KONTRAK KULIAH
Nilai TUGAS
10% presensi
90% tugas
Nilai UTS
65 % UTS
35 % kuis
Spektrum elektromagnetik
Spektroskopi UV-Visible
Data apa yang diperoleh?
Bentuk Spektra
Panjang Gelombang maksimum
Intensitas
C-Pc
Bentuk spektra
Senyawa bisa memiliki lebih dari satu pita
disebabkan
Lebih dari 1 kromofor
Terdapat lebih dari satu transisi dalam satu
kromofor
CONJUGATED CHROMOPHORE
KUIS
UV Spectroscopy
19
Pergeseran Kimia
Hypsochromic
Bathochromic
Hypochromic
200 nm
Hyperchromic
700 nm
20
ENONE ABSORPTION
Karbonil Memiliki 2 jenis transisi elektronik
p*
p p*
Transisi ini membutuhkan energi yang
lebih besar dan jarang dijumpai
n p*
Transisi ini membutuhkan energi yang
lebih rendah, sering dijumpi
21
293 nm
O
CH3
279
Cl
235
O
NH2
O
O
O
214
204
204
OH
22
23
p*
Y3*
n
Y2
p
Y1
O
ENONE ABSORPTION
26
Base Value
Aldehyde
208
220
230
242
Acid or ester
With a or b alkyl groups
208
217
+5
+5
27
Increment
+8
Ethanol, methanol
Chloroform
-1
Dioxane
-5
Ether
-7
Hydrocarbon
-11
UV Spectroscopy
29
*
*
30
Aromatic Compounds
Substituents with Unshared Electrons
pH can change the nature of the substituent group
deprotonation of oxygen gives more available n-pairs, lowering
transition energy
protonation of nitrogen eliminates the n-pair,
raising transition energy
Primary
Secondary
Substituent
lmax
lmax
-H
203.5
7,400
254
204
-OH
211
6,200
270
1,450
-O-
235
9,400
287
2,600
-NH2
230
8,600
280
1,430
-NH3+
203
7,500
254
169
-C(O)OH
230
11,600
273
970
-C(O)O-
224
8,700
268
560
UV
31
For the benzoate ion, the effect of extra n-electrons from the
anion reduces the effect slightly
Primary
Secondary
Substitu
ent
lmax
lmax
-C(O)OH
230
11,600
273
970
-C(O)O-
224
8,700
268
560
32
33
lmax
-H
203.5
7,400
254
204
-CH3
207
7,000
261
225
-Cl
210
7,400
264
190
-Br
210
7,900
261
192
-OH
211
6,200
270
1,450
-OCH3
217
6,400
269
1,480
-NH2
230
8,600
280
1,430
-CN
224
13,000
271
1,000
C(O)OH
230
11,600
273
970
-C(O)H
250
11,400
-C(O)CH3
224
9,800
-NO2
269
7,800
Electron donating
Substituent
Electron withdrawing
Secondary
34
Consider p-nitroaniline
O
H2N
O
H2N
N
O
UV Spectroscopy
35
This is slightly less accurate than the Woodward-Fieser rules, but can
usually predict within an error of 5 nm
36
Parent Chromophore
lmax
246
R=H
250
R = OH or O-Alkyl
230
Substituent increment
10
25
-O-
11
20
78
-Cl
10
-Br
15
-NH2
13
13
58
-NHC(O)CH3
20
20
45
-NHCH3
-N(CH3)2
73
20
20
85
37
Polynuclear aromatics
When the number of fused aromatic rings increases, the l for the primary
and secondary bands also increase