Kekuatan baja
Kontribusi
Ukuran butir
Stuktur mikro
Larutan Padat
Presipitat
Dislokasi
Alloying
Perlakuan panas
Metal forming
Kombinasi perlakuan panas dan metal forming,
TMCP steel
Age hardening, maraging steel
Perlakuan panas baja
Peningkatan kekuatan baja
1. Penghalusan butir
Persamaan Hall-Petch: y = o +kyd-0.5
ky = hambatan terhadap pergerakan dislokasi akibat batas butir = 18.5 Mpa untuk
baja HSLA
Baja 42CrMo
Mov
Pengendalian ukuran butir austenit atau ferit baja HSLA
dapat dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut :
Struktur ini memiliki jumlah inti-inti butir ferit per satuan volume
yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan butir austenit terekristalisasi.
d = Gb1/2
dimana,
= faktor numerik yang bergantung pada struktur kristal, besarnya 0,38
G = modulus geser, besarnya 8,3 x 104 MPa
B = vektor berger, besarnya 0,24 nm
= kerapatan dislokasi (garis/cm2)
Kontribusi penguatan baja
Hubungan antara kekuatan matrik dengan
parameter mikrostruktur antara lain dapat
dinyatakan dalam bentuk linear sebagai berikut
[Baker, 1979] :
y = i + s + p + d + t + Ks1/2 + d-1/2
dimana
Manganese (Mn)
combines with sulfur to prevent brittleness
>1%
increases hardenability
11% to 14%
increases hardness
good ductility
high strain hardening capacity
excellent wear resistance
Ideal for impact resisting tools
Pengaruh unsur pemadu
Sulfur (S)
Imparts brittleness
Improves machineability
Okay if combined with Mn
Some free-machining steels contain 0.08%
to 0.15% S
Examples of S alloys:
11xx sulfurized (free-cutting)
Pengaruh unsur pemadu
Nickel (Ni)
Provides strength, stability and toughness,
Examples of Ni alloys:
30xx Nickel (0.70%), chromium (0.70%)
31xx Nickel (1.25%), chromium (0.60%)
32xx Nickel (1.75%), chromium (1.00%)
33XX Nickel (3.50%), chromium (1.50%)
Pengaruh unsur pemadu
Chromium (Cr)
Usually < 2%
increase hardenability and strength
Offers corrosion resistance by forming stable oxide surface
typically used in combination with Ni and Mo
30XX Nickel (0.70%), chromium (0.70%)
5xxx chromium alloys
6xxx chromium-vanadium alloys
41xxx chromium-molybdenum alloys
Molybdenum (Mo)
Usually < 0.3%
increase hardenability and strength
Mo-carbides help increase creep resistance at elevated temps
typical application is hot working tools
Pengaruh unsur pemadu
Vanadium (V)
Usually 0.03% to 0.25%
increase strength
without loss of ductility
Tungsten (W)
helps to form stable carbides
increases hot hardness
used in tool steels
Pengaruh unsur pemadu
Copper (Cu)
0.10% to 0.50%
increase corrosion resistance
Reduced surface quality and hot-working ability
used in low carbon sheet steel and structural steels
Silicon (Si)
About 2%
increase strength without loss of ductility
enhances magnetic properties
Pengaruh unsur pemadu
Boron (B)
for low carbon steels, can drastically
increase hardenability
improves machinablity and cold forming
capacity
Aluminum (Al)
deoxidizer
0.95% to 1.30%
produce Al-nitrides during nitriding
Karbon dan baja paduan
Steels
Stainless
Low
Carbon
Tool
Medium
Carbon
High
Carbon
Karbon dan baja paduan
Examples:
2350
2550
4140
1060
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)
Examples:
2350
2550
4140
1060
Common Carbon and Alloy Steels:
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)
H1-H19:
chromium base
H20-H39:
Hot-working H
tungsten base
H40-H59:
molybdenum base
Plastic mold P
L Low alloy
Special purpose
F Carbon tungsten
Baja tahan karat
Baja tahan karat adalah paduan besi (Fe) dan karbon (C)
dengan kandungan krom (Cr) 12-30%.
Selain krom, nikel (Ni) merupakan unsur kedua yang penting
pada baja tahan karat.
0.2
Corrosion Rate (mm/year)
0.1
0
0 5 10
% Chromium
Pasifasi pada stainless steel
55
Diagram Schaeffler
56
Diagram Schaeffler
904
Austenitic
Martensitic-Austenitic
316
Nickel Equivalent
304 Ferritic-Austenitic
2507
2304 2205
410
Martensitic
430 Ferritic
Chromium Equivalent
Sifat mekanik stainless steel
Martensitic
1000 Martensitic-Austenitic
750
Stress (MPa)
Ferritic-Austenitic
500
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Strain (%)
Sifat mekanik stainless steel
Ketangguhan tergantung pada temperatur.
Austenitic
Impact Energy
Ferritic-Austenitic Ferritic
Martensitic
ferit austenit
61
Korosi batas butir
(intergranular corrosion)
62