STUDI REFERENSI

"PARAMETRIC IN URBAN/MASTERPLAN DESIGN"

Disusun Oleh :
Tania Ghina Puspita 14512125

Dosen Pembimbing :
BARITOADI BULDAN RAYAGANDA RITO, ST

JURUSAN ARSITEKTUR
FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN PERENCANAAN
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA
2017
Latar Belakang:
Saat ini simulasi perubahan iklim dan pengurangan bahan bakar fossil menjadi isu yag
signifikan. Program simulasi ini diuntungkan untuk mengevaluasi keefektifan konservasi
energisebelum bangunan dibangun atau dimodifikasi. Yang pertama adalah perhitungan
energi yang disederhanakan, yang menggunakan metode degree-day dan cocok untuk
penggunaan energi bangunan skala kecil. Metode kedua adalah perhitungan energi
komputerisasi yang rinci berdasarkan pada analisis energi yaitu per dua jam dan rata-rata
curah hujan/tahun. Tujuan utama penggunaan software simulasi adalah untuk menghasilkan
lebih banyak alternatif desain yang. Program simulasi 'Autodesk Green Building Studio' secara
otomatis membaca semua informasi geometri bangunan dari Program BIM / 3D CAD berbasis
GbXML, seperti 'Autodesk Revit'.

Permasalahan yang ingin dipecahkan:

Untuk pembangunan gedung bertingkat kebanyakan akhir-akhir ini mengandalkan
teknologi dan dari segi arsitektur menyesuaikan diri dengan kemajuan teknologi yang pesat
ini. Salah satunya menggunakan software / perangkat lunak tuntuk tipe struktur komplek
yaitu seperti bionic. Setelah 50 taun, pengetahuan tentang bionic berkembang menjasi salah
satu bagian dari struktur bangunan. Dalam desain bionik, salah satu pola umumnya adalah
metode parametrik. Penelitian ini mengkaji konsep dan pengetahuan sistem desain bioset
parametrik. Garis besar metode ini didasarkan pada simulasi energi hour-by-hour. Lalu, dengan
bantuan studi kasus LAVA (gedung pencakar langit) ,hal ini bisa dialanilis. Hasilnya
menunjukkan bahwa menerapkan pola parametrik ke gedung pencakar langit bionik,
menyebabkan penghematan energi dalam jumlah besar.

Parameter dan ilustrator parameter yang digunakan:

Ilustrasi hasil rancangan :
 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Volume 57, May 2016, Pages 1337-1346

Sustainability; as a combination of parametric patterns

and bionic strategies
Author links open overlay panelPooyaLotfabadiHalil ZaferAlibabaArefArfaei
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.210Get rights and content

Abstract
Nowadays, climate change and consequently reducing the use of fossil fuel
has become a significant issue. As building construction sector is the
largest energy consumer, it seems necessary to analyze various aspects of
constructions. High-rise building development mostly relies on
technological achievements more than other factors and architects try to
adapt themselves with this rapid development. Through this way, one of the
recent irrefutable technologies is using software to analyze a significant
complex structural type such as Bionic.

After about 50 years, bionic knowledge had some consequential

developments in buildings structure part. Findings and researches in bionic
were rather deficient in energy consumption section. In bionic design, one
common pattern is parametric method. This study has reviewed the
concepts and knowledge system of parametric bioskin design. The method
outline is based on hour-by-hour energy simulation analysis. Furthermore,
with the aid of LAVA skyscraper as a case study, the ultimate expectation
of this research, which is illustrating the logic of parametric design in bionic
facades to reduce energy consumption, can be analyzed. The results
display that applying parametric patterns to bionic skyscrapers, lead to a
considerable amount of energy saving.

Keywords
Energy efficiency

High-rise buildings

Parametric design

Bionic system

1. Introduction
Construction analysis has illustrated that the demand of sustainable constructions is
increasing [1,2]. This is due to the fact that building operations are responsible for about 40%
of the CO2 emissions (Fig. 1), which is directly related to the amount of energy consumption
in construction in order to maintain the level of users comfort [35]. In other words, it is
believed that building section consumes nearly 24% of the earths total energy and this
amount is increased up to 40% for developed countries [6,7]. The result of current situation
causes solicitude [8,9] and more energy efficient constructions methods are needed to be
designed accordingly [10].
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Fig. 1. Global warming and CO2 emission [11,12].

To reach the aim of sustainable construction, it is clear that some principles should be
considered in the design stage [2,13]. The advantages of sustainable constructions will be
inevitable on the human health and natural environment. It has been shown that increasing
about 2% in the initial investment cost-in order to support sustainable design-leads to nearly
20% saving in overall building cost [2,14].

While our planet is affected by global warming and uncertainty over long-term energy
supplies, it is truly consequential to find some ways and principals to diminish energy
consumption [15]. For finding practical ways of energy usage reduction, all aspects of the
building, especially high-rise buildings with their vast facades, should be analyzed. Hence,
the green concepts and techniques have been progressed as sustainable ideas and the notion
of environmental preservation has also been considered in the construction plan.

Accordingly, since much earlier, nature has been the origin of human discovery and invention
of significant principles of knowledge and technology. This was the first spark of the bionic
ideas. Bionic design is a kind of the creative activity, which is inspired by biological
prototype. It is a highly creative thinking activity based on the deep understanding of the
natural objects and in the principles of esthetic and modeling [16,17]. In other words, the
bionic design procedure refers to the design process, which fulfills the design by applying
different characteristics, such as geometry, texture, shape, color, function and structure of
nature.

Technology is the base of construction of structural functions. The realization and

performance of all constructions must rely on suitable materials, energy support craft and
structural organizations. New progress always follows a breakthrough in science and
technology. It usually expresses the new-tech on human demands. Under the instruction of
bionic concepts, technological developments can learn the rules from nature [18]. As it is
shown in many cases, comparing to todays science and technology, natural creatures have
developed specific features during millions of years, which are far more critical to understand
and hard to cope with. So, the trend of learning from the biological structure, functions and
systems has become a new direction in technical innovation and revolution.

Moreover, the relationship between natural beings or between human and nature creates a
perfect source in the construction innovation and especially in its ergonomics [19]. In other
words, adding the organic knowledge and rules to the design process helps human beings feel
happy in life when put into practice [20]. Thereby, this kind of inspiration from the nature can
lead to efficient energy consumption in the construction section, which will be focused more
in this study.

Furthermore, these days, there are some regulations, forcing designers and architects to
consider their projects energy usage and their effects on the environment. So, in the case of
analyzing the building energy performance, benefiting from energy simulation programs in
the design stage, might be one of the best possible solutions [10,21,22]. Although there will
be discrepancy between the result of the simulation and the actual amount in the real
building, it can lead designers and architects to develop more energy efficient
alternatives [23,24].

Since 50 years ago, a wide range of energy simulation programs have been developed
throughout the building energy community [22,25]. However, still these programs are not
widely used [10]. By using Autodesk Green Building Studio simulation program, which is a
commercial software package, this study tries to show designers the effectiveness of applying
parametric patterns and bionic strategies in high-rise buildings. This energy-analysis software
enables designers and architects to perform whole-building analysis, optimize energy
consumption, and work toward carbon-neutral building designs earlier in the process. The
software adds defaults and assumptions according to the building type and location to
complete the energy analytical model. This helps designers perform a valid and useful
analysis for decision making. Green Building Studio gives access to over a million virtual
weather stations, which are compiled from a variety of trusted sources. Also, for existing
building projects, designers can upload building utility history. This software automatically
collects historical weather information from the same period of time, so, architects can create
a calibrated energy model for their designs [26].

These types of strategies can provide benchmarks that lead to design inspirational approaches
and also more efficient and sustainable engineering solutions. Therefore, it is concerned with
the high-rise construction form, as a case study, which is generated by digital tools, based on
the architectural and structural criteria. In other words, it expresses and analyzes an
innovative parametric bionic faade system design using digital methods in order to fill the
current gaps and lack of knowledge and it also proposes a key message to change the
designers viewpoint in dealing with the subjects.

1.1. Research methodology

These days, energy consumption simulation in construction sector has become the matter of
interest and benefit for architects and engineers. These simulation programs are benefited in
order to evaluate the effectiveness of energy conservation measures before the building is
constructed or modified [9]. Two basic levels of energy analysis tools are available at present.
The first one is the simplified energy calculation, which uses the degree-day method and is
suitable for small scale buildings energy usage. This method can be developed and be more
accurate to adapt with larger buildings. In this case it is called the modified-bin-method. The
second method is the detailed computerized energy calculation, which is based on both hour
by hour energy analysis and year average weather data. The mentioned method is benefited in
order to simulate the energy consumption of a building and its sub-systems for every
hour [10]. They offer detailed analysis of a buildings energy consumption, due to various
factors such as construction occupancy, schedule, building mass and so on [27].

Therefore, in this research, the data collection method is mainly thorough a theoretical
approach that is supported by the outcomes of a literature review and case study analysis. In
other words, it involves fieldwork and systematic review, which lead the author to using the
descriptive method of research in this paper. However, in order to analyze the effectiveness
of the case study, the quantitative method is used. In this case, for data evaluation and
computation, the Autodesk Green Building Studio simulation program is used.

The main aim of using simulation software is to generate more design alternatives, which
leads to finding more energy efficient option. Therefore, with almost minimum input options
you can gain to the simulation results, which are taking to account of the proposed
construction type and climate, envelope properties and also active systems. As this simulation
is based on the construction interdependency as a whole system, the results are beneficial in
order to keep score as the work to decrease the building energy consumption.

Autodesk Green Building Studio simulation program automatically reads all the building
geometry information from a gbXML-enabled BIM or 3D CAD programs, such as Autodesk
Revit applied in this research, in order to accomplish thermal simulation analysis of the
model (Fig. 2). It is specified that building type and zip code can be considered as the
minimum manual inputs required. The program operators may add other input parameters in
order to extend their ability in the BIM/CAD programs GUI. Moreover, in order to calculate
building energy consumption per hour, being used and trusted in industry for many years, all
other simulation variables supplied by the software may be viewed and edited in other DOE-
2.2 or gbXML compatible applications

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Fig. 2. Autodesk Green Building Studio data input and analyzing method.

Eventually, the research presents a systematic, evidence-based attempt to analyze and

simulate the energy performance of the bionic tower, which is benefited from the geometric
pattern on its faade. This attempt tries to calibrate models, which are based only on
referenced sources of construction data. Although the process produces a single, deterministic
model for an inherently stochastic process, such an approach can produce meaningful
conclusions, where sub utilities hourly measured data and significant resources for further
investigation and measurement are available.

2. Sustainable high-rise buildings

A high-rise or tall building is a type of building with a small footprint and roof area in
comparison with its huge faade surfaces [28,29]. In the design of these buildings, general
concept form has a high level of importance, which affects building behavior and esthetics
simultaneously. However, developing the building form, in case of responding to the above
criteria is a very complex task. According to the construction functional demands, a single
simple change in an element can affect other factors, which must be considered in developing
the project [30]. In other words, high-rise buildings need particular engineering systems and
design due to their high and great potentials of their facades [15].

Although gaining sustainability has become a very significant matter after 1970s [31], in the
building industry, still there is much confusion regarding the description of this term.
Generally, this is because of the common belief among the construction builders that
sustainable practice is not financially rewarding [32]. There are several definitions for
sustainability, but, in general, it is finding a kind of balance among the growing economy,
social responsibility and environmental protection in order to improve life quality of the
present and next generations [32].

In this way, there are so many possible alternatives to achieve the purpose of sustainability.
For instance: using different types of materials, applying the efficient solar orientation to gain
maximum daylight, considering more energy efficient structures, such as bionic, and so
on [32]. These considerations, lead to impressive benefits. They are; declining greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions [33], 30% reduction in light fixtures or light needs [34], raising at least
30% productivity [35], saving about 70% in general electricity and around 5060% in
building water demands [36], decreasing cooling needs approximately 510% [34], and
finally, they can save around 36% of consumption energy in comparison to the standard
buildings [32,36].

Regarding the sustainable design, tall and big scale buildings need great attention. This fact is
due to their great demand of energy and resources, and also their high potential to pollute
natural environment [37,38]. Therefore, in brief, as constructing tall and high-rise buildings is
an inevitable phenomena all around the world, it can be concluded that designing ecological
large scale constructions, particularly high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, which are high
energy and material intensive urban building types, is a matter that deserves immediate
investigation.

3. Bionic design
Since early times, man has learned a lot from nature and will do so more and more in the
future. In todays rapid changing era, human beings put themselves more in the inclosing of
man-made environment. Different competitions in the building markets motivate companies
to design new buildings inexhaustibly, which also leave multiple opportunities for the
designers to make new explorations on a harmonious relationship between human and nature.
In order to gain the worlds sustainable development and welfare, the bionic design
innovation in building sector should be a possible answer to be considered by reasonable use
of intelligent technology and exploration of new trend [19].

Since 1972, when the first United Nations Conference on Human Environment was
convened in Sweden, the environmental awareness has been perceived as a global
concern [20]. Thus, with a deeper understanding of innovation and sustainable development,
designers and architects were guided to rethink their source of inspiration, which was nature,
and to follow humanized materials and feasible methods as a serious alternative to solve the
issue [19]. In other words, due to the design philosophy and society developments, it is
obvious that the common evolvement trend is to adapt buildings with bionic design
principals. This idea comes from the goal that design has to be united with the nature [20]. It
is claimed that design in nature was firstly identified by Leonardo Davinci, when he said; In
design nothing is lacking and nothing is superfluous [18]. However, The term bionic and
its related theories were officially pervaded approximately in the mid-20th century, which is
an interdisciplinary concept proposed to apply biological sciences to such fields as
construction, medicine, material and so on [20].

These days, the attempt to combine technology and biological science has gained more
attention. Thus, bionic design has been proposed to find a way to connect nature and human
activities in a better way. By analyzing some special animal bodies and skeleton and simulate
their sensitivity and mobility, new constructions were formed to serve people more efficiently
and also comfortably. So, these types of designed structures are more energy efficient and
environmental friendly [19].

Bionic design is in general based on wild natural creature forms and phenomena. The
designers of this style mainly concentrate on the physical aspects of natural beings and also
the forms of their evolution. Thus, it can be claimed that the main purpose of the bionic
design is to encourage and expand a harmonious connection between nature and human
beings. Therefore, designers and architects can get inspiration from the ordinary things in
nature, existing, by their own ways [19]. Moreover, as the world famous German designer
Luigi Colani said: the foundation of design lies in the life of nature [7].

Also, Eugene Tsui, famous for studying natural laws in the design, advocated evolutionary
constructions, and called for ecological design before the presentation of ecological idea.
He highly honored many magical laws and secrets including the natural world in his design
philosophy. According to his thoughts, when comparing biology with humans structure,
many new ideas in material strength, energy efficient usage, physical environment and so on
could be conveyed, and this matter demonstrates a connection of mutual profits with an
ecological system in the natural world [39]. So far, there have been less or even no studies on
the direct effect of this type of design in reducing energy in construction part, which is the
aim of this study.

4. Parametric design
Although it seems that the meaning of the term Parametric design is obvious, it is somehow
complicated to explain. This term implies benefiting from parameters in order to create a
form. However, the real issue is using the relation among the patterns [40]. In other words, it
is designed in the field, where design variations are effortless; therefore, it substitutes
singularity with multiplicity and in this way it uses Parametric models.

Parametric model is a computer design model, which is based on the geometry. This
geometry, itself, contains two fixed features, known as constrained and variable attributes and
named parameters. So, in the parametric model, in order to find a new alternative to solve the
problem, the parameters have been changed. This model responds to the changes by adapting
or reconfiguring to the new values of the parameters without erasing or redrawing [41].

As it was mentioned, parametric design is a set of relations and variables parameters to

develop a form [32]. Thus, by changing the parameters, different shapes can be defined.
Moreover, the entire building form can be manipulated by modifying certain parameters,
which are automatically able to adapt construction data such as total number of floors, overall
gross area, building aspect ratio and its height [32].

This needs precise thinking to find an efficient geometrical structure based on a complex
model, which is flexible enough for doing variations. Thus, the designer or architect must
calculate and find the type of variations he/she wants to explore due to defining the kinds of
transformations the parametric model should do. So, as the nature of the design process is
unpredictable, this process is a very hard and sophisticated one [41].

Historically, computer scripts generate various design models and these simple models have
developed parametric design [39]. Each time the script is run with different parametric
values, to highly developed structures based on parentchild relations and hierarchical
dependencies. Nowadays, when a parameter is changed, parametric CAD software offers
sophisticated 3D interactive interfaces, being able to perform variations in real time, allows
the designer to have more control over the project and to have immediate feedback [41].

In general, apart from the design sophistication, parametric models are classified into two
types; the first group is created from performing variations and the second one regards the
parametric geometrical entities, generate a new design. Although it needs a very sophisticated
computer performance and modeling, it is possible to generate a parametric model as a
combination of the both mentioned types [41].

It should also be noted that, the boundary between what is currently known as parametric
design and computer-aided drafting or modeling, is not very clear. So, forms including proper
parameters are created by combining basic entities that are inserted in the model after a basic
template. For instance; line can be considered as a basic element of the model, by defining its
direction and its length. In this case, polyline is considered as a series of joined lines with the
specified positions. Finally, a volume is inserted in a model through four various parameters,
its width, length, height and location [40].

Although applying parametric design in building industry has so many advantages, what is
mainly focused in this research is planning and synthesizing the requirements and
relationships of different design elements into one certain form. This process helps the
architect to analyze a variety of possible solutions in a very fast and quick way [32].
Eventually, parameters are stated as numeric and geometrical relationships. In order to design
with these relationships, a series of parametric principles need to be established.
Development of high-rise buildings could be specified by various design factors and these
factors have several parameters such as functional requirements, structural demands and user
needs (Fig. 3) [31].

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Fig. 3. Design parameters [32].

5. Case study analysis: Lava bionic tower

5.1. Intelligence of the system
Bionics is a study of natural creature behavior that gets applied technologically. It implies a
merge of the natural and the mechanical systems and lava bionic tower in Abu Dhabi does
exactly that. This building has been designed by LAVA architecture group (Laboratory for
Visionary Architecture), which were established by Chris Bosse, Tobias Wallisser, Alexander
Rieck, and has offices in Abu Dhabi, Sydney, Shanghai, Stuttgart. This project is located in
Abu Dhabi, UAE, with the height of 240 m and was designed in 2007.

This skyscraper tries to illustrate the combination of the future technologies with natural
organization patterns in order to achieve a friendlier, smarter, more socially and
environmentally responsible future. Lava bionic tower harnesses the natural factors as well as
the technological advances of our time, producing an engineered lightness (Fig. 4). So, based
on an organic and adaptive form it has tried to create an efficient building. Moreover, this
tower morphed biology with technology to achieve a design like no other sample which has
been seen before, and it will surely be an asset to the world, once completed.

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Fig. 4. Lava bionic tower [43].

The future architecture is not only concentrated on the shape but also on the system
intelligence as a more important criteria (Fig. 5). The traditional curtain wall facade is
passive, lacking the power to adjust to the fluctuating external environment. It should be able
to intervene actively in the buildings struggle to maintain its internal stability. So,
architecture has to act as an ecosystem in the organic city texture. In this case, Lava merges
natures structural principles, digital workflow and the latest digital fabrication technologies
with the aim of achieving more suitable architecture with less usage of material, energy, time,
cost and so on. Therefore, structure, material and building skin (faade system) are the three
main factors, to be considered as an organic pattern.

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Fig. 5. Lava bionic tower intelligent system [44].

5.1.1. Structure and materials

This bionic skyscraper, tried to unify structure, space and architectural expression, just like
the organization of natural systems, simultaneously (Fig. 6). Combining natural forms with
advanced computing technology enables the skyscraper to achieve incredible light, efficient
and elegance structures. In other words, just as nature organically regenerates, the building
proposes a natural system of organic restructuring and reorganizing. So, instead of individual
array elements, the building behaves like an organism or ecosystem. On the other hand, new
technologies and materials enable adaptability, responsiveness and environmental awareness,
which are not the matter of this research.
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Fig. 6. Lava bionic tower structural system [44].

5.1.2. Geometry and transformation

Geometry has the key role in order to generate construction, structure and form. In a
schematic design, its role is to explore and define design ideas. A geometric shape has its
own structural and architectural characteristics. Skyscraper forms can be designed by
focusing on geometric shapes. The main geometry in this tower is based on symmetry. One
shapes center might create another shapes corner and vice versa. These combinations
generate so many symmetrical patterns, which can be applied in high-rise building forms. In
this case, same side distances and also same bay corner columns characterize these symmetric
geometries [32].

Generally, building forms along with their height can be considered as setback, tapered,
prismatic and so on. However, this research just presents non-conventional vertical
transformations such as setback, section morph, twist, and curvilinear. Thus, it concentrates
on pattern development of a series of starting and ending floor plate shapes for a set of floors.
In this case, Fig. 7 displays starting and ending points, which are combined to create new
patterns and define geometries. So, each pattern can be shaped from different number of
control point, which will be leaded to create a form. Throughout this process, plenty of new
concepts of high-rise building forms can be defined. Digital procedures are developed in
order to transform starting floor plate shape to the ending shape. Such operations as scaling,
rotation, and morphing are displayed for a variety of basic shapes. Embedded in the
generative process are structural and architectural criteria that limit the resulting form.
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Fig. 7. Lava bionic tower geometric patterns [43].

This high-rise building marks a departure from traditional architectural thinking in which
design initiates. The development comprises executive residential suites, luxury amenities,
and other functions. The forms are inspired from the geometrical patterns of a snowflake and
the aerodynamic forms. Moreover, the skyscraper encapsulates future technology, fluid
dynamics and also natural patterns of organization. Apart from using purely mimicking
shapes in nature, this tower has learned from natures own geometrical orders creating high
efficient structures and intriguing spaces. The skyscraper architecture is unfolded as a result
of the projects needs: minimum structure, maximum views, air distribution and optimal
natural light, user comfort and so on.

Learning from nature and using advanced computing enables LAVA bionic tower to conceive
structures of incredible elegance, beauty, lightness and efficiency. So, it can be claimed that
the intelligence of the smallest unit, results in the overall system intelligence. The potential of
natural evolving systems such as snowflakes, soap bubbles and spider webs for new building
structures and typologies has continued to fascinate both efficiency and beauty in this
skyscraper.

5.2. Parametric combinations

Parametric Combinations (PC) is the 2nd class of parametric models in terms of the most
usage. This model (PC) is combined from a series of geometrical shapes and configurations,
which are ordered according to the patterns and principles that create more complex
structures. It is also called relational models, or associative geometry models. According to
special order and criterion, parametric combinations propose another degree of complexity
beyond the geometrical components parameterization, which have been done by constructing
combinations. In these types of models, the key aspect of the design is the combination rules
and spatial relations of the primitive components that illustrate various design compositions.
Thus, it is possible to achieve different design solutions by combining design components
and elements in different ways [41].

Lava bionic tower attempts to find the way, in which both architectural and natural rules
could be merged in order to construct the ultimate inhabitable structure. The skyscraper
design is inspired from the biological organization of the ecosystem. This type of design,
works its way from the smallest unit to the intelligence of the whole system. Therefore, by
benefiting from PC modeling of a behavioral logic in the project design, the system gets
optimized constantly. In other words, by inspiring from the nature and utilizing advanced
design techniques, this tower tried to create a shapely, light weighted and efficient structure
(Fig. 8). Thus, by parametric combinations modeling of the behavioral logic the overall
system is constantly optimized. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Furthermore,
using new construction technologies and materials provide more responsive, adaptable and
environment friendly buildings.

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Fig. 8. Lava bionic tower parametric models [43].

5.3. Faade system

The LAVA bionic tower comprises tomorrows architecture. The building architecture has
replaced the modernist concept of extruded footprints and applied curtain walls. It makes a
fully integrated intelligent faade system, which inspires from nature and its surrounding
environment due to building constructions with maximum energy efficiency and user comfort
potential. Its shape is an extremely regularize organic form. Moreover, the overall faade
form is the unifying element of all various units, making up the tower (Fig. 9). It means
imitating nature in this parts-to-whole sense, just as different components make up an
ecosystem. Just similar to any other system, the whole construction is as efficient as its parts.
It is obvious that nature is temporal and the faade system tries to react to this matter as well.
So, the faade consists of a responsive skin, which can be adjusted to the outside
environment.

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Fig. 9. Lava bionic tower faade details [44].

Each apartment in the tower has unobstructed ocean views because the organizational
principle of a minimal surface allows the optimization of the faade-floor area ratio. This
skyscraper can efficiently react to the external influences and environmental factors such as
atmosphere pressure, solar radiation and temperature, air pollution, humidity, and so on due
to intelligent faade system. New building construction technologies and materials create
strong and also lightweight structures that are capable of adapting themselves to their natural
surrounding and environment. Regarding the mentioned points, it can be claimed that the
skyscraper design principles can be totally adapted to each location by generating a
combination of local and global values.

Furthermore, architects seem to consider important sustainable criteria such as gaining solar
radiations, natural ventilation, precipitation collection and so on, as an evolutionary aspect of
building self-preservation design, which were inspired from nature and adopted by
architecture. Envisioned as equivalents to mechanisms of organic regeneration, the proposed
systems are connected to the faade design. They are accommodated in the faade surface
system in the form of intelligent surface automation, addressing pragmatic mentioned issues
such as solar radiations, natural ventilation, and water collection, supported by new
construction materials and technologies.

5.4. Calibrated simulation approach

Unfortunately, in spite of using digital tools and software, high-rise buildings schematic
phase is still quite limited. This technology (computer-aided design) is used in order to create
more accurate building evaluation and analysis, and on the other hand, to accelerate
generating the computable design representations describing conceptual design
alternatives [32].

Since the last 50 years, building energy simulation programs have developed and have been
used more commonly. The main tools in the construction energy field are the whole-building
energy simulation programs that provide users, key building performance indicators; such as
energy use and demand, humidity, temperature, costs and so on [22].

These days, so many building energy simulation programs are available all around the world.
Some of them are based on a quick analysis of building annual energy usage and categorized
as simplified energy analysis tools, on the other hand, the rest are using more detailed
models, which are based on detailed hour-by-hour building energy analysis [42]. Thus, it is
not really important which software is applied, however, the important issue is the calibration
of simulation models, which is crucial for the accuracy and usability of energy simulation.
The results of the simulation are compared with the measured data by the calibration process,
which tunes the simulation until the time they closely match the measured data [23].

Effective and impressive results are achieved by the recent progresses in architectural
computer applications, for example in the fields of advanced geometry and computer-aided
production methods. Both of them directly address the domain of the architecture and are also
used to improve the designs. Computers are utilized in order to develop the traditional
toolsets. So, obviously, extension of the mentioned method can lead to implementing
construction performance aspects. Nevertheless, no tools exist to seamlessly integrate
performance assessment into the design process or to support the design and decision-making
of the architect. Holistic performance assessment is not considered in any kind of computer-
aided architectural design (CAAD) environment applied by architects [3].

Therefore, as it was mentioned, calibrated simulation is not a very accurate method.

However, it is appropriate to measure and analyze building energy demand and its saving
amount under certain conditions, such as; the time when savings cannot be measured easily,
or when measures interact with other building systems while it is difficult to isolate the
savings, or when total building metered electrical data are not accessible and so on. This
method is also very beneficial for the facility professionals, who can use the model
availability to explore energy saving potentials as well as ECM1 impacts. On the other hand,
the simulation method cannot be utilized under some conditions. For instance; when
buildings or HVAC mechanical systems cannot be readily simulated, or when measures can
be analyzed without simulation, or when the sources are not sufficient and so on [23].

The Autodesk Green Studio energy simulation program can create some design alternatives,
which explore the energy performance of various ranges of options. The best thing about this
software is that simulation results can be taken for the proposed building climate and building
type, faade properties and active systems with relative minimum options. As this program
considers all interdependency of the construction as a single system, the result can be
considered as a solution to decrease the whole building energy consumption.

Then, in this level it is time to create the mass model with Autodesk Revit program to
analyze the case study and create an input for Autodesk Green Studio. The generated mass
model is used to illustrate the general construction geometry, including information such as
the number of rooms, their connections and their relationship to the exterior spaces, openings,
the amount of sun exposure, which includes the shape and total area of built surfaces. By
considering these data as an input, the Autodesk Green Studio software can analyze the
building conceptual model. Then, after setting a few parameters, like building type, location,
number of floors and its basic construction and system details, the result can be accessible.
As this software is also cloud-based, it provides the results very quickly.

This software also benefits from Google Maps to find the adequate weather file. This
process can be done by entering the projects postal address or code in the location text box,
and clicking on the Find Location icon. It should be mentioned that Autodesk Green Building
Studio Stations are based on recent actual year weather data rather than TMY2 or CZ2
stations, which are based on 30-year averages of weather data. Therefore, it can be claimed
that this method of data analyzing is much faster, easier and more accurate than other existing
methods (Table 1).

Table 1. The Lava bionic tower site and weather summary.

Site Lapse rate Latitude Longitude (local site) Sea level altitude

Flat, unobstructed 37 C/km 244667 N 543667 E 26.8 m

Dew point temperature Humidity Mean annual wind Maximum annual wind
Temperature
(constant) ratio speed speed

21 C 36.5 C 57.5% 4 m/s 7 m/s

Autodesk Green Building Studio program can make the building energy analytical model
and form a normal architectural model automatically. Thus, by benefiting this method it is
estimated that parametric bionic system itself can lead to nearly 35% reduction in building
energy demand. In other words, it seems that applying geometric parameters, which are based
on the organic bionic forms, can lead the building architecture and design to creating more
sustainable and environment friendly constructions. These patterns would be more beneficial,
if they are applied to high-rise buildings, which have more potential, especially in their large
facades. However, it should be mentioned that if the software could not find your parameter,
it automatically uses the default values, which are based on construction energy standards,
suitable for the building type, size and location in order to make the model.

6. Conclusion
As human population strives to combat global warming, developing sustainable energy
systems, protect the environment and earths eco-systems, we have all the examples we need,
at our disposal in the natural environment. Companies are beginning to see the possibilities as
they look to nature for design inspiration. It can be claimed that nature is lean, just-in-time,
the ultimate problem-solver, and the perfect exemplar in sustainable engineering, and is
indeed an inspiration for intelligent and innovative engineering.

The replication of biological surfaces has great potential in applied surface technology.
Nature offers an extremely diverse pool of biological master surfaces with structure
dependent surfaces properties. The replica technique used here, allows the replication of
complex biological surface structures with cavities, undercuts and large aspect ratios. Surface
structures of biological specimens, which are responsible for their optical properties can be
applied and utilized as basis for the development of innovative prototypes in sustainable
architecture.

Design procedures offer a novel solution to expand the universe for exploration of design
instances, in particular as a model for generating parametric designs. Design procedures,
which are based on a general course of action followed by a designer, is independent of the
geometrical shapes and their representation. As a parametric model generation system, the
possibilities for application of the design procedures are absolutely boundless. Finally, the
result of energy simulation program displays that using parametric patterns in bionic faade
system of LAVA bionic tower can lead to significant amount of the total annul energy
consumption of the skyscraper, which in this case is approximately around 35%.
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