Fizik Tingkatan 5

Subtopik 7.3

7.3 Litar Sesiri & Selari / Series & Parallel Circuit

Pengenalan / Introduction
Lukiskan litar skema bagi gambar rajah litar di bawah.
Draw a schematic circuit for the diagram below

Membuat perbandingan arus dan beza keupayaan bagi litar sesiri dan litar selari
Making comparison between current and potential difference for series circuit and
parallel circuit

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Subtopik 7.3

Litar Sesiri / Series Circuit

Bacaan ammeter A adalah sama dengan

A1 dan A2.
The ammeter A reading is the same with
A1 dan A2.

A = A1 = A2
Maka,

Litar Selari / Parallel Circuit

Bacaan ammeter A adalah sama dengan

A1 + A2.
The ammeter A reading is A1 + A2.

A = A1 + A2
Maka,
Therefore,

Therefore,

I = I1 = I2

Bacaan voltmeter A adalah sama dengan

V1 + V2.
The voltmeter V reading is V1 + V2.

V = V1 + V2

I = I1 + I2

Bacaan voltmeter A adalah sama dengan

V1 dan V2.
The voltmeter V reading is V1 and V2.

V = V1 = V2
Arus dan Beza Keupayaan bagi Litar Sesiri dan Litar Selari
Current Flow and Potential Difference in Series and Parallel Circuit

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Litar Sesiri / Series Circuit

Arus yang sama mengalir dalam setiap

perintang.
The current flows through each bulb/resistor
is the same

I = I1 = I2 = I3
Beza keupayaan, V adalah hasil tambah
V1 dan V2.
The potential difference supplied by the dry
cells is shared by all the bulbs / resistors.

V = V1 + V 2 + V 3

Subtopik 7.3

Litar Selari / Parallel Circuit

Arus, I adalah hasil tambah I1 dan I2.

The current in the circuit equals to the sum
of the currents passing through the bulbs /
resistors in its parallel branches.

I = I1 + I2 + I3
Beza keupayaan yang sama untuk setiap
perintang.
The potential difference is the same across
each bulb/resistor

V = V1 = V2 = V3

Jika kita mengikut Hukum Ohm kepada

kesemua mentol/perintang, kita akan dapat

Jika kita mengikut Hukum Ohm kepada

kesemua mentol/perintang, kita akan dapat

If Ohms law is applied separately to each

bulb / resistor, we get :

If Ohms law is applied separately to each

bulb / resistor, we get :

V = V1 + V2 + V3
IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
Jika kita membahagi setiap seebutan dalam
persamaan di atas dengan I, kita akan
mendapat perintang efektif,
If each term in the equation is divided by I,
we get the effective resistance

R = R1 + R2 + + R3
Jika satu mentol rosak, mentol-mentol

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I = I1 + I2 + I3
1 1
1
1

R R1 R2 R3

Jika kita membahagi setiap seebutan dalam

persamaan di atas dengan V , kita akan
mendapat perintang efektif,
If each term in the equation is divided by V,
we get the effective resistance

1 1
1
1

R R1 R2 R3
Jika satu mentol rosak, mentol-mentol

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lain dalam litar sesiri tidak akan bernyala.

Subtopik 7.3

lain dalam litar selari akan terus bernyala.

When a bulb in a series circuit has blown up,

the other bulb would not be able to light up

When a bulb in a parallel circuit has blown

up the other bulb would still be able to light
up.

Kecerahan semua mentol dalam litar sesiri adalah sama tetapi lebih malap berbanding litar selari.
Kecerahan semua mentol dalam litar selari adalah sama tetapi lebih cerah berbanding litar sesiri.
The bulbs in parallel circuit light up brighter as compared to the bulbs in series circuit. In
parallel circuit, the voltage across each bulb is higher as compared to the voltage of each bulb
in series circuit. The bulb lights up brighter indicates that the current that passes through it is
larger.

Kenalpasti sama ada litar sesiri atau litar selari

Bacaan Ammeter = Arus

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Subtopik 7.3

Bacaan Voltmeter = Beza keupayaan = Voltan

Perintang efektif, R

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

Menentukan rintangan berkesan, R dalam litar sesiri, litar selari dan litar
gabungan serta menyelesaikan masalah melibatkan V = IR.
Solve problems involving current, potential difference and
resistance in series circuits, parallel circuits and their combinations.

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

18. Soalan Kelantan 2008

Diagram 3.1 shows photograph of an electric circuit. The circuit contains four
identical
bulbs connected to four identical new dry cells
Rajah 3. 1 menunjukkan forograf bagi satu litar elektrik. Litar itu mengandungi empat
mentol serupa disambung kepada empat sel kering baru yang serupa.

(a)

What is the type of the circuit ?

Apakah jenis litar elektrik tersebut?
.................................................................................................................

........
[1 marks]
[ 1 markah]
(b)
Draw an electric circuit diagram for the above arrangement of
apparatus using
appropriate symbols.
Lukiskan satu rajah litar elektrik bagi susunan radas diatas dengan menggunakan
simbol-simbol yang sesuai.

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Subtopik 7.3

[2 marks]
[ 2 markah]

Soalan 19 - SBP 2009

Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2 shows three identical filament bulbs marked 6V, 12W arranged
in two different ways and connected to a battery 6 V .
Rajah 8.1 dan Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan tiga mentol filamen yang serupa berlabel 6V,12W
disusun dengan dua cara berbeza dan disambungkan kepada bateri 6 V.

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

SECTION B ESSAY
Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show two identical resistors which has
resistance R connected to the ammeters, voltmeters, switches and batteries with
different ways.
Rajah 10.1 dan Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan dua perintang serupa yang
mempunyai rintangan R
disambungkan kepada ammeter, voltmeter, suis
dan bateri dengan cara yang berbeza.

DIAGRAM 10.1

DIAGRAM 10.2

When the switch is on, the ammeters and the voltmeters show a reading.
Apabila suis dihidupkan, ammeter dan voltmeter menunjukkan bacaan.
(a) What is meant by current?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan arus?
[1 mark]
ANSWER : The rate of charge flows.

(b) With reference to Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2, compare the type of
circuit
connections, the reading of ammeters, the reading of voltmeters and
the effective resistance of the circuits.
Relate the current flows in a circuit with the effective resistance to make
a deduction
regarding the relationship between type of a circuit
connection and the effective
resistance.
Merujuk kepada Rajah 10.1 dan Rajah 10.2, bandingkan jenis sambungan
litar,bacaan ammeter, bacaan voltmeter dan rintangan berkesan bagi
litar-litar.

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Subtopik 7.3

Hubungkaitkan arus yang mengalir dalam litar dengan rintangan

berkesan untuk
membuat satu kesimpulan tentang hubungan antara jenis
sambungan litar dengan
rintangan berkesan.
[6 marks]
ANSWER :

State the correct comparison of the type of circuit connection

Diagram 10.1 connected in series and Diagram 10.2 connected in
parallel.
2 State the correct comparison of the ammeters reading
The reading of ammeter in Diagram 10.2 is greater than in Diagram
10.1.
3
State the correct comparison of the voltmeters readings
The reading of voltmeter in Diagram 10.1 > Diagram 10.2.
4 State the correct comparison of the effective resistance
The effective resistance in Diagram 10.2 < Diagram 10.1.
5 State the correct relation between the effective resistance and
the current flows
Effective resistance increases, the current flows
decreases.
6
State the correct relation between type of circuit connection
and effective resistance.
Circuit connected in parallel, the effective resistance decreases.

(c)

One identical resistor is connected parallel to the resistors in Diagram 10.2.

Explain what happens to the reading of ammeter and voltmeter.
Satu perintang yang serupa disambung selari dengan perintang-perintang
dalam
Rajah 10.2. Terangkan apakah yang terjadi kepada bacaan
ammeter dan voltmeter.
[3 marks]

ANSWER :

State the correct happens of the ammeter reading

The ammeter reading increased

State the correct happens of voltmeter reading

The voltmeter reading decreased.

State the correct reason

Effective resistance in the circuit decreased.
(d) Diagram 10.3 shows the lamps in a domestic lightning circuit are
connected in parallel.

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Subtopik 7.3

Rajah 10.3 menunjukkan lampu-lampu di dalam litar pencahayaan rumah

yang
disambung secara selari

The circuit is not complete and not efficient for electrical energy consuming and less
safety.
Suggest modifications that need to be done to the circuit to improve safety,
produce the lamps lights up with normal brightness and to increases the
efficiency of electrical energy consuming.
Litar ini tidak lengkap dan tidak cekap bagi penggunaan tenaga elektrik serta
kurang selamat.
Cadangkan pengubahsuaian yang perlu dilakukan kepada litar ini untuk
meningkatkan keselamatan, menghasilkan lampu yang menyala dengan
kecerahan normal dan meningkatkan kecekapan penggunaan tenaga elektrik.
[10 marks]
ANSWER :

Modification

Reason

State the correct extra device attached and correct reason

Attach one fuse to the live wire in the
consumer unit/ fuse box.

To break/switch off the circuit when

large current before the wire become
hotter and produce fire.

State the correct choosing of wire/cable and correct reason

Using the insulating wires // thicker wires

To prevent short circuit // To reduce

resistance, improve efficiency.

State the correct adjustment of each lamp and the correct reason
Attach switch for each lamp.

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To allows each lamp to be switched on

and off independently.

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Subtopik 7.3

State the correct modification of connection of metal fitting lamp and give
the correct reason
Connect the metal fitting lamp to the
earth wire/cable.

To flows electron (extra) to earth to avoid

lethal shock.

State the correct using of bulbs and give the correct reason
Using only 240 V light bulb.

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To ensure the bulbs light up with normal

brightness.

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3

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Subtopik 7.3