SPM PAST YEAR QUESTION CHAPTER 4 THERMOCHEMISTRY

1 Diagram below shows two experiments to determine the heat of neutralization.

. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua eksperimen untuk menentukan haba peneutralan.

Diagram
Rajah

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(a)Write the initial and the highest temperature of the mixture and change in temperaturefor Experiment I in
Diagram above.
Tulis suhu awal dan suhu tertinggi campuran serta perubahan suhu untuk Eksperimen I dalam Rajah di atas.
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(b Construct a table that can be used to record the data from both experiments.
) Bina satu jadual yang boleh digunakan untuk merekod data bagi kedua-dua eksperimen.

[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(c)State one hypothesis for both experiments.
Nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi kedua-dua eksperimen.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(d Based on the temperatures in Experiment I, predict the change in temperature in Experiment II.
) Berdasarkan suhu dalam Eksperimen I, ramalkan perubahan suhu bagi Eksperimen II.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(e)Why must the initial temperature and the highest temperature be recorded in these experiments?
Mengapakah suhu awal dan suhu tertinggi perlu direkodkan dalam eksperimen ini?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(f) How can the value of the change in temperature be obtained?
Bagaimanakah nilai perubahan suhu diperoleh?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]

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 [3 markah]
(g State three observations that you could obtain in Experiment I other than the change in temperature.
) Nyatakan tiga pemerhatian yang boleh diperoleh dalam Eksperimen I selain daripada perubahan suhu.
1.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(h State three constant variables in this experiment.

) Nyatakan tiga pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan dalam eksperimen ini.
1.
__________________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(i) Diagram below shows the calculation to determine the heat of neutralization for the reactions in Experiments
I and II.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perhitungan untuk menentukan haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas dalam
eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II.

Diagram
Rajah

Based on Diagram above:

Berdasarkan Rajah di atas:
(i) Give the operational definition for the heat of neutralization.
Berikan definisi secara operasi bagi haba peneutralan.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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 __________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(ii) It was found that the value of y is greater than the value of x.
Explain why.
Didapati nilai y lebih besar daripada nilai x.
Terangkan mengapa.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(j) The experiment is repeated using methanoic acid.

The values of the heat of neutralization of these acids are given in Table below.
Complete Table below by classifying the acids as strong acid or weak acid.
Eksperimen itu diulangi dengan menggunakan asid metanoik.
Nilai haba peneutralan bagi asid-asid ini diberikan dalam Jadual di bawah.
Lengkapkan Jadual di bawah dengan mengelaskan asid-asid tersebut kepada asid kuat atau asid lemah.

Table
Jadual
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

2 Diagram below shows the apparatus set-up for Experiments I, II, III and IV.
. The magnification of the thermometers shows the readings of the initial temperature and the highest or lowest
temperatures in each experiment.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi Eksperimen I, II, III dan IV.
Pembesaran termometer menunjukkan bacaan suhu awal dan bacaan suhu tertinggi atau suhu terendah dalam

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setiap eksperimen.

(a (i) Record the temperature readings in the spaces provided in Diagram below.
) Catat bacaan suhu pada ruang yang disediakan pada Rajah di bawah.
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

Diagram
Rajah

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 (ii)Construct a table to show all the data in each of these experiments.
Bina satu jadual untuk menunjukkan semua data dalam setiap eksperimen ini.

[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(iii Classify the reaction in these experiments as either exothermic reactions or endothermic reactions.
) Kelaskan tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini kepada tindak balas eksotermik atau tindak balas endotermik.

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(b A student repeated Experiment I several times.

) Seorang murid mengulang Eksperimen I beberapa kali.
(i) State three things that must be kept constant in these experiments.
Nyatakan tiga perkara yang mesti dimalarkan dalam eksperimen ini.
1.
________________________________________________________________________
2.
________________________________________________________________________
3.
________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(ii)State the hypothesis for Experiment I.
Nyatakan hipotesis bagi Eksperimen I.

__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

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(c Based on Experiment II
) Berdasarkan Eksperimen II:
(i) State the temperature change and give two reasons for the change.
Nyatakan perubahan suhu dan beri dua sebab perubahan itu berlaku.

Temperature change/Perubahan suhu:

__________________________________________________________________________________

Reason 1/Sebab 1:
__________________________________________________________________________________

Reason 2/Sebab 2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(ii)State the operational definition for the reaction that takes place.
Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.

__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(d The reaction in Experiment III is a neutralization reaction.

) Other acids can be substituted for hydrochloric acid.
These acids have the same volume and concentration as the hydrochloric acid in Experiment III.
Predict the temperature in the neutralization reactions of these acids.
Tindak balas dalam Eksperimen III merupakan satu tindak balas peneutralan.
Asid hidroklorik boleh digantikan dengan asid-asid lain.
Asid-asid ini mempunyai isipadu dan kepekatan yang sama dengan asid hidroklorik dalam Eksperimen III.
Ramalkan suhu bagi tindak balas peneutralan asid-asid ini.

1. Sulphuric acid/Asid sulfurik : ................................................ oC

2. Nitric acid/Asid nitrik : ................................................ oC
3. Ethanoic acid/Asid etanoik : ................................................ oC

[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(e Diagram below shows some observations in Experiment IV.
) Rajah di bawah menunjukkan beberapa pemerhatian dalam Eksperimen IV.

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 Diagram
Rajah

(i) State three observations shown in Diagram above.

Nyatakan tiga pemerhatian yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah di atas.
1.
______________________________________________________________________________
2.
______________________________________________________________________________
3.
______________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(ii) The following chemical equation represents the reaction in Experiment IV.

HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Based on the chemical equation, and the answer in (e)(i), what inference can be made from Experiment
IV?
Persamaan kimia berikut mewakili tindak balas dalam Eksperimen IV.

HCl(ak) + NaHCO3(ak) ? NaCl(ak) + CO2(g) + H2O(ce)

Berdasarkan persamaan kimia itu, dan jawapan di (e)(i), apakah inferens yang boleh dibuat daripada
Eksperimen IV?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(iii Sketch a graph to show the change in the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced against time.
) Lakar graf untuk menunjukkan perubahan isipadu gas karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan melawan masa.

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 [3 marks]
[3 markah]

3. Diagram A shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of methanol.
Rajah A menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pembakaran metanol.

Diagram A
Rajah A
Diagram B below shows the initial and the highest thermometer readings of water for this experiment.
Rajah B menunjukkan bacaan termometer untuk suhu awal dan suhu tertinggi air bagi eksperimen ini.

Highest temperature
Suhu tertinggi

Diagram B
Rajah B

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This experiment is repeated by replacing methanol with ethanol, propanol and butanol.
Eksperimen ini diulang dengan menggantikan metanol dengan etanol, propanol dan butanol.
(a)(i) Based on Diagram B, state one observation.
Berdasarkan Rajah B, nyatakan satu pemerhatian.

__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(ii) State the inference based on the observation.
Nyatakan inferens berdasarkan pemerhatian itu.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(b Based on Diagram A, a list of heat conductors identified is as the following: Use
) Berdasarkan Rajah A, satu senarai konduktor haba telah dikenalpasti seperti berikut:
Glass lamp
Lampu kaca
Iron tripod stand
Tungku kaki tiga besi
Aluminium windshield
Penghadang angin aluminium
Water
Air

Classify into good heat conductor and poor heat conductor.

Kelaskan kepada konduktor haba yang baik dan konduktor haba yang lemah.
Good heat conductor Poor heat conductor
Konduktor haba yang baik Konduktor haba yang lemah

[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(c)State one hypothesis for this experiment.
Nyatakan satu hipotesis untuk eksperimen ini.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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 _____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(d State the variables for this experiment.
) Nyatakan pembolehubah bagi eksperimen ini.

(i) Manipulated variable: ________________________________________________________________

Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan:
(ii) Responding variable: _________________________________________________________________
Pembolehubah bergerak balas:
(iii Fixed variable: ______________________________________________________________________
) Pembolehubah dimalarkan:
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(e)Diagram C shows the readings of the electronic balance for the masses of four glass lamps after burning.
Rajah C menunjukkan bacaan penimbang elektronik bagi jisim empat pelita kaca selepas pembakaran.

Reading of electronic balance for the mass of glass lamp after burning
Bacaan penimbang elektronik bagi jisim pelita kaca selepas pembakaran

Diagram C
Rajah C

Based on Diagram C, complete Table A by recording the masses of glass lamps after burning, correct
to two decimal places.
Berdasarkan Rajah C, lengkapkan Jadual A dengan merekodkan jisim pelita kaca selepas pembakaran,
betul kepada dua tempat perpuluhan.

Mass of glass Mass of glass

Volume Temperature lamp before lamp after
Alcohol of water change of water burning burning
Alkohol Isi padu Perubahan suhu Jisim pelita Jisim pelita
air (cm3) air (C) kaca sebelum kaca selepas
pembakaran (g) pembakaran (g)
Methanol, CH3OH
200 30 374.95
Metanol

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 Ethanol, C2H5OH
200 30 332.00
Etanol
Propanol, C3H7OH
200 30 344.38
Propanol
Butanol, C4H9OH
200 30 372.90
Butanol
Table A
Jadual A
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(f) Referring to Table A, calculate
Merujuk kepada Jadual A, hitung
(i) the heat energy absorbed by water from the burning of propanol.
[Density of water = 1 g cm3]
tenaga haba yang diserap oleh air daripada pembakaran propanol.
[Ketumpatan air = 1 g cm3]
Heat energy absorbed
Tenaga haba yang diserap

(ii) the number of moles of propanol burnt.

bilangan mol propanol yang terbakar.
Number of moles of propanol
bilangan mol propanol

(iii the heat of combustion of propanol.

) haba pembakaran propanol.

Heat of combustion of propanol

haba pembakaran propanol

[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(g Table B shows the heat of combustion of methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.
) Jadual B menunjukkan haba pembakaran metanol, etanol, propanol dan butanol.

Number of carbon
Alcohol atoms per molecule Heat of combustion, H (x kJ mol1)
Alkohol Bilangan atom karbon Haba pembakaran, H (x kJ mol1)
per molekul
Methanol
1 504
Metanol
Ethanol
2 970
Etanol
Propanol
3 1 420
Propanol

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 Butanol
4 1 870
Butanol
Table B
Jadual B

Using the data in Table B, plot a graph of heat of combustion against number of carbon atoms per molecule
of alcohol.
Dengan menggunakan data dalam Jadual B, lukis satu graf haba pembakaran melawan bilangan atom
karbon per molekul alkohol.

Graph of heat of combustion against the number of carbon atoms per molecule of alcohol.
Graf haba pembakaran melawan bilangan atom karbon per molekul alkohol.

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 [3 marks]
[3 markah]
(h Based on this experiment, predict the heat of combustion for pentanol, C5H11OH.
) Berdasarkan kepada eksperimen ini ramalkan haba pembakaran bagi pentanol, C5H11OH.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

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(i) Actual value of heat of combustion of ethanol = 1 376 kJ mol1
Experimental value of heat of combustion of ethanol = 970 kJ mol1
State two reasons why the experimental value is less than the actual value.
Nilai sebenar haba pembakaran etanol = 1 376 kJ mol1
Nilai eksperimen haba pembakaran etanol = 970 kJ mol1
Nyatakan dua sebab mengapa nilai eksperimen kurang daripada nilai sebenar.

1. __________________________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(j) State the operational definition of heat of combustion of alcohol in this experiment.
Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi haba pembakaran alkohol dalam eksperimen ini.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

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