Materi Kuliah
Pendahuluan Geofisika
(Seri 2)
2 SKS
SEISMOLOGY
LOGOS = ilmu
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http://delapaz123.glogster.com/earthquake-mythology/
http://delapaz123.glogster.com/earthquake-mythology/
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According to Japanese
mythology, earthquakes
are caused by the
thrashing of a giant
catfish called Namazu.
He is held at bay by a
god (daimyojin) that
keeps a big rock on the
fish's head. But when the
attention of daimyojin is
wandered, the namuzu
moved and the ground
shook.
//www.hotspotoutdoors.com/forum/ub
bthreads.php/topics/2017119/2/Cats_
at_an_artist_gallery
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Andrija Mohorovičić
(1857–1936)
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Emil Wiechert
(1861-1928)
Tugas Seismologist
Melakukan pengamatan fenomena alam
gempabumi dan kejadian seismik lainnya
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Pengamatan Gempabumi
Beberapa definisi:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/seismology/history/part10.php
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Replika
Seismoskop
Chang Heng
(132 AD)
//www.yorku.ca/esse/veo/earth/image/1-10-14.JPG
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Terjadi goresan
Pegas Pendulum
ke bawah pada
memanjang relatif diam
seismogram
Terjadi goresan
Pegas Pendulum
ke atas pada
memendek relatif diam
seismogram
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//www.indiana.edu/~g103/G103/week10/seismograph.jpg
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//billy.geo.uib.no/seismo/naar-jorden-skjelver/img/pendulum.jpg
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//www.terremoti.it/images/sismografo_verticale_orizzontale.gif
Mechanical Recording
//billy.geo.uib.no/seismo/naar-jorden-skjelver/index.php?topic=instruments&lang=es
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The Wiechert
horizontal seismograph
(1000 kg inverted pendulum)
//earthquake.usgs.gov/ //www.seismosoc.org/
//sismordia.blogspot.com/2008/06/sunday-seismometer-4.html
The Wiechert
vertical seismograph
(600 kg spring-mass pendulum)
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activezone/photos/seismogram.html
//www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/
The squiggle is a record of a quake that struck near the town of Coalinga, in centeral
California, in 1983. The earth's movement is recorded on paper that is covered with a
layer of smoke particles.
In the following figure we report before (1) and after (2) the
cleaning of a cut-out of a smoked paper seismogram dating from
the early 20th century.
//sismos.rm.ingv.it/organisation/vectorialisation?set_language=en
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Optical Recording
//billy.geo.uib.no/seismo/naar-jorden-skjelver/index.php?topic=instruments&lang=es
Galvanometer
T : kawat halus
m: cermin
C: kumparan
yg terhub. ke
seismometer
N-S: kutub
magnetik U-S
//media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/12/66812-004-13F2C800.gif
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Electromagnetic Long-period
Seismometer
//www.infiltec.com/seismo/lehman.gif
Photographic Seismograph
//www.eas.slu.edu/Earthquake_Center/Instruments/sprenghz.jpg
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//www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/news/2004/20041130_pic_milne.jpg
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//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/MSH/Seismicity/
MSH80_seismogram_RAN_harmonic_tremor_04-02-80_med.jpg
Seismogram Kertas Fotografik
//www.seismo.com/msop/msop79/rec/fig_1.1.3b.gif
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Analog
Pen motion
Recording
//www.azosensors.com/images/Equipments/EquipmentImage_17.jpg
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Seismic Vault
Example of a vault
for a short-period
three-component
seismic station
made of a large-
diameter metal
pipe with thin
concrete walls.
(Bormann, 2002)
//pleinm.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/200998_962_1207226910086-
kinemetrics_seismograph_537.jpg
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//2.bp.blogspot.com/_viWbhRtuOio/SxlC4RKNqHI/AAAAAAAAB80/IXjqHO4MYwY/s400/seismometer.jpg
Seismogram Analog
//www.volcano.si.edu/volcanoes/region08/ivm_arc/anatahan/08ana01f.png
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Seismogram Digital
//seismo.berkeley.edu/faq/iup/regional/sort.gif
//www.dzhyq.com/en_products_ds4.htm
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//www.dzhyq.com/en_products_ds4.htm
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Guralp GMC-40T
Broadband
Seismometer
//www.lngs.infn.it/lngs_infn/
//www.earth.sinica.edu.tw/~smdmc/seismology/CMG-3ESPC.jpg
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Force Balanced
Very Broadband
Seismometer
//www.eentec.com/Pictures/EP-300.jpg
Model EP-300
//geofon.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon//images/sts2.jpg
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Example of a BB or
VBB seismic vault
with a separate
compartment for
sensors and double
thermal cover.
Usually, the sensor
itself is additionally
isolated
(Bormann, 2002)
//www.guralp.com/articles/20040400-casestudy-eskdalemuir/pit-with-seismometer.jpg
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Guralp 3-component
digital seismometer
(CMG-3ESP)
//www4.uwm.edu/letsci/geosciences/seismic_center/images/digital.jpg
//www.iris.edu/hq/gallery/d/465-4/CMG-3T.jpg
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Seismometer
//www.iiees.ac.ir/iiees/English/Seismology/seismometer.jpg
Guralp "CMG-BT“
In Seismic Vault
Nanometrics
Broadband
Seismometer
(Model Trillium 40)
//www.earth.sinica.edu.tw/~smdmc/seismology/trillium.jpg
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Broadband
//www.nanometrics.ca/images/stories/Products/trident2.jpg
Seismometer
Vault
Bedrock outcrop
//gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/landscapes/
//www-markinfo.slu.se/sve/mark/jman/
//gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/landscapes/
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//soundwaves.usgs.gov/2007/12/OBS_F2_SeismicVaultLG.jpg
Broadband
Seismic Vault
GPS dome
antenna
(background) and
seismic vault
housing temporary
broadband
seismometer
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//geofon.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon//manual/vaults2.gif
//www.ngdir.ir/sitelinks/kids/Image/erathquake -en/glossary/bedrock-MM.gif
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iisee.kenken.go.jp/.../images/Image121.gif
Data Logger
//www.pnsn.org/SMO/hostexample.gif
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//www.kinemetrics.com/uploads/8220041190.jpg
//www.geonet.org.nz/images/site/vsat_large.jpg
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Foto: BMKG
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Disertai tsunami
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//0.tqn.com/d/geology/1/0/z/f/1/earthquake-statistics.jpg
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//www.bmg.go.id/
//www.bmg.go.id/
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//www.bmg.go.id/
//www.bmg.go.id/
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//www.bmkg.go.id
OT 16:50:45 WIB
M : 6,3 SR, H: 34 km
Epic: 8,371 LS, 107,98 BT
//www.bmkg.go.id
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//www.bmkg.go.id
//www.bmkg.go.id
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//www.bmkg.go.id
M = 5,5 SR
1.79 N; 99.13 E
H = 10 km
OT = 07:08 WIB
Berita di Media
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M = 6.7 SR
2.81 N – 97.85 E
H = 78 km
OT = 00:55:12 WIB Berita di Media
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