredit); Untuk menghindari resiko rugi yang akan dialami oleh pihak kreditur (pemberi kredit); Kegunaan dari barang/benda jaminan kredit: i. Untuk memberikan hak dan kekuasaan kepada kreditur/ pemberi kredit (umumnya pihak bank) untuk mendapatkan pelunasan dengan benda jaminan bilamana debitur/penerima kredit melakukan wanprestasi atau cidera janji, yaitu tidak membayar kembali utangnya pada waktu yang ditetapkan dalam perjanjian kredit.

ii. Memberikan dorongan kepada debitur/penerima kredit agar: betul-betul menjalankan usaha yang dibiayai dengan kredit itu, karena bila hal tersebut diabaikan, maka resikonya hak atas tanah yang dijaminkan akan hilang. betul-betul memenuhi ketentuan-ketentuan yang tercantum dalam perjanjian kredit.

Jaminan yang ideal (baik) terlihat dari:

Dapat secara mudah membantu perolehan kredit oleh pihak yang memerlukannya Memberikan kedudukan pemegangnya mendahulukan kepada

Mengikuti obyek yang dijaminkan Memenuhi azas spesialitas dan publikasi Tidak melemahkan potensi (kekuatan) si penerima kredit untuk melakukan (meneruskan) usahanya Memberikan kepastian kepada kreditur dalam arti bahwa yaitu bila perlu mudah diuangkan untuk melunasi utangnya si debitur

JAMINAN HUTANG
Jaminan Umum
Pelaksanaan ketentuan undang-undang (by the operation of law)

Jaminan Khusus
Lahir dari perjanjian tertentu (kontraktual)

1131 KUH Perdata

i. Barang-barang milik Debitur ii. Tanggungan atas segala hutangnya

Terhadap benda tertentu

i. Hak Tanggungan ii. Hypotek iii. Gadai iv. Fidusia

Terhadap orang (subjek hukum) tertentu

i. Personal Guarantee ii. Corporate Guarantee iii. Bank Guarantee

Debitur wanprestasi, Kreditur dapat mengajukan sita terhadap benda-benda milik Debitur

v. Cessie

Garansi cair menjadi tagihan Guarantor kepada debitur dengan jaminan yang bersifat umum dan/atau khusus

Penggolongan dari Lembaga-lembaga Jaminan yang dikenal dalam Tata Hukum Indonesia
Jaminan yang lahir karena ditentukan oleh Undangundang dan jaminan yang lahir karena perjanjian B. Jaminan yang tergolong Jaminan Umum dan Jaminan Khusus C. Jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan dan jaminan yang bersifat perorangan D. Jaminan yang mempunyai obyek benda bergerak dan jaminan atas benda tidak bergerak E. Jaminan yang menguasai bendanya dan jaminan tanpa menguasai bendanya A.

Jaminan yang lahir karena UU dan karena Perjanjian

Jaminan yang ditentukan oleh UU ialah jaminan yang adanya ditunjuk oleh UU tanpa adanya perjanjian dari para pihak, yaitu misalnya adanya ketentuan UU yang menentukan bahwa semua harta benda Debitur baik benda bergerak maupun benda tetap, baik benda-benda yang sudah ada maupun yang masih akan ada, menjadi jaminan bagi seluruh perutangan. Berarti bahwa Kreditur dapat melaksanakan haknya terhadap semua benda Debitur kecuali benda-benda yang dikecualikan oleh UU (Pasal 1131 KUH Perdata). Juga oleh UU ditentukan bahwa seluruh benda-benda dari Debitur tersebut menjadi jaminan bagi semua Kreditur. Ditentukan oleh UU bahwa hasil penjualan dari bendabenda tersebut harus dibagi antara para kreditur seimbang dengan besarnya masing-masing (Pasal 1132 KUH Perdata).

Kreditur yang kedudukannya sama berhak (Kreditur Bersama) dan tak ada yang harus didahulukan dalam pemenuhan piutangnya disebut Kreditur Konkuren.

Jaminan Umum
Jaminan Umum timbulnya dari Undangundang tanpa adanya perjanjian yang diadakan oleh para pihak terlebih dahulu. Para Kreditur Konkuren semuanya secara bersama memperoleh Jaminan Umum yang diberikan oleh Undang-undang itu. (Pasal 1131 dan 1132 KUH Perdata)

Pasal 1131 Kitab Undang Undang Hukum Perdata

Segala kebendaan si berutang, baik yang

bergerak maupun tidak bergerak, baik yang sudah ada maupun yang baru akan ada di kemudian hari, menjadi tanggungan untuk segala perikatan perseorangan.

Pasal 1132 Kitab Undang Undang Hukum Perdata

Kebendaan tersebut menjadi jaminan bersama-

sama bagi semua orang yang mengutangkan padanya; pendapatan penjualan benda-benda itu dibagi-bagi menurut keseimbangan, yaitu menurut besar-kecilnya piutang masing-masing, kecuali apabila di antara para berpiutang itu ada alasanalasan yang sah untuk didahulukan.

Jaminan Khusus
Jaminan Khusus timbul karena adanya perjanjian yang khusus diadakan antara Kreditur dan Debitur yang dapat berupa jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan ataupun jaminan yang bersifat perorangan. Jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan ialah adanya benda tertentu yang dipakai sebagai jaminan sedangkan jaminan yang bersifat perorangan ialah adanya orang tertentu yang sanggup membayar/ memenuhi prestasi manakala Debitur wanprestasi.

Jaminan Bersifat Perorangan

Jaminan yang bersifat perorangan adalah jaminan yang menimbulkan hubungan langsung pada perorangan tertentu, hanya dapat dipertahankan terhadap Debitur tertentu, terhadap kekayaan Debitur seumumnya. (contoh: Borgtocht)

Jaminan Bersifat Kebendaan

Jaminan yang bersifat kebendaan adalah jaminan yang berupa hak mutlak atas sesuatu benda yang mempunyai ciri-ciri: mempunyai hubungan langsung atas benda tertentu dari Debitur, dapat dipertahankan terhadap siapapun, selalu mengikuti bendanya (droit de suite) dan dapat diperalihkan. (contoh: Hak Tanggungan, Gadai, dll.)

Jaminan atas Benda Bergerak

Jika benda jaminan itu berupa benda bergerak, maka dapat dipasang lembaga jaminan yang berbentuk Gadai atau Fidusia.

Jaminan atas Benda Tak Bergerak (Tetap)

Jika benda jaminan itu berbentuk benda tetap, maka lembaga jaminan dapat dipasang Hak Tanggungan.

PASAL 9 UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE (UCC)

Tujuan diundangkannya Pasal 9 UCC : Tujuan adanya peraturan ini adalah memberikan kedudukan yang lebih baik terhadap kreditor, yaitu sebagai kreditor yang haknya didahulukan (secured creditor) dari kreditor lainnya. Hal ini dianggap penting apabila dalam transaksi pinjam meminjam uang debitur (borrower) gagal untuk mengembalikan pinjaman, sehingga dibuat suatu security agreement dengan kreditur (lender) dimana kreditur (lender) dapat memiliki barang milik debitur (borrower) yang dijadikan colateral (hak milik beralih).

PASAL 9 UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE (UCC) Ada dua jenis Security Interest dalam pasal 9, yaitu : 1. Consensual Security Interest, yaitu security interest berdasarkan kesepakatan. 2. Statuary Security Interest, yaitu security interest berdasarkan undang-undang.

Beberapa pengertian dalam Pasal 9 UCC

1. Debtor : Debtor means the person who owes payment or other performance of the obligation secured, whether or not he owns or has rights in the collateral ..... The reason for the last clause in the above sentence is that the person who owes the debt may induce a third person to put up collateral on his behalf. If this happens, the definition of debtor provides that the term means the owner of the collateral in any provision dealing with the collateral, the obligor in any provision dealing with the obligation, and may include both where the context so requires. The term debtor also includes one who sells accounts or chattel paper, even though this seller does not, strictly speaking, owe a debt to the buyer. However, these sales are covered by Article 9, and the seller is treated as a debtor for the purpose of the article.

2. Secured Party A secured party is a lender, seller or other person in whose favor there is a security interest, including a person to whom accounts or chattel paper have been sold. Both a lender of money (a bank or finance company, for instance) and a seller who gives credit for a portion of the purchase price, are secured parties for Article 9 purposes. (where a seller gives credit, and takes a security interest in the goods which have been sold, his interest is known as a purchase money security interest.

Note : Chattel paper. A writing that shows both a monetary obligation and a security interest in or lease of specific goods. Chattel paper is generally used in a consumer transaction when the consumer buys goods on credit. The consumer typically promises to pay for the goods by executing a promissory note, and the seller retains a security interest in the goods.

3. Security Interest, A security interest is an interest in personal property or fixtures which secures payment or performance of an obligation. This definition goes on to state that where an agreement for the sale of goods states that the seller retains title to the goods until payment is made, this retention established only a security interest. Thus the conditional sale, which reserves title in the vendor until the goods are paid for, is abolished as a distinct kind of security interest, and becomes an ordinary Article 9 security interest (a purchase money security interest, since the seller would be the one giving credit).

4. Collateral, Collateral is the property subject to a security interest, and includes account and chattel paper which have been sold. Collateral for Article 9 purposes thus means not only property which is transferred to the security partys possession, but also any property which remains in the debtors possession, and which may be seized by the secured party on default.

FIXTURE
Fixture is Personal property that is attached to land or a building and that is regarded as an irremovable part of the real property, such as a fireplace built into a home.

A Fixture can best be defined as a thing which, although originally a movable chattel, is by reason of its annexation to, or association in use with land, regarded as a part of the land.The law of fixtures concerns those situations where the chattel annexed still retains a separate identity in spite of annexation, for example a furnace or a light fixture. Where the chattel annexed loses such identity, as in the case of nails, boards, etc. the problem becomes one of accession.

PERFECTION
Perfection is validation of a security interest as against other creditors, usu. By filing a statement with some public office or by taking possession of the collateral

SISTEMATIKA ARTICLE 9 UCC

FORMAL REQUISITES OF A SECURITY INTEREST
I. General Requirements A. Requisities for enforceability

II. Use of Financing Statement as Security Agreement A. Reason question arises B. Position of the courts III. Requirement That Collateral Be Described A. General requirement B. Courts approach IV. Other Requirements for Enforceability A. Value given and right received B. Giving of value C. Debtors rights in the collateral

PERFECTION
I. Perfection Generally A. Meaning of Perfection Various Means of Perfection A. Transactions excluded from filing requirement B. Purchase money interest in consumer goods C. Perfection by possession D. Instruments perfectible only by possession

II.

III.

Perfection By Filing A. Purpose of filing B. Interests for which filing required C. Where to file D. Duration of financing statement E. Pre-filing F. Contents of financing statement Special Perfection Rules For Particular Types of Collateral A. Scope of discussion B. Documents C. Instruments D. Chattel paper E. Accounts F. General intangibles

IV.

V.

Certificate of Title Acts A. Exception for other filing systems B. How Certificate of title acts work

VI. How Third Parties Can Get Details of Security Agreement A. Where third party needs further information B. Mechanism

PERFECTION IN MULTI-STATE TRANSACTIONS

I. General Principles

A. Five classes of collateral II. Documents, Instruments and Ordinary Goods A. Items not ordinarily moved B. Language C. Movement of the collateral D. Goods to be kept in another state III. Mobile Goods and Intangibles A. Introduction B. Keyed to debtors location

IV. Vehicles Covered By Certificates Of Title A. Problems of interstate movement B. Certificate-to-Certificate movement C. Non-Certificate-to-Certificate movement D. Certificate-to-Non-Certificate movement E. Non-Certificate-to-Non-Certificate movement F. The non-professional buyer V. Chattel Paper A. Two ways to perfect VI. Minerals A. Location of mine head or wellhead

PRIORITIES
I. General Scope A. Various kinds of conflicts B. Importance of priority C. Shelter principle Priorities Between Conflicting Security Interests A. Scope B. Residual rule C. Scope

II.

III. Special Priority For Purchase Money Security Interests A. General priority principle B. Definition of purchase money security interest C. Nature of preference D. Inventory and non-inventory collateral distinguished E. Purchase money security interests in noninventory F. Where purchase money lender does not comply G. Where both secured parties qualify

IV. Right Of Unperfected Security Interests A. Generally B. General rule C. Scope D. Persons getting priority E. Levying creditors F. Transferees in bulk and other G. Buyers of accounts and general intangibles H. Lack of knowledge requirement

V. Rights of Purchasers Of Collateral A. Generally B. Buyers whose purchase is authorized by the secured party C. Buyer in ordinary course D. Sales by consumers to consumers E. Purchasers of chattel paper and nonnegotiable instruments F. Purchasers of negotiable documents, negotiable instruments and securities G. Purchasers of vehicles

VI. Proceeds A. Generally B. Proceeds defined C. Proceeds automatically covered by D. Insurance payments as proceeds E. Perfection on interest in proceeds VII. Future Advance A. Generally B. Priority conflict with other security C. Conflict with non-Article 9 interests VIII. Subrogation A. Generally B. National Shawmut

agreement

interest

FIXTURES
I. Introduction A. Nature of a fixture B. Scope of Article 9 fixture provision C. Protection of real estate searchers Priority Rules For Fixtures A. Effect of non-purchase money fixture filing B. Purchase-money interest C. Readily removable fixtures D. Construction mortgages E. Fixture interest vs. lien creditor F. Waiver and tenants rights Removal On Default A. Right to remove on default

II.

III.

BANKRUPTCY
I. General Scope A. The trustee and the secured party B. Scope of discussion C. New code vs. old Act D. Reorganization and wage earners plans Secured Creditors Right To Repossess A. Desire to repossess promptly B. Length of stay C. Debtor may use collateral Trustees Right To Debtors Property A. Assets and defenses of debtor

II.

III.

IV. Trustees Use Of Actual Creditors Right A. Use of actual creditors rights

V.

Security Interest Not Perfected On Date Of Bankruptcy A. Lack of perfection at bankruptcy B. Exceptions C. Where perfection has lapsed D. Trustees knowledge irrelevant

VI. Delayed Perfection As Preference A. Striking down delayed perfection B. Policies behind preference rules C. Requirements for striking down D. Discussion of elements E. When grant of security interest

preference deemed made

VII. The Floating Lien and The Preferential Transfer Rule A. Definition of floating lien B. Improvement of position

VIII. Proceeds in Bankruptcy A. Proceeds outside of bankruptcy B. Proceeds in insolvency IX. Sellers Right Of Reclamation In Bankruptcy A. Reclamation in General

DEFAULT
I. Defining Default A. Definition left to the parties II. Creditors Options On Default A. Several options III. Self-Help Repossession A. Allowed by code B. What constitutes breach of peace C. Constitutionality of self-help repossession

IV. Resale Of The Collateral A. Resale usual method B. Substance C. Disposition must be commercially reasonable D. Application of proceeds E. Notice of resale V. Debtors Right To Redeem Collateral A. Right of redemption generally B. Acceleration clause C. Not weighable after defaults D. Strict foreclosure

VI. Taking The Collateral For The Debt (Strict Foreclosure) A. General concept B. When available C. Where 60% of debt paid by consumer D. Strict foreclosure forced on secured creditor VII. Consequences Of Creditors Failure To Follow Rules A. Consequence generally B. Criminal and tort liability C. Code liability for loss D. Penalty in consumer goods cases E. Denial of the defiance