DAFTAR NAMA GENERIK OBAT v2009.1 PDF

Nama Generik Obat, Kembali ke: Awal, Daftar Isi, Index
DAFTAR NAMA GENERIK OBAT

v2009.1
Klik Cepat ke: Daftar Isi, Index (Sebaiknya baca
Panduan dulu)
Saluran Cerna
Kardiovaskuler
Saluran Nafas
Neuromuskuler
Hormon
Antibakteri
Saluran Kemih
Metabolik
Vitamin & Mineral
Preparat Mata, Kulit, Telinga, Mulut
Imunologi
Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

“All high-street pharmacists are obliged by law to dispense
whatever the doctor has written on the prescription. If your
doctor has prescribed a medicine by its brand name, your
pharmacist must dispense that brand. However, if a medicine
has been prescribed by its generic name, your pharmacist can
dispense whatever version of the medicine they have available,
because each version will have the same therapeutic effect….
…There are a few exceptions to this. There are a handful of
medicines that your doctor must prescribe by the brand name.
These include:
 modified-release theophylline & aminophylline
 modified-release nifedipine & diltiazem
 the immunosuppressant ciclosporin
 lithium, which is a mood stabiliser
 fentanyl patches
 carbamazepine, phenytoin and Na valproate
www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/brand_generic.htm

PANDUAN PENGGUNAAN
Pengantar
DAFTAR NAMA GENERIK OBAT akan selalu diupdate min 3
bulan sekali dengan penamaan versi berdasarkan tahun dan
bulan release, misalnya v.2009.1 artinya release pada tahun
2009 bulan januari.
Update mengikuti perkembangan terbaru obat-obatan yang
resmi beredar, terutama di wilayah Indonesia.
File ini bisa dibuka di komputer maupun PDA (Personal digital
Assistant). Komputer dengan semua sistem operasi: Windows,
Linux dan Macintosh.
Bagi pengguna sebaiknya mendaftarkan email/ blognya ke
alamat di bawah ini, untuk dapat mengikuti perkembangan versi
terbaru. Semoga bermanfaat
Genghis Khun
Email : nafanakhun@gmail.com
Blog : nafanakhun.wordpress.com
genghiskhun.com

DAFTAR NAMA GENERIK OBAT
Bisa dibuka di semua sistem operasi:
Komputer:
- Windows
- Linux
- Macintosh
HP/ PDA:
- Symbian
- Windows Mobile

Sistem Penulisan
Nama Generik berdasarkan nama internasional
I: Indikasi
BSO: Bentuk sediaan obat
D: Dosis dan cara pemberian oral *

Qd= 1x
Bid=2x
Tid=3x
Hs= sebelum tidur
KI: Kontra Indikasi
P: Perhatian
ES: Efek Samping
IO: Interaksi Obat
Preg: (Tingkat Keamanan untuk Ibu Hamil) A, B, C, D, X*
Nama Dagang: Nama ini akan langsung diisi bila distribusi di
Indonesia.hanya tersedia 1 (satu) macam nama dagang/ paten
tersebut
Produk®, Rp. /box, Amp)
Cara Pemberian Obat Oral
Simbol:
: Diberikan bersama makanan
: Diberikan bersama atau tanpa makanan
: Diberikan saat perut kosong (1 jam sebelum makan atau

2 jam sesudah makan)
Tingkat Keamanan untuk Ibu Hamil

A: Aman pada janin manusia
B: Aman pada janin binatang percobaan.
C: Efek samping pada janin binatang percobaan, pada manusia
belum diketahui.
D: Efek samping pada janin manusia, tetapi manfaat obat
mungkin lebih besar daripada resikonya.
X: Abnormalitas pada janin manusia. Resiko melebihi manfaat
yang diperoleh.
Cara Pencarian Data
1. Panduan Daftar Isi, atau
2. Mengaktifkan Bookmark disamping halaman PDF
viewer atau
3. Melihat Index (Berdasarkan urutan abjad).
4. Fasilitas Search.. (Tekan Ctrl+F) : Tulislah dengan
nama generik internasional, misalnya “hydroxide”,
jangan ditulis “hidroksida”

I. SALURAN PENCERNAAN
A. ANTASIDA & ANTI ULCERASI
B. REGULATOR GIT, ANTI FLATULEN & ANTI INFLAMASI
C. ANTI SPASMODIK
D. ANTI DIARE
E. LAKSATIF & PENCAHAR
F. DIGESTAN
G. KOLAGOGUM, KOLELITOLITIK & HEPATIK PROTEKTOR
H. PREPARAT ANOREKTAL

A. Antasida & anti ulcerasi
Aluminium hydroxide/ Antacid
Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium trisilicateCimetidine
Ranitidine HCl
Famotidine
Nizatidine
Omeprazole
Lansoprazole
Rabeprazole
Pantoprazole
Esomeprazole
Clebropride Malate
Misoprostol
Sulpiride
Sucralfate
Teprenone
Rebamipide
Polymigel
Aluminium hydroxide/ Antacid
I: Hiperasiditas lambung, pengikat fosfat pada kasus
hiperfosfatemia pada gagal ginjal.
BSO: Tablet Kunyah 300mg
D: 1-2 tab/ hr, 1 jam stlh makan & sebelum tidur .

KI: Payah ginjal
P: Insuffisiensi Ginjal
ES: Jarang, konstipasi, diare. Hipofosfatemia (jangka lama,
dosis tinggi)
IO: Perubahan absorbsi terutama tetrasiklin dan garam Fe
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:

Magnesium hydroxide
I: Konstipasi & defekasi tdk teratur yg disertai ggn pencernaan.
BSO: Syr 400mg/5cc
D: Dws 2,4g – 4,8 g sblm tidur/ ssdh bangun tidur. Anak 1,2g-
2,4 g.
KI:
P: Kerusakan ginjal
ES: Mual muntah, nyeri perut
IO: Mengganggu absorpsi Cimetidin/ Tetrasiklin
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:
Laxasium

Magnesium trisilicate
I: Hiperasiditas GI
BSO: Tab, Syrup
D: Perut Kosong/ menjelang tidur/ timbul gejala. Tdk >7 hr

KI: Anak <10th, ggl ginjal, hypophosphataemia
P: Insufisiensi ginjal, hypermagnesaemia, nefrolitiasis,
ES: Diare, mual, muntah, depresi SSP, osteomalasia pada
defisiensi fosfor, osteomalasia, batu ginjal.
IO: Mengganggu absorbsi Tetrasiklin
Preg::
Nama Dagang:

Cimetidine
I: Ulkus duodenum & gaster jinak, ulkus sal GI bag atas,ulkus
stoma, ulkus stress, sindroma Zollinger-Ellison, mastositosis
sistemik, adenoma endokrin multipel.
BSO: Kaplet 200 mg, injeksi 200 mg
D: Dws 400 mg pagi & malam, atau 200 mg 3x/hr waktu

makan dan 400 mg menjelang tidur. Lama terapi 4 mgg.
Anak 20-40 mg/kgBB/hr dlm dosis terbagi.
KI: Hipersensitif thd Cimetidine
P: Ggn ginjal, hamil, laktasi, keganasan lambung.
ES: Diare, pusing, ruam kulit. Ginekomastia, impotensi (pria).
Kebingungan reversible. alergi, artralgia, myalgia, kelainan
darah, nefritis interstisialis, sakit kepala, hepatotoksik,
pankreatitis.
IO: Meningkatkan efek Lidocaine, Phenytoin, Theophylline,
Warfarin, bbrp antiaritmia, Benzodiazepine, vasodilator
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:
Ranitidine HCl
I: Ulkus duodenum, ulkus gaster jinak,refluks esofagitis
BSO: Tab 150 mg. Amp 50 mg/ 2cc
D:
Ulkus duodenum Dws 150mg 2x/hr selama 4-8mgg.
Sindrom Zollinger Ellison 150mg 2x/hr dpt ditingkatkan s/d 6
g/hr.
Ulkus Gaster 150 mg 2x/hr selama 2 mgg. Pemeliharaan: 150
mg sblm tidur.
Refluks Esofagitis 150mg 2x/hr.

KI: Hipersensitif
P: Riw. Porfiria akut. Bumil & laktasi. Ggn fungsi hati & ginjal.
Lanjut usia
ES: Sakit kepala, malaise, insomnia, vertigo
IO: Dg Warfarin meningkatkan/menurunkan waktu Protrombin
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:

Famotidine
I: Ulkus duodenum, ulkus gaster jinak, sindroma Zollinger
Ellison, refluks esofagitis
BSO: Tab 20 mg
D: 40 mg 1x/hr atau 20 mg 2x/hr

KI:
P: Ggn ginjal berat
ES: Trombositopenia
IO:
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:

Nizatidine
I: Tukak duodenal, refluks esofagitis
BSO: Kapl 150 mg, Amp 25 mg/cc
D: Tab 150-300 mg 2x/hr selama 8-12 mgg. Infus IV kontinu:
150-300 mg dalam 150cc larutan. Rata-rata 10 mg/ jam. Maks:
480 mg/hr.
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Insufisiensi ginjal, bumil & laktasi
ES:
IO:
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:
Axid

Omeprazole
proton pump inhibitor
I: Hiperasiditas
BSO: Kaps 20 mg
D: 1x/hr ditelan utuh. Terapi tdk > dr 4 mgg

KI: Bumil & Laktasi.
P: Umur dibwh 18 th. Gangguan Liver
ES: Flatulen, Vertigo
IO: Mengurangi efektifitas obat anti HIV & anti fungi.
Peningkatan kadar dlm darah: warfarin, phenytoin,
benzodiazepines (such as diazepam, triazolam, lorazepam or
flurazepam), digoxin, cilostazol, tacrolimus.
Preg:: A, B, C, D, X
Nama Dagang:

Lansoprazole
Proton pump inhibitor
I: Ulkus gaster & duoenum
BSO: Kaps 30 mg
D: Dws 30mg 1x/hr
KI: Ggn hati berat
P: Anak
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Rabeprazole
BSO: Tablet 10 mg, 20 mg
D: Dws 1x 20 mg/hr. Tukak Duodenum aktif 1x 10 mg/hr.
sembuh dlm 2-4 mgg. Pasien Tukak lambung sembuh dalam
4-6 mgg. Refluks esofagitis 1x 20 mg/hr selama 4-8 mgg. Pagi
I: Tukak Duodenum, Tukak lambung, Refluks esofagitis

P: Ggn fungsi ginjal, hipersensitif. Usia lanjut. Bumil & Laktasi.
Anak.
ES: Konstipasi, eksema, sakit kepala, peningkatan GPT, lekosit
eosinofilik & GOT
IO: Menurunkan kadar Ketokonazole, meningkatkan
konsentrasi digoxin dlm darah. Tdk berinteraksi dg obat yg
dimetabolisme scr oksidatif: Teofilin, Fenitoin, Warfarin &
Diazepam.
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:Pariet

Pantoprazole
I: Terapi jangka pendek ggn gaster & intestinal yg memerlukan
pengurangan sekresi as lambung; ulkus duodenum, ulkus
gaster; refluks esofagitis.
BSO: Tab 20 mg, 40 mg. Vial 40 mg
D: Tab 40 mg/hr slm 2-8 mgg. IV 40 mg/hr slm < 8 mgg.

KI: Kerusakan hati. Hamil.
P: IV digunakan bila IO tidak memungkinkan.
ES: sakit kepala, diare, ruam kulit, pruritus.
IO: Mempengaruhi penyerapan Ketokonazole
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:
Pantozol

Esomeprazole
I: Refluks Gastroesofageal, Kombinasi antibakteri utk eradikasi
H. pylori
BSO: Tab 20 mg, 40 mg. Vial 40 mg/cc
D: Tab Refluks Esofagitis Erosif 1x 40 mg/hr slm 4 mgg. Relaps
esofagitis & pemeliharaan 1x 20 mg/hr. Vial Dws 40 mg iv
pelan/ infus slm 10-30mnt.

KI:
P: Bumil Laktasi. Intoleransi fruktosa herediter. Malabsorbsi
Glukosa Galaktosa. Insufisiensi sukrase isomaltase.
ES: Diare, Kembung. Mual, konstipasi, dermatitis, pruritus,
mulut kering.
IO: Diazepam, Sitalopram, Imipramin, Klomipramin, Fenitoin
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:
Nexium

Clebropride Malate
I: Ulkus peptikum, Gastroduodenitis
BSO: Tab 0,5 mg
D: Dws 3x/hr
KI: Bila stimulasi lambung membahayakan (perdarahan,
obstruksi, perforasi). Pasien diskinesia tardiv thd neuroleptik.
P: anak, bumil trim 1, laktasi.
ES: Mengantuk, pusing.
IO: mempotensiasi sfek SSP Fenotiazin & antidopaminergik
lain.
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Clast

Misoprostol
I: Mencegah ulkus krn induksi AINS
BSO: Tab 200 mcg
D: 4x 200 mcg/hr.
KI: Bumil, Laktasi
P:
ES: Ggn GI: diare, nyeri perut, ggn ginekologi (kram, bercak,
menoragi, dismenorre)
IO:
Preg:: X
Nama Dagang:

Sulpiride
I: Psikosomatik, ulkus peptikum, colitis ulseratif, peny Crohn,
Ggn kolik fungsional, migren abdominal.
BSO: Kaps 50 mg, Tab forte 200 mg. Amp 100 mg/ 2cc
D: Ggn psikofungsional 2-4 kaps/ hr.
Anak 5-10 mg/kgBB/hr dibagi bbrp dosis.
Psikiatri pengobatan wkt serangan 3-6 amp/hr (IM).
Pemeliharaan 2-4 tab/hr dibagi bbrp dosis.

KI: Feokromositoma
P: Insufisiensi Ginjal, epilepsy. Bumil & Laktasi. Manula:
Parkinson.
ES: Galaktore, ginekomastia, impotensi/ frigid, amenore, reaksi
extra pyramidal, hipotensi ortostatik, diskinesia tardiv, sedasi &
somnolen.
IO: Obat Depresan, SSP, alcohol, Levodopa.
Preg::
Nama Dagang: Dogmatil

Sucralfate
I: Terapi jangka pendek (8 mgg) ulkus duodenum
BSO: Tab 500 mg, Susp 500 mg/ 5cc
D: 4x 1 g
KI:
P: GGK, dialysis, Bumil, laktasi, Anak.
ES: Konstipasi, mulut kering, ggn GI, ruam kulit, gatal, ggn
tidur, nyeri punggung.
IO: Menurunkan absorbsi Cimetidine, Fluoroquinolon
(Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin), Digoxin, Ketokonazol, Fenitoin,
Ranitidine, Tetrasiklin, Quinidin, L-tiroksin, Teophylline.
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:

Teprenone
I: Tukak peptik
BSO: Kaps 50 mg
D: 3x 50 mg/hr
KI:
P: Bumil & anak
ES: Jarang: konstipasi,rasa penuh pd perut, diare, haus, mual,
muntah, ruam kulit, gatal.
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Purubex

Rebamipide
I: Ulkus gaster, antagonis H2
BSO: Tab 100 mg
D: 3x 100 mg/hr
KI:
P: Hamil,laktasi, lansia
ES: abdomen terasa membesar, konstipasi
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Mucosta

Polymigel
I: Mual, hiperasiditas, nyeri abdomen, kembung
BSO: Tab 400 mg
D: 1-2 tab 3-4x/hrDosis
KI: Hipo/hipertiroidisme,dialisis
P: Hiperkalsemia, diet rendah fosfat, disfungsi ginjal pd
penggunaan lama
ES: Konstipasi, diare, mual, muntah
IO: Mengurangi absorbsi bila kombinasi dg Cimetidine,
Tetrasiklin
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Strocain P

B. Regulator GIT, Anti Flatulen & Anti Inflamasi
Metoclopramide HCl
Domperidone
Cisapride
Dimeticone
Simeticone
Sulfasalazine
Mesalazine
Ramosetron
Otilonium bromide
Lactobacillus
Tegaserod

Metoclopramide HCl
I: GGn GI, mual/ muntah krn obat, kembung, ulkus peptikum,
stenosis pylorus (ringan), dyspepsia, epigastralgia.
BSO: Tab 5 mg, 10 mg, amp 10 mg/2cc, syrup 5 mg/5cc.
Supp 10 mg, 20 mg. Tetes paed. 1 mg/ 10 tts.
D: Tab, Amp,Supp: Dws 3x 10 mg/ hr Anak 0,5 mg/kg/hr.

KI: Jika stimulasi motilitas GI dpt membahayakan. Ex. Obstruksi
intestinal, epilepsy, feokromositoma.
P: Anak & remaja, kehamilan, menyusui, DM, depresi,
penggunaan obat lain yg menyebabkan reaksi extrapiramidal.
ES: Dosis tinggi: pusing, gelisah, lesu, gejala extrapiramidal,
sakit kepala, mengantuk, ggn GI, hipertensi.
IO: Efek diantagonis oleh antikolinergik & analgesic. Depresan
SSP meningkatkan efek sedasi. Absorbsi digoxin & simetidin
terganggu. Absorbsi parasetamol, tetrasiklin, levodopa di usus
halus akan meningkat. Perubahan kebutuhan insulin.
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:
Domperidone
I: Dispepsia disertai masa pengosongan lambung yg lambat
atau refluks esophagus. Mual & muntah krn: intoleransi sal
cerna akibat kemoterapi antikanker, digitalis, levodopa,
radioterapi, patologi organ abdomen, GI, hepatobilier,
peritoneal, ginjal.
BSO: Tab 10 mg, Sirup 5mg/5c
D: Dws 10-20 mg 3x/hr perut kosong (bila perlu tambah sblm
tidur) , anak 0.25-0.5 mg/kgBB 3x/hr.

KI: Pasien dg serangan motilitas lambung dpt membahayakan,
missal perdarahan, obstruksi mekanik, perforasi GI.
Prolaktinoma tumor hipofise yg mengeluarkan prolaktin.
P: Tidak utk mual/ muntah kronik. Bumil laktasi, bayi < 1th.
ES: Galaktorea, ginekomastia, kejang usus sementara
IO: Antasida, obat anti sekresi.
Preg::
Nama Dagang:

Cisapride
I: Ggn motilitas GI spt gastroparesis & Refluks esofagitis.
BSO: Tab 5 mg
D: Dws 5 mg 3-4x/hr, max 40 mg/hr. Anak 0.2-0.8 mg/kgBB
3-4x/hr,max 40 mg/hr.
KI: Stimulasi GI berbahaya, perdarahan GI, obstruksi mekanik/
perforasi.
P: Insufisiensi hati/ ginjal. Bumil & laktasi. Prematur dg
kehamilan < 34mgg
ES: Kram abdomen sementara, borborigmis & diare.
IO: Peningkatan absorbsi depresan SSP & alcohol. Efek
motilitas GI diturunkan oleh antikolinergik.
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:

Dimeticone
I: Flatulen & meteorismus. Mengurangi gas sal cerna sblm
radiografi. Meringankan distensi abdomen. Dispepsia.
BSO: Tab 40 mg
D: 40 mg 3x/hr & sblm tidur. 4x/hr sblm pemeriksaan radiografi.
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang:

Simeticone
I: Kembung & Rasa tidak enak pada perut. Distensi abdomen &
dyspepsia. Sbg defoaming agent pd radiografi & endoskopi sal
cerna
BSO: Tab 125 mg
D: 125 mg 3x/hr
KI: Neonatus & prematur
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:

Sulfasalazine
I: Kolitis ulseratif, RA, spondilitis ankylosing, spondyloartritis
seronegatif.
BSO: Kaplet 500 mg
D:
Kolitis ulseratif: Dws 3-4 g, Anak 40-60mg/kgBB/hr dlm dosis
terbagi.
AR, spondilitis ankilosa: 500 mg malam hari selama 1 mggu,
dilanjutkan 500 mg 2x/hr mggu selanjutnya.
KI: Porfiria intermiten akut. Anak < 2th. Obstruksi GIT & UTI.
P: Ggn hati/ ginjal, diskrasia darah, defisiensi G6PD.
ES: Mual, anoreksia, kenaikan suhu, eritema & pruritus, sakit
kepala.
IO: Mengurangi absorbsi Folat & Digoxin.
Preg:: B, D bila mendekati partus
Nama Dagang:
Sulcolon

Mesalazine
I: Radang usus, Colitis ulseratif, pnykt Crohn, Enema.
BSO: Tab 250 mg, Enema 4g, Supp 500mg
D: Dws: akut 1.5- 3g 3x/hr. Maintenance 500mg 3x/hrDosis.
Enema 1x/hr. Supp 2x/hr.

KI: Kelainan hati & ginjal berat. Ulkus peptic aktif. Pembekuan
darah abnormal.Bayi & Infant.
P: manula, bumil & laktasi
ES: Eksantema alergi, demam, bronkospasme.
IO: Meningkatnya efek hipoglikemik Sulfonilurea. Kumarin,
MTX, Probenesid, Sulfinpirazon, Furosemid & Rifampisin.
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:
Salofalk

Ramosetron
I: Mual & muntah karena obat karsinostatik (misal Cisplatin)
BSO: Tab 0.1 mg, Amp 0.3 mg/2cc
D: Dws Tab 0.1 mg 1x/hr. Amp 0.3 mg 1x/hr. Max 0.6 mg/
hr.
KI:
P: Sebaiknya diberikan 1 jam sebelum obat karsinostatik.
Manula, Bumil & laktasi.
ES: syok & reaksi anafilaktik, serangan yg menyerupai epilepsy,
ggn tidur, konstipasi, diare, peningkatan BUN, ggn fungsi ginjal,
peningkatan SGPT/SGOT/LDH
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Nasea

Otilonium bromide
I: Irritable Bowel syndrome & pengobatan simtomatis utk nyeri
& ggn GI yg berhubungan dg spasme otot polos.
BSO: Tab 40 mg
D: 40 mg 2-3x/hr.
KI:
P: Glaukoma, hyperplasia prostate jinak, stenosis pilorik. Hamil
& Laktasi.
ES: Mual, lelah, nyeri epigastrium, vertigo.
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Spasmomen

Lactobacillus
I: Pemeliharaan kesehatan fungsi GIT
BSO: Tab, Kapsul
D: 3x/hr.
KI:
P: Bumil & Laktasi
ES:
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang:

Tegaserod
I: ‘Irritable bowel syndrome’, predominan konstipasi, khususnya
wanita. Rasa tidak enakpada perut.
BSO: Tab 6 mg
D: 6mg 2x/hr selama maks 12 minggu

KI: Laktasi
P: Kerusakan hati berat,hamil.
ES: Nyeri abdomen, diare,mual, flatulensi, sakit kepala, pusing,
nyeri punggung & sindr seperti flu.
IO:
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:
Zelmac

C. Anti Spasmodik
Papaverine HCl
Pramiverine
Mebeverine
Hyoscine butylbromide
Butropium Bromide
Propantheline bromide
Valethamate bromide
Timepidium bromide
Chlordiazepoxide
Tiemonium methylsulphate

Papaverine HCl
I: Kolik sal empedu, ginjal & otot polos lainnya, emboli perifer &
mesenteric.
BSO: Tab 40 mg, amp 40 mg/cc
D: Tab, SC, IM, IV 40-80 mg 3x/hr.
KI:
P: Pemberian IV, Glaukoma
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Pramiverine
I: Kolik & Kejang otot polos: sal cerna, empedu & sal kemih
BSO: Tab 2 mg
D: 2 mg 3x/hr . Akut 4 mg 2x/hr selama 2 hr.

KI: Glaukoma sudut sempit, adenoma prostate dg tendensi
terbentuknya sisa urine, takiaritmia, stenosis mekanik sl GIT,
megakolon, paska bedah abdomen.
P: Hipotensi, bayi, bumil.
ES: Rasa kering mulut& kulit, ruam kulit, pandangan kabur,
glaucoma, takikardia, ggn kencing.
IO: Peningkatan efek antikholinergik dg amantadin atau
antidepresan trisiklik.
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Systabon Plain

Mebeverine
I: Ggn spasme kolon. Sindr ‘Irritable colon’ stadium awal & yg
disertai luka pada GIT (divertikulosis & divertikulitis pd kolon,
enteritis regional, pnykit kandung empedu, tukak lambung &
usus 12 jari, disentri, inflamasi spesifik & non spesifik GIT).
BSO: Tab salut gula 135 mg
D: 135 mg 3x/hr, 20 menit a.c

KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg::
BSO:
Nama Dagang:
Duspatalin

Hyoscine butylbromide
I: Spasme GIT & Sal kemih. Pencegahan & terapi dismenore.
BSO: Tab 10 mg, ampul 20 mg/cc
D: Dws 10-20 mg 4x/hr, anak 10 mg 3x/hr.

KI: Hipersensitif, porfiria, glaucoma, hipertrofi prostate dg
kecenderungan retensi urine, stenosis mekanis GIT, takikardia,
megakolon.
P: Bumil, laktasi, lansia, ggn jantung, colitis ulseratif, ileus
paralitik, stenosis pilorik. Hindari minuman alcohol.
ES: Kering mulut & kulit, konstipasi, palpitasi, aritmia jantung,
bradikardi, takikardia, reaksi paradoksikal, ggn penglihatan.
IO: Antihistamin, antidepresan, kuinidin, disopiramid, alcohol,
antidepresan, analgesic narkotik, sedative/ hipnotik, kalium
klorida.
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:

Butropium Bromide
I: Nyeri, kejang yg berhubungan dengan gastritis, enteritis,
tukak peptic, kolesistitis, diskinesia bilier.
BSO: Tab 5 mg.
D: 10 mg 3x/hr.
KI: Glaukoma, Ggn sal kemih krn hipertrofi prostate, ggn
jantung berat, ileus paralitik, stenosis pylorus, hipersensitif.
P: Hipertrofi prostate, gagal jantung kongestif, aritmia, colitis
ulseratif, hipertiroidisme. Bumil.
ES: Ggn daya akomodasi mata. Mulut kering. Mual,muntah,
konstipasi, ggn miksi, sakit kepala, mengantuk, pusing,
takikardia, hipotensi, muka merah, lesu, reaksi hipersensitif.
IO: Antidepresan trisiklik, Fenotiazin, MAOI
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:
Coliopan

Propantheline bromide
I: Terapi tambahan ulkus peptic & colitis ulseratif, divertikulitis,
divertikulitis, kolesistitis, pankreatitis & prosedur diagnostic GI.
Utk pengobatan sindr usus iritabel, kolik ginjal & hiperhidrosis.
BSO: Tab 15 mg
D: Ulkus peptic 15 mg a.c & 30 mg sblm tidur. Kontras: 30

mg, 45 menit sblm foto. Indikasi lain 15-30 mg 4x/hr.
KI: Penyakit obstruktif GI/ Sal kemih. Atoni usus. Colitis ulseratif
berat atau toksikmegakolon, hiatal hernia sehubungan dg
refluks esofagitis, perdarahan akut, miastenia gravis, glaucoma.
P: Panyakit KV berat, lansia, neuropati otonomik, colitis
ulseratif, peny hati/ ginjal, hipertiroid, peny jantung kongestif,
PJK, hipotensi.
ES: Mulut kering, pandangan kabur, midriasi, efek SSP,
takikardia, retensi urine, ‘heat stroke’, ggn GI, dermatitis alergi,
impotensi, anafilaksis, konstipasi.

IO: Meningkatkan kadar digoksin serum, potensiasi efek
kolinergik dari antihistamin, antidepresan, antipsikotik, obat anti
Parkinson.
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:

Valethamate bromide
I: GI spasm (cardiospasm, spastic constipation, ulcerative
complaints), spasm of biliary & urinary tract, spasmodic
dismenore, delayed dilatation of cervix in parturition. Child:
Pylorospsm, spastic bronkhitis
BSO: Tab 10 mg, Amp 8 mg/cc.
D: Tab 10-20 mg 3x/hr. Amp 8-16 mg IV/ IM/ SC
KI: Glaukoma sdt tertutup, obstruksi GIT/ UT, hipertrofi
prostate, megakolon, stenosis pylorus.
P:
ES: Sikloplegia, mydriasis, mulut kering, flushing, takikardi,
palpitasi, konstipasi, rash, muntah, fotofobia.
IO: Efek antikholinergik bias ditingkatkan oleh parasimpatolitik
lain.
Nama Dagang: Epidosin

Timepidium bromide
I: Spasme otot polos.
BSO: Kaps 30 mg, Amp 7.5 mg/cc
D: Kaps 30 mg 3x/hr Amp 7.5mg SC/IM/IV.
KI: Glaukoma, disuria, gagal jantung, ileus paralitik
P: hipertrofi prostate, hipertiroidisme, CHF, aritmia, colitis
ulseratif idiopatik.
ES: Fotofobia, mulut kering, vertigo, palpitasi, konstipasi,
disuria.
IO: Efek ditingkatkan oleh Trisiklik antidepresan, Phenothiazine,
MAOIs
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Sesden

Chlordiazepoxide
I: Nyeri spastic, dismenore, tukak peptik.
BSO: Tab 5 mg
D: 1-2 drag 3x/hr

KI: Glaukoma sudut sempit akut, miastenia gravis, syok,
psikosis berat.
P: Ketergantungan, amnesia & serangan grandmal, penyakit
otak organic, insufisiensi kardiorespiratoris, penurunan fungsi
hati/ ginjal. Gagal nafas/ PPOK. Bumil/ laktasi. Lansia.
ES: Lesu, ngantuk, lemah otot.
IO: Meningkatkan efek Depresan SSP pada alcohol,
barbiturate, antihistamin, fenotiazin, opiate, Fenitoin
(potensiasi), meningkatkan efek relaksasi otot dg
benzodiazepine & relaksasi otot lainnya. Antasida mengganggu
absorbsi di GI
Preg:: D
Nama Dagang:

Tiemonium methylsulphate
I: Spasme sal cerna, sal nafas, sal kemih.
BSO: Sir 10 mg/5cc
D: Dws 5-15cc 3x/hr Anak 15cc/5cc/kgBB/hr
KI: Glaukoma, hyperplasia/ adenoma prostate.
P: Bumiltrim 1
ES:
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Visceralgine

D. Anti Diare
Loperamide HCl
Dioctahedral smectite
Kaolin, Pectin
Attapulgit
Racecadotril
Furazolidone
Charcoal
Bismuth salicylate
Paromomycin

Loperamide HCl
I: Diare akut non spesifik & diare kronis
BSO: Tab, Kaps 2 mg
D: Awal 4 mg diikuti 2 mg tiap selesai BAB, maks 16 mg/hr.
Tidaklebih dari 2 hari.
KI: Anak <12 th, colitis akut yg dpt menyebabkan megakolon
toksik, kondisi dimana konstipasi hrs dihindari.
P: Insufisiensi hati & ginjal. Tidak untuk diare akut krn einfeksi E
coli, Salmonella & shigella sp. Tidak untuk diare berdarah &
demam tinggi. Bumil laktasi
ES: Kembung, konstipasi, mual, muntah, nyeri abdomen, lelah,
ngantuk, pusing, megakolon toksik.
IO: Tranquilizer, alcohol, penghambat MAO.
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:

Dioctahedral smectite
I: Diare non spesifik
BSO: Sachet 3 g
D: Dws & anak >12 thn 3 sachet/hr, 6-12 thn 1-2 sachet/hr. < 6
th sesuai petunjuk dokter.
KI:
P: Dehidrasi
ES: Konstipasi
IO: Mengganggu absorbsi
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Smecta

Kaolin, Pectin
BSO:
Tab (K 550 mg+P 20mg),
Susp (K 5.832 g+ P 130 mg) per fl oz, atau (K 700 mg+ P 50
mg)
D: Dws & anak >12 thn 2.5 tab/diare maks 15 tab/hr, 6-12 thn
1.5 tab/diare maks 7.5 tab/hr.
KI: Obstruksi intestinal, hipersensitifitas
P: Anak< 6 th. Jangan digunakan >2 hr & demam.
ES:
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang:

Attapulgit
BSO:
Tab (600mg), (A 600mg/ 700mg/ 750mg+Pectin 50mg)
D: Dws 2 tab/diare maks 12 tab/hr. Anak ½ dosis dws.

KI: Obstruksi usus. Anak <6thn.
P: Tdk utk diare dg demam tinggi.
ES: Konstipasi
IO: Digoksin
Preg::
Nama Dagang:

Racecadotril
I: Bila rehidrasi oral tidak membantu
BSO: Kaps 100 mg
D: Dws & Anak >15thn 100mg Dosis Tunggal. Terapi
selanjutnya 8jam kemudian sampai diare berhenti, maks
400mg/hr.
KI: Bumil laktasi.
P: Anak <15 thn tidak dianjurkan
ES: Ngantuk, mual, muntah, konstipasi, pusing, sakit kepala,
ruam kulit.
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Hidrasec

Furazolidone
Nitrofuran with antiprotozoal activity.
I: Diare spesifik & Enteritis krn Salmonella, shigella, Staph
aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E coli, Entamoeba histolitika,
Giardia intestinalis.
BSO: Sir 50mg/5cc
D: Dws & Anak >12th 50-100mg, 5-12th 25-50mg, 3bln-1th
12.5mg. 4x/hr selama maks 7hr.
KI: Bayi <3 bln
P: Bumil laktasi.
ES: Pusing, mual, muntah, bintik merah kulit, hipotensi, demam,
artralgia, hemolisis akut pd G6PD.
IO: alcohol, Antidepresan guanetidin, metildopa, reserpin,
efedrin, amfetamin,fenilefrin, tiramin.
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:
Neo Prodiar

Charcoal
For maximum effect, administer within 30 min after ingesting
toxic agents.
I: Diare, kembung
BSO: Tab 250 mg.
D: Dws 750mg-1g 3x/hr. Anak 250-500mg.
KI:
P:
ES: Muntah, konstipasi, feses hitam.
IO: antidotum oral spesifik. Menurunkan kerja Ipecacuanha &
emetic lain. Dg bbrp obat oral: menimbulkan efek simultan.
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:
Bekarbon

Bismuth salicylate
I: Diare Non spesifik
BSO: Tab 375mg
D: Dws 375mg tiap 30mnt-1jam maks 8 dosis/hr.
KI: Baru sembuh dari Influenza. Alergi thd Acetosal. Bayi, anak
<12 thn. Manula.
P: Bumil laktasi. Dianjurkan banyak minum. Pasien DM/ Gout/
yg mendapat terapi antikoagulan
ES: Lidah & Tinja hitam.
IO: Dapat menurunkan kadar Doksisiklin dlm tubuh.
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:
Scantoma

Paromomycin sulfate
Amebicide
I: Acute and chronic intestinal amebiasis; preoperatively to
suppress intestinal flora; tapeworm infestations; treatment of
Cryptosporidium
BSO: Capsule: 250 mg
D: Oral:
Dientamoeba fragilis: 25-30 mg/kg/hr. dlm 3 dosis slm 7 hari.
Cryptosporidium: Adults with AIDS: 1.5-2.25 g/hr. Dlm 3-6 dosis
for 10-14 days (up to 4-8 weeks may be needed)
Tapeworm (fish, dog, bovine, porcine):
Children: 11 mg/kg every 15 minutes for 4 doses
Adults: 1 g every 15 minutes for 4 doses
Hepatic coma: Adults: 4 g/day in 2-4 divided doses for 5-6 days
Dwarf tapeworm: Children and Adults: 45 mg/kg/dose every day
for 5-7 days
KI: Intestinal obstruction, renal failure, hypersensitivity
P: Use with caution in patients with impaired renal function or
possible or proven ulcerative bowel lesions
ES: 1% to 10%: Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, abdominal cramps,
nausea, vomiting, heartburn
<1%: Headache, vertigo, exanthema, rash, pruritus,
steatorrhea, secondary enterocolitis, eosinophilia, ototoxicity
IO: Decreased effect of digoxin, vitamin A, and methotrexate
Increased effect of oral anticoagulants, neuromuscular blockers,
and polypeptide antibiotics
Preg: C
BSO:
Nama Dagang:
Gabbryl

E. Laksatif & Pencahar
Bisacodyl
Lactulose
Sodium Picosulfate
Isphagula
Docusate sodium
Nifuroxazide

Bisacodyl
I: Kontipasi. Nyeri saat BAB pd hemoroid. Pre& post operasi.
Persiapan Barium Enema. Persiapan Us besar utk
Proktosigmoidoskopi.
BSO:
Tab 5mg
Supp 5mg, 10mg
D: Dws 10-20mg bedtime. Anak 5-10mg.
KI: Obstruksi usus kecil, keadaan yg memerlukan pembedahan
abdomen segera, dehidrasi berat.
P: Anak, bumil.
ES: Rasa tidak enak pada perut, diare.
IO: Antasida, susu, obat lain yg , meningkatkan pH lambung.
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:

Sorbitol
I: Konstipasi, rectal & sigmoid, kehamilan, fekaloma & skibala.
Persiapan pra-op (partus, ginekologi, pembedahan anus)
BSO :
Sacchet 5g
Enema 5cc
D: Dws 5 g 3x/hr
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang:

Lactulose
I: Konstipasi kronik
BSO: Sirup 66,7%/5cc, 10g/15cc, 3.335g/5cc.
D: 10g/hr maks 40g/hr.
KI: Pasien galaktosemia yg membutuhkan diet rendah
galaktosa.
P: DM. Bumil laktasi, manula, anak.
ES: Kembung, diare, kram lambung, hipokalemia,
hipernatremia, mual, muntah.
IO: Neomisin & antibiotic lain.
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:

Sodium Picosulfate
I: Sembelit
BSO: Tetes 7.5 mg/cc
D: Dws 8-12tts malam hari.
KI: Operasi abdomen akut
P: Jangka lama/ dosis tinggi.
ES: Hipokalemia
IO: Absorbsi diganggu oleh antibiotic spectrum luas
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Laxoberon

Isphagula
I: Melancarkan regulasi feses pada konstipasi, hemorrhoid,
fissure ani,op abdomen/ anus.
BSO: Sachet 5 g
D: Dws & anak >12th 1 sachet 2-6x/hr
KI: IDDM tak terkontrol
P: Turunkan dosis insulin pada IDDM
ES: kembung
IO: Antidiare
Nama Dagang:

Docusate sodium
I: Konstipasi
BSO:
Tab/ Kaps 100 mg, 250 mg, 50 mg
Syr mg/15 ml
D: single Dose
KI:
P:
ES: stomach ache, cramping or irritated throat (liquid forms). If
these effects continue or become bothersome, inform your
doctor. Dehydration and loss of essential nutrients. Symptoms
include muscle cramps, muscle weakness or dizziness.
IO:
Nama Dagang: Waxsol

Nifuroxazide
I: Diare krn E. Coli, kolopati spesifik & non spesifik
BSO: Syr 250 mg/ 5cc
D: Dws 1-2 sdt 3x/hr, Anak & Bayi>6 bln 1 sdt 3x/hr. < 6 bln 1
sdt 3x/hr
KI: kerusakan fungsi ginjal dan hati. Hipertiroid. Intoleransi
Yodium.
P: kelainan neurologi
ES: Neurotoksisitas berat. Nyeri abdomen, diare, pigmentasi
warna hijau pd lidah, urine & feses. Kerusakan serebral
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Nifudiar
Nifural

F. Digestan
Pancreatin

Pancreatin
I: Gangguan pencernaan
BSO: Tab 150mg, 300mg, 400 mg
D: 1x/hr
KI:
P:
ES: Diarrhea, constipation, stomach ache, nausea, bloating,
gas, loss of appetite, headache, fatigue or dizziness the first few
days as your body adjusts to it. Dizziness or drowsiness.
IO: Antasid
Nama Dagang:

G. Kolagogum, Kolelitolitik & Hepatik Protektor
Ornithin
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic acid
Amino acids

Ornithin
Indikasi: Ggn fungsi hati, Hiperammonia karena pnykt hepar,
sirosis hepatis, ensefalopati
Kemasan Dosis
Ampul 0,5 mg/cc 4-8 Ampul/ hr, max infus 5g/hr
Kaps 250 mg 1-3x/hr ssdh makan
Kontra Indikasi: Skizofrenia, insomnia, anak
Efek Samping: Mual, muntah
Preg::
Nama Dagang:

Chenodeoxycholic acid
Indikasi: Batu empedu radiolusen
BSO:
kaps lunak 250mg
D: 15 mg/kg/hr
Kontra Indikasi:
Pnykit hati kronik, Gagal Ginjal, ulkus peptikum, radang usus
halus, hamil, laktasi, puasa
P: Monitor fungsi hati
Preg:: X
Efek Samping:
Diare, pruritus, pengingkatan sementara tes fungsi hati
IO: Metildopa, kontrasepsi oral & obat hepatotoksik
Nama Dagang:
Chenofalk

Indikasi:

Amino acids
I:Nutrisi parenteral esensial utk pasien insufisiensi hati kronik
berat
BSO: Infus 500cc
D: 1-1,5 L/hr dg kecep infus 2cc/kg/jam atau 40 tts/mnt
KI:
Koma hepatik endogen,atrofi hepatik akut, hiperkalemia, syok,
dekompensasi kordis, intoleransi fruktosa atau sorbitol,
defisiensi fruktosa 1,6-difosfat, keracunan metanol,kelainan
metabolisme asam amino
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Aminofusin Hepar

H. Preparat Anorektal
Monoxerutin
Diosmin

Monoxerutin
I: Varises, hemoroid
BSO: Kaps. 300 mg
D: Awal 1 kaps 2x/hr. Pemeliharaan: 1 kaps/hr
KI:
P:
Preg::
ES: Keluhan ringan lambung
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Venaron

Diosmin
I: Varises, insufisiensi vena, flebitis, hemoroid
BSO: Tab 200mg, 500 mg
D: Insufisiensi vena kronis 1 g/hr
Hemoroid akut: hr 1-4= 3g/hr, hr 5-7= 2g/hr, selanjutnya 1g/hr.
Hemoroid kronis: 1g/hr terbagi 1-3 dosis

KI: Hipersensitif
P: Bumil, Laktasi
Preg::
ES: Gangguan GI minor
IO:
Nama Dagang:

II. KARDIOVASKULER & SISTEM HEMATOPOIETIKA.
A. CARDIAC DRUG
B. ANTI ANGINA
C. ACE INHIBITOR
D. Β BLOCKER
E. CA ANTAGONIS
F. ANTAGONIS ANGIOTENSIN II & KOMBINASINYA
G. DIURETIK
H. ANTI HIPERTENSI LAIN
I. VASODILATOR PERIFER & CEREBRAL ACTIVATOR
J. VASOCONTRICTOR
K. ANTI MIGRAIN
L. HEMOSTATIK
M. ANTI KOAGULAN, ANTI THROMBUS & FIBRINOLITIK
N. PREPARAT FLEBITIS & VARISES
O. HEMOREOLOGIK
P. HAEMATOPOIETIC AGENT
Q. ANTI HIPOTENSI
R.OBAT KARDIOVASKULER LAIN
A. Cardiac Drug
Digoxin
Dobutamin
Dopamine HCl
Isoprenaline HC
Milrinone
Prajmalium bitartrate
Amiodarone
lidocaine
Propafenone HCl

Digoxin
-- + inotropic effect. Effect is achieved via inhibition of the
Na+/K+-ATPase pump, leading to increase in intracellular
sodium concentration along with concomitant increase in
intracellular calcium concentration by means of calcium-sodium
exchange mechanism. Net result is augmentation of myocardial
contractility.
I: Gagal jantung, takikardi supraventrikuler
BSO: Tab 0,25 mg
D:
Dws: Digitalisasi cepat (24-36 jam):
4-6 tab lalu 1 tab pd interval ttt smp kompensasi tercapai.
Digitalisasi lambat (3-5 hr): 2-6 tab/hr dlm dosis terbagi.
Penunjang: 1-3 tab/hr
Anak <10th: Digitalisasi cepat : 25mcg/kg pd interval ttt smp
kompensasi tercapai.
Penunjang: 10-20 mcg/hr

KI: hypersensitivity; beriberi heart disease; idiopathic
hypertrophic subaortic stenosis; constrictive pericarditis; carotid
sinus syndrome
IO: Increase digoxin levels: alprazolam, benzodiazepines,
bepridil, captopril, cyclosporine, propafenone, propantheline,
quinidine, diltiazem, aminoglycosides, oral amiodarone,
anticholinergics, diphenoxylate, erythromycin, felodipine,
flecainide, hydroxychloroquine, itraconazole, nifedipine,
omeprazole, quinine, ibuprofen, indomethacin, esmolol,
tetracycline, tolbutamide, and verapamil.
Decrease serum digoxin levels: aminoglutethimide,
antihistamines, cholestyramine, neomycin, penicillamine,
aminoglycosides, oral colestipol, hydantoins, hypoglycemic
agents, antineoplastic treatment combinations (eg, carmustine,
bleomycin, methotrexate, cytarabine, doxorubicin,
cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine), aluminum or
magnesium antacids, rifampin, sucralfate, sulfasalazine,
barbiturates, kaolin/pectin, and aminosalicylic acid
Preg:C
P:
Hypokalemia may reduce + inotropic effect of digitalis; IV
calcium may produce arrhythmias in digitalized patients;
hypercalcemia predisposes patient to digitalis toxicity;
hypocalcemia can make digoxin ineffective until serum calcium
levels are normal; magnesium replacement therapy must be
instituted in patients with hypomagnesemia to prevent digitalis
toxicity; patients diagnosed with incomplete AV block may
progress to complete block when treated with digoxin; exercise
caution in hypothyroidism, hypoxia, and acute myocarditis;
adjust dose in renal impairment; highly toxic (overdoses can be
fatal)
Nama Dagang:

Dobutamin
Produces vasodilation and increases inotropic state. At higher
dosages may cause increased heart rate, exacerbating
myocardial ischemia.
I: Penunjang inotropik untuk Gagal Jantung
BSO: Amp. 12,5 mg/20cc
Vial 250 mg/10cc
Vial 50 mg/cc
Lar Infus 250 mg/ 5cc
D: Awal 100-200 mcg/mnt IV
Infus 2,5-10 mcg/kgBB/mnt. Dapat ditingkatkan hingga 40 mcg/
kgBB/mnt.
KI: Stenosis subaortik hipertrofik idiopatik, Feokromositoma
P: Monitor kecepatan & irama denyut
Preg:: B
ES: Hipotensi
IO: Nitroprussid, b-blocker menghambat efek Dobutamin
Nama Dagang:

Dopamine HCl
Stimulates both adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors.
I: Syok kardiogenik yng berhub dg infark myokard, septicemia
endotoksik, trauma, gagal ginjal.
BSO: Amp. 10 mg/cc, 20mg/cc, 40 mg/cc
D: 2,5 mcg/kg/mnt dilarutkan dalam infuse IV. Dapat dinaikkan
hingga 20-50 mg/kg/mnt.
KI: Feokromositoma, takiaritmia atrial/ventrikuler
P: Hipovolemia.
Preg: C
ES: Denyut ektopik, takikardia, nyeri angina, palpitasi.
IO: Dipotensiasi oleh MAOI, Fenotiazin
Nama Dagang:

Isoprenaline HCl
I: Blok jantung, serangan adam-stokes, henti jantung,
bronkospasme dalam anestesi, hipoperfusi dan syok
BSO: Inj 0,2 mg/cc
D: Blok jantung, serangan adam-stokes, henti jantung:
Dws:
Bolus IV inj awal 0,02-0,06 mg, selanjutnya 0,01-0,2mg.
Infus IV 5 mcg/mnt. IM awal 0,2 mg, selanjutnya 0,15-0,2mg.
Intrakardiak 0,2mg
Bronkospasme dalam anestesi bolus inj: awal 0,01-0,02 mg.
Hipoperfusi dan syok Dws: infus 0,5-5 mcg/mnt
KI: Takiaritmia, takikardia atau blok jantung krn intoksikasi
digitalis, aritmia ventrikuler yg membutuhkan terapi inotropik,
angina pektoris
P: PJK, insufisiensi koroner, syokkardiogenik, DM, hipertiroid,
anestesi halotan. Perbaiki gangguan keseimbangan elektrolit
dan hipovolemia sblm pemberian terapi
Preg:: C

ES: Kecemasan, pusing, sakit kepala, palpitasi, angina,
serangan Adam-Stokes, edema pulmonal, hipertensi, hipotensi,
aritmia ventrikuler, takiaritmia, flushing, berkeringat
IO: Isoproterenol & epinefrin dpt menyebabkan aritmia
Nama Dagang: Isuprel

Milrinone
+ inotropic agent and vasodilator. Results in reduced afterload,
reduced preload, and increased cardiac output. Several studies
comparing milrinone to dobutamine have demonstrated that
milrinone showed greater improvements in preload and
afterload and improvements in cardiac output, without
significant increases in myocardial oxygen consumption.
D:
50 mcg/kg IV loading dose over 10 min, followed by continuous
infusion at 0.25-1.0 mcg/kg/min; titrate to maintain adequate
systolic blood pressure and cardiac output
KI:
hypersensitivity; obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
IO:
Precipitates in presence of furosemide
Preg: C
P:
Monitor fluids, electrolyte changes, and renal function during
therapy; excessive diuresis may increase potassium loss and
predispose digitalized patients to arrhythmias (correct
hypokalemia with potassium supplementation prior to
treatment); slow rates or stop infusion in patients showing
excessive decreases in blood pressure; previous vigorous
diuretic therapy has caused significant decreases in cardiac
filling pressure; administer cautiously and monitor blood
pressure, heart rate, and clinical symptomatology
Nama Dagang:
Coritrope

Prajmalium bitartrate
I: Takiaritmia tanpa gangguan konduksi AV,ekstra sistole yg tak
tergantung pada penyebabnya kecuali pada bradikardia,
sindrom WPW, pengobatan setelah elektrokonversi,
pencegahan pada takikardia paroksismal, kateterisasi jantung.
BSO: Tab 20 mg
D: Awal 1 tab 3-4x/hr. Penunjang ½ tab 2-4x/hr. Pencegahan 1
tab 2x/hr. BB < 50kg dosisnya 1 mg/kg/hr.
KI: Gangguan konduksi AV & stimulus konduksi intraventrikuler,

serangan Adam’s-Stokes.Bradiaritmia tmsk ekstrasistole dari
denyut jantung yg lambat.
P: Dekompensasi kordis. Bumil trim I
Preg::
ES: Ikterus kolestatik,ggn penglihatan
IO:
Nama Dagang:Neo-Gilurytmal

Amiodarone
Drug of choice: unstable ventricular arrhythmias. Currently
considered a Class IIb intervention by the American Heart
Association 2000 Emergency Cardiovascular Care Guidelines.
Prehospital studies currently suggest that amiodarone is safe
and efficacious for use in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Often
used for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients who
have relative KI: to its use.
BSO: Tab 200 mg, Amp 150 mg/cc
D:
150 mg IV infused over 10 min, follow with 1 mg/min constant
infusion for 6 h, then maintenance infusion at 0.5 mg/min
Oral dosing generally 400 mg/d following load
KI:
hypersensitivity; sinus node dysfunction; atrioventricular
conduction disorders; underlying hepatic, pulmonary, or thyroid
disease
IO:

Increases effect and blood levels of theophylline, quinidine,
procainamide, phenytoin, methotrexate, flecainide, digoxin,
cyclosporine, beta-blockers, and anticoagulants; cardiotoxicity
of amiodarone is increased by ritonavir, sparfloxacin, and
disopyramide; coadministration with calcium channel blockers
may cause an additive effect and decrease myocardial
contractility further; cimetidine may increase amiodarone levels
Preg: C
P: Hypotension, bradycardia, and AV block may occur;
hypotension is most common adverse effect during IV
administration; acute life-threatening pulmonary or hepatic
toxicity may complicate acute or chronic use of this drug;
elevation of serum hepatic enzymes and/or TSH requires that
patients be monitored carefully during amiodarone therapy;
rarely, irreversible blindness from optic neuritis is observed with
chronic use
Nama Dagang:

Lidocaine
-- Class IB antiarrhythmic that increases electrical stimulation
threshold of the ventricle, suppressing automaticity of
conduction through the tissue. Although lidocaine may
terminate VT successfully, it may increase the overall mortality
in peri-infarction VT. Evidence for effectiveness is considered
"Indeterminate" in the 2000 American Heart Association
Emergency Cardiovascular Care guidelines.
D: 1-1.5 mg/kg IV push, followed by 0.5-0.75 mg/kg IV push to
a maximum of 3 mg/kg
Continuous 1–4 mg/min infusion should be started after
arrhythmia is suppressed
Paed.
Endotracheal, intraosseous, and IV loading dose: 1 mg/kg,
may repeat twice at 10- to 15-min intervals if necessary; follow
with continuous IV infusion of 20-50 mcg/kg/min
KI: hypersensitivity to amide-type local anesthetics; avoid in
Adams-Stokes syndrome and Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome;

avoid in severe sinoatrial, atrioventricular (AV), or
intraventricular block if artificial pacemaker not in place
IO: Coadministration with cimetidine or beta-blockers, increases
toxicity of lidocaine; coadministration with procainamide and
tocainide may result in additive cardiodepressant action; may
increase effects of succinylcholine
Preg: B
P:
Do not use a drug solution that contains preservatives; caution
in heart failure, hepatic disease, hypoxia, hypovolemia or shock,
respiratory-depression, and bradycardia; elderly patients may
be at increased risk for CNS and cardiac adverse effects due to
increased half-life or decreased clearance of the drug; high
plasma concentrations can cause seizures, heart block, and AV
conduction abnormalities; has been associated with malignant
hyperthermia

Propafenone HCl
Possibly works by reducing spontaneous automaticity and
prolonging the refractory period.
I: Fibrilasi/ Flutter atrium paroksismal, takikardia
supraventrikuler paroksismal, aritmia ventrikuler
BSO: Tab salut selaput 150 mg
D: 150 mg PO q8h and increase at 3- to 4-d intervals up to 300
mg q8h
KI: hypersensitivity; bronchospastic disorders; conduction
disorders; bradycardia; uncontrolled heart failure
IO: Decreases serum levels of rifampin; cimetidine, quinidine,
warfarin, and beta-blockers may increase serum levels of
propafenone
Preg: C
P: Should only be used for life-threatening arrhythmias; caution
in patients with congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction,
or hepatic or renal dysfunction
Nama Dagang: Rytmonorm

B. Anti Angina
Nitroglycerin/ Glyceryl trinitrate
Isosorbide
Dipyridamole
Trimetazidine

Short-acting nitroglycerins
Nitroglycerin/ Glyceryl trinitrate
Causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by stimulating
intracellular cyclic GMP production. Result is decrease in BP.
I: Mengontrol hipertensi, angina pectoris
BSO: amp 50 mg/10cc
D: Jangan langsung IV, tapi larutkan dg NaCl 5% atau Glukosa
5%. Kadar maks 400mcg/cc.
Titrasi awal 5 mcg/mnt, dpt dinaikkan 10 sampai 20 mcg/mnt.
KI:
hypersensitivity; severe anemia; shock; postural hypotension;
head trauma; closed-angle glaucoma; cerebral hemorrhage;
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
IO:
Concurrent sildenafil (Viagra) may cause severe hypotension
and death; aspirin may increase serum concentrations; calcium
channel blockers may cause markedly symptomatic orthostatic
hypotension (dose adjustment of either agent may be
necessary)
Preg: C
P:
Caution in coronary artery disease and low systolic BP; adverse
effects include hypotension, flushing, headache, light-
headedness, and tolerance (8- to 12-h nitrate-free interval is
most effective method to prevent development of tolerance);
high IV doses may cause methemoglobinemia, heparin
resistance, and ethanol intoxication; ischemia may worsen upon
withdrawal
Nama Dagang:

Long-acting nitroglycerins
Isosorbide
Relaxes vascular smooth muscle by stimulating intracellular
cyclic GMP. Decreases LV pressure (ie, preload) and arterial
resistance (ie, afterload). Reduces cardiac oxygen demand by
decreasing LV pressure and dilating arteries.
I: BSO: Isosorbide dinitrate:
Tab 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, Tab sublingual 5 mg
Tab retard 20 mg
IV 1 mg/ cc
Isosorbide mononitrate:
Tab salut 60 mg
D: Isosorbide dinitrate:
2.5-10 mg SL prn IR
10-30 mg PO bid/tid SR
80-120 mg PO qd IR (4x)
Isosorbide mononitrate:
10-20 mg PO bid SR
30-120 mg PO qd
KI: Hipersensitif; severe anemia; closed-angle glaucoma;
postural hypotension; head trauma; cerebral hemorrhage
IO: Alcohol may cause severe hypotension and cardiovascular
collapse; aspirin may increase serum concentrations and
actions; calcium channel blockers may increase symptomatic
orthostatic hypotension (adjust dose of either agent); may
decrease effects of heparin
Preg: C
P: Tolerance to vascular and antianginal effects of nitrates may
develop; minimize tolerance by using smallest effective dose or
pulse therapy (intermittent dosing) or by alternating with other
coronary vasodilators (take last daily dose of short-acting agent
no later than 7 pm); caution when administering to patients with
glaucoma
Nama Dagang:

Dipyridamole
I: angina pektoris, ggn sirkulasi darah koroner, pasca infark
BSO: Tab 25 mg, 75 mg
D: 25-50 mg 2-3x/hr.
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Jangan utk angina akut, stenosis aorta subvalvular,
hemodinamik tak stabik karena MI
ES: Ggn GI, sakit kepala
IO: Derivat Xantin: teofilin & kafein menurunkan efek
vasodilator. Aspirin menginduksi efek antitrombotik
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:

Trimetazidine
I: Tambahan utk terapi angina
D: 1 tab 2x/hr
KI: Laktasi
P: Gagal ginjal, gagal hati berat. Tidak utk serangan akut,
angina tak stabil dan IM. Bumil
ES: Ggn GI,muntah
IO:
Preg::
Nama Dagang: Trizedon MR

C. ACE Inhibitor
Captopril
Quinapril
Fosinopril
Enalapril
Lisinopril
Imidapril
Trandolapril
Benazepril
Ramipril
Perindopril
Comparative studies show ACE inhibitors are more effective

than other antihypertensives (ie, beta-blockers, calcium channel
blockers) in reducing blood pressure and proteinuria, protecting
renal function, and delaying onset of end-stage renal disease.

Captopril
Prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent
vasoconstrictor, resulting in lower aldosterone secretion.
I:
BSO: Tab 12,5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg
D:
Hypertension: 12.5-25 mg PO 2-3x; may increase by 12.5-25
mg/dose at 1- to 2-wk intervals; max 50 mg 3x
CrCl 10-50 mL/min: give 75% of starting dose
CrCl <10 mL/min: give 50% of starting dose
CHF: 6.25-12.5 mg PO bid/tid; may increase by 12.5-25
mg/dose at 1- to 2-wk intervals; max 100 mg tid
Paed.
Neonates: 0.05-0.1 mg/kg/dose PO q6-24h; titrate dose up to
0.5 mg/kg/dose prn
Infants: 0.15-0.3 mg/kg/dose PO q6-24h; titrate dose up; max 6
mg/kg/d in 2-4 divided doses prn

Children: 0.3-0.5 mg/kg/dose PO q6-24h; titrate dose up; max
of 6 mg/kg/d in 2-4 divided doses prn
KI: Hipersensitif; renal impairment
IO:
NSAIDs may reduce hypotensive effects of captopril; ACE
inhibitors may increase digoxin, lithium, and allopurinol levels;
rifampin decreases captopril levels; probenecid may increase
captopril levels; the hypotensive effects of ACE inhibitors may
be enhanced when given concurrently with diuretics
Preg: C, D
P:
Caution in renal impairment, valvular stenosis, or severe
congestive heart failure
Nama Dagang:

Quinapril
Competitive inhibitor of ACE. Reduce angiotensin II levels,
decreasing aldosterone secretion.
BSO: Tab 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg
D: Hypertension: 10 mg PO 1-2x; increase to 80 mg/d prn
CHF: 10 mg PO 1-2x; target dose is 20 mg PO bid
KI: Hipersensitif; angioedema
IO: NSAIDs may reduce hypotensive effects of enalapril; ACE
rifampin decreases enalapril levels; probenecid may increase
enalapril levels; the hypotensive effects of ACE inhibitors may
Preg: C, D
P: Caution in renal impairment (serum creatinine >3.5), valvular
stenosis, or severe congestive heart failure; watch for serum
potassium
Nama Dagang:Accupril

Fosinopril
Competitive inhibitors of ACE. Reduce angiotensin II levels,
decreasing aldosterone secretion.
BSO: Tab 10 mg
D:
Hypertension: 10 mg/d PO; increase to 80 mg/d prn
CHF: 10 mg/d PO; target dose is 40 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif
IO:
NSAIDs may reduce hypotensive effects; may increase digoxin,
lithium, and allopurinol levels; rifampin decreases levels;
probenecid may increase levels; diuretics may exacerbate
hypotensive effects
Preg: C, D
P: Caution in renal impairment, valvular stenosis, severe CHF
Nama Dagang: Acenor

Enalapril
vasoconstrictor, resulting in increased levels of plasma renin
and a reduction in aldosterone secretion.
Helps control blood pressure and proteinuria. Decreases
pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio in the catheterization
laboratory and increases systemic blood flow in patients with
relatively low pulmonary vascular resistance. Has favorable
clinical effect when administered over a long period. Helps
prevent potassium loss in distal tubules. Body conserves
potassium; thus, less oral potassium supplementation needed.
BSO: Tab 5 mg,
D:
Hypertension: 2.5-5 mg/d PO; increase prn; dosing range is
10-40 mg/d PO 1-2x; alternatively, 1.25 mg/dose IV over 5 min
q6h
CHF: 2.5-5 mg/d PO; increase prn; dosing range is 10-40 mg/d
PO 1-2x
KI: Hipersensitif
IO:
NSAIDs may reduce hypotensive effects of enalapril; ACE
rifampin decreases enalapril levels; probenecid may increase
enalapril levels; the hypotensive effects of ACE inhibitors may
Preg: C, D
P:
renal impairment, valvular stenosis, or severe congestive heart
failure; IV formulation not recommended in managing neonatal
hypertension because of risk of acute renal failure and oliguria
Nama Dagang:

Lisinopril
D: Hypertension: 10 mg/d PO; increase 5-10 mg/d at 1- to 2-
wk intervals; max 40 mg
CHF: 10 mg/d PO; increase 5-10 mg/d at 1- to 2-wk intervals;
target dose is 40 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: NSAIDs may reduce hypotensive effects of lisinopril; ACE
rifampin decreases lisinopril levels; probenecid may increase
lisinopril levels; the hypotensive effects of ACE inhibitors may
Preg: C, D
P: renal impairment, valvular stenosis, or severe congestive
heart failure
Nama Dagang:

Imidapril
I: Hipertensi
D: Dws 5-10 mg 1x/hr. Pasien dg ggn ginjal, hipertensi berat
atau hipertensi parenkim ginjal awal 2,5 mg/hr
KI: Hipersensitif, pasien dalam pengobatan apheresi LDL
menggunakan dextran selulosa sulfat. Pasien dialisis dengan
acrylonitrilic methallyl sulfonat sodium membran (AN 69).
Wanita atau wanita yang mungkin hamil.
P: Hipertensi berat, hemodialisis, mendapat terapi diuretik, diet
pembatasan garam secara ketat. Mengganggu kewaspadaan.
Tak dianjurkan penggunaannya 1 jam sebelum operasi. Ggn
ginjal berat. Stenosis arteri renal bilateral.
ES: Ggn sist hematologi, albuminuria, peningkatan kreatinin
BUN, sakit kepala, pusing, hipotensi postural, palpitasi, mual,
muntah, nyeri perut, ruam, pruritus, batuk, rasa tidak enak pada
faring, malaise, wajah kemerahan, kenaikan serum K, SGOT &
SGPT

IO: Dextran selulosa, AN 69, diuretik hemat K, HCT,
triklormetiazid, litium, suplemen Ca, AINS (Indometasin)
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Tanapress

Trandolapril
Prevent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent
BSO: Tab 0.5 mg, 2 mg
D: Hypertension: 1 mg/d PO; increase to 8 mg/d prn
CHF: 1 mg/d PO; target dose is 4 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif; history of angioedema
IO:
May increase digoxin, lithium, and allopurinol levels; probenecid
may increase levels; diuretics or NSAIDs may increase
hypotensive effects
Preg: C, D
P: Caution in renal impairment, valvular stenosis, or severe
CHF
Nama Dagang:

Benazepril
Prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is
a potent vasoconstrictor. Also causes lower aldosterone
secretion=> reducing systemic & glomerular capillary pressure.
D: 10 mg/d PO; increase to 80 mg/d prn
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: NSAIDs may reduce hypotensive effects of benazepril; ACE
rifampin decreases benazepril levels; probenecid may increase
benazepril levels; the hypotensive effects of ACE inhibitors may
Preg: C, D
congestive heart failure
Nama Dagang: Cibacen

Ramipril
Prevent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent
BSO: Tab 2,5 mg
D: Hypertension: 2.5 mg/d PO; increase to 20 mg/d prn
CHF: 2.5 mg/d PO; target dose is 10 mg bid
Angina: 2.5-5 mg PO qd; max 20 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif; history of angioedema
IO: May increase digoxin, lithium, and allopurinol levels;
probenecid may increase levels; diuretics or NSAIDs may
increase hypotensive effects
Preg: C, D
CHF
Nama Dagang:

Perindopril
BSO: Tab 4 mg
D: Hypertension: 4 mg/d PO; increase to 8 mg/d prn
CHF: 2 mg/d PO; increase to 4 mg dosis tunggal
KI: Hipersensitif; hamil,laktasi
CHF
IO:
Preg: C, D
Nama Dagang: Prexum

D. β Blocker
Propranolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol
Carvedilol
Carteolol
Bisoprolol
Sotalol

Propranolol
Nonselective beta-blocker that is lipophilic (penetrates CNS).
I: Hipertensi, angina pectoris, ansietas takikardia, disaritmia,
kardiomiopati obstruktif hipertrofi & tremor esensial.
Terapi tambahan pada tirotoksikosis & feokromositoma.
Profilaksis setelah IMA, migren & angina.
BSO: Tab 10 mg
D: Hipertensi , angina pectoris 20 mg 3-4x/hr, titrasi s/d 40
mg 3-4x/hr.
IR: 40-160 mg PO bid
SR: 60-320 mg PO qd
KI: Hipersensitif; history of bronchospasm; uncompensated
CHF; bradycardia; cardiogenic shock; AV conduction
abnormalities
IO: Aluminum salts, barbiturates, NSAIDs, penicillins, calcium
salts, cholestyramine, and rifampin may decrease effects;
calcium channel blockers, cimetidine, loop diuretics, and MAOIs
may increase toxicity; may increase toxicity of hydralazine,
haloperidol, benzodiazepines, and phenothiazines
Preg: C
P:
Beta-adrenergic blockade may mask signs of acute
hypoglycemia and hyperthyroidism; abrupt withdrawal may
exacerbate symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including thyroid
storm; withdraw drug slowly and monitor closely; adverse
effects include bronchial constriction, Raynaud phenomenon,
hypotension, decreased libido, impotence, lethargy, depression,
and decreased HDL; caution in Wolff-Parkinson-White
syndrome and renal or hepatic dysfunction
Nama Dagang:

Atenolol
Selectively blocks beta1-receptors, with little/no effect on beta2
BSO: tab 50 mg, 100 mg
D: HT= 50 mg PO qd; increase to 100 mg/d, if necessary
Angina= 50-200 mg PO qd
Paed. 1-2 mg/kg/dose PO qd
KI: Hipersensitif; congestive heart failure; pulmonary edema;
cardiogenic shock; AV conduction abnormalities; heart block
(without a pacemaker)
IO: Coadministration with aluminum salts, barbiturates, calcium
salts, cholestyramine, NSAIDs, penicillins, and rifampin may
decrease effects; haloperidol, hydralazine, loop diuretics, and
MAOIs may increase toxicity of atenolol
Preg: C
P: Beta-adrenergic blockade may reduce symptoms of acute
hypoglycemia and mask signs of hyperthyroidism; abrupt
withdrawal may exacerbate symptoms of hyperthyroidism and
cause thyroid storm; monitor patients closely and withdraw drug
slowly; during an IV, carefully monitor BP, heart rate, and ECG
Metoprolol
Selective beta1-adrenergic receptor blocker that decreases
automaticity of contractions. During IV administration, carefully
monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG.
D: Hypertension= 00 mg/d PO qd or divided bid/tid initially and
increase at 1-wk interval prn to a total of 450 mg/d if necessary
Angina= 50-200 mg PO bid
CHF= 100 mg PO qd; titrate to maximum dose of 400 mg/d PO
in 1-2 divided doses.
Paed.: 1-5 mg/kg/24h PO divided bid
KI:
Hipersensitif; uncompensated congestive heart failure;
bradycardia; asthma; cardiogenic shock; AV conduction
abnormalities
IO:
Aluminum salts, barbiturates, NSAIDs, penicillins, calcium salts,
cholestyramine, and rifampin may decrease bioavailability and
plasma levels of metoprolol, possibly resulting in decreased
pharmacologic effects; toxicity of metoprolol may increase with
coadministration of sparfloxacin, phenothiazines, astemizole,
calcium channel blockers, quinidine, flecainide, and
contraceptives; metoprolol may increase toxicity of digoxin,
flecainide, clonidine, epinephrine, nifedipine, prazosin,
verapamil, and lidocaine
Preg: B
P:
Beta-adrenergic blockade may reduce signs and symptoms of
acute hypoglycemia and may decrease clinical signs of
hyperthyroidism; abrupt withdrawal may exacerbate symptoms
of hyperthyroidism, including thyroid storm; monitor patient
closely and withdraw the drug slowly; during IV administration,
carefully monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG
Nama Dagang:

Carvedilol
Nonselective beta- and alpha-adrenergic blocker. Does not
appear to have intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. May reduce
cardiac output and decrease peripheral vascular resistance.
D: 6.25 mg PO bid; start at 3.125 mg PO bid in heart failure,
maintain for 1-2 wk if tolerated, and then increase to 12.5 mg
bid; max 25 mg bid
KI: Hipersensitif; hypotension; bradycardia; AV/SA node
disease; cardiogenic shock; severe uncontrolled cardiac failure
IO: Rifampin, barbiturates, cholestyramine, colestipol, NSAIDs,
salicylates, and penicillins may decrease effects; may increase
effects of antidiabetic agents, digoxin, and calcium channel
blockers; clonidine may increase BP and decrease heart rate;
may decrease effect of sulfonylureas; cimetidine, fluoxetine,
paroxetine, and propafenone may increase levels
Preg: C
P: CHF and in patients treated with digitalis, diuretics, or ACE
inhibitors (AV conduction may be slowed); discontinue if liver
impairment occurs; caution in peripheral vascular disease,
hyperthyroidism, and DM
Nama Dagang:

Carteolol
I: Angina pectoris, takikardia atau aritmia supraventrikuler,
hipertensi esensial & neurosis jantung
BSO: Tab 5 mg
D: Dws awal 10-15 mg/hr terbagi dalam 2-3 dosis. Maks 30 mg
dalam dosis terbagi.
KI: Asma bronchial, kecenderungan bronkospasme, diabetic
ketoasidosis & metabolic asidosis. Sinus bradikardi berat. Blok
atrial gr 2 & 3. Blok sinus, koma, syok kardiogenik, gagal
ventrikuler kanan sebagai kalanjutan dr hipertensi pulmonal.
Ggl jantung kongestif. hamil
P: Hipoglikemia idiopatik, DM tak terkontrol. Puasa lama. Ggn
hati & ginjal. Ggn sirkulasi perifer. Manula, ibu menyusui.
Penghentian terapi 24 jam sblm op, terapi dgn ß-blocker lain pd
pasien feokromositoma
ES: Jarang, bradikardi, hipotensi, edema pada ekstremitas
bawah,sakit kepala,pusing, nyeri ulu hati, mual, muntah,
meteorismus, nyeri lambung, konstipasi, diare, erupsi dan gatal
pd kulit, lemah, vertigo,lelah.
IO: Memperkuat obat hipoglikemik, antagonis Ca, simpatolitik,
klonidin HCl
Preg:: C, D pd trim 2 &3
Nama Dagang: Mikelan

Bisoprolol
Selectively blocks beta1 receptors, with little/no effect on beta2
D: 2.5-20 mg/d PO; max 40 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif; pulmonary edema; cardiogenic shock; AV
conduction abnormalities; heart block (without pacemaker)
IO: Aluminum salts, barbiturates, NSAIDs, penicillins, calcium
salts, cholestyramine, and rifampin may decrease bioavailability
and plasma levels, possibly resulting in decreased
pharmacologic effects; sparfloxacin, phenothiazines,
astemizole (recalled from US market), calcium channel
blockers, quinidine, flecainide, and contraceptives may increase
toxicity; may increase toxicity of digoxin, flecainide, clonidine,
epinephrine, nifedipine, prazosin, verapamil, and lidocaine
Preg: C
P: May reduce signs & symptoms of acute hypoglycemia & may
decrease clinical signs of hyperthyroidism; abrupt withdrawal
may exacerbate symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including thyroid
storm; monitor patient closely and withdraw drug slowly
Sotalol
Primarily a potassium channel (IKr)–blocking drug, with weak
beta-blocker effect. In ESVEM study, sotalol was compared with
6 other drugs (not including amiodarone) in VT patients.
Survival was best in the sotalol group.
BSO: Tab 80 mg
D: 80-120 mg PO q12h initially; occasionally, doses as high as
240 mg q12h are used with careful monitoring for toxicity
KI: Hipersensitif; complete AV block; intraventricular conduction
defects; patients taking ritonavir or sparfloxacin
IO: Increases effect of theophylline, quinidine, procainamide,
phenytoin, methotrexate, flecainide, digoxin, cyclosporine, beta-
blockers, and anticoagulants; cardiotoxicity of amiodarone is
increased by ritonavir, sparfloxacin, and disopyramide;
coadministration with calcium channel blockers may cause an
additive effect and decrease myocardial contractility further;
cimetidine may increase amiodarone levels
Preg: C

P: Risk of proarrhythmia increases with dose; monitor for QT
prolongation, dyspnea, fatigue, depression, bradycardia, and
syncope due to torsade de pointes
Nama Dagang:
Sotacor

E. Ca Antagonis
Verapamil
Diltiazem
Amlodipine
Nifedipine
Felodipine
Lacidipine
Nicardipine
Lercanidipine

Verapamil
During depolarization, inhibits calcium ions from entering slow
channels and voltage-sensitive areas of vascular smooth
muscle and myocardium.
BSO: Tab/Kaps 80 mg, 240 mg
D: HT= 240-480 mg/d PO divided tid/qid
Angina= IR: 80-120 mg PO tid/qid
SR: 120-240 mg PO qd/bid
KI:
Hipersensitif; severe CHF, sick sinus syndrome or second- or
third-degree AV block, and hypotension (<90 mm Hg systolic)
IO:
Verapamil may increase carbamazepine, digoxin, and
cyclosporine levels; coadministration with amiodarone can
cause bradycardia and a decrease in cardiac output; may
increase cardiac depression when administered concurrently
with beta blockers; cimetidine may increase verapamil levels;
verapamil may increase theophylline levels
Preg: C
P:
Depresses impulse formation, AV block, - inotropism, and
vasodilation, which can result in hypotension, shock, pulmonary
edema, and death; hepatocellular injury may occur; transient
elevations of transaminases with or without concomitant
elevations in alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin have occurred
(elevations have been transient and may disappear with
continued verapamil treatment), monitor liver function; IV
administration discouraged in neonates and young infants due
to severe apnea, bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest
periodically
Nama Dagang:

Diltiazem
During depolarization, inhibit calcium ions from entering slow
channels and voltage-sensitive areas of vascular smooth
muscle and myocardium.
I: angina pektoris
D: 30 mg 4x/hr. titrasi maks 360 mg/hr. ac & hs.

KI: Hipersensitif; severe CHF; sick sinus syndrome; second- or
third-degree AV block; hypotension (<90 mm Hg systolic);
significant LV systolic dysfunction
IO: May increase carbamazepine, digoxin, cyclosporine, and
theophylline levels; amiodarone may cause bradycardia and
decrease in cardiac output; beta-blockers may increase cardiac
depression; cimetidine may increase levels
Preg: C
P: Caution in impaired renal or hepatic function; may increase
LFT levels, and hepatic injury may occur
Nama Dagang:
Amlodipine
Relax coronary smooth muscle and produce coronary
vasodilation, which, in turn, improves myocardial oxygen
delivery. Benefits nonPreg:nant patients with systolic
dysfunction, hypertension, or arrhythmias.
I: Hipertensi arterial, profilaksis angina pektoris
D: HT= 2.5-5 mg PO 1x; max 10 mg/d
Angina= 5-10 mg PO qd
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Fentanyl may increase hypotensive effects; may increase
cyclosporine levels; H2 blockers (eg, cimetidine) may increase
toxicity
Preg: C
P: Adjust dose in renal/hepatic impairment; may cause lower
extremity edema; allergic hepatitis has occurred but is rare;
caution in patients with severe LV systolic dysfunction
Nama Dagang:

Nifedipine
-- Especially in the sustained-release form, nifedipine is a
calcium channel blocker that has proven to be fairly effective in
the management of chronic cor pulmonale caused by primary
pulmonary hypertension. Modifies the entry of calcium into the
cells by blocking the slow or voltage-dependent calcium
channels, resulting in vasodilation, which improves myocardial
oxygen delivery. Sublingual administration generally is safe,
despite theoretical concerns.
I: Insufiiensi jantung akut & kronik. Terapi tambahan hipertensi
D: 3x/d
KI: Hipersensitif, pregnancy
IO: Monitor oral anticoagulants when used concomitantly;
coadministration with any agent that can lower BP, including
beta-blockers and opioids, can result in severe hypotension; H2
blockers (cimetidine) may increase toxicity
Preg: C

P: Aortic stenosis; angina; congestive heart failure; Preg:;
nursing mothers; may cause lower extremity edema; allergic
hepatitis has occurred but is rare
Nama Dagang:

Felodipine
Relaxes coronary smooth muscle and produces coronary
vasodilation, which in turn improves myocardial oxygen
delivery.
Benefits nonPreg:nant patients with systolic dysfunction,
hypertension, or arrhythmias. Can be used during Preg: if
indicated clinically.
Calcium channel blockers potentiate ACE inhibitor effects.
Renal protection is not proven, but these agents reduce
morbidity and mortality rates in congestive heart failure.
Calcium channel blockers are indicated in patients with diastolic
dysfunction. Effective as monotherapy in black patients and
elderly patients.
BSO: tab 5 mg
D: 5 mg PO qd; max 20 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Fentanyl and alcohol may increase hypotensive effects;
calcium channel blocker may increase cyclosporine levels; H2
blockers (cimetidine), erythromycin, nafcillin, and azole
antifungals may increase toxicity (avoid combination or monitor
closely); carbamazepine may reduce bioavailability (avoid this
combination); rifampin may decrease levels (monitor and adjust
dose of calcium channel blocker)
Preg: C
P: Adjust dose in renal/hepatic impairment; may cause lower
extremity edema; allergic hepatitis have occurred but is rare
Nama Dagang:

Lacidipine
I: Hipertensi
BSO: Tab 4 mg
D: Awal 4 mg 1x/hr. titrasi 6 mg setelah 3-4 minggu.
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Ggn hati berat. Hamil,laktasi, nodus SA & AV abnormal
ES: Sakit kepala, muka kemerahan, edema, pusing, palpitasi,
asthenia, ruam kulit, nyeri lambung, mual, poliuria, nyeri dada,
hiperplasi ginggiva, alkalin fosfatase meningkat sementara.
IO: Diuretik, β-blocker, menambah efek hipotensi. Cimetidin
meningkatkatkan kadar obat dlm plasma.
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
Lacipil

Nicardipine
A calcium channel blocker, inhibiting calcium ion influx into
vascular smooth muscle and myocardium.
BSO: Amp 2 mg, 10 mg
D: Start 5 mg/h IV, increase by 2.5 mg/h q5-15min to a
maximum of 15 mg/h
KI: Hipersensitif; severe CHF; sick sinus syndrome; second- or
third-degree AV block; hypotension (<90 mm Hg systolic)
IO: May increase carbamazepine, digoxin, cyclosporine, and
theophylline levels; when administered with amiodarone, may
cause bradycardia and a decrease in cardiac output; when
administered with beta-blockers, may increase cardiac
depression; cimetidine may increase levels
Preg: C
P: Caution in impaired renal or hepatic function; may increase
LFTs, and hepatic injury may occur.
Nama Dagang:

Lercanidipine
I: Hipertensi esensial ringan-sedang
BSO: Tab 10 mg
D: 10 mg 1x/d, titrasi 20 mg/d
KI: Hamil, laktasi, obstruksi aliran keluar ventrikel kiri. Ggl
jantung kongestif, angina pectoris tak stabil, ggn hati/ ginjal
berat. Digunakan dg siklosporin atau juz anggur
P: sindroma sick sinus (jika tanpa pacu jantung), disfungsi
ventrikel kiri,penykit jantung iskemik. Hindari penggunaan
bersama inhibitor kuat CYP3A4 (spt ketokonazol)
ES: Ruam, edema perifer, palpitasi, takikardi, sakit kepala
IO: Hindari penggunaan bersama inhibitor kuat CYP3A4 (spt
ketokonazol, itrakonazol, ritonavir, eritromisin, rotreandomisin),
siklosposrin, juz anggur. Hati-hati penggunaan dg substansi lain
CYP3A4 (spt terfenadin, astemizol, obat anti aritmia kelas III),
simetidin dosis tinggi, antikonvulsan dan rifampisin. Pemberian
dosis tambahan jika obat bersama β-blocker.
Nama Dagang: Zanidip

F. Antagonis Angiotensin II & Kombinasinya
Valsartan
Irbesartan
Losartan
Candesartan
Telmisartan
Olmesartan medoxomil

Valsartan
Prodrug that produces direct antagonism of angiotensin II
receptors. Displaces angiotensin II from AT1 receptor and may
lower blood pressure by antagonizing AT1-induced
vasoconstriction, aldosterone release, catecholamine release,
arginine vasopressin release, water intake, and hypertrophic
responses. May induce more complete inhibition of renin-
angiotensin system than ACE inhibitors, does not affect
response to bradykinin, and is less likely to be associated with
cough and angioedema. For use in patients unable to tolerate
ACE inhibitors.
I: Hipertensi, CHF NYHA II-IV, IMA
KI:
Hipersensitif; severe hepatic insufficiency, biliary cirrhosis or
obstruction, primary hyperaldosterism, bilateral renal artery
stenosis
IO:
May increase digoxin, lithium, and allopurinol levels; probenecid
may increase valsartan levels; coadministration with diuretics,
increase hypotensive effects; NSAIDs may reduce hypotensive
effects of valsartan; may increase risk of hyperkalemia if taken
concurrently with potassium supplements or other potassium-
sparing diuretics
Preg: C, D
P:
Caution in hyperkalemia, suspected bilateral renal artery
stenosis, or solitary kidney with unilateral RAS
Nama Dagang:

Irbesartan
Blocks vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of
angiotensin II at tissue receptor site. May induce more complete
inhibition of renin-angiotensin system than ACE inhibitors and
do not affect response to bradykinin (less likely to be associated
with cough and angioedema).
I: Hipertensi esensial
D: 150 mg PO 1x qd; max 300 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif; hyperkalemia
P: Caution in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery
stenosis; decrease dose in volume- or salt-depleted patients
probenecid may increase irbesartan levels; coadministration
with diuretics, increase hypotensive effects; NSAIDs may
reduce hypotensive effects of irbesartan; may increase risk of
hyperkalemia if taken with potassium -sparing diuretics
Preg: C, D
Nama Dagang:
Losartan
Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists that block
vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin
II at tissue receptor site. May induce more complete inhibition of
renin-angiotensin system than ACE inhibitors and do not affect
response to bradykinin (less likely to be associated with cough
and angioedema).
I: Hipertensi
BSO: Tab 50 mg
D: 25-100 mg PO qd/bid
KI: Hipersensitif; hyperkalemia
IO: Ketoconazole, sulfaphenazole, and phenobarbital may
decrease effects; cimetidine may increase effects
Preg: C, D
P: Caution in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery
stenosis; decrease dose in volume- or salt-depleted patients
Nama Dagang:

Candesartan
Blocks vasoconstriction and aldosterone-secreting effects of
angiotensin II. May induce more complete inhibition of renin-
angiotensin system than ACE inhibitors, does not affect
response to bradykinin, and is less likely to be associated with
cough and angioedema. Use in patients unable to tolerate ACE
inhibitors.
Angiotensin II receptor blockers reduce blood pressure and
proteinuria, protecting renal function, and delaying onset of end-
stage renal disease.
I: Hipertensi
D: 8-16 mg/d PO initially; max 32 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif
probenecid may increase candesartan levels; coadministration
with diuretics, increase hypotensive effects; NSAIDs may
reduce hypotensive effects of candesartan; may increase risk of

hyperkalemia if taken concurrently with potassium supplements
or other potassium-sparing diuretics
Preg: C, D
P:
Caution in renal impairment (serum creatinine >3.5), valvular
stenosis, or severe congestive heart failure; watch for serum
potassium
Nama Dagang:

Telmisartan
D: Dws 40 mg 1x/hr. Max. 80 mg/hr
KI: Hamil, laktasi
P: Deplesi vol intravaskuler, ggl jantung kongestif berat, pnykit
ginjal tmsk stenosis arteri ginjal, aldosteronisme primer,
stenosis aorta atau mitral.
ES: sakit kepala, pusing, nyeri, nyeri punggung, lelah, diare,
gejala seperti flu, sinusitis, dyspepsia, batuk, nyeri dada, ISK.
IO: Diuretik Hemat K, Suplemen K, bahan pengganti garam
mengandung K atau obat lain yg dapat meningkatkan kadar K
(heparin, digoksin, litium)
Preg:: C, D pd trim 2 & 3
Nama Dagang:
Micardis

Olmesartan
Blocks vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of
angiotensin II at tissue receptor site. May induce more complete
inhibition of renin-angiotensin system than ACE inhibitors and
do not affect response to bradykinin (less likely to be associated
with cough and angioedema).
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Diuretics may enhance hypotensive effect
Preg: C, D
P: May cause injury or even death to the developing fetus, due
to effect on renin-angiotensin system, if given in second or third
trimesters of Preg:; serum levels and AUC increase with renal
and hepatic insufficiency respectively; may cause oliguria,
azotemia, and acute renal failure; facial edema, angioedema, or
decreased hemoglobin or hematocrit occur rarely
Nama Dagang: Olmetec

G. Diuretik
Mannitol
Spironolactone
Furosemide
Acetazolamide
Hydrochlorothiazide/ HCT
Chlortalidone
Indapamide

Mannitol
-- Indicated for prophylaxis and treatment of pigment-induced
renal failure secondary to rhabdomyolysis in those with cocaine
poisoning, among others. Alternative diuretic used when urine
output is inadequate despite aggressive fluid therapy.
D: 1 g/kg of 20% solution IV over 20-30 min
Paed.
Initial dose: 0.5-1 g/kg/dose IV
Maintenance dose: 0.25-0.5 g/kg/dose IV q4-6h
KI: Hipersensitif; anuria; severe pulmonary congestion;
progressive renal damage; severe dehydration; active
intracranial bleeding; progressive heart failure
IO: Effects can be potentiated by other diuretics (eg,
furosemide, acetazolamide)
Preg: C
P: Carefully evaluate cardiovascular status before rapid
administration of mannitol because a sudden increase in
extracellular fluid may lead to fulminating CHF; avoid
pseudoagglutination when blood is administered
simultaneously, add at least 20 mEq of sodium chloride to each
liter of mannitol solution; do not administer electrolyte-free
mannitol solutions with blood; may crystallize with concentration
above 20%; use in-line filter; may cause hypovolemia,
headache, and polydipsia

Spironolactone
Used for management of hypertension. May block effects of
aldosterone on arteriolar smooth muscles.
BSO:
D: Hypertension: 25-200 mg PO qd or divided bid
CHF: 12.5 mg PO qd; max 25 mg/d
Paed.
1.5-3.5 mg/kg/d PO divided q6-24h
KI:
Hipersensitif; anuria; renal failure; hyperkalemia
IO:
May decrease effect of anticoagulants; potassium and
potassium-sparing diuretics may increase toxicity
Preg: D
P:
Caution in renal and hepatic impairment
Nama Dagang:

Furosemide
-- Example of diuretic agents used in the management of
chronic cor pulmonale. Furosemide is a powerful loop diuretic
that works on thick ascending limb of Henle loop, causing a
reversible block in reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and
chloride.
D:
20-80 mg/d PO/IV/IM; may titrate to maximum dose of 600 mg/d
Paed.
1-2 mg/kg/dose PO; max 6 mg/kg/dose; do not administer more
frequent than q6h
1 mg/kg IV/IM slowly under close supervision; max 6 mg/kg
KI:
Hipersensitif; hepatic coma; anuria; concurrent severe
electrolyte depletion
IO:
Metformin decreases furosemide concentrations; furosemide
interferes with hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents and
antagonizes muscle-relaxing effect of tubocurarine; auditory
toxicity appears to be increased with coadministration of
aminoglycosides and furosemide; hearing loss of varying
degrees may occur; anticoagulant activity of warfarin may be
enhanced when taken concurrently with this medication;
increased plasma lithium levels and toxicity are possible when
taken concurrently with this medication
Preg: C
P:
Perform frequent serum electrolyte, carbon dioxide, glucose,
creatinine, uric acid, calcium, and BUN determinations during
first few months of therapy and periodically thereafter
Nama Dagang:

Acetazolamide
I: Glaukoma, epilepsy, ggl jantung kongestif & edema karena
obat
BSO: Tab 250 mg
D: Glaukoma 250 mg-1 g/d dlm dosis terbagi.
Epilepsi 8-30 mg/kg dlm dosis terbagi.
Ggl jantung kongestif & edema karena= 250-375 mg 1x/d
selama 1-2 hari.
KI: Depresi Na &/ K serum, peny hati & ginjal, gagal kelenj
suprarenal, asidosis hiperkloremik, sirosis. Penggunaan jangka
panjang pd pasien glaucoma sudut tertutup non kongestif
P: Obstruksi pulmoner atau emfisema. Hamil & laktasi
ES: Parestesia, ggn pendengaran/ tinnitus, perubahan rasa,
ggn GI, poliuria, bingung, myopia sementara.
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Diamox

Hydrochlorothiazide/ HCT
Inhibits reabsorption of sodium in distal tubules, causing
increased excretion of sodium and water as well as potassium
and hydrogen ions.
I: Edema, terapi tambahan hipertensi
D: 25-100 mg PO qd; max 200 mg/kg/d
Paed.
<6 months: 2-3 mg/kg/d PO divided bid
>6 months: 2 mg/kg/d PO divided bid
KI: Hipersensitif; anuria or renal decompensation
IO: May decrease effects of anticoagulants, antigout agents,
and sulfonylureas; may increase toxicity of allopurinol,
anesthetics, antineoplastics, calcium salts, loop diuretics,
lithium, diazoxide, digitalis, amphotericin B, and nondepolarizing
muscle relaxants
Preg: B
P: Caution in renal disease, hepatic disease, gout, DM, and
erythematosus
Chlortalidone
Inhibits reabsorption of sodium in distal tubules, causing
increased excretion of sodium and water as well as potassium
and hydrogen ions.
I: Hipertensi arterial, esensial, nefrogenik, atau sistolik
terisolasi.
BSO: Tab 50 mg
D: 25-100 mg/d PO
KI: Hipersensitif; anuria or renal decompensation
IO: May decrease effects of anticoagulants, antigout agents,
and sulfonylureas; may increase toxicity of allopurinol,
anesthetics, antineoplastics, calcium salts, loop diuretics,
lithium, diazoxide, digitalis, amphotericin B, and nondepolarizing
muscle relaxants
Preg: B, D pd hipertensi yg diinduksi kehamilan
P: Caution in renal disease, hepatic disease, gout, DM, and
erythematosus
Nama Dagang:

Indapamide
BSO: tab lepas lambat 1.5 mg
D: 1 tab/d
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Hamil, laktasi
ES: Hipotensi ortostatik, hipokalemia
IO: Litium,obat non aritmik menyebabkan ledakan gelombang
aritmia (astemizol, bepridil, eritromisin IV, halofantrin,
pentamidin, sultoprid, terfenadin, vincamin)
Preg:: B, D jika digunakan pd hipertensi yg diinduksi
kehamilan
Nama Dagang:
Natrilix SR

H. Anti Hipertensi Lain
Sodium nitroprusside
Clonidine
Doxazosin
Reserpin
Bunazosin HCl
Methyldopa
Terazosin
Moxonidine
Hydralazine

Sodium nitroprusside
I: Hipertensi krisis, control tensi selama anestesi utk
mengurangi perdarahan pd op bedah. Terapi jangka pendek ggl
jantung
BSO: Amp 50 mg/ 5cc
D:
Administration requires the use of an infusion pump. Average
dose: 5 mcg/kg/minute.
Adults: I.V. Initial: 0.3-0.5 mcg/kg/minute; increase in
increments of 0.5 mcg/kg/minute, titrating to the desired
hemodynamic effect or the appearance of headache or nausea;
usual dose: 3 mcg/kg/minute; rarely need >4 mcg/kg/minute;
maximum: 10 mcg/kg/minute. When administered by prolonged
infusion faster than 2 mcg/kg/minute, cyanide is generated
faster than an unaided patient can handle.
KI: Kondisi lemah, anemi tak terkoreksi,hipovolemi dimana
sirkulasi otak tak mencukupi

P: Kerusakan ginjal, hati & serebrovaskuler. Kadar kobalamin
plasma yg rendah. Leber’s optic atrophy, hipotiroidisme, ggn
metabolisme sianida, hipotermia, stress
ES: Takikardi, hipotensi postural,mual, diaforesis
IO: Efek hipotensif ditingkatkan oleh penghambat ganglion, obat
antihipertensi, anestesi cair yg mudah menguap, zat yg
mendepresisirkulasi.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Sodium nitroprusside DBL

Clonidine
Usually a third-line agent if other medications cannot be
tolerated. Stimulates alpha2-adrenoreceptors in brain stem,
activating an inhibitory neuron, which in turn results in reduced
sympathetic outflow. These effects result in a decrease in
vasomotor tone and heart rate.
I: Hipertensi dan krisis hipertensi (obat ampul)
BSO: Tab 0.075 mg, 0.15 mg. Amp 0.15 mg/cc
D:
Initial: 0.1 mg PO bid
Maintenance: 0.2-1.2 mg/d bid/qid PO; max 2.4 mg/d
Amp infuse IV dg kecepatan tak lebih dari 0.5 mcg/kg/mnt.
Max 0.15 mcg/infuse, dpt diberikan 4x/d.
KI: Hipersensitif
IO:
TCAs inhibit hypotensive effects of clonidine; coadministration
with beta-blockers may potentiate bradycardia; tricyclic
antidepressants may enhance hypertensive response

associated with abrupt clonidine withdrawal; narcotic analgesics
enhance hypotensive effects of clonidine
Preg: C
P:
Caution in cerebrovascular disease, coronary insufficiency,
sinus node dysfunction, and renal impairment; abrupt
discontinuation may lead to rebound hypertension
Nama Dagang:
Catapres

Doxazosin
I: Hipertensi, hyperplasia prostate jinak
BSO: Tab 1 mg, 2 mg
D: Hipertensi: awal 1 mg/hr selama 1-2 minggu. Titrasi 2 mg/hr
pd 1-2 minggu selanjutnya, dst 4mg, 8 mg dg interval yg sama.
Max 16 mg/hr.
Hiperplasia prostat jinak: max 8 mg/hr
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Hipotensi postural/ sinkop, ggn fungsi hati. Hamil, laktasi.
ES: Pusing, sakit kepala, letih, malaise, vertigo, asthenia,
somnolen
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Cardura

Reserpin
I: Hipertensi
BSO: Tab 0.1 mg, 0.25 mg
D: 0.2-0.5 mg/hr terbagi dlm 2-3 dosis. Max 0.5mg/hr
KI: Riwayat depresi, ulkus lambung aktif, colitis ulseratif, hamil,
laktasi
P: Aritmia jantung, IMA, kerusakan jantung berat, insufisiensi
ginjal, batu empedu, epilepsy, asma bronchial, terapi
elektrokonvulsi, anestesi
ES: Hidung tersumbat, kantuk, depresi, letargi, diare
IO: Menghilangkan efek simpatomimetik indirek. Efek hipotensi
ditingkatkan oleh tiazid & antihipertensi lain. Meningkatkan efek
depresan SSP dr alcohol, analgesic, antihistamin, antidepresan
trisiklik. Bersama MAOI menghasilkan eksitasi ringan &
hipertensi. Digitalis atau Kuinidin meningkatkan efek aritmia
jantung
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Bunazosin HCl
I: Hipertensi esensial dan hipertensi akibat ggn ginjal
BSO: Tab 1 mg
D: Dws Awal 1.5 mg/hr terbagi dlm 2-3 dosis. Max 3

mg/hr.
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Hamil, laktasi, ggn hati
ES: Ggn GI, takikardi, sinkop ortostatik, polakisuria, nokturia
IO: Diuretik & antihipertensi lain
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Detantol

Methyldopa
I: Hipertensi esensial ringan & berat. Hipertensi nefrogenik,
hipertensi pada awal kehamilan
D: Awal 125 mg/hr. Titrasi tiap 2-3 hari
KI: Hepatitis akut, sirosis hepatic atau riwayat penyakit hati
P: Riwayat penyakit hati & ggn mental. Disfungsi ginjal berat.
ES: Lesu, mulut kering, Ggn GI, peningkatan BB, edema,
impotensi.
IO: Efek hipotensif dikurangi olehobat simpatomimetik,
antidepresan trisiklik, fenotiazin & dipertinggi dg diuretic tiazid,
alcohol, l-dopa, vasodilator. Mempotensiasi kerja hipoglikemik
dr tolbutamid
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:
Dopamet

Terazosin
I: Hipertensi dan BPH
BSO: Tab 1 mg, 2 mg
D: Awal 1 mg 1x/hr sebelum tidur.Titrasi max 5 mg/hr.
KI:
P: Ggn dalam mengoperasikan mesin
ES: Ngantuk, mual, asthenia, hipotensi postural
IO:
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:
Hytrin

Moxonidine
I: Hipertensi primer ringan sedang
BSO: Tab salut selaput 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg
D: Awal 0.2 mg tiap pagi. Setelah 3 minggu titrasi 0.4 mg. Max
0.6 mg/hr & 0.4 mg/dosis
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Physiotens

Hydralazine
IV form is useful when treating severe hypertension due to
preeclampsia/eclampsia.
D:
10-20 mg/dose IV q4-6h prn initial; increase to 40 mg per dose
prn
BP >170/110 mm Hg: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/dose IV q4-6h prn; max 20
mg or 1.7-3.5 mg/kg/d IV divided q4-6h
KI: Hipersensitif; mitral valve rheumatic heart disease
IO:
MAOIs and beta-blockers may increase hydralazine toxicity;
indomethacin may decrease pharmacologic effects of
hydralazine
Preg: B
P:
Hydralazine has been implicated in myocardial infarction;
caution in suspected coronary artery disease
Nama Dagang:
Ser-ap-es (Hidralazine 25 mg, Reserpine 0.1 mg, HCT 15 mg)
I. Vasodilator Perifer & Cerebral Activator
Citicoline
Flunarizine
Gingkgo Biloba
Co-dergocrine mesylate
Cinnarizine
Tocopheryl nicotinate
Nicergoline
Nicotinyl alcohol
Buflomedil
Bencyclane
Isoxsuprine

Citicoline
I: Gangguan kesadaran yg menyertai cedera otak. Rehabilitasi
ekstremitas inferior pd pasien hemiplegi apopleksi
BSO: Tab 500 mg, 1 g
Amp 125 mg/cc, 250 mg/2 cc, 500 mg/4 cc, 1 g/8cc
D:
Cedera Otak: 100-500 mg IV drip/inj IM/IV 1-2x/hr.
Infark Serebral: 1 g IV 1x/hr selama 2 minggu .
Hemiplegi apopleksi: 250 mg - 1 g IV/IO 1x/hr for 4 wks
KI:
P:
ES: Hipotensi, diplopia, insomnia
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:

Flunarizine
I: Migren, pusing vestibuler & serebrovaskuler, Ggn sirkulasi
perifer
D: 10 mg/hr 1-2x/hr
KI: Depresi, parkinsonisme, terapi beta blocker
P: Hamil
ES:
IO:
Preg: A, B, C, D, X
Nama Dagang:

Gingkgo Biloba
I: Ggn peredaran darah otak & perifer dg manifestasi sakit
kepala, vertigo, tinnitus, pikun, dementia, penurunan daya ingat,
konsentrasi, emosi.
D: 1 tab 3x/hr
KI: Hipersensitif
P:
ES: jarang, ggn pencernaan
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:

Co-dergocrine mesylate
I: Kemunduran mental krn usia lanjut, pusing, sakit kepala,
disorientasi, lupa, depresi
BSO: Tab 1 mg, 4.5 mg. Amp 0.3 mg/cc
D: 3-6 mg/hr 1-3x/hr

Amp. 0.3 mg IV drip/ inj IV lambat/IM/SC 1-2x/hr
KI: Psikosis akut & kronik
P: Bradikardi berat, Hipotensi ortostatik
ES: Hidung tersumbat, ggn GI
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Cinnarizine
I: Migren, ggn vestibuler & serebrovaskuler, ggn sirkulasi perifer
D: 10 mg/hr dosis tunggal malam hari/ terbagi, lama terapi max
6 bulan
KI: Depresi, parkinsonisme, selama terapi β-blocker
P: Hamil
ES: Somnolen, fatique
IO: Galaktorea bila digunakan dg kontrasepsi oral
Preg:
Nama Dagang:

I: Arteriosklerosis, apopleksi, insufisiensi koroner, ggn
peredaran darah lain,kelainan metabolisme lemak.
BSO: Kaps 100 mg
D: Dws Awal 2 kaps 3x/hr , pemeliharaan 1 kaps 1x/hr

KI:
P: Nafsu makan hilang, mual, diare
ES:
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang: Enico

Nicergoline
I: Ggn vaskulo-metabolik serebral akut & kronik (trombosis,
emboli, ggn sirkulasi). Ggn vaskulo-metabolik perifer akut &
kronik (obstruksi vaskuler pd ekstremitas, sindrom raynaud dll)
D: 30-60 mg dlm 2-3 dosis terbagi
KI:
P:
ES: Ggn GI ringan, sensasi panas pd wajah, kantuk.
IO: Meningkatkan kerja antihipertensi
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Serolin

Nicotinyl alcohol
I: Vasospastik perifer tmsk pnykt Raynaud, gatal pd tangan &
kaki, ulkus varikosa
BSO: Tab 25 mg
D: 1-2 tab 3-4x/hr
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Cetacol

Buflomedil
I: Ggn serebrovaskuler & sirkulasi darah perifer
D: 2-4 tab/hr
KI: Jangan diberikan segera setelah partus atau jika terjadi
perdarahan arteri parah
P: singkirkan kemungkinan adanya delirium & demensia
sekunder krn pnykt sistemik. Pnykt neurology primer, ggn fungsi
ginjal
ES: Vertigo, sakit kepala, mual, pusing
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Loftyl

Bencyclane
I: Ggn sirkulasi serebral & perifer. Sklerosis vaskuler serebral.
Arteriosklerotikal yg menginduksi ggn sirkulasi ekstremitas.
Angiopati diabetic, ulkus kruris, pnykt Raynaud, akrosianosis,
apopleksi & perdarahan subarakhnoid (setelah hari ke-4),
pasca apopleksi. Penurunan pendengaran.
BSO: Tab 100 mg
D: 1 tab 3x/hr. kasus berat 2 tab 3x/hr.
KI: Insufisiensi hati, ginjal & dekompensasi kordis,IMA, blok AV,
apopleksi (s/d hari ke-3), kolaps sirkulasi berat, terapi simultan
dg β-blocker
P: Kejang otak, residu urin krn hipertrofi prostate.
ES: Tab Ggn GI, Amp: IV, iritasi dinding pembuluh darah
IO: Mempotensiasi aksi antihipertensi, nitrat, α-blocker, obat
psikotropik trisiklik
Preg:
Nama Dagang: Fludilat

Isoxsuprine
I: to treat problems resulting from poor blood circulation.
BSO: Tablet: 10 mg, 20 mg
D: For poor blood circulation:
Adults: 10-20 mg 3-4 times/day; start with lower dose in elderly
due to potential hypotension
KI: Presence of arterial bleeding; do not administer immediately
postpartum
P:
ES: 1% to 10%: Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting
IO: May enhance effects of other vasodilators/hypotensive
agents; use with caution in elderly
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

J. Vasocontrictor
Norephinephrine bitartrate

Norepinephrine
Naturally occurring catecholamine with potent alpha-receptor
and mild beta-receptor activity. Stimulates beta1- and alpha-
adrenergic receptors, resulting in increased cardiac muscle
contractility, heart rate, and vasoconstriction. Increases blood
pressure and afterload. Increased afterload may result in
decreased cardiac output, increased myocardial oxygen
demand, and cardiac ischemia. Generally reserved for use in
patients with severe hypotension (eg, systolic blood pressure
<70 mm Hg) or hypotension unresponsive to other medication.
BSO: Amp 1 mg/cc, 4 mg/4cc,
D: 0.5-1 mcg/min IV infusion initially, titrated to effect; max 30
mcg/min
KI: Hipersensitif; obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy;
peripheral or mesenteric vascular thrombosis because ischemia
may be increased and area of infarct extended
IO: Enhances pressor response of NE by blocking reflex
bradycardia caused by NE
Preg: C
P:
May cause tachyarrhythmia (especially sinus tachycardia),
increased myocardial oxygen demand, and cardiac ischemia;
alkaline solutions may inactivate NE if administered through
same IV line; extravasation may cause severe tissue necrosis,
(administer into a large vein); if extravasation occurs,
immediately infiltrate 5-10 mg of phentolamine (diluted in 10-15
mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution) to prevent necrosis;
caution in occlusive vascular disease; if possible, correct blood-
volume depletion before administration

K. Anti Migrain
Ergotamine
Dihydroergotamine
Sumatriptan
Pizotifen

Ergotamine
I: sakit kepala, migren, mual, vertigo,ggn usus, nyeri haid,
hipermenore, ggn menopause
BSO: Tab 1 mg
D: 1 tab 3x/hr, max 6 tab/hari atau 10 tab/minggu
KI: Hamil, laktasi, kerusakan hati & ginjal, pembesaran prostat
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:

Dihydroergotamine
I: Hipotensi ggn sirkulasi ortostatik, baik primer/ sekunder krn
terapi dg obat lainnya & gejala yg diakibatkannya spt pusing &
lesu kronis
BSO: Tab 2.5 mg
D: 2.5 mg 2-3x/hr.
Migren & sakit kepala: 2.5 mg 2x/hr
KI: Hipersensitif
P:
ES: Kesemutan pd jari tangan dan kaki.
IO: Erytromisin, troleandimisina atau josamisina meningkatkan
kadar dihidroergotamin dlm darah
Preg:: X
Nama Dagang:
Dihydergot (DHE)

Sumatriptan
I: Migren akut, ‘cluster headache’ akut
BSO: Tab 100 mg
D: awal 100 mg, max 3 tab/hari, interval + 2 jam
KI: Penyakit jantung iskemik, IMA, hipertensi tak terkendali
P : Hamil, laktasi
ES:
IO: Ergotamin, terapi dg MAOI, litium
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Pizotifen
I: Migren
BSO: Tab 500 mcg
D: Awal 0.5 mg/hr, titrasi s/d 1.5 mg/hr. sbg dosis tunggal
malam hari atau 3x/hr. Profilaksis migren 0.5-3 mg/hr
KI: Glaukoma sudut tertutup, retensi urine
P:
ES:
IO: Meningkatkan efek sentral alcohol. Obat depresan SSP:
efek adiktif
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Lysagor

L. Hemostatik
Tranexamic acid
Factor VIII
Octreotide
Carbazochrome Na sulfonate
Somatostatin
Ethamsylate

Tranexamic acid
I: Perdarahan abnormal & gejala pnykt hemoragik spt
hemoptisis, perdarahan abnormal selama operasi
BSO: Tab 500 mg, Amp 250 mg/5 cc
D: 1 tab 3-4x/hr
KI:
P: Ggn ginjal, trombosis
ES: Ggn GI
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:

Factor VIII
I: Hemofilia A klasik
BSO: Botol 250 iu
D: Perdarahan Ringan & Profilaksis: 10 iu/kg dosis tunggal
Perdarahan sedang:
15-25 iu/kg. bisa diulang 10-15 iu/kg 2-3x/hr.
Perdarahan Berat: Awal 40-50 iu/kg.
Pemeliharaan: 20-25 iu/kg tiap 8-12 jam.
Pra-Op: 50 iu/kg.
Hemostatik: infus se tiap 6-12 jam selama 10-14 hari sampai
sembuh total.
KI: Hipersensitif, defisiensi IgA selektif
P: monitor tanda anemia progresif. Hamil
ES: Alergi, kesemutan pd lengan, telinga & wajah. gemetar
IO:
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:
Koate-DIV

Octreotide
I: Mengendalikan gejala pd Karsinoid metastatik & tumor yg
sekresi peptide intestinal vasoaktif (VIPomas).
Akromegali: Kurangi kadar GH & Somatomedin dlm plasma.
Pasien sirosis: stop perdarahan pd Varises gastroesofagus
BSO: amp 0.1/cc
D: Tumor endokrin gastro-entero-pankreatik:
Awal SC 0.05 mg 1-2x/hr, titrasi s/d 0.1-0.2 mg 3x/hr.
Perdarahan varises gastro-esofagus: 25 mcg/jam IV selama 5
hari.
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Insulinoma, diabetes, hamil, laktasi
ES: Reaksi local: nyeri, pedas, bengkak & merah.
GI: Anoreksia,mual, muntah, nyeri kejang perut, meterismus,
flatulensi, diare, steatore.
Jarang: obstruksi intestinal akut, distensi abdominal progresif,
nyeri epigastrium berat, nyeri tekan perut. Ggn toleransi
glukosa Postprandial.Hepatitis akut tanpa kolestasis.

Hiperbilirubinemia disertai peningkatan fosfatase alkalin, gama
glutamil transferase & transaminase
IO: Menurunkan absorbsi intestinal dr siklosporin. Menghambat
absorbsi cimetidin
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Sandostatin

Carbazochrome Na sulfonate
I: Mencegah & menghentikan perdarahan pada post op,
pecahnya kapiler
Leukopeni & trombositopeni krn radioterapi.
D: 1-6 tab/hr dlm dosis terbagi 2-4x
Perdarahan serebral krn hipertensi & arteriosclerosis:
90-120 mg/hr selama 3-4 minggu. Pemeliharaan 30 mg/hr.
KI: Hipersensitif
P:
ES: Nafsu makan hilang, dyspepsia.
IO:
Preg: A, B, C, D, X
Nama Dagang:

Somatostatin
I: Terapi fistula intestinal & pancreas. Terapi simtomatik utk
sekresi berlebihan pd tumor endokrin pd sal GI.
Terapi perdarahan GI akut & berat yg diakibatkan oleh ulkus
gaster atau duodenum, perdarahan gastritis & varises
esophagus, perdarahan yg diketahui dg endoskopi
BSO: Vial 250 mcg, 3 mg
D: Awal 250 mcg bolus IV lambat > 1 menit. Diikuti infus IV 3.5
mcg/kg/jam (1 amp 3 mg) selama 12 jam. Pemberian terus
menerus sebaiknya selama min 48 jam max 5 hari.
KI: Hamil, laktasi, pra & post partum
P: Hindari pemberian ulang, pantau ketat gula darah
ES: panas & kemerahan pd wajah, bradikardi, mual,nyeri
abdomen, ggn kadar glukosa darah, hipertensi, hipotensi
IO: Pemberian bersama glukosa & fruktosa pantau ketat
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:

Ethamsylate
I: Hemostatik-antihemoragik
BSO: Tab 500 mg. Amp 250 mg/2cc
D: Pencegahan & Terapi: 500 mg 3x/hr
Darurat: 500 mg IV DAN IM.
Pre-op: 500 mg 3x/hr, 2-3 jam pre-op. 1 jam pre-op 500 mg
IV/IM.
Selama operasi: 1 g dalam infuse.
Post op: 500 mg IV/IM 2x/hr atau 1 tab 3x/hr, selama 4 hari.
KI:
P:
ES: Kadang mual, sakit kepala, ruam kulit, hipotensi
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Dicynone

M. Anti koagulan, anti thrombus & Fibrinolitik (Trombolitik)
Streptokinase
Ticlopidine HCl
Heparin sodium
Warfarin
Enoxaparin
Aprotinin
Acetylsalicyclic acid/ Aspirin
Clopidogrel
Nadroparin calcium
Iloprost
Cilostazol
Fondaparinux sodium
Antithrombin III
Anagrelide
Alteplase

Streptokinase
-- Acts with plasminogen to convert plasminogen to plasmin.
Plasmin degrades fibrin clots as well as fibrinogen and other
plasma proteins. Increase in fibrinolytic activity that degrades
fibrinogen levels for 24-36 h takes place with IV infusion of
streptokinase. Absorbed from the pleural space.
BSO: Vial 1.500.000 iu
D: 250,000 IU IV in 100 mL of isotonic sodium chloride solution
qd or bid is instilled into pleural space for 3-5 d
KI: Hipersensitif; active internal bleeding; intracranial neoplasm;
aneurysm; diathesis; severe uncontrolled arterial hypertension
IO: Antifibrinolytic agents may decrease effects of
streptokinase; heparin, warfarin, and aspirin may increase risk
of bleeding
Preg: B
P: Caution in severe hypertension, IM administration of
medications, trauma, or surgery in the previous 10 d; measure
hematocrit, platelet count, aPTT, TT, PT, or fibrinogen levels
before therapy is implemented; either TT or aPTT should be
less than twice the reference range value following infusion of
streptokinase and before instituting or reinstituting heparin; do
not take blood pressure in the lower extremities because it may
dislodge a possible deep vein thrombus; PT, aPTT, TT, or
fibrinogen should be monitored 4 h after the initiation of therapy
Nama Dagang:

Ticlopidine HCl
Antiplatelet Agent
I: Prevents strokes. Other uses include protection of bypass
grafts in the heart, protection of stents in the heart, reduction of
graft loss after kidney transplant, and prevention of blood clots.
BSO: Tab 250 mg
D: 250 mg 1-2x/hr
KI: Hipersensitif
P: > 65 or older, a blood problem or low blood counts, taking
phenytoin, cyclosporine, or theophylline. stomach ulcer or
bleeding, bleed easily, Avoid other aspirin-containing products,
such as, ibuprofen or like products, other blood thinners
(warfarin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel), garlic, ginseng, ginkgo,
vitamin E, allergic to any medicine, pregnancy, breast-feeding.
ES: Nausea or vomiting. Diarrhea, Belly pain, heartburn,
Stomach bleeding or ulceration.
Preg:: B
Nama Dagang:
Heparin sodium
I: Prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic disorders
Pregnancy Risk Factor
BSO: Lock flush injection:
Beef lung source: 10 U/mL; 100 U/mL
Porcine intestinal mucosa source: 10 U/mL; 100 U/mL
Multiple-dose vial injection:
Beef lung source, with preservative: 1000 U/mL; 5000 U/mL;
10,000 U/mL; 20,000 U/mL; 40,000 U/mL
Porcine intestinal mucosa source, with preservative: 1000
U/mL; 5000 U/mL; 10,000 U/mL; 20,000 U/mL
Single-dose vial injection:
Beef lung source: 1000 U/mL; 5000 U/mL; 10,000 U/mL; 20,000
U/mL; 40,000 U/mL
Porcine intestinal mucosa: 1000 U/mL; 5000 U/mL; 10,000
U/mL; 20,000 U/mL; 40,000 U/mL
Unit dose injection:

Porcine intestinal mucosa source, with preservative: 1000
U/dose; 2500 U/dose; 5000 U/dose; 7500 U/dose; 10,000
U/dose; 15,000 U/dose; 20,000 U/dose
Heparin sodium infusion, porcine intestinal mucosa
source:
D5W: 40 U/mL; 50 U/mL; 100 U/mL
NaCl 0.45%: 2 U/mL); 50 U/mL; 100 U/mL
NaCl 0.9%: 2 U/mL; 5 U/mL; 50 U/mL
Heparin calcium:
Unit dose injection, porcine intestinal mucosa, preservative free:
5000 U/dose; 12,500 U/dose; 20,000 U/dose
D: Line flushing: When using daily flushes of heparin to
maintain patency of single and double lumen central catheters,
10 U/mL is commonly used for younger infants (eg, <10 kg)
while 100 U/mL is used for older infants, children, and adults.
Capped PVC catheters and peripheral heparin locks require
flushing more frequently (eg, every 6-8 hours). Volume of
heparin flush is usually similar to volume of catheter (or slightly
greater). Additional flushes should be given when stagnant
blood is observed in catheter, after catheter is used for drug or
blood administration, and after blood withdrawal from catheter.
Addition of heparin (0.5-1 unit/mL) to peripheral and central
TPN has been shown to increase duration of line patency. The
final concentration of heparin used for TPN solutions may need
to be decreased to 0.5 U/mL in small infants receiving larger
amounts of volume in order to avoid approaching therapeutic
amounts. Arterial lines are heparinized with a final concentration
of 1 unit/mL.
Children:
Intermittent I.V.: Initial: 50-100 U/kg, then 50-100 U/kg q4 hours
I.V. infusion: Initial: 50 U/kg, then 15-25 U/kg/hour; increase
dose by 2-4 U/kg/hour every 6-8 hours as required
Adults:
Prophylaxis (low-dose heparin): S.C.: 5000 U every 8-12 hours
Intermittent IV: 1st 10,000 U, then 50-70 U/kg (5000-10,000 U)
every 4-6 hours
I.V. infusion: 50 U/kg to start, then 15-25 U/kg/hour as
continuous infusion; increase dose by 5 U/kg/hour every 4
hours as required according to PTT results, usual range: 10-30
U/hour
Weight-based protocol: 80 U/kg I.V. push followed by
continuous infusion of 18 U/kg/hour. Using a Standard Heparin
Solution (25,000 U/500mL D5W), the following infusion rates
can be used to achieve the listed doses.
KI: Hypersensitivity, severe thrombocytopenia; uncontrolled
active bleeding except when due to DIC; suspected intracranial
hemorrhage; not for I.M. use; not for use when appropriate
monitoring parameters cannot be obtained
P: Hipersensitif reaction and only in life-threatening situations.
Hemorrhage is the most common complication. Monitor for
signs and symptoms of bleeding. Certain patients are at
increased risk of bleeding. Risk factors include bacterial
endocarditis; congenital or acquired bleeding disorders; active
ulcerative or angiodysplastic GI diseases; severe uncontrolled
hypertension; hemorrhagic stroke; or use shortly after brain,
spinal, or ophthalmology surgery; patient treated concomitantly
with platelet inhibitors; conditions associated with increased
bleeding tendencies (hemophilia, vascular purpura); recent GI
bleeding; thrombocytopenia or platelet defects; severe liver
disease; hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy; or in patients
undergoing invasive procedures. A higher incidence of bleeding
has been reported in patients >60 years of age, particularly
women. They are also more sensitive to the dose.
Some preparations contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative. In
neonates, large amounts of benzyl alcohol (>100 mg/kg/day)
have been associated with fatal toxicity (gasping syndrome).
The use of preservative-free heparin is, therefore,
recommended in neonates. Some preparations contain sulfite
which may cause allergic reactions.
Heparin does not possess fibrinolytic activity and, therefore,
cannot lyse established thrombi; discontinue heparin if
hemorrhage occurs; severe hemorrhage or overdosage may
require protamine
ES: bleeding is the major adverse effect of heparin.
Fever, headache, chills, Unexplained bruising, urticaria,
alopecia, dysesthesia pedis, purpura, eczema, Hyperkalemia
(supression of aldosterone), rebound hyperlipidemia on
discontinuation, Nausea, vomiting, constipation, hematemesis,
Frequent or persistent erection, Hemorrhage, blood in urine,
bleeding from gums, epistaxis, adrenal hemorrhage, ovarian
hemorrhage, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia,
Elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), Irritation, ulceration,
cutaneous necrosis have been rarely reported with deep S.C.
injections, I.M. injection (not recommended) is associated with
a high incidence of these effects, Peripheral neuropathy,
osteoporosis (chronic), Hemoptysis, pulmonary hemorrhage,
asthma, rhinitis, Conjunctivitis, anaphylactoid reactions
Note: Thrombocytopenia has been reported to occur at an
incidence between 0-30%. It is often of no clinical significance.
However, immunologically mediated heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia has been estimated to occur in 1-2% of
patients, and is marked by a progressive fall in platelet counts
and, in some cases, thromboembolic complications (skin
necrosis, pulmonary embolism, gangrene of the extremities,
stroke or myocardial infarction); daily platelet counts for 5-7
days at initiation of therapy may help detect the onset of this
complication.
Case reports: Bronchospasm, erythematous plaques
IO: increase the risk of hemorrhage: Cephalosporins which
contain the MTT side chain, aspirin, NSAIDs, dipyridamole,
ticlopidine, clopidogrel.
Nitroglycerin (I.V.) may decrease heparin's anticoagulant effect.
This interaction has not been validated in some studies, and
may only occur at high nitroglycerin dosages.
Penicillins (parenteral) may prolong bleeding time via inhibition
of platelet aggregation, potentially increasing the risk of
hemorrhage. Warfarin: Risk of bleeding may be increased
during concurrent therapy. Heparin is commonly continued
during the initiation of warfarin therapy to assure anticoagulation
and to protect against possible transient hypercoagulability.
Other drugs reported to increase heparin's anticoagulant effect
include antihistamines, tetracycline, quinine, nicotine, and
cardiac glycosides (digoxin).
Preg: C
Warfarin
Anticoagulant. Prophylaxis and treatment of venous thrombosis,
pulmonary embolism, and thromboembolic disorders.
D: 2-10 mg/d PO/IV qd; adjust dose to an INR of 1.5:2 or higher
depending on the condition requiring anticoagulation
Paed.
0.05-0.34 mg/kg/d PO/IV; adjust dose according to desired INR
KI:
Hipersensitif; severe liver or kidney disease; open wounds; GI
ulcers
IO:
Griseofulvin, carbamazepine, glutethimide, estrogens, nafcillin,
phenytoin, rifampin, barbiturates, cholestyramine, colestipol,
vitamin K, spironolactone, oral contraceptives, and sucralfate
may decrease anticoagulant effects; oral antibiotics,
phenylbutazone, salicylates, sulfonamides, chloral hydrate,
clofibrate, diazoxide, anabolic steroids, ketoconazole,
ethacrynic acid, miconazole, nalidixic acid, sulfonylureas,
allopurinol, chloramphenicol, cimetidine, disulfiram,
metronidazole, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, propoxyphene,
sulfonamides, gemfibrozil, acetaminophen, and sulindac may
increase anticoagulant effects
Preg: D
P:
Dose needs to be adjusted to INR; caution in bleeding tendency
and hazardous active hemorrhagic conditions, malignant
hypertension, patients at high risk of recurrent trauma, (eg,
people with alcoholism or psychosis, unsupervised patients who
are senile); warfarin anaphylaxis, hepatic, renal, thyroid,
allergic, and hematologic hypocoagulable conditions and
disorders; do not switch brands after achieving therapeutic
response; caution in active tuberculosis or diabetes; patients
with protein C or S deficiency are at risk of developing skin
necrosis
Nama Dagang:

Enoxaparin
I: Prevention of deep vein thrombosis following hip or knee
replacement surgery or abdominal surgery in patients at risk for
thromboembolic complications; inpatient treatment of acute
deep vein thrombosis with and without pulmonary embolism
when administered in conjunction with warfarin sodium;
outpatient treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis without
pulmonary embolism when administered in conjunction with
warfarin sodium; prevention of ischemic complications of
unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction (when
administered with aspirin)
BSO: Injection:
Graduated prefilled syringe: 60 mg/0.6 mL, 80 mg/0.8 mL,
100 mg/1.0 mL
Ampul: 30 mg/0.3 mL
D: S.C.: Adults:
DVT prophylaxis in hip replacement:
30 mg twice daily: First dose within 12-24 hours after surgery
and every 12 hours until risk of deep vein thrombosis has
diminished or the patient is adequately anticoagulated on
warfarin. Average duration of therapy: 7-10 days.
40 mg once daily: First dose within 9-15 hours before surgery
and daily until risk of deep vein thrombosis has diminished or
the patient is adequately anticoagulated on warfarin. Average
duration of therapy: 7-10 days unless warfarin is not given
concurrently, then 40 mg S.C. once daily should be continued
for 3 more weeks (4 weeks total).
DVT prophylaxis in knee replacement:
30 mg twice daily: First dose within 12-24 hours after surgery
and every 12 hours until risk of deep vein thrombosis has
diminished. Average duration of therapy: 7-10 days; maximum
course: 14 days.
Patients who weigh <100 lb or are >65 years of age: Some
clinicians recommend 0.5 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours to reduce
the risk of bleeding.
DVT prophylaxis in high-risk patients undergoing abdominal
surgery: 40 mg once daily, with initial dose given 2 hours prior

to surgery; usual duration: 7-10 days and up to 12 days has
been tolerated in clinical trials.
Treatment of acute proximal DVT: Start warfarin within 72 hours
and continue enoxaparin until INR is between 2.0 and 3.0
(usually 7 days).
Inpatient treatment of DVT with or without pulmonary embolism:
Adults: S.C. 1 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours or 1.5 mg/kg once
daily.
Outpatient treatment of DVT without pulmonary embolism:
Adults: S.C.: 1 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours.
Prevention of ischemic complications with unstable angina or
non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: S.C.: 1 mg/kg twice daily in
conjunction with oral aspirin therapy (100-325 mg once daily);
treatment should be continued for a minimum of 2 days and
continued until clinical stabilization (usually 2-8 days).
Dosing adjustment in renal impairment: Total clearance is lower
and elimination is delayed in patients with renal failure;
adjustment may be necessary in elderly and patients with
severe renal impairment.
Hemodialysis: Supplemental dose is not necessary.
Peritoneal dialysis: Significant drug removal is unlikely based on
physiochemical characteristics.
KI: Hypersensitivity to enoxaparin or thrombocytopenia
associated with a + in vitro test for antiplatelet antibodies in the
presence of enoxaparin; hypersensitivity to pork products;
active major bleeding; not for I.M. or I.V. use
P: Patients with recent or anticipated neuraxial anesthesia
(epidural or spinal anesthesia) are at risk of spinal or epidural
hematoma and subsequent paralysis. Consider risk versus
benefit prior to neuraxial anesthesia; risk is increased by
concomitant agents which may alter hemostasis, as well as
traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal puncture. Patient
should be observed closely for bleeding if enoxaparin is
administered during or immediately following diagnostic lumbar
puncture, epidural anesthesia, or spinal anesthesia.
ES: As with all anticoagulants, bleeding is the major adverse
effect of enoxaparin. Hemorrhage may occur at virtually any
site. Risk is dependent on multiple variables. At the
recommended doses, single injections of enoxaparin do not
significantly influence platelet aggregation or affect global
clotting time (ie, PT or APTT).
Central nervous system: Fever (5% to 8%), confusion, pain
Dermatologic: Erythema, bruising
Gastrointestinal: Nausea (3%), increased ALT/AST (5.9% to
6.1%)
Hematologic: Hemorrhage (5% to 13%), thrombocytopenia
(2%), hypochromic anemia (2%)
Local: Injection site hematoma (9%), local reactions (irritation,
pain, ecchymosis, erythema)
IO: Drugs which affect platelet function (eg, aspirin, NSAIDs,
dipyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel) may potentiate the risk of
hemorrhage.
Thrombolytic agents increase the risk of hemorrhage.
Warfarin: Risk of bleeding may be increased during concurrent
therapy. Enoxaparin is commonly continued during the initiation
of warfarin therapy to assure anticoagulation and to protect
against possible transient hypercoagulability.
Standard heparin consists of components with molecular
weights ranging from 4000-30,000 daltons with a mean of
16,000 daltons. Heparin acts as an anticoagulant by enhancing
the inhibition rate of clotting proteases by antithrombin III
impairing normal hemostasis and inhibition of factor Xa. Low
molecular weight heparins have a small effect on the activated
partial thromboplastin time and strongly inhibit factor Xa.
Enoxaparin is derived from porcine heparin that undergoes
benzylation followed by alkaline depolymerization. The average
molecular weight of enoxaparin is 4500 daltons which is
distributed as ( less than or equal to 20%) 2000 daltons,
( greater than or equal to 68%) 2000-8000 daltons, and ( less
than or equal to 15%) >8000 daltons. Enoxaparin has a higher
ratio of antifactor Xa to antifactor IIa activity than unfractionated
heparin.
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Lovenox

Aprotinin
I: Reduction or prevention of blood loss in patients undergoing
coronary artery bypass surgery when a high risk of excessive
bleeding exists, including open heart reoperation, pre-existing
coagulopathies, operations on the great vessels, and when a
patient's beliefs prohibit blood transfusions
BSO: Injection: 1.4 mg/mL [10,000 U/mL]
D: Test dose: All patients should receive a 1 mL I.V. test dose
at least 10 minutes prior to the loading dose to assess the
potential for allergic reactions
Regimen A (standard dose):
2 million U (280 mg) loading dose I.V. over 20-30 minutes
2 million U (280 mg) into pump prime volume
500,000 U/hour (70 mg/hour) I.V. during operation
Regimen B (low dose):
1 million U (140 mg) loading dose I.V. over 20-30 minutes
1 million U (140 mg) into pump prime volume
250,000 U/hour (35 mg/hour) I.V. during operation
KI: Hypersensitivity to aprotinin or any component
P: Anaphylactic reactions are possible. Hypersensitivity
reactions are more common with repeated use especially when
re-exposure is within 6 months. All patients should receive a
test dose at least 10 minutes before loading dose. Patients with
a history of allergic reactions to drugs or other agents may be
more likely to develop a reaction.
ES: 1-10%: Atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, heart failure,
atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, hypotension,
supraventricular tachycardia, Fever, mental confusion, Phlebitis,
Dyspnea, bronchoconstriction
IO: Heparin and aprotinin prolong ACT. The ACT becomes a
poor measure of adequate anticoagulation with the concurrent
use of these drugs.
Fibrinolytic drugs may have poorer activity. Aprotinin blocks this
fibrinolytic activity; avoid concurrent use.
Captopril's antihypertensive effects may be blocked; avoid
concurrent use.
Preg:B
Nama Dagang:
Acetylsalicyclic acid/ Aspirin
Prevents platelet aggregation by irreversible cyclooxygenase
inhibition with subsequent suppression of thromboxane A2.
Antiplatelet effect can last as long as 7 d.
BSO:
D: 81-325 mg PO qd
KI:
Hipersensitif; liver damage; hypoprothrombinemia; vitamin K
deficiency; bleeding disorders; asthma
Because of association with Reye syndrome, do not use in
children ( <16 y) with flu
IO:
Antacids and urinary alkalinizers may decrease effects;
corticosteroids decrease salicylate serum levels; anticoagulants
may cause additive hypoprothrombinemic effects and increased
bleeding time; may antagonize uricosuric effects of probenecid
and increase toxicity of phenytoin and valproic acid; doses > 2
g/d may potentiate glucose-lowering effect of sulfonylurea drugs
Preg: D
P:
May cause transient decrease in renal function and aggravate
chronic kidney disease; avoid use in patients with severe
anemia, history of blood coagulation defects, or taking
anticoagulants; adverse effects include prolonged bleeding
time, rhinitis, asthma, urticaria, and exacerbation of gout;
monitor BP, BUN, and uric acid level; consider discontinuing 7 d
before surgery
Nama Dagang:

Clopidogrel
Selectively inhibits ADP binding to platelet receptor and
subsequent ADP-mediated activation of GPIIb/IIIa complex,
thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation. Consider in patients with
contraindication to aspirin.
D: 75 mg PO qd
KI: Hipersensitif; active pathological bleeding
IO: Naproxen associated with increased occult GI blood loss;
prolongs bleeding time; safety of coadministration with warfarin
not established
Preg: C
P: Caution in patients at increased risk of bleeding from trauma,
surgery, or other pathological conditions; caution in patients
with lesions with propensity to bleed (eg, ulcers); adverse
effects include rash, diarrhea, purpura, GI ulcers, neutropenia,
and rare cases of agranulocytosis; consider discontinuing 7 d
before surgery
Nama Dagang:

Nadroparin calcium
I: Ggn tromboembolik, mencegah pembekuan darah.
BSO: Jarum suntik Prefilled 9.500 anti-Xa/cc
D: 0.3 cc 1x/hr (7.500 ICU AXa) selama min 7 hari.
Pre-op: 2-4 jam sebelum.
Bedah ortopedi: 12 jam pre-op & 12 jam post-op
BB 50-69 Kg: 0.3 cc pre-op s/d hr ke-3. 0.4 cc harike-4 dst.
BB < 50 Kg: 0.2 cc pre-op s/d hr ke-3. 0.3 cc harike-4 dst.
Terapi minimal 10 hari.
Mencegah pembekuan darah selama hemodialisis:
BB 50-69 Kg: 0.4 cc.
BB < 50 Kg: 0.3 cc .
KI: Trombositopeni
P:
ES:
IO: OAINS, Aspirin, antiplatelet, Dextran
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Fraxiparine

Iloprost
I: Hipertensi pulmonal primer atau sekunder krn penyakit
jaringan ikat atau krn diinduksi obat pd stadium sedang & berat.
BSO: Lar inhalasi 2cc
D: Dws: 2.5-5 mcg. Jika digunakan dg HaloLite atau Prodose:
dosis pd mouthpiece 2.5 mcg, waktu inhalasi 8-10 mnt.
Dosis harian 6-9x/hr.
Ggn hati: Awal 2.5 mcg dg interval min 3 jam (max 6x/hr)
KI: Ulkus peptic aktif, perdarahan intrakranial
P:
ES:
IO: Vasodilator & obat antihipertensi, antikoagulan
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Ventavis

Cilostazol
I: Symptomatic management of peripheral vascular disease,
primarily intermittent claudication; currently being investigated
for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes
D: Adults: Oral: 100 mg 2x/d 1 ½ -2 hours ; dosage

should be reduced to 50 mg 2x/d during concurrent therapy with
inhibitors of CYP3A4 or CYP2C19 (see Drug Interactions)
KI: Hypersensitivity, heart failure (of any severity)
P: Use with caution in patients receiving platelet aggregation
inhibitors, hepatic impairment. Use with caution in patients
receiving inhibitors of CYP3A4 (such as ketoconazole or
erythromycin) or inhibitors of CYP2C19 (such as omeprazole);
use with caution in severe underlying heart disease; use is not
recommended in nursing mothers
ES: >10%: Headache, Abnormal stools, diarrhea, Infection.

2-10%: Peripheral edema, palpitation, tachycardia, Dizziness,
Dyspepsia, nausea, abdominal pain, flatulence, Back pain,
myalgia, Rhinitis, pharyngitis, cough
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Fondaparinux sodium
I: Mencegah tomboembolik pd pasien bedah ortopedi tungkai
bawah
BSO: Jarum Suntik Prefilled 2.5 mg/0.5cc
D: 2.5 mg SC 6 jam post op, lalu 2.5mg/hr selama 5-9 hari
KI: Perdarahan aktif
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Arixtra

Antithrombin III
I: Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency
BSO: Powder for injection: 500 U
D: Adults: After first dose of antithrombin III, level should
increase to 120% of normal; thereafter maintain at levels >80%.
Generally, achieved by administration of maintenance doses
once every 24 hours. Initially and until patient is stabilized,
measure antithrombin III level at least twice daily, thereafter
once daily and always immediately before next infusion. 1 unit =
quantity of antithrombin III in 1 mL of normal pooled human
plasma; administration of 1 unit/1 kg raises AT-III level by 1% to
2%; assume plasma volume of 40 mL/kg.
Measure antithrombin III preceding and 30 minutes after dose
to calculate in vivo recovery rate; maintain level within normal
range for 2-8 days depending on type of surgery or procedure.
KI: Hypersensitivity to antithrombin III or any component
P: Can potentially transmit infectious diseases since it is a
product of human plasma. Discuss risk versus benefits with

patient. Reduce the dose of heparin to avoid bleeding when
used concurrently. Administer alone by the I.V. route only.
ES: 1% to 10%: Central nervous system: Dizziness (2%)
IO: Drugs which affect platelet function (eg, aspirin, NSAIDs,
dipyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel) may potentiate the risk of
hemorrhage.
Heparin's anticoagulant effects are potentiated by antithrombin
III.
Thrombolytic agents increase the risk of hemorrhage.
Warfarin (and other oral anticoagulants) may increase the risk
of bleeding with antithrombin III.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Kybernin P

Anagrelide
I: Agent for essential thrombocythemia (ET); treatment of
thrombocytopenia secondary to myeloproliferative disorders
BSO: Capsule: 0.5 mg, 1 mg
D: Adults: Oral: 0.5 mg 4 times/day or 1 mg twice daily
KI: Hypersensitivity
P: Patients with known or suspected heart disease, and only if
the potential benefits of therapy outweigh the potential risks.
Thrombocytopenia appears to be the main dose-limiting side
effect of anagrelide; palpitations, orthostatic hypotension, and
headache have also been reported.
ES: Palpitations, chest pain, tachycardia, orthostatic
hypotension, CHF, cardiomyopathy, Headache, dizziness, bad
dreams, impaired concentration ability
IO: There is a single case report that suggests sucralfate may
interfere with anagrelide absorption
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Alteplase
Commercially manufactured recombinant DNA fibrinolytic
protein approved for treatment of AMI, AIS, and acute massive
pulmonary embolism.
BSO: Powder for injection, lyophilized (recombinant): 20 mg
[11.6 million U]; 50 mg [29 million U]; 100 mg [58 million U]
D:
0.9 mg/kg IV; max 90 mg/dose; infuse over 60 min with 10% of
total dose administered as initial IV bolus over 1 min
KI:
Hipersensitif; active internal bleeding; stroke within last 3 mo;
recent intracranial or intraspinal surgery or trauma; intracranial
hemorrhage on pretreatment evaluation; suspicion of
subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial neoplasm, arteriovenous
malformation, or aneurysm; bleeding diathesis; severe
uncontrolled hypertension
IO:
Drugs that alter platelet function (eg, aspirin, dipyridamole,
clopidogrel, abciximab) may increase risk of bleeding prior to,
during, or after alteplase therapy
Note that criteria for use of IV t-PA preclude use of antiplatelet
or antithrombotic agents for 24 h following t-PA infusion
Preg: C
P:
Noncompressible arterial punctures and internal jugular and
subclavian venous punctures must be avoided to minimize
bleeding from noncompressible sites; in event of serious
bleeding, immediately discontinue alteplase; monitor patients
for allergic-type reactions, such as anaphylactoid reaction,
laryngeal edema, rash, and urticaria
Nama Dagang: Actilyse

N. Preparat Flebitis & Varises
Monoxerutin
Heparinoid
Diosmin
Anagrelide

Monoxerutin
Lihat di I. Sal Cerna > Preparat Anorektal

Heparinoid
Heparinoid blocks the production of a chemical called
prostaglandin which the body produces in response to injury or
certain diseases. Prostaglandins are responsible for causing
swelling, pain and inflammation, and therefore heparinoid
reduces these effects. It is also able to dissolve blood clots and
improve the blood supply to the skin.
I: Anal itch, Inflammation of the rectum (proctitis), Piles
(haemorrhoids), Tear in the lining of the back passage (anal
fissure)
BSO:
D:
KI: Children, allergic.
P:
ES: -
IO: -
Nama Dagang: Hirudoid

O. Hemoreologik
Pentoxyfilline
Naftidrofuryl
Buflomedil
Bencyclane

Pentoxyfilline
I: Symptomatic management of peripheral vascular disease,
mainly intermittent claudication
BSO: Tablet, controlled release: 400 mg
D: Adults: Oral: 400 mg 3x/hr ; may reduce to 400 mg 2x/d

if GI or CNS side effects occur
KI: Hypersensitivity; patients with recent cerebral and/or retinal
hemorrhage
P: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment
ES: Dizziness, headache, Dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting
IO: Increased effect/toxic potential with cimetidine (increased
levels) and other H2-antagonists, warfarin; increased effect of
antihypertensives
Increased toxicity with theophylline
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:

Naftidrofuryl
Naftidrofuryl oxalate works in two main ways. Firstly, it causes
the blood vessels to widen. Secondly, it increases the ability of
cells to remove waste products. Both these properties make it
useful in the treatment of disorders caused by decreased blood
supply to a particular area of the body.
In peripheral vascular diseases, the blood vessels in the
extremities are narrowed and the blood and oxygen supply to
cells in the hands, feet or legs is reduced. Oxygen is required
by cells in order for them to remove waste products, therefore in
these conditions waste products can build up. This can cause
damage to cells and lead to symptoms such as pain, cramps or
ulceration. Similarly, where there is a disorder of blood flow to
the brain, a lack of oxygen supply can cause damage to the
cells in the brain, resulting in symptoms such as confusion or
decreasing mental ability.
Naftidrofuryl improves these symptoms by increasing blood and
oxygen supply to the affected areas and also increasing the

ability of the cells to remove waste products, even in low
oxygen supply.
I: Cerebral insufficiency, Narrowing of blood vessels in the
extremities (peripheral vascular disease), cerebral
atherosclerosis
D: 100-200 mg 3x/hr
KI: Rash, Nausea, Stomach pain, hepatitis
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

P. Haematopoietic agent
Lenograstim
Filgrastim
Epoetin alfa
Epoetin beta
Erythropoietin

Lenograstim
Lenograstim is a substance that stimulates the production of a
type of white blood cell from the bone marrow, known as
neutrophils. Neutrophils play a cental role in the body's immune
system and defends the body from infections. Therefore a low
level of neutrophils in the blood (neutropenia), leaves a person
very susceptible to life threatening infections.
Neutropenia can be caused by a number of factors, such as
cancer chemotherapy and it often occurs in individuals who
have recently had a bone marrow transplant or are suffering
from AIDS. Lenograstim is commonly used after high dose
chemotherapy regimes or bone marrow transplants, to correct
low neutrophil levels in the blood and thereby reduces the
duration and severity of the neutropenia. As a result,
lenograstim minimises the need for antibiotic treatment, the risk
of complications due to infections and length of time spent in
hospital after bone marrow transplants.

I: To increase production of stem cells (or progenitor cells), To
speed up production of neutrophils following bone marrow
transplants, chemotherapy induced neutropenia
BSO: Vial 33.6 MIU tau 263 mcg/cc
D: Dws 150 mcg/m2/hr.1 vial dpt digunakan utk pasien dg BSA
s/d 1.6 m2/hr.
Transplantasi sumsum tulang (BMT): mulai 24 jam setelah
transplantasi, infuse IV dlm saline 100 cc selama 30 menit.
Kemoterapi sitotoksik: mulai 24 jam setelah kemoterapi lengkap
inj SC, biasanya selama 8-14 hari.
KI: Myeloma, Children under 2 years of age
P: Severely decreased kidney & liver function
ES: Headache, Abdominal pain, Allergic reaction, Bone pain,
Reactions at injection site, cutaneous vasculitis, adult
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Nama Dagang:
Granocyte 34

Filgrastim
I: Patients with nonmyeloid malignancies receiving
myelosuppressive anticancer drugs associated with a significant
incidence of neutropenia (FDA-approved indication)
Cancer patients receiving bone marrow transplant (BMT) (FDA-
approved indication)
Patients undergoing peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC)
collection
Patients with severe chronic neutropenia (SCN) (FDA-approved
indication)
Chronic administration in symptomatic patients with congenital
neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, or idiopathic neutropenic;
filgrastim should not be started until the diagnosis of SCN is
confirmed, as it may interfere with diagnostic efforts
Safety and efficacy of G-CSF given simultaneously with
cytotoxic chemotherapy have not been established; concurrent
treatment may increase myelosuppression; G-CSF should be
avoided in patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy and
radiation therapy
BSO: Injection, preservative free: 300 mcg/mL
D: Children and Adults:
Existing clinical data suggest that starting G-CSF between 24
and 72 hours subsequent to chemotherapy may provide optimal
neutrophil recover; continue therapy until the occurrence of an
absolute neutrophil count of 10,000 L after the neutrophil nadir
The available data suggest that rounding the dose to the
nearest vial size may enhance patient convenience and
reduce costs without clinical detriment
Neonates: 5-10 mcg/kg/day once daily for 3-5 days has been
administered to neutropenic neonates with sepsis; there was a
rapid and significant increase in peripheral neutrophil counts
and the neutrophil storage pool
Children and Adults:
Myelosuppressive chemotherapy infusion: 5 mcg/kg/day
IV/SC
Doses may be increased in increments of 5 mcg/kg for each
chemotherapy cycle, according to the duration and severity of
the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) nadir
Bone marrow transplant patients: 5-10 mcg/kg/day as an I.V.
infusion of 4 or 24 hours or as continuous 24-hour S.C. infusion;
administer first dose at least 24 hours after cytotoxic
chemotherapy and at least 24 hours after bone marrow infusion;
if ANC decreases <1000/mm3 during the 5 mcg/kg/day dose,
increase filgrastim to 10 mcg/kg/day and follow the
recommended steps based on neutrophil response:
When ANC >1000/mm3 for 3 consecutive days: Reduce
Filgrastim dose to 5 mcg/kg/day
If ANC remains >1000/mm3 for 3 more consecutive days:
Discontinue filgrastim
If ANC decreases to <1000/mm3 : Resume at 5 mcg/kg/day
If ANC decreases <1000/mm3 during the 5 mcg/kg/day dose,
increase filgrastim to 10 mcg/kg/day and follow the above steps
Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) collection: 10 mcg/
kg/day either S.C. or a bolus or continuous I.V. infusion. It is
recommended that G-CSF be given for at least 4 days before
the first leukapheresis procedure and continued until the last
leukapheresis; although the optimal duration of administration
and leukapheresis schedule have not been established,
administration of G-CSF for 6-7 days with leukaphereses on
days 5,6 and 7 was found to be safe and effective; neutrophil
counts should be monitored after 4 days of G-CSF, and G-CSF
dose-modification should be considered for those patients who
develop a white blood cell count >100,000/mm3
Severe chronic neutropenia: S.C.:
Congenital neutropenia: 6 mcg/kg/dose twice daily
Idiopathic/cyclic neutropenia: 5 mcg/kg single dose daily
Chronic daily administration is required to maintain clinical
benefit; adjust dose based on the patients' clinical course as
well as ANC; in phase III studies, the target ANC was
1500-10,000/mm3. Reduce the dose if the ANC is persistently
>10,000/mm3
Premature discontinuation of G-CSF therapy prior to the time of
recovery from the expected neutrophil is generally not
recommended; a transient increase in neutrophil counts is
typically seen 1-2 days after initiation of therapy
Hemodialysis: Supplemental dose is not necessary
Peritoneal dialysis: Supplemental dose is not necessary
KI: Hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived proteins or G-CSF
P: Complete blood count and platelet count should be obtained
prior to chemotherapy. Do not use G-CSF in the period 12-24
hours before to 24 hours after administration of cytotoxic
chemotherapy because of the potential sensitivity of rapidly
dividing myeloid cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Precaution
should be exercised in the usage of G-CSF in any malignancy
with myeloid characteristics. G-CSF can potentially act as a
growth factor for any tumor type, particularly myeloid
malignancies. Tumors of nonhematopoietic origin may have
surface receptors for G-CSF.
ES: Neutropenic fever, fever, Alopecia, Nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, mucositis, This occurs more commonly in patients with
cyclic neutropenia/congenital agranulocytosis who received
S.C. injections for a prolonged (>14 days) period of time; ~33%
of these patients experience subclinical splenomegaly (detected
by MRI or CT scan); ~3% of these patients experience clinical
splenomegaly, Medullary bone pain (24% incidence): This
occurs most commonly in lower back pain, posterior iliac crest,
and sternum and is controlled with non-narcotic analgesics
1-10%: Chest pain, fluid retention, Headache, Skin rash,
Anorexia, stomatitis, constipation, Leukocytosis, Pain at
injection site, Weakness, Dyspnea, cough, sore throat
IO: Drugs which may potentiate the release of neutrophils (eg,
lithium) should be used with caution
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:Neupogen

Epoetin α
I: Treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure,
including patients on dialysis (end-stage renal disease) and
patients not on dialysis
Treatment of anemia related to zidovudine therapy in HIV-
infected patients; in patients when the endogenous
erythropoietin level is less than or equal to 500 mU/mL and the
dose of zidovudine is less than or equal to 4200 mg/week
Treatment of anemia in cancer patients on chemotherapy; in
patients with nonmyeloid malignancies where anemia is caused
by the effect of the concomitantly administered chemotherapy;
to decrease the need for transfusions in patients who will be
receiving chemotherapy for a minimum of 2 months
Reduction of allogeneic block transfusion in surgery patients
scheduled to undergo elective, noncardiac, nonvascular surgery
BSO: 1 mL single-dose vials: Preservative-free solution
2000 U/mL, 3000 U/mL, 4000 U/mL, 10,000 U/mL
20,000 U/mL, 40,000 U/mL
2 mL multidose vials: Preserved solution: 10,000 U/mL
D: Chronic renal failure patients: I.V., S.C.:
Initial dose: 50-100 U/kg 3 times/week
Reduce dose by 25 U/kg when
1) hematocrit approaches 36% or
2) when hematocrit increases >4 points in any 2-week period
Increase dose if hematocrit does not increase by 5-6 points
after 8 weeks of therapy and hematocrit is below suggested
target range
Suggested target hematocrit range: 30% to 36%
Maintenance dose: Individualize to target range
Dialysis patients: Median dose: 75 U/kg 3 times/week
Nondialysis patients: Doses of 75-150 U/kg
Zidovudine-treated, HIV-infected patients: Patients with
erythropoietin levels >500 mU/mL are unlikely to respond
Initial dose: I.V., S.C.: 100 U/kg 3 times/week for 8 weeks
Increase dose by 50-100 U/kg 3 times/week if response is not
satisfactory in terms of reducing transfusion requirements or
increasing hematocrit after 8 weeks of therapy

Evaluate response every 4-8 weeks thereafter and adjust the
dose accordingly by 50-100 U/kg increments 3 times/week
If patients have not responded satisfactorily to a 300 unit/kg
dose 3 times/week, it is unlikely that they will respond to higher
doses
Stop dose if hematocrit exceeds 40% and resume treatment at
a 25% dose reduction when hematocrit drops to 36%
Cancer patients on chemotherapy: Treatment of patients with
erythropoietin levels >200 mU/mL is not recommended
Initial dose: S.C.: 150 U/kg 3 times/week
Dose adjustment: If response is not satisfactory in terms of
reducing transfusion requirement or increasing hematocrit after
8 weeks of therapy, the dose may be increased up to 300 U/kg
3 times/week. If patients do not respond, it is unlikely that they
will respond to higher doses.
If hematocrit exceeds 40%, hold the dose until it falls to 36%
and reduce the dose by 25% when treatment is resumed

Surgery patients: Prior to initiating treatment, obtain a
hemoglobin to establish that is is >10 mg/dL or less than or
equal to 13 mg/dL
Initial dose: S.C.: 300 U/kg/day for 10 days before surgery, on
the day of surgery, and for 4 days after surgery
Alternative dose: S.C.: 600 U/kg in once weekly doses (21, 14,
and 7 days before surgery) plus a fourth dose on the day of
surgery
KI: Hypersensitivity to albumin (human) or mammalian cell-
derived products; uncontrolled hypertension
P: Blood pressure, platelets in your blood should be regularly
monitored during the first eight weeks of treatment with this
medicine.
# People with kidney failure should have the levels of salts
(electrolytes, eg potassium) and haemoglobin in their blood
monitored during treatment with this medicine.
# People with cancer should have the amount of haemoglobin
in their blood monitored while receiving treatment with this
medicine.
# If you are receiving dialysis treatment, your dialysis regimen
may need adjusting while receiving this medicine. Your doctor
will decide this.
# All other causes of anaemia, eg iron, vitamin B12 or folate
deficiency, should be considered by your doctor and treated if
necessary, before you start treatment with this medicine.
# People receiving this medicine prior to bone surgery should
also receive medication to prevent blood clots, since there is a
risk of this occuring following surgery, particularly in people with
cardiovascular disease.
# All people who receive epoetinum alfa to stimulate blood cell
production prior to bone surgery, or prior to donating blood for
retransfusion during surgery, should also receive iron
supplements. These should ideally be started before the
epoetinum treatment, so that the body has adequate iron stores
for producing new red blood cells.
# Very rarely, this medicine may stop working in people with
chronic kidney failure due to the body producing antibodies
against the medicine. This causes the production of red blood
cells to stop, a condition known as pure red cell aplasia. For this
reason, people with kidney failure must only receive this
medicine by injection into a vein (IVly). In the very rare case that
pure red cell aplasia develops, this medicine should be stopped
and patients should not be switched to any other erythropoietin.
# Tell your doctor if you experience sudden stabbing migraine-
like headaches while receiving this medicine, as this may be a
possible warning sign that your blood pressure is too high.
ES: Skin rashes, Cold or flu-like symptoms, hypertensive crisis),
thrombosis, thrombocytosis
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Hemapo

Epoetin beta
Synthetic version of the naturally-occurring hormone
erythropoietin. Erythropoietin is produced by healthy kidneys. It
stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, which
carry oxygen around the body.
Epoetin beta is used to treat anaemia in people with chronic
kidney failure who are undergoing dialysis, and in people with
impaired kidney function who do not yet need dialysis. These
people produce very little erythropoietin as a result of their
kidney disease, so the number of red blood cells in their blood
is low (anaemia). When epoetin beta is injected, it stimulates
the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, and this
corrects the anaemia.
Epoetin beta is also used to treat anaemia in people with certain
types of cancer. It is used to treat anaemia in adults with solid
tumours who are receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. It is
also used to treat anaemia in people with non-Hodgkins
lymphoma, bone marrow cancer (multiple myeloma) or chronic
lymphocytic leukaemia who are receiving anti-tumour therapy.
The increased red blood cell production stimulated by epoetin
beta reduces the chances of these people needing a blood
transfusion.
Premature babies born at less than 34 weeks gestation may
also be given epoetin beta to stimulate the production of red
blood cells and prevent the development of anaemia.
Doctors may also prescribe epoetin beta for anaemic people
who are going to donate blood prior to surgery so that their own
blood can be given to them during or after surgery. This is
called an autologous blood pre-donation programme. Because
the epoetin increases blood cell production, it means that a
larger volume of blood can be taken from these people, and
stored for transfusion during or after the surgery.
Your doctor may also prescribe you iron supplements while you
are receiving this medicine so that the body has adequate iron
stores for producing new red blood cells.
I: # Treating anaemia due to kidney disease
# Treating anaemia in people with solid tumours being treated
with platinum-based chemotherapy
# Treating anaemia in people with bone marrow cancer
(multiple myeloma), low-grade non-Hodgkins lymphoma or
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia who are receiving chemotherapy
# Preventing anaemia in premature babies of less than 34
weeks gestation with a birth weight of 750-1500g
# Increasing the volume of blood that can be donated by
anaemic patients due to have surgery, so they can receive
transfusions of their own blood during or after the surgery
BSO: Jarum suntik pre-filled 2.000 iu, 10.000 iu
D: Anemia dg gagal ginjal:
Fase koreksi:
SC: awal 3 x 20 IU/kg/minggu, titrasi tiap 4 minggu.
IV: awal 3 x 40 IU/kg/minggu, titrasi tiap 4 mgg 3 x 80
IU/kg/mgg
Selanjutnya ditingkatkan 20 iu/kg 3x/mgg, interval per bulan.
Max 720 IU/kgBB.
Fase pemeliharaan:
Awal dikurangi ½ dari pemberian terakhir
Anemia pd premature:
3x 250 iu/kg/mgg SC, mulai hari ke-3 kehidupan. Lama 6
minggu.
KI: hypertension, pure red cell aplasia, deep vein thrombosis,
heart attack or stroke in the last month, unstable angina
P: kidney disease, hypertension, thrombocytosis, Malignant
disease, Chronic liver failure, Epilepsy, hyperkalaemia,
phenylketonuria
ES: Headache, Rise in blood pressure, Cold or flu-like
symptoms, Reactions at injection site, Skin reactions such as
rash and itch, Increased numbers of platelets in the blood,
thrombosis, hypertensive crisis
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Recormon

Erythropoietin
I:
D: Dosis
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
BSO:
Nama Dagang:
Eprex

Q. Anti Hipotensi
Ephedrine HCl

Ephedrine HCl
-- Stimulates release of epinephrine stores, producing alpha-
and beta-adrenergic receptors.
D: 5-10 mg PO/IM q6h. 25-mg supp PR q12h
Paed.: 2-5 years: 3 mg PO q6-8h
>5 years: 6.25 mg PO q6-8h
KI: Hipersensitif; angle-closure glaucoma; cardiac arrhythmias
IO: Theophylline, atropine, or MAOIs may increase toxicity;
alpha- and beta-blockers decrease vasopressor effects of
ephedrine; cardiac glycosides and general anesthetics increase
cardiac stimulation of ephedrine
Preg: B
P: Adverse effects (eg, excitation, tremulousness, insomnia,
nervousness, palpitation, tachycardia, other symptoms
associated with sympathetic activation); bladder sphincter
spasm (may cause a transient acute urinary retention); caution
in elderly and in patients with DM, hyperthyroidism,
hypertension, cardiovascular disease, prostatic hypertrophy, or
cerebrovascular insufficiency
R.Obat Kardiovaskuler Lain
Adenosine
Heptaminol HCl

Adenosine
Adenosine is an anti-arrhythmic medicine which acts by slowing
the conduction of electrical impulses across the atrioventricular
node in the heart. Adenosine is a natural body chemical.
In the normal situation electrical impulses start in the sinus node
in the heart and spread over the atria (upper chambers of the
heart), casuing them to contract. The impulse then passes
through the atrio-ventricular node (AV-node) to the ventricles
(lower chambers of the heart). The impulse spreads over the
ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood out to the
rest of the body.
Adenosine is used to treat paroxysmal supraventricular
tachycardias, that is, fast, irregular rhythms starting with
impulses above the AV node. It quickly causes the heart to
return to its normal rhythm.
Adenosine is given as a rapid IV bolus.
BSO: Diagnostic use: 60 mg/20 mL and 90 mg/30 mL single-
dose vials
Injection, preservative free: 3 mg/mL
I: Abnormal heart rhythms caused by abnormal contractions in
the upper part of the heart (supraventricular arrhythmias)
D: Rapid I.V. push (over 1-2 seconds) via peripheral line:
Neonates: Initial dose: 0.05 mg/kg; if not effective within 2
minutes, increase dose by 0.05 mg/kg increments every 2
minutes to a maximum dose of 0.25 mg/kg or until termination
of PSVT
Maximum single dose: 12 mg
Infants and Children: Pediatric advanced life support (PALS):
Treatment of SVT: 0.1 mg/kg; if not effective, administer 0.2 mg/
kg
Alternatively: Initial dose: 0.05 mg/kg; if not effective within 2
minutes, increase dose by 0.05 mg/kg increments every 2
minutes to a maximum dose of 0.25 mg/kg or until termination
of PSVT; medium dose required: 0.15 mg/kg
Adults: 6 mg; if not effective within 1-2 minutes, 12 mg may be
given; may repeat 12 mg bolus if needed
Follow each I.V. bolus of adenosine with normal saline flush
Note: Preliminary results in adults suggest adenosine may be
administered via a central line at lower doses (ie, initial adult
dose: 3 mg).
Continuous I.V. infusion via peripheral line: 140 mcg/kg/minute
for 6 minutes using syringe or columetric infusion pump; total
dose: 0.84 mg/kg. Thallium-201 is injected at midpoint (3
minutes) of infusion.
Hemodialysis: Significant drug removal is unlikely based on
Note: Patients who are receiving concomitant theophylline
therapy may be less likely to respond to adenosine therapy.
Note: Higher doses may be needed for administration via
peripheral versus central vein.
KI: Hypersensitivity, second- or third-degree A-V block or sick
sinus syndrome (except in patients with a functioning artificial
pacemaker), atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular
tachycardia (this drug is not effective in converting these
arrhythmias to sinus rhythm). The manufacturer states that
Adenoscan® should be avoided in patients with known or
suspected bronchoconstrictive or bronchospastic lung disease.
P: Patients with pre-existing S-A nodal dysfunction may
experience prolonged sinus pauses after adenosine. There
have been reports of atrial fibrillation/flutter in patients with
PSVT associated with accessory conduction pathways after
adenosine. Adenosine decreases conduction through the A-V
node and may produce a short-lasting first-, second-, or third-
degree heart block. Because of the very short half-life, the
effects are generally self-limiting. Rare, prolonged episodes of
asystole have been reported, with fatal outcomes in some
cases. At the time of conversion to normal sinus rhythm, a
variety of new rhythms may appear on the EKG. A limited
number of patients with asthma have received adenosine and
have not experienced exacerbation of their asthma. Adenosine
may cause bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma, and
should be used cautiously in patients with obstructive lung
disease not associated with bronchoconstriction (eg,
emphysema, bronchitis).
ES: >10%: Facial flushing, palpitations, chest pain, hypotension
Headache, Shortness of breath/dyspnea, Sweating
1% to 10%: Dizziness, Nausea (3%), Paresthesia, numbness ,
Chest pressure (7%)
IO: Theophylline and caffeine (methylxanthines) antagonize
adenosine's effects; may require increased dose of adenosine.
Dipyridamole potentiates effects of adenosine; reduce dose of
adenosine.
Carbamazepine may increase heart block
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Heptaminol HCl
I: Astenia & kelelahan. Hipotensi & defisiensi KV.
BSO: Tab 150 mg. amp 250 mg/5cc
D: Astenia, Hipotensi & Psikiatri
Dws: 300 mg 2x/hari.
Anak: 20 mg/kg/hari terbagi dlm 3 dosis
Resusitasi dewasa: 2 amp IV sekaligus/IM
Neonatus 2 cc ke dalam tali pusat
KI: Hipertensi, tiroid
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg: A, B, C, D, X*
Nama Dagang: Hep-A-Myl

III. SALURAN NAFAS
A. ANTI ASTHMA & PPOK
B. COUGH & COLD REMEDIA
C. DEKONGESTAN & PREPARAT NASAL LAIN
D. OBAT PERNAPASAN LAIN

A. Anti Asthma & PPOK
Salbutamol/ Albuterol
Theophylline/ Aminophylline
Orciprenaline sulphate/ Metaproterenol
Ipratopium bromide
Tiotropium bromide
Acefylline piperazine
Ephedrine HCl
Terbutaline
Budesonide Isoproterenol
Fenoterol Clenbuterol
Ketotifen Zafirlukast
Fluticasone Salmeterol
Procaterol Beclomethasone
Trimetoquinol HCl

Salbutamol/ Albuterol
-- Beta-agonist for bronchospasm refractory to epinephrine.
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by action on beta-2
receptors, with little effect on cardiac muscle contractility. Most
patients (even those with no measurable increase in expiratory
flow) benefit from treatment. Inhaled beta-agonists initially are
prescribed prn. Frequency may be increased; institute regular
schedule in patients on anticholinergic drugs who are still
symptomatic.
Available as a liquid for nebulizer, metered-dose inhalers (MDI),
and dry-powder inhalers.
D: MDI: 2 puffs q3-4h
Nebulizer: 0.2-0.3 mL of 5% solution diluted to 2.5 mL with NS
tid/qid
Nebulizer
Infants and children: 0.01-0.02 mL of 5% solution diluted in 2-3
mL NS q4-6h
Adolescents: Administer as in adults

KI: Hipersensitif; preexisting cardiac arrhythmia associated with
tachycardia
IO:
Beta-adrenergic blockers antagonize effects; inhaled
ipratropium may increase duration of bronchodilatation;
cardiovascular effects may increase with MAOIs, inhaled
anesthetics, TCAs, and sympathomimetic agents
Preg: C
P:
Adverse effects include muscle tremor, nervousness, insomnia,
transient hypoxemia, and tachycardia; caution in
hyperthyroidism, DM, hypertension, ischemic heart disease,
seizures, and pheochromocytoma
Nama Dagang:

Theophylline/ Aminophylline
-- Mechanism of action is not well defined yet. Was formerly
thought that this drug increases intracellular cyclic AMP by
causing inhibition of phosphodiesterase; however, current data
do not support that.
D: 1st 5-8 mg/kg/d, then in the range of 5-15 mcg/mL; 5.6 mg/kg
loading dose (based on aminophylline) IV over 20 min, followed
by maintenance infusion of 0.1-1.1 mg/kg/h
Paed.
6 weeks to 6 months: 0.5 mg/kg/h loading dose IV in first 12 h
(based on aminophylline), followed by maintenance infusion of
12 mg/kg/d thereafter; may administer continuous infusion by
dividing total daily dose by 24 h
6 months to 1 year: 0.6-0.7 mg/kg/h loading dose IV in first 12
h, followed by maintenance infusion of 15 mg/kg/d; may
administer as continuous infusion, as above
KI: Hipersensitif; uncontrolled arrhythmias; peptic ulcers;
hyperthyroidism; uncontrolled seizure disorders

IO: Effects may decrease with aminoglutethimide, barbiturates,
carbamazepine, ketoconazole, loop diuretics, charcoal,
hydantoins, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin, isoniazid, and
sympathomimetics; effects may increase with allopurinol, beta-
blockers, ciprofloxacin, corticosteroids, disulfiram, quinolones,
thyroid hormones, ephedrine, carbamazepine, cimetidine,
erythromycin, macrolides, propranolol, and interferon
Preg: C
P: Has low serum therapeutic-to-toxicity ratio, and, therefore,
serum level monitoring is important; peptic ulcer; hypertension;
tachyarrhythmias; hyperthyroidism; compromised cardiac
function; do not inject IV solution faster than 25 mg/min;
patients diagnosed with pulmonary edema or liver dysfunction
are at greater risk of toxicity because of reduced drug clearance
Nama Dagang:

Orciprenaline/ Metaproterenol
-- Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by action on beta-2
receptors, with little effect on cardiac muscle contractility. Most
patients (even those with no measurable increase in expiratory
flow) benefit from treatment. Inhaled beta-agonists initially are
prescribed prn. Frequency may be increased; institute regular
schedule in patients on anticholinergic drugs who are still
symptomatic.
D: MDI: 2 puffs q3-4h
Nebulizer: 0.2-0.3 mL of 5% sol. diluted to 2.5 mL+ NS tid/qid
Nebulizer
Infants and children: 0.01-0.02 mL of 5% solution diluted in 2-3
mL of NS q4-6h
KI:
Hipersensitif; arrhythmia associated with tachycardia
IO:
Beta-adrenergic blockers antagonize effects; inhaled
ipratropium may increase duration of bronchodilatation;

cardiovascular effects may increase with MAOIs, inhaled
anesthetics, TCAs, and sympathomimetic agents
Preg: C
P:
Caution in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, congestive
heart failure, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, and seizures; not
recommended during breastfeeding; adverse reactions include
tachycardia, headache, nervousness, dizziness, tremor, GI
upset, hypertension, paradoxical bronchospasm, and cough
Nama Dagang:
Alupent

Ipratopium
D: MDI: 2-4 puffs q4-6h
Nebulizer: 250 mcg diluted with 2.5 mL NS q4-6h
Paed.
MDI: 1-2 puffs tid; max 6 puffs per d
Nebulizer: 250 mcg tid
KI: Hipersensitif
IO:
Drugs with anticholinergic properties (eg, dronabinol) may
increase toxicity; albuterol may increase effects
Preg: C
P:
Caution in narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, or
bladder neck obstruction
Nama Dagang:

Tiotropium
-- A quaternary ammonium compound. Elicits
anticholinergic/antimuscarinic effects with inhibitory effects on
M3 receptors on airway smooth muscles, leading to
bronchodilation. Available as a capsule dosage form containing
a dry powder for oral inhalation via the HandiHaler inhalation
device. Helps patients with COPD by dilating narrowed airways
and keeping them open for 24 h.
D: Inhale contents of 1 cap (18 mcg) via HandiHaler device qd
MDI
1-2 puffs tid; max 6 puffs/d
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Coadministration with other anticholinergic containing drugs
(eg, ipratropium) may increase toxicity risk
Preg: C
P: For maintenance treatment only; not effective for acute
(rescue) therapy of bronchospasm; discontinue use and
consider other treatments if immediate hypersensitivity
reactions (including angioedema) or paradoxical bronchospasm
occur; caution with narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic
hyperplasia, or bladder neck obstruction; commonly causes dry
mouth; may cause constipation, increased heart rate, blurred
vision, glaucoma, and urinary difficulty or retention; monitor
patients with moderate-to-severe renal impairment
Nama Dagang: Spiriva

Acefylline piperazine
I: Asma bronchial, spasme bronkus pd bronchitis, ggn nafas/
sesak scr umum, sesak krn insufisiensi jantung, emfisema &
ggn obstruksi Pulmoner kronis.
BSO: Tab salut selaput 250 mg. amp 500 mg/5cc
D: Tab 2-8 tab/hr dlm dosis terbagi.
Amp IM 3-4 amp/hr.
IV 1-2 amp/hr
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang: Etaphylline

Ephedrine HCl
I: Treatment of bronchial asthma, nasal congestion, acute
bronchospasm, idiopathic orthostatic hypotensionv
BSO: Capsule: 25 mg, 50 mg
Injection: 25 mg/mL; 50 mg/mL
Jelly: 1%
Spray: 0.25%
D: Children:
Oral, S.C.: 3 mg/kg/day or 25-100 mg/m2/day in 4-6 divided
doses every 4-6 hours
I.M., slow I.V. push: 0.2-0.3 mg/kg/dose every 4-6 hours
Adults:
Oral: 25-50 mg every 3-4 hours as needed
I.M., S.C.: 25-50 mg, parenteral adult dose should not exceed
150 mg in 24 hours
I.V.: 5-25 mg/dose slow I.V. push repeated after 5-10 minutes
as needed, then every 3-4 hours max 150 mg/24 hours

KI: Hypersensitivity to ephedrine or any component, cardiac
arrhythmias, angle-closure glaucoma, patients on other
sympathomimetic agents
P: Blood volume depletion should be corrected before
ephedrine therapy is instituted; use caution in patients with
unstable vasomotor symptoms, diabetes, hyperthyroidism,
prostatic hypertrophy, or a history of seizures; also use caution
in the elderly and those patients with cardiovascular disorders
such as coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, and
hypertension. Ephedrine may cause hypertension resulting in
intracranial hemorrhage. Long-term use may cause anxiety and
symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia. Avoid as a
bronchodilator; generally not used as a bronchodilator since
new beta2 agents are less toxic. Use with caution in the elderly,
since it crosses the blood-brain barrier and may cause
confusion.
ES: >10%: Central nervous system: CNS stimulating effects,
nervousness, anxiety, apprehension, fear, tension, agitation,
excitation, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, hyperactivity
1% to 10%: Cardiovascular: Hypertension, tachycardia,
palpitations, elevation or depression of blood pressure, unusual
pallor Central nervous system: Dizziness, headache
Gastrointestinal: Xerostomia, nausea, anorexia, GI upset,
vomiting Genitourinary: Painful urination
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Trembling, tremor (more common in
the elderly), weakness
Miscellaneous: Diaphoresis (increased)
IO: Decreased effect: Alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking
agents decrease ephedrine vasopressor effects
Increased toxicity: Additive cardiostimulation with other
sympathomimetic agents; theophylline cardiostimulation;
MAO inhibitors or atropine may increase blood pressure;
cardiac glycosides or general anesthetics may increase cardiac
stimulation
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Terbutaline
I: Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
BSO: Aerosol, oral: 0.2 mg/actuation
Injection: 1 mg/mL
Tablet: 2.5 mg, 5 mg
D: Children <12 years:
Oral: Initial: 0.05 mg/kg/dose 3x/day, increased; max: 0.15
mg/kg/dose 3-4x/day or a total of 5 mg/24 hours
S.C.: 0.005-0.01 mg/kg/dose to a max of 0.3 mg/dose every
15-20 minutes for 3 doses
Nebulization: 0.01-0.03 mg/kg/dose q4-6 hours
Inhalation: 1-2 inhalations q4-6 hours
Children >12 years and Adults:
Oral: 12-15 years: 2.5 mg q6h 3 x/day; max 7.5 mg/day
>15 years: 5 mg/dose every 6 hours 3 times/day; if side effects
occur, reduce dose to 2.5 mg every 6 hours; max 15 mg in 24
hours

S.C.: 0.25 mg/dose repeated in 15-30 minutes for one time
only; a total dose of 0.5 mg should not be exceeded within a 4-
hour period
Nebulization: 0.01-0.03 mg/kg/dose every 4-6 hours
Inhalation: 2 inhalations every 4-6 hours; wait 1 minute between
inhalations
Dosing adjustment/comments in renal impairment:
Clcr 10-50 mL/minute: Administer at 50% of normal dose
Clcr <10 mL/minute: Avoid use
KI: Allergy
P: Diabetes, Heart disease, hypertension, Thyrotoxicosis
ES: Tremor, Headache, Nausea, heart palpitations, Muscle
cramps, Tense feeling, Sleep disturbances, tachycardia,
hypokalaemia, Mouth or throat irritation & paradoxical
bronchospasm (with inhaler devices)
IO: Decreased effect with beta-blockers
Increased toxicity with MAO inhibitors, TCAs
Nama Dagang:
Budesonide
Inhibits bronchoconstriction mechanisms, produces direct
smooth muscle relaxation, and may decrease number and
activity of inflammatory cells, which, in turn, decreases airway
hyperresponsiveness.
BSO: Cyclocaps 200 mcg
D: 200-400 mcg via PO inhalation 2x initially; increase to 800
mcg bid
Paed. 200 mcg via PO inhalation 2x initially; may increase to
400 mcg bid
KI: Hipersensitif; bronchospasm, status asthmaticus, and other
types of acute episodes of asthma
IO: Coadministration with ketoconazole may increase plasma
levels but does not appear to be clinically significant
Preg: B, C.
P: Coughing, upper respiratory tract infection, and bronchitis
may occur
Nama Dagang:

Isoproterenol
I: Treatment of reversible airway obstruction as in asthma or
COPD; used parenterally in ventricular arrhythmias due to A-V
nodal block; hemodynamically compromised bradyarrhythmias
or atropine-resistant bradyarrhythmias; temporary use in third
degree A-V block until pacemaker insertion; low cardiac output;
vasoconstrictive shock states
BSO: Inhalation:
Aerosol: 0.2% (1:500); 0.25% (1:400)
Solution for nebulization: 0.031%; 0.062%; 0.25% ; 0.5%; 1%
Injection: 0.2 mg/mL (1:5000)
Tablet, sublingual: 10 mg, 15 mg
D: Children: Bronchodilation: Inhalation: Metered dose inhaler:
1-2 dose up to 5 times/day
Bronchodilation (using 1:200 inhalation solution) 0.01
mL/kg/dose every 4 hours as needed (max: 0.05 mL/dose)
diluted with NS to 2 mL
Sublingual: 5-10 mg every 3-4 hours, max 30 mg/day

Cardiac arrhythmias: I.V.: Start 0.1 mcg/kg/minute (usual
effective dose 0.2-2 mcg/kg/minute)
Adults:
Bronchodilation: Inhalation: Metered dose inhaler: 1-2 metered
doses 4-6 times/day
Bronchodilation: 1-2 inhalations of a 0.25% solution, no more
than 2 inhalations at any one time (1-5 minutes between
inhalations); no more than 6 inhalations in any hour during a 24-
hour period; maintenance therapy: 1-2 inhalations 4-6
times/day. Alternatively: 0.5% solution via hand bulb nebulizer
is 5-15 deep inhalations repeated once in 5-10 minutes if
necessary; treatments may be repeated up to 5 times/day.
Sublingual: 10-20 mg every 3-4 hours; max 60 mg/day
Cardiac arrhythmias: I.V.: 5 mcg/minute initially, titrate to patient
response (2-20 mcg/minute)
Shock: I.V.: 0.5-5 mcg/minute; adjust according to response
KI: Angina, pre-existing cardiac arrhythmias (ventricular);
tachycardia or A-V block caused by cardiac glycoside

intoxication; allergy to sulfites or isoproterenol or other
sympathomimetic amines
P: Elderly patients, diabetics, renal or cardiovascular disease,
hyperthyroidism; excessive or prolonged use may result in
decreased effectiveness
ES: >10%: Insomnia, restlessness, Dry throat, xerostomia,
discoloration of saliva (pinkish-red)
1% to 10%: Flushing of the face or skin, ventricular arrhythmias,
tachycardias, profound hypotension, hypertension,
Nervousness, anxiety, dizziness, headache, lightheadedness,
Vomiting, nausea, Trembling, tremor, weakness, Diaphoresis
IO: Increased toxicity: Sympathomimetic agents may cause
headaches and elevate blood pressure; general anesthetics
may cause arrhythmias
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Fenoterol HBr
I: Asma
BSO: Inhaler dosis terukur 100 mcg/semprot. 200
mcg/semprot. Larutan inhalasi 0.1%
D: Asma akut: 1 semprot. Maks 8 semprot/hr
Lar inhalasi, tunggal: 0.2-1 mg 3x/hr dg interval min 3 jam
KI: Kardiomiopati obstruksi hipertrofi, takiaritmia
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:

Clenbuterol HCl
I: PPOK (asma bronchial, bronchitis kronik & emsifema paru)
BSO: Tab 10 mcg. 20 mcg. Sir 5 mcg/5cc
D: Tab Dws & >12thn 40 mcg/hr. kasus berat bs 80mcg/hr.
pemeliharaan 20 mcg/hr.
Anak 1.2 mcg/kg/hr.
Sir: 6-12thn 2x 3sdt.
4-6thn 2x 2 sdt.
2-4 thn 3x 1sdt.
<2thn 2x 1 sdt
KI: Tirotoksikosis, stenosis aorta subvalvular hipertrofik
idiopatik, takikardi & takiaritmia.
P: IMA, DM, hipertensi
ES: Tremor, gelisah,ekstra systole, takikardia
IO: β-blocker, efek antagonis
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Spiropent

Ketotifen
Ketotifen prevents the release of histamine from mast cells and
also blocks H1 receptors
I: Allergic rhinitis (hayfever) or allergic conjunctivitis
BSO: Tab 1 mg. Syr 1 mg/5cc
D: For asthma: 1 mg 2x/day. Anak: 50 mcg/kg 2x.

KI: Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, children < 3 years of age.
P: History of epilepsy
ES: Drowsiness, Dry mouth, Dizziness, Weight gain, Irritability,
insomnia, Nervousness, Excitation, Bladder inflammation,
cystitis, hepatitis, Convulsions, Isolated severe skin reactions
IO: increased risk of drowsiness: alcohol, other sedating
antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, MAOI antidepressants,
antipsychotics, opioid painkillers, benzodiazepines,
barbiturates, sleeping tablets.
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:

Zafirlukast
Selective and competitive receptor antagonist of leukotriene D4
and E4, components of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis.
Indicated for treatment of stable, mild, persistent asthma or
prophylaxis for EIA.
BSO: Tab 20 mg
D: 20 mg PO bid; must be taken 30 min prior to breakfast and
supper
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Increases half-life of warfarin; erythromycin and theophylline
decrease serum levels
Preg: B
P: Elevations of liver enzymes occur rarely, but routine LFT
monitoring not required; systemic eosinophilia and vasculitis
consistent with Churg-Strauss syndrome also rarely reported;
not indicated for treatment of acute asthma exacerbations
Nama Dagang: Accolate

Fluticasone
Topikal Potensi Ringan
Alters level of inflammation in airways by inhibiting multiple
types of inflammatory cells and decreasing production of
cytokines and other mediators involved in the asthmatic
response.
I: Topikal: prurigo nodularis, lichen simplex, Eczema, contact
dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, Discoid lupus erythematosus
(DLE), Inflammatory skin disorders, Intense and widespread
reddening of the skin (generalised erythroderma) in combination
with oral or injected corticosteroids, Prickly heat, Psoriasis,
Reactions to insect bites& stings, lichen planus, neurodermatitis
BSO: Nebule 0.5 mg/2cc. Krim 0.05%
D: 44-mcg MDI: 2 puffs bid for mild persistent asthma
110- to 220-mcg MDI: 2 puffs bid for moderate-to-severe
persistent asthma
Krim: 1X/hr
Paed.
44-mcg MDI: 2 puffs bid
KI: Hipersensitif; viral, fungal, and bacterial skin infections
Topikal: Acne vulgaris, Broken skin or open wounds, Children
less than 1 year of age, acne rosacea, perioral dermatitis,
Itching around the back passage and genitals, psoriasis
ES: Thinning of the skin, Changes in skin pigmentation, Skin
irritation, Stretch marks (striae), telangiectasia, hypertrichosis
IO: -
Preg: C
P:
Not indicated to treat acute asthma exacerbation or status
asthmaticus; prolonged use may increase systemic absorption
and may cause Cushing syndrome, reversible HPA-axis
suppression, hyperglycemia, and glycosuria; localized infections
of the pharynx due to Candida albicans (5%) may occur; rare
manifestation of systemic eosinophilic conditions consistent with
Churg-Strauss syndrome reported
Nama Dagang:
Cutivate krim

Salmeterol
Can relieve bronchospasm by relaxing smooth muscles of the
bronchioles in conditions associated with bronchitis,
emphysema, asthma, or bronchiectasis.
BSO: Inhaler 25 mcg/aktuasi
Rotadisk 50 mcg
Diskhaler 1
D: 1 inhalation (50 mcg) bid approximately 12 h apart
KI: Hipersensitif; angina, tachycardia, and cardiac arrhythmias
associated with tachycardia
IO: Concomitant use of beta-blockers may decrease
bronchodilating and vasodilating effects of beta-agonists;
concurrent administration with methyldopa may increase
pressor response; coadministration with oxytocic drugs may
result in severe hypotension; ECG changes and hypokalemia
resulting from diuretics may worsen when coadministered
Preg: C
P:

Asthma treatment:[US Boxed Warning] Long-acting beta2-
agonists may increase the risk of asthma-related deaths. In a
large, randomized clinical trial, salmeterol was associated with a
small, but statistically significant increase in asthma-related
deaths (when added to usual asthma therapy); risk may be
greater in African-American patients versus Caucasians. Should
only be used as adjuvant therapy in patients not adequately
controlled on inhaled corticosteroids or whose disease requires
two maintenance therapies; salmeterol is not meant to relieve
acute asthmatic symptoms, should not be initiated in patients
with significantly worsening or acutely deteriorating asthma, and
is not a substitute for inhaled or oral corticosteroids; short-acting
beta2-agonist should be used for acute symptoms and
symptoms occurring between treatments; corticosteroids should
not be stopped or reduced when salmeterol initiated; during
initiation of salmeterol watch for signs of worsening asthma
Nama Dagang:

Procaterol
I: Asma, emfisema
BSO:
Tab 25 mcg, 50 mcg.
Syr 5mcg/cc.
Inhaler 10 mcg/semprot.
D: Dws 2x 1 tab.
< 6 thn 1-1.25 mcg/kg diberikan 2x/hr
KI:
P:
ES: Palpitasi, demam, kemerahan, tremor
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Meptin

Beclomethasone
Alters level of inflammation in airways by inhibiting multiple
types of inflammatory cells and decreasing production of
cytokines and other mediators involved in the asthmatic
response.
I:
BSO:
Inhaler 50 mcg/semprot, 100 mcg/smprot, 200 mcg/dosis
Rotacap 100 mcg
Rotahaler 1
Rotadisk 100 mcg, 200 mcg
Diskhaler 1
Topikal : krim 0.025%
D:
2 puffs (84 mcg) tid/qid; alternatively, 4 puffs (168 mcg) bid
Severe asthma: 12-16 puffs (504-672 mcg)/d; adjust dose
downward to response; max 20 puffs (840 mcg)/d
QVAR: 80 and 160 mcg/puff
Paed.
<6 years: Not established
6-12 years: 1-2 puffs (42-84 mcg) tid/qid to response;
alternatively, 4 puffs (168 mcg) bid; max 10 puffs (420 mcg)/d
KI: Hipersensitif; bronchospasm, status asthmaticus, and other
types of acute episodes of asthma
IO: Coadministration with ketoconazole may increase plasma
levels but does not appear to be clinically significant
Preg: C
P: Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency due to suppression of the
HPA axis may occur when being withdrawn from systemically
active corticosteroids; small number of patients may develop
hypercortisolism and adrenal suppression (weight gain,
increased bruising, cushingoid features, acneiform lesions,
mental disturbances, and cataracts may occur); localized
infections of the pharynx due to C albicans (5%) reported
Nama Dagang:

Trimetoquinol HCl
I: Asma
BSO: Tab 3 mg. Tetes Paed 1 mg/cc. Amp 0.1 mg/cc
D: Tab 1-4 tab/hr terbagi dlm 2-3x.
< 6th 0.1 mg/kg/dosis 3-4x/hr
Tetes Paed: 3-4 thn 4-6 cc terbagi dlm 3-4 dosis
1-2 thn 2-4 cc terbagi dlm 3-4 dosis
< 1 thn 1-2 cc terbagi dlm 3-4 dosis
Inj
1-2 amp SC/IM atau ½-1 amp IV dlm Glukosa 5% atau 20% inj
> 3 mnt atau
Infuse 1 amp dlm 500cc D5%/ Glukosa-Ringer
KI:
P:
ES: Palpitasi, tremor, pusing
IO: Katekolamin menyebabkan aritmia
Preg:
Nama Dagang: Inolin

Heptaminol acefyllinate
I: Asma.
BSO: Tab 500 mg. tetes 40%. Amp 500 mg/5cc
D: Dws Tts 75-150 tts/hari. Tab 1.5-3 g/hari terbagi dlm 3 dosis.
Amp 1-2 amp/hr IM/IV.
Tetes Bayi 3 thn 2-3tts/kg/hr.
Anak 3-7 thn 2-3 tts/kg/hr max 60 tetes.
Anak 7-15 tahun 75-100 tetes/hari terbagi dalam 3 dosis. Lama
terapi 1-3 minggu
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Cariamyl

B. Cough & Cold Remedia
Acetylcysteine
Phenylpropanolamine HCl
Guaifenesin/ Glyceryl Guaiacolate & Dextromethorphan
Terbutaline
Ambroxol HCl
Bromhexine HCl
Codeine HCl
Dextromethorphan
Pseudoephedrine
Phenylephrine
Noscapine
Diphenhydramine
Carbocisteine
Erdosteine
Levodropropizine
Isoaminile
Tipepidine hibenzate

N-acetylcysteine
-- Inhalations may be tried to encourage sputum expectoration
in patients with tenacious sputum and mucous plugging.
BSO: Tab eff 600 mg. Kaps 200 mg. Sachet 200 mg. Sachet
paed. Sir kering
D:
5-10 mg dissolved in 3 mL NS
KI:
Hipersensitif
IO:
None reported
Preg: B
P:
Inhalations may exacerbate bronchospasm; GI distress may
occur
Nama Dagang:

Phenylpropanolamine HCl
I: Anorexiant; nasal decongestant
BSO: Capsule: 37.5 mg
Tablet & Capsule timed release: 25 mg, 75 mg
Tablet Precision release & Timed release: 75 mg
D: 2-6 years: 6.25 mg q4h
6-12 years: 12.5 mg q4h max 75 mg/day
Decongestant: 25 mg q4h or 50 mg q8h, max 150 mg/day
Anorexic: 25 mg 3x/day 30 minutes a.c or 75 mg (timed
release) 1x in the morning
Precision release: 75 mg after breakfast

KI: hypersensitivity
P: High blood pressure, tachyarrhythmias, pheochromocytoma,
bradycardia, cardiac disease, arteriosclerosis; do not use for
more than 3 weeks for weight loss
ES: >10%: Hypertension, palpitations
1-10%: Insomnia, restlessness, dizziness, Xerostomia, nausea
IO: Decreased effect of antihypertensives
Increased effect/toxicity with MAO inhibitors (hypertensive
crisis), beta-blockers (increased pressor effects)
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Guaifenesin/ Glyceryl Guaiacolate & Dextromethorphan
Treats minor cough resulting from bronchial and throat irritation.
BSO: Caplet, sustained release 300 mg, 600 mg
Capsule: 200 mg
Liquid: 100 mg/5 mL, 200 mg/5 mL
Tablet: 100 mg, 200 mg, 1200 mg
Sustained release: 600 mg
D: 5 mL PO q4h or 10 mL PO q6-8h; max 40 mL/24h
Paed.
1-2 mg/kg/d PO divided tid/qid
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: -
Preg: C
P: Do not use to treat productive cough or persistent chronic
cough resulting from emphysema
Nama Dagang:

Ambroxol HCl
I: Penyakit sal nafas akut & kronik yg berhubungan dg sekresi
abnormal bronkus.
BSO: Tab 30 mg, Syr 15 mg/5cc
D: D:1 tab 3x/hr atau 10 cc 3x/hr

Anak 5-12 th: ½ tab 3x/hr atau 5 cc 3x/hr
Anak 2-5 th: 2.5 cc 3x/hr
<2th: 2.5cc 2x/hr
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Hamil
ES: Ggn sal cerna. Jarang reaksi alergi
IO: Dpt dipakai bersama kortikosteroid, bronkospasmolitik &
antibiotik
Preg:
Nama Dagang:

Bromhexine HCl
I: Mukolitik
BSO:
Tab 8 mg
Sir & Elixir 4mg/5cc
Lar 8 mg/4cc
Amp 4mg/2cc
D: 3x/hari
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Tukak lambung
ES: Diare, mual, muntah
IO: amoksisilin, sefuroksim, doksisiklin
Nama Dagang:

Codeine HCl
Analgesic, Narcotic; Centrally acting Antitussive
I: Manage pain of intercostal muscle strain + cough.
BSO: Injection: 30 mg; 60 mg
Solution, oral: 15 mg/5 mL
Tablet: 15 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg
D: 10-20 mg/dose PO q4-6h prn; max 120 mg/d
Paed.
2-6 years: 1-1.5 mg/kg/d PO divided q4-6h prn; max 30 mg/d
6-12 years: 1-1.5 mg/kg/d PO divided q4-6h prn; max 60 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif; high-altitude cerebral edema or elevated ICP
IO: Toxicity increases with concurrent administration of TCAs,
MAOIs, neuromuscular blockers, CNS depressants,
phenothiazines, and narcotic analgesics
Preg: D
P: Sedating; used to treat cough in high-altitude cerebral edema
only if absolutely necessary; may depress hypoxic ventilatory
rate and respiratory drive during sleep
Nama Dagang:
Dextromethorphan
Antitussive
I: Symptomatic relief of coughs caused by minor viral upper
respiratory tract infections or inhaled irritants; most effective for
a chronic nonproductive cough
BSO: Syr 10 mg/5cc
Capsule: 30 mg
Liquid: 10 mg/15 mL, 3.5 mg/5 mL, 7.5 mg/5 mL, 15 mg/5 mL
Liquid, sustained release, as polistirex 30 mg/5 mL
Lozenges: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg
Syrup: 7.5 mg/mL, 10 mg/5 mL, 15 mg/15 mL
D: <2 years: Use only as directed by a physician
2-6 y: 2.5-7.5 mg q4-8h; ext release:15 mg 2x/day, max 30mg/d
6-12 y: 5-10 mg q4h or 15 mg q6-8h; ext release:30 mg 2x/d,
max 60 mg/d
Adults: 10-20 mg q4h or 30 mg q6-8h; extended release: 60 mg
2x/d; max 120 mg/day
KI: Hypersensitivity to dextromethorphan or any component

P: Research on chicken embryos exposed to concentrations of
dextromethorphan relative to those typically taken by humans
has shown to cause birth defects and fetal death; more study is
needed, but it is suggested that pregnant women should be
advised not to use dextromethorphan-containing medications
ES: <1%: Nausea, GI upset, constipation, abdominal discomfort
IO: CYP2D6, 2E1, 3A3/4 enzyme substrate
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Pseudoephedrine
Stimulates vasoconstriction by directly stimulating alpha-
adrenergic receptors in respiratory mucosa. Used for
symptomatic relief of nasal congestion due to common cold,
upper respiratory tract allergies, and sinusitis. Promotes nasal
or sinus drainage.
BSO: Tab & Capsule: 30 mg, 60 mg
Tab & Capsule, timed release: 120 mg
Tab Extended release,: 120 mg, 240 mg
Drops,: 7.5 mg/0.8 mL
Syrup & Liquid,: 15 mg/5 mL; 30 mg/5 mL
D:
Immediate release: 30-60 mg PO q6h
Sustained release: 120 mg PO q12h; max 240 mg/24h
Paed.
<2 years: 4 mg/kg/d PO divided q6h
2-5 years: 15 mg PO q6h; max 60 mg/24h
6-12 years: 30 mg PO q6h; max 120 mg/24h
KI:
Hipersensitif; severe anemia; postural hypertension or
hypotension; closed-angle glaucoma; head trauma; cerebral
hemorrhage
IO:
Propranolol, MAOIs, and sympathomimetic agents may
increase toxicity; methyldopa and reserpine may reduce effects
Preg: C
P:
Cardiovascular disease, DM, prostatic hypertrophy, and
increased intraocular pressure
Nama Dagang:

Phenylephrine
Strong postsynaptic alpha-receptor stimulant with little beta-
adrenergic activity that produces vasoconstriction of arterioles
in the body.
BSO: Injection: 1% [10 mg/mL]
Nasal solution: Drops: 0.125%, 0.16%, 0.25%, 0.5%
Spray: 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%
Ophthalmic solution: 0.12%, 2.5%, 10%
D:
2-3 gtt or 1-2 sprays 0.25-0.5% solution each nostril or small
quantity of 0.5% nasal jelly applied into each nostril q4h prn; 1%
solution may be used in adults with severe congestion
Paed.
Infants >6 months: 1-2 gtt 0.16% solution each nostril q3h
<6 years: 2-3 gtt or sprays 0.125% or 0.16% solution each
nostril q4h prn
6-12 years: 2-3 gtt 0.25% solution each nostril q4h prn
KI:
Hipersensitif; severe hypertension or ventricular tachycardia
IO:
Bretylium may potentiate action of vasopressors on adrenergic
receptors, possibly resulting in arrhythmias; MAOIs may
significantly enhance adrenergic effects of phenylephrine, and
pressor response may be increased 2- to 3-fold
Guanethidine may increase pressor response of direct-acting
vasopressors, possibly resulting in severe hypertension
Preg: C
P:
Caution in elderly patients, hyperthyroidism, myocardial
disease, bradycardia, partial heart block, or severe
arteriosclerosis; in hypovolemia, use is not a substitute for
replacement of blood, fluids and electrolytes, and plasma
(promptly restore with loss); dilute IV and administer via large
vein; extravasation P: required
Nama Dagang:

Noscapine
I: Batuk tidak produktif, selesma
BSO: Kaps 25 mg, 50 mg.Tetes 10 mg/cc
D: 25-50 mg 4x/hr
Tetes:
Dws 10 tts 3-4x/hr
Anak 6-12 thn 5 tts 3-4x/hr
Bayi 2 tts 3-4x/hr
KI: Asma bronchial, peningkatan TIK, depresi napas,
penggunaan bersama MAOI
P: Penykt hati & ginjal. Ketergantungan fisik pd penggunaan
lama
ES:
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:

Diphenhydramine
First-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic effects.
BSO: Capsule & Tablet: 25 mg, 50 mg
Elixir & Syrup: 12.5 mg/5 mL
Lotion & Solution, topical spray: 1%
Cream: 1%, 2%
D: 25-50 mg PO q4-6h prn; max 400 mg/d
Paed.
<6 years: Not established
6-12 years: 5 mg/kg/d PO divided tid/qid prn; max 300 mg/d
KI:
Hipersensitif; MAOI use; during asthma attacks, narrow-angle
glaucoma, symptomatic prostate hypertrophy, bladder-neck
obstruction, and stenosing peptic ulcer; severe hypertension;
severe coronary artery disease
IO:

Potentiates CNS effect of depressants; because of alcohol
content, do not give syrup form to patient taking drugs that can
cause disulfiramlike reactions
Preg: C
P:
Sedation and drowsiness may occur; may exacerbate angle-
closure glaucoma, hyperthyroidism, peptic ulcer, or urinary tract
obstruction and cause xerostomia
Nama Dagang:

Carbocisteine
Mucolytic
I: Tracheostomy, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), Cystic fibrosis, Glue ear (suppurative otitis media)
BSO: Kapl 375 mg, 500 mg
Susp forte 500 mg/5cc
Sir 250 mg/5cc
D: Dws 1 sdm 3x/hr
Anak 5-12thn: 1 sdt 3x/hr
2-5 thn: ½ sdt 4x/hr
KI: Allergy, Peptic ulcers
P:
ES: Rash, Bleeding from the stomach or intestine, Diarrhoea,
Nausea and vomiting
IO: -
Preg:
Nama Dagang:

Erdosteine
I:
D:
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
BSO:
Nama Dagang:
Vectrine

Levodropropizine
I: Terapi simtomatik batuk non produktif
BSO: Syr 60 mg/5cc
D: Dws & anak > 12 thn 3x 2 sdt. Interval min 6 jam
KI: Hamil, laktasi, lender bronkus berlebihan
P:
ES: Mual, muntah
IO: Sedatif
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Levopront

Isoaminile
I:
D:
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
BSO:
Nama Dagang:
Peracon

Tipepidine hibenzate
I: Batuk, mukolitik
BSO: Tab 33.21 mg
D: Dws 3x 1 tab . Kasus berat tambah 1 tab bedtime.

Anak >6th ½ dosis dws
Anak < 6th 2.2 mg/kg/hr terbagi dlm 3 dosis.
KI:
P:
ES: Kantuk, pusing, anoreksia, haus
IO:
Preg:
Nama Dagang:
Asvex

C. Dekongestan & Preparat Nasal Lain
Oxymetazoline
Xylometazoline
Fexofenadine HCl
Beclomethasone
Fluticasone
Triamcinolone acetonide
Mometasone furoate
Budesonide

Oxymetazoline
Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors and causes
vasoconstriction when applied directly to mucous membranes.
Decongestion occurs without drastic changes in blood pressure,
vascular redistribution, or cardiac stimulation.
BSO: Solution, nasal: Drops, pediatric: 0.025%. Spray: 0.05%
D:
2-3 sprays or 2-3 gtt of 0.05% solution in each nostril bid, qam
and qhs or q10-12h
Paed.
2-6 years: 2-3 gtt of 0.025% solution in each nostril bid, qam
and qhs
KI:
Hipersensitif; MAOI therapy
IO:
Hypotensive action of guanethidine may be reversed;
concurrent methyldopa may increase vasopressor response;
concurrent MAOIs and ephedrine may result in hypertensive
crisis; pressor sensitivity to mixed-acting agents (eg, ephedrine)
may be increased; guanethidine potentiates effects of
epinephrine and inhibits effects of ephedrine; phenothiazines
may reverse action of nasal decongestants (eg, oxymetazoline);
TCAs potentiate vasopressor response and may result in
dysrhythmias
Preg: C
P:
Caution in hyperthyroidism, coronary artery and ischemic heart
disease, DM, and increased intraocular pressure or prostatic
hypertrophy; because of increase in vasoconstriction,
hypertensive patients may have change in blood pressure; do
not use topical decongestants for >3-5 d to avoid rebound
phenomenon
Nama Dagang:

Xylometazoline
Ophthalmic Agent, Vasoconstrictor
I: Symptomatic relief of nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosal
congestion
BSO: Solution, nasal: 0.05% [0.5 mg/mL]; 0.1% [1 mg/mL]
D 2-12 years: Instill 2-3 drops (0.05%) in each nostril q8-10h
Adults: Instill 2-3 drops or sprays (0.1%) in each nostril q8-10h
KI:
P:
ES: 1% to 10%: Drowsiness, dizziness, seizures, headache,
Blurred vision, ocular irritation, photophobia
Miscellaneous: Sweating
IO:
Preg: C
BSO:
Nama Dagang:

Fexofenadine
Nonsedating Antihistamine
I: Seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria
BSO: Capsule: 60 mg
D: Adults: 60 mg 2x/day or 180 mg 1x/day
Anak 6-11 thn: 30 mg 2x/hari.

Suspension:
Anak 2-11 thn: 30 mg 2x/hari, or 5 cc 2x/hari.
Anak 6bln-2thn: 15 mg or 2.5 cc 2x/hari.
P: preg: & lactation
ES: Headache, Nausea, Dizziness, Fatigue, Drowsiness (rare)
IO: Levels may increase with coadministration of erythromycin
and ketoconazole
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Corticosteroid, Topical Potensi Sedang
I: Inhalation: Control of bronchial asthma and related
bronchospastic conditions.
Intranasal: Management of seasonal and perennial allergic
rhinitis in patients greater than or equal to 12 years of age
Systemic: Adrenocortical insufficiency, rheumatic disorders,
allergic states, respiratory diseases, systemic lupus
erythematosus, and other diseases requiring anti-inflammatory
or immunosuppressive effects
Topical: Inflammatory dermatoses responsive to steroids
BSO: Semprot hidung 55 mcg/semprot. krim 0.1%
D: 220 mcg (2 semprot tiap lubang hidung) 1x/hr
Topikal: Oles 2-3x/hr
KI: Known hypersensitivity to triamcinolone; systemic fungal
infections; serious infections (except septic shock or
tuberculous meningitis); primary treatment of status asthmaticus

ES: Glaucoma, bronchospasm, epistaxis, Smell and taste
disturbances, Irritation of the tissues in the nose, Dryness of the
nose and throat, Stinging or burning at the area of application
IO: Decreased effect: Barbiturates, phenytoin, rifampin
metabolism of triamcinolone; vaccine and toxoid effects may be
reduced
Increased toxicity: Salicylates may increase risk of GI ulceration
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Nasacort AQ

Mometasone furoate
Medium potency topical corticosteroid
I: Hayfever & perennial allergic rhinitis. Nasal polyps in adults
>18 years of age. Atopic dermatitis, Psoriasis
BSO: Semprot hidung 50 mcg/dosis. Cream: 0.1%
D: 100 mcg (2 semprot) 1x/hr each nostril. maxl 200 mcg/hr
Topikal Oles 1x/hr
KI: Nasal infections. < 6 years of age. Topikal: Acne vulgaris,
acne rosacea.
P: Active or inactive tuberculosis infection, Herpes simplex virus
infection of the eye
ES: Headache, epistaxis, pharyngitis, Nasal irritation, Nasal
burning, Nasal ulceration, Smell or taste disturbances
Topikal: Thinning of the skin, Changes in skin pigmentation,
paraesthesia, Acne, contact dermatitis, striae, hypertrichosis,
folliculitis, Temporary burning and stinging on application
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Nasonex

D. Obat Pernapasan Lain
Beractant

Beractant
Lung Surfactant
I: Prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
(RDS) in premature infants
Rescue therapy: Treatment of infants with RDS confirmed by x-
ray and requiring mechanical ventilation (administer as soon as
possible - within 8 hours of age)
BSO: Suspension: 200 mg
D: Prophylactic treatment: Administer 100 mg phospholipids (4
mL/kg) intratracheal as soon as possible; as many as 4 doses
may be administered during the first 48 hours of life, no more
frequently than 6 hours apart. The need for additional doses is
determined by evidence of continuing respiratory distress; if the
infant is still intubated and requiring at least 30% inspired
oxygen to maintain a PaO2 less than or equal to 80 torr.
Rescue treatment: Administer 100 mg phospholipids (4 mL/kg)
as soon as the diagnosis of RDS is made; may repeat if
needed, no more frequently than every 6 hours to a maximum
of 4 doses
KI:
P: Rapidly affects oxygenation and lung compliance and should
be restricted to a highly supervised use in a clinical setting with
immediate availability of clinicians experienced with intubation
and ventilatory management of premature infants. If transient
episodes of bradycardia and decreased oxygen saturation
occur, discontinue the dosing procedure and initiate measures
to alleviate the condition; produces rapid improvements in lung
oxygenation and compliance that may require immediate
reductions in ventilator settings and FiO2.
ES: 1% to 10%: Respiratory: Oxygen desaturation
IO:
BSO:
Nama Dagang: Survanta

IV. NEURO MUSKULER
A. ANALGESIK & ANTIPIRETIK
B. ANTI RHEUMATIK & ANALGESIK ANTI INFLAMASI
C. PREPARAT GOUT
D. ANTI KONVULSAN & ANTI EPILEPSY
E. MINOR TRANSQUILIZER, ANXIETAS & RELAXAN
F. MAJOR TRANSQUILIZER
G. HIPNOTIC & SEDATIF
H. ANTI DEPRESSAN
I. STIMULAN SSP & OBAT ADHD
J. NOOTROPIK & NEUROTONIK
K. ANTI EMETIK & ANTI VERTIGO
L. PENYAKIT NEURODEGENERATIF
M. PENYAKIT NEUROMUSKULAR
N. PREPARAT PARKINSON
O. RELAKSAN OTOT

A. Analgesik & Antipiretik
Morphine
Pethidine
Codeine HCl
Meperidine
Mefenamic acid
Acetaminophen/ Paracetamol
Acetylsalicyclic acid/ Aspirin/ ASA
Metamizole sodium/ Methampyrone
Ketorolac
Tramadol
Naproxen

Analgesik Narcotic
Morphine
I: Relief of moderate to severe acute and chronic pain; pain of
myocardial infarction; relieves dyspnea of acute left ventricular
failure and pulmonary edema; preanesthetic medication
Capsule,: 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg
Injection: 0.5 mg/mL; 1 mg/mL; 2 mg/mL; 3 mg/mL; 4 mg/mL; 5
mg/mL; 8 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL; 15 mg/mL; 25 mg/mL; 50 mg/mL
Injection: Preservative free: 0.5 mg/mL; 1 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL;
25 mg/mL
I.V. via PCA pump: 1 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL
I.V. infusion preparation: 25 mg/mL
Solution, oral: 10 mg/5 mL; 20 mg/5 mL, 20 mg/mL, 100 mg/5
mL, 10 mg/2.5 mL
Suppository, rectal: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg
Tablet: 15 mg, 30 mg
Controlled release:
15 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg
Sustained release: 30 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg
D: Doses should be titrated to appropriate effect; when
changing routes of administration in chronically treated patients,
please note that oral doses are approximately one-half as
effective as parenteral dose
Oral: Tablet and solution (prompt release): 0.2-0.5
mg/kg/dose every 4-6 hours as needed; tablet (controlled
release): 0.3-0.6 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours
I.M., I.V., S.C.: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/dose every 2-4 hours as needed;
usual maximum: 15 mg/dose; may initiate at 0.05 mg/kg/dose
I.V., S.C. continuous infusion: Sickle cell or cancer pain:
0.025-2 mg/kg/hour; postoperative pain: 0.01-0.04 mg/kg/hour
Sedation/analgesia for procedures: I.V.: 0.05-0.1 mg/kg 5
minutes before the procedure
Adolescents >12 years: Sedation/analgesia for procedures:
I.V.: 3-4 mg and repeat in 5 minutes if necessary
Adults:
Oral: Prompt release: 10-30 mg every 4 hours as needed;
controlled release: 15-30 mg every 8-12 hours
I.M., I.V., S.C.: 2.5-20 mg/dose every 2-6 hours as needed;
usual: 10 mg/dose every 4 hours as needed
I.V., S.C. continuous infusion: 0.8-10 mg/hour; may increase
depending on pain relief/adverse effects; usual range: up to 80
mg/hour
Epidural: Initial: 5 mg in lumbar region; if inadequate pain relief
within 1 hour, administer 1-2 mg, maximum dose: 10 mg/24
hours
Intrathecal (1/10 of epidural dose): 0.2-1 mg/dose; repeat
doses not recommended
Rectal: 10-20 mg every 4 hours
Dosing adjustment in renal impairment:
Clcr <10 mL/minute: Administer at 50% of normal dose
Dosing adjustment/comments in hepatic disease:
Unchanged in mild liver disease; substantial extrahepatic
metabolism may occur; excessive sedation may occur in
cirrhosis

KI: hypersensitivity; increased intracranial pressure; severe
respiratory depression
P: Some preparations contain sulfites which may cause allergic
reactions; infants <3 months of age are more susceptible to
respiratory depression, use with caution and generally in
reduced doses in this age group; use with caution in patients
with impaired respiratory function or severe hepatic dysfunction
and in patients with hypersensitivity reactions to other
phenanthrene derivative opioid agonists (codeine,
hydrocodone, hydromorphone, levorphanol, oxycodone,
oxymorphone). Morphine shares the toxic potential of opiate
agonists and usual precautions of opiate agonist therapy should
be observed; may cause hypotension in patients with acute
myocardial infarction. Tolerance or drug dependence may result
from extended use.
ES: Percentage unknown: Flushing, CNS depression,
drowsiness, sedation, increased intracranial pressure,
antidiuretic hormone release, physical and psychological
dependence, diaphoresis
>10%: Palpitations, hypotension, bradycardia, Dizziness,
Nausea, vomiting, constipation, xerostomia, Pain at injection
site, Weakness, Histamine release
IO: CYP2D6 enzyme substrate
Increased toxicity: CNS depressants, tricyclic antidepressants
may potentiate the effects of morphine and other opiate
agonists; dextroamphetamine may enhance the analgesic effect
of morphine and other opiate agonists
Preg: B, D
Nama Dagang: MST Continus

Pethidine
opioid analgesics
Opioids mimic the effects of naturally occurring pain relieving
chemicals (endorphins). They bind to specific receptors in the
brain and spinal cord called opioid receptors, which results in
the blocking of transmission of pain signals.
I: Moderate-severe pain. Pain relief during childbirth & surgery
BSO:
D:
KI: COPD, Convulsions, respiratory depression, comatose
states
P: Neonates, Breathing problems, Convulsions, Diseases of the
bile ducts, Elderly people, prostatic hypertrophy, Head injury,
Hypothyroidism, tachycardia, raised intracranial pressure, acute
alcoholism, adrenocortical insufficiency, Premature infants,
shock, Severely decreased liver & kidney function, Weak or
debilitated people

ES: Changes in mood, Drowsiness, respiratory depression,
dependence, Skin rashes, hypotension, hallucinations,
Constipation, Nausea and vomiting
IO: Opioids should not be taken concurrently with all MAOI anti-
depressants (e.g. tranylcypromine and selegiline) and for two
weeks after the MAOI antidepressant has been stopped.
When taken together with other medicines that have a sedative
effect on the central nervous system, for example alcohol,
medicines that induce sleep (hypnotics), antidepressant and
antihistamines, drowsiness is likely to be increased .
Preg: A, B, C, D, X
Nama Dagang:

Meperidine
Analgesic, Narcotic
I: Dental: Adjunct in preoperative IV conscious sedation in
patients undergoing dental surgery; alternate oral narcotic in
patients allergic to codeine to treat moderate to moderate-
severe pain
Medical: Management of moderate to severe pain; adjunct to
anesthesia and preoperative sedation
BSO: Injection,: Multiple-dose vials: 50 mg/mL; 100 mg/mL
Injection, Single-dose: 10 mg/mL; 25 mg/dose; 50 mg/dose;
75 mg/dose; 100 mg/dose
Syrup,: 50 mg/5 mL
Tablet,: 50 mg, 100 mg
D: Doses should be titrated to appropriate analgesic effect;
when changing route of administration, note that oral doses are
about half as effective as parenteral dose
Adults: Oral, I.M., I.V.: S.C.: 50-150 mg/dose every 3-4 hours
as needed
Elderly:
Oral: 50 mg every 4 hours
I.M.: 25 mg every 4 hours
Clcr <10 mL/minute: Administer at 50% of normal dose
Dosing adjustment/comments in hepatic disease: Increased
narcotic effect in cirrhosis; reduction in dose more important for
oral than I.V. route
KI: Hypersensitivity to meperidine or any component; patients
receiving MAO inhibitors presently or in the past 14 days
P: Use with caution in patients with pulmonary, hepatic, renal
disorders, or increased intracranial pressure; use with caution in
patients with renal failure or seizure disorders or those receiving
high-dose meperidine; normeperidine (an active metabolite and
CNS stimulant) may accumulate and precipitate twitches,
tremors, or seizures; some preparations contain sulfites which
may cause allergic reaction; not recommended as a drug of first
choice for the treatment of chronic pain in the elderly due to the
accumulation of normeperidine; for acute pain, its use should be
limited to 1-2 doses; tolerance or drug dependence may result
from extended use
ES: >10%: Hypotension, Fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness,
Nausea, vomiting, constipation, Weakness, Histamine release
1-10%: Nervousness, headache, restlessness, malaise,
confusion, Anorexia, stomach cramps, xerostomia, biliary
spasm, Ureteral spasms, decreased urination, Pain at injection
site, Dyspnea, shortness of breath
IO: CYP2D6 enzyme substrate
Increased toxicity: May aggravate the adverse effects of
isoniazid; MAO inhibitors, fluoxetine, and other serotonin uptake
inhibitors greatly potentiate the effects of meperidine; acute
opioid overdosage symptoms can be seen, including severe
toxic reactions; CNS depressants, tricyclic antidepressants,
phenothiazines may potentiate the effects of meperidine
Preg: B, D
Nama Dagang:

Mefenamic acid
NSAID
I: Short-term relief of mild-moderate pain including primary
dysmenorrhea
D: 500 mg to start then 250 mg q4 hours; max therapy: 1 week
P: May have adverse effects on fetus
ES: Diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or abdominal
pain, Headache, Dizziness, Drowsiness, Skin rashes, Visual
disturbances, fluid retention, oedema, palpitations, Ulceration of
the stomach or intestines, pancreatitis, angioedema,
bronchospasm, Kidney, liver or blood disorders
IO: CYP2C9 enzyme substrate
Increased effect/toxicity with oral anticoagulants, methotrexate
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Acetaminophen/ Paracetamol
Acting directly on hypothalamic heat-regulating centers, which
increases dissipation of body heat via vasodilation and
sweating.
D: 325-650 mg PO/PR q4-6h or 1000 mg tid/qid; max 4 g/d
Paed.: 15 mg/kg PO/PR q4h prn; max 2.6 g/d
KI: Hipersensitif
IO:Rifampin can reduce analgesic effects; coadministration with
barbiturates, carbamazepine, hydantoins, and isoniazid may
increase hepatotoxicity; chronic use may potentiate effects of
warfarin
Preg: B
P: Hepatotoxicity possible in those with chronic alcoholism
following various dose levels; severe or recurrent pain or high or
continued fever may indicate a serious illness; APAP is
contained in many OTC products, and combined use with these
products may result in cumulative APAP doses that exceed
recommended maximum dose
Nama Dagang:
Aspirin/ Acetylsalicylic Acid/ ASA
I: Treatment of mild to moderate pain, inflammation, and fever;
prophylaxis for myocardial infarction and transient ischemic
episodes; management of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever,
osteoarthritis, and gout (high dose)
BSO: Suppository, rectal: 60 mg, 120 mg, 125 mg, 130 mg,
195 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 325 mg, 600 mg, 650 mg, 1.2 g
Tablet: 65 mg, 75 mg, 81 mg, 325 mg, 500 mg
D: Children:
Analgesic and antipyretic: Oral, rectal: 10-15 mg/kg/dose
q4-6h, max 60-80 mg/kg/day
Anti-inflammatory: Oral: Initial: 60-90 mg/kg/day in divided
doses; maintenance: 80-100 mg/kg/day divided q6-8h,
maximum dose: 3.6 g/day; monitor serum concentrations
Kawasaki disease: Oral: 80-100 mg/kg/day divided every 6
hours; after fever resolves: 8-10 mg/kg/day once daily; monitor
serum concentrations
Antirheumatic: Oral: 60-100 mg/kg/day in divided doses q4h
Adults:
Analgesic and antipyretic: Oral, rectal: 325-650 mg every 4-6
hours up to 4 g/day
Anti-inflammatory: Oral: Initial: 2.4-3.6 g/day in divided doses;
usual maintenance: 3.6-5.4 g/day; monitor serum
concentrations
TIA: Oral: 1.3 g/day in 2-4 divided doses
Myocardial infarction prophylaxis: 160-325 mg/day; a lower
aspirin dosage has been recommended in patients receiving
ACE inhibitors
KI: Hypersensitivity to salicylates or other NSAIDs; asthma;
rhinitis; nasal polyps; inherited or acquired bleeding disorders
(including factor VII and factor IX deficiency); pregnancy (in 3rd
trimester especially); do not use in children (<16 years of age)
for viral infections (chickenpox or flu symptoms), with or without
fever, due to a potential association with Reye's syndrome
P: Use with caution in patients with platelet and bleeding
disorders, renal dysfunction, dehydration, erosive gastritis, or
peptic ulcer disease. Heavy alcohol use (>3 drinks/day) can
increase bleeding risks. Avoid use in severe renal failure or in
severe hepatic failure. Discontinue use if tinnitus or impaired
hearing occurs. Caution in mild-moderate renal failure (only at
high dosages). Patients with sensitivity to tartrazine dyes, nasal
polyps and asthma may have an increased risk of salicylate
sensitivity. Surgical patients should avoid ASA if possible, for
1-2 weeks prior to surgery, to reduce the risk of excessive
bleeding.
ES: Hemorrhage, idiosyncratic, allergy, Hypotension,
tachycardia, dysrhythmias, edema, Rash, angioedema, urticaria
, Acidosis, hyperkalemia, dehydration, hypoglycemia (children),
hyperglycemia, hypernatremia (buffered forms), Nausea,
vomiting, dyspepsia, epigastric discomfort, heartburn, stomach
pains, gastrointestinal ulceration (6% to 31%), gastric erosions,
gastric erythema, duodenal ulcers, Anemia, D.I.C , prolongation
of prothrombin times, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia,
hemolytic anemia, bleeding, iron deficiency anemia ,
Hepatotoxicity, increased transaminases, hepatitis (reversible)
Neuromuscular and skeletal: Rhabdomyolysis, weakness,
acetabular bone destruction (OA)
Otic: Hearing loss, tinnitus
Renal: Interstitial nephritis, papillary necrosis, proteinuria, renal
impairment, renal failure (including cases caused by
rhabdomyolysis), increased BUN, increased serum creatinine
Respiratory: Asthma, bronchospasm, dyspnea, laryngeal
edema, hyperpnea, tachypnea, respiratory alkalosis,
noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
Miscellaneous: Anaphylaxis, prolonged pregnancy and labor,
stillbirths, low birth weight, peripartum bleeding, Reye's
syndrome
Case reports: Colonic ulceration, esophageal stricture,
esophagitis with esophageal ulcer, esophageal hematoma, oral
mucosal ulcers (aspirin-containing chewing gum), coronary
artery spasm, conduction defect and atrial fibrillation (toxicity),
delirium, ischemic brain infarction, colitis, rectal stenosis
(suppository), cholestatic jaundice, periorbital edema,
rhinosinusitis
IO: ACE inhibitors: The effects of ace inhibitors may be blunted
by aspirin administration, particularly at higher dosages.
Buspirone increases aspirin's free % in vitro.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and corticosteroids have been
associated with alteration in salicylate serum concentrations.
Heparin and low molecular weight heparins: Concurrent use
may increase the risk of bleeding.
Methotrexate serum levels may be increased; consider
discontinuing aspirin 2-3 days before high-dose methotrexate
treatment or avoid concurrent use.
NSAIDs may increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse
effects and bleeding. Serum concentrations of some NSAIDs
may be decreased by aspirin.
Platelet inhibitors (IIb/IIa antagonists): Risk of bleeding may be
increased.
Probenecid effects may be antagonized by aspirin.
Sulfonylureas: The effects of older sulfonylurea agents
(tolazamide, tolbutamide) may be potentiated due to
displacement from plasma proteins. This effect does not appear
to be clinically significant for newer sulfonylurea agents
(glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride).
Valproic acid may be displaced from its binding sites which can
result in toxicity.
Verapamil may potentiate the prolongation of bleeding time
associated with aspirin.
Warfarin and oral anticoagulants may increase the risk of
bleeding.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Metamizole sodium/ Methampyrone
I: Neuralgia, sakit kepala, berbagai nyeri
BSO: Kapl & Tab 500 mg
Amp 1g/2cc
D: Tab 500 mg- 1g 3-4x/hr. max 2 g/hr
Inj 500 mg 3-4x/hr IM/IV
KI: Perdarahan, porfiria, psikosis berat
P:
ES: Kantuk, ketergantungan, ggn penglihatan, hipotensi,
agranulositosis
IO: Klorpromazin
Preg:
Nama Dagang:

Ketorolac
NSAID
I: Short-term (<5 days) management of pain; first parenteral
NSAID for analgesia; 30 mg provides the analgesia comparable
to 12 mg of morphine or 100 mg of meperidine
BSO: Injection: 10 mg/cc, 30 mg/mL
Solution, ophthalmic: 0.5%
Tablet: 10 mg
D: Note: The use of ketorolac in children <16 years of age is
outside of product labeling
Single-dose treatment:
I.M., I.V.: 0.4-1 mg/kg as a single dose; Note: Limited
information exists. Single I.V. doses of 0.5 mg/kg, 0.75 mg/kg,
0.9 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg have been studied in children 2-16
years of age for postoperative analgesia. One study
(Maunuksela, 1992) used a titrating dose starting with 0.2
mg/kg up to a total of 0.5 mg/kg (median dose required: 0.4 mg/
kg).

Oral: One study used 1 mg/kg as a single dose for analgesia in
30 children (mean ± SD age: 3 ± 2.5 years) undergoing
bilateral myringotomy
Multiple-dose treatment: I.M., I.V., Oral: No pediatric studies
exist; one report (Buck, 1994) of the clinical experience with
ketorolac in 112 children, 6 months to 19 years of age (mean: 9
years), described usual I.V. maintenance doses of 0.5 mg/kg
every 6 hours (mean dose: 0.52 mg/kg; range: 0.17-1 mg/kg)
Adults (pain relief usually begins within 10 minutes with
parenteral forms):
Oral: 10 mg every 4-6 hours as needed for a maximum of 40
mg/day; on day of transition from I.M. to oral: maximum oral
dose: 40 mg (or 120 mg combined oral and I.M.); maximum 5
days administration
I.M.: Initial: 30-60 mg, then 15-30 mg every 6 hours as needed
for up to 5 days maximum; maximum dose in the first 24 hours:
150 mg with 120 mg/24 hours for up to 5 days total

I.V.: Initial: 30 mg, then 15-30 mg every 6 hours as needed for
up to 5 days maximum; maximum daily dose: 120 mg for up to
5 days total
Ophthalmic: Instill 1 drop in eye(s) 4 times/day for up to 7 days
Elderly >65 years: Renal insufficiency or weight <50 kg:
I.M.: 30 mg, then 15 mg every 6 hours
I.V.: 15 mg every 6 hours as needed for up to 5 days total;
maximum daily dose: 60 mg
KI: In patients who have developed nasal polyps, angioedema,
or bronchospastic reactions to other NSAIDs, active peptic ulcer
disease, recent GI bleeding or perforation, patients with
advanced renal disease or risk of renal failure, labor and
delivery, nursing mothers, patients with hypersensitivity to
ketorolac, aspirin, or other NSAIDs, prophylaxis before major
surgery, suspected or confirmed cerebrovascular bleeding,
hemorrhagic diathesis, concurrent ASA or other NSAIDs,
epidural or intrathecal administration, concomitant probenecid
P: Use extra caution and reduce dosages in the elderly because
it is cleared renally somewhat slower, and the elderly are also
more sensitive to the renal effects of NSAIDs; use with caution
in patients with congestive heart failure, hypertension,
decreased renal or hepatic function, history of GI disease
(bleeding or ulcers), or those receiving anticoagulants
ES: Renal impairment, wound bleeding (with I.M.),
postoperative hematomas
1- 10%: Edema, Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, pain,
Nausea, dyspepsia, diarrhea, gastric ulcers, indigestion, Pain at
injection site, Diaphoresis (increased)
IO: Decreased effect of diuretics
Increased toxicity: Lithium, methotrexate increased drug level;
increased effect/toxicity with salicylates, probenecid,
anticoagulants
Preg: B, D hamil trim 3
Nama Dagang:

Tramadol
Analgesic, Non-narcotic
I:Inhibits ascending pain pathways, altering perception of and
response to pain. Also inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and
serotonin.
BSO: Tab: 50 mg, 100 mg
D: 50-100 mg PO q4-6h; max 400 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif; opioid-dependency; concurrent use of MAOIs
or within 14 d; use of SSRIs, TCAs, or opioids or acute alcohol
intoxication
IO: Decreases carbamazepine effects; cimetidine increases
toxicity, risk of serotonin syndrome with coadministration of
antidepressants
Preg: C
P: Dizziness, nausea, constipation, sweating, or pruritus;
additive sedation with alcohol and TCAs; abrupt discontinuation
can precipitate opioid withdrawal symptoms; adjust dose in liver
disease, myxedema, hypothyroidism, or hypoadrenalism; Preg:

and breastfeeding; seizure; development of tolerance or
dependency with extended use
Nama Dagang:

Naproxen Na
NSAID
I: Management of inflammatory disease and rheumatoid
disorders (including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis); acute gout;
mild to moderate pain; dysmenorrhea; fever, migraine
headache
BSO: Suspension, oral: 125 mg/5 mL
Tablet: 220 mg;275 mg;550 mg,200 mg,250 mg,375mg,500mg
Tablet, controlled release: 375 mg, 500 mg
D: Oral:
Fever: 2.5-10 mg/kg/dose; maximum: 10 mg/kg/day
Juvenile arthritis: 10 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses
Adults:
RA, OA and ankylosing spondylitis: 500-1000 mg/day in 2
divided doses; may increase to 1.5 g/day of naproxen base for
limited time period
Mild to moderate pain or dysmenorrhea: Initial: 500 mg, then
250 mg every 6-8 hours; maximum: 1250 mg/day naproxen
base
Dosing adjustment in hepatic impairment: Reduce dose to 50%
KI: Hypersensitivity to naproxen, aspirin, or other nonsteroidal

anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
P: Use with caution in patients with GI disease (bleeding or
ulcers), cardiovascular disease (CHF, hypertension),
dehydration, renal or hepatic impairment, and patients receiving
anticoagulants; perform ophthalmologic evaluation for those
who develop eye complaints during therapy (blurred vision,
diminished vision, changes in color vision, retinal changes);
NSAIDs may mask signs/symptoms of infections;
photosensitivity reported; elderly are at especially high-risk for
adverse effects
pain, Headache, Dizziness, insomnia, vertigo, tinnitus, Skin
reactions such as rash or itching, Ulceration or bleeding of the
stomach or intestines, fluid retention, oedema, Increase in blood
pressure, Visual disturbances, Drowsiness, Concentration
difficulties, Depression, Seizures (convulsions), bronchospasm,
angioedema, itchy blistering rash or anaphylactic shock,
photosensitivity, Kidney, liver or blood disorders
IO: CYP2C8, 2C9, and 2C18 enzyme substrate
Increased toxicity:
Naproxen could displace other highly protein bound drugs, such
as oral anticoagulants, hydantoins, salicylates, sulfonamides,
and sulfonylureas
Naproxen and warfarin may cause a slight increase in free
warfarin
Naproxen and probenecid may cause increased plasma half-life
of naproxen
Naproxen and methotrexate may significantly increase and
prolong blood methotrexate concentration, which may be
severe or fatal
Nama Dagang:

B. Anti Rheumatik & Analgesik Anti Inflamasi
Piroxicam Meloxicam
Tenoxicam Naproxen
Ibuprofen Diclofenac
Ketoprofen Etodolac
Sulfasalazine Indometacin
Loxoprofen Phenylbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone Dexketoprofen
Fenbufen Nabumetone
Celecoxib Valdecoxib
Etoricoxib Etanercept
Parecoxib Tinoridine
Sodium hyaluronate/ Hyaluronic acid
Nimesulide Infliximab
Rituximab
Glucosamine, Chondroitin sulphate
Diacerein
Leflunomide

Piroxicam
NSAID
I: Management of inflammatory disorders; symptomatic
treatment of acute and chronic rheumatoid arthritis,
osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis; also used to treat
sunburn
BSO: Tab 10 mg, 20 mg. Vial IM 20 mg. Supp 20 mg
Gel 0.5 %
D: 10-20 mg/d PO. 0.2-0.3 mg/kg/d PO; max 15 mg/d
Gel: oles 3-4x/hr

KI: Hypersensitivity; active GI bleeding
P: Use with caution in patients with impaired cardiac function,
dehydration, hypertension, impaired renal function, GI disease
(bleeding or ulcers) and patients receiving anticoagulants;
elderly have increased risk for adverse reactions to NSAIDs
ES: Indigestion, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain, Loss of appetite, flatulence, Skin reactions
such as rash or itching, photosensitivity, Ulceration of the
stomach or intestines, Bleeding from the stomach or intestines,
fluid retention), resulting in swelling (oedema), Dizziness,
Headache, Sleepiness, Difficulty sleeping, Depression,
Confusion, vertigo, tinnitus, Blurred vision, angioedema,
bronchospasm, Kidney, liver or blood disorders.
IO:
Preg: C, D Hamil trim 3
Nama Dagang:

Meloxicam
To some extent, more selective for COX-2 receptors, compared
to traditional NSAIDs. Decreases activity of cyclooxygenase,
which in turn inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. These effects
decrease formation of inflammatory mediators.
I: Relief of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis
BSO: Tablet: 7.5 mg, 15 mg.
Supp 15 mg
Amp 15 mg/1.5 cc
D: 7.5 mg PO qd prn (1x/hr); may increase to 15 mg PO qd prn
KI: Hipersensitif; active GI bleeding
IO: Coadministration with aspirin increases risk of inducing
serious NSAID-related adverse effects; probenecid may
increase concentrations and, possibly, toxicity of NSAIDs; may
decrease effect of hydralazine, captopril, and beta-blockers;
may decrease diuretic effects of furosemide and thiazides; may
increase PT when taking anticoagulants (instruct patients to
watch for signs of bleeding); may increase risk of methotrexate

toxicity; phenytoin levels may be increased when administered
concurrently
Preg: C, D hamil trim 3
P:
Category D in third trimester of Preg:; acute renal insufficiency,
hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, interstitial nephritis, and renal
papillary necrosis may occur; increases risk of acute renal
failure in patients with preexisting renal disease or
compromised renal perfusion; reversible leukopenia may occur,
(discontinue if there is persistent leukopenia, granulocytopenia,
or thrombocytopenia)
NSAID labeling carries a warning about increased risk of
hypertension, stroke, and cardiovascular events, including
myocardial infarction
Nama Dagang:

Tenoxicam
NSAID. Blocking the production of prostaglandin which the body
produces in response to injury or certain diseases.
prostaglandin go on to cause swelling, pain and inflammation.
I: Arthritis, myalgia, Pain
D: 20 mg 1x/hr
Gout akut: Hr 1-2: 40 mg 1x/hr. 5 hr berikutnya 20 mg/hr
KI: Allergy, Peptic ulcers, Ulcer caused by NSAID
P: Asthma, Children, Elderly, Heart, Kidney & liver disease
ES: Rash, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Nausea, dyspepsia,
Ulceration & Bleeding of the stomach or intestine, fluid
retention, Dizziness, Blood disorders, Kidney disease,
pancreatitis, photosensitivity, toxic epidermal necrolysis,
bronchospasm, Damage to the liver
Nama Dagang:

Naproxen
NSAID
I: For relief of mild to moderate pain; inhibits inflammatory
reactions and pain by decreasing activity of cyclooxygenase,
which results in decrease of prostaglandin synthesis.
BSO: Tab 250 mg. Kapl 500 mg. supp 500 mg
Suspension, oral: 125 mg/5 mL
Gel 0.1 g/g
D: 500 mg PO followed by 250 mg PO q6-8h; max 1.25 g/d
Paed.
>2 years: 2.5 mg/kg/dose PO; max 10 mg/kg/d
Gel: Oles 2x/hr max6x/hr
KI: Hipersensitif; peptic ulcer disease; recent GI bleeding or
perforation; renal insufficiency
IO:
Coadministration with aspirin increases risk of inducing serious
NSAID-related adverse effects; probenecid may increase
concentrations and, possibly, toxicity of NSAIDs; may decrease
effects of hydralazine, captopril, and beta-blockers; may
decrease diuretic effects of furosemide and thiazides; may
concurrently
P:
interstitial nephritis, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and renal
papillary necrosis may occur; patients with preexisting renal
disease or compromised renal perfusion risk acute renal failure;
leukopenia occurs rarely, is transient, and usually returns to
normal during therapy; persistent leukopenia, granulocytopenia,
or thrombocytopenia warrants further evaluation and may
require discontinuation of drug
Nama Dagang:

Ibuprofen
DOC for patients with mild-moderate pain. Inhibits inflammatory
reactions and pain by decreasing prostaglandin synthesis.
BSO: Caplet: 100 mg
Drops, oral: 40 mg/mL
Suspension, oral, drops: 40 mg/mL; 50 mg/1.25 mL
Tablet: 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg
Tablet, chewable: 50 mg, 100 mg
D: 400 mg PO q4-6h; max 3.2 g/d
KI:
Hipersensitif; peptic ulcer disease; recent GI bleeding or
perforation; renal insufficiency; high risk of bleeding
IO:
concurrently
Preg: B, D pd trim III atau menjelang partus
P:
Category D in third trimester of Preg:; caution in congestive
heart failure, hypertension, and decreased renal and hepatic
function; caution in coagulation abnormalities or during
anticoagulant therapy
Nama Dagang:

Diclofenac
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by decreasing activity of
enzyme cyclooxygenase, which in turn decreases formation of
prostaglandin precursors.
BSO: Solution, ophthalmic,: 0.1%
Tablet, enteric coated: 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg
Tablet, delayed release: 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg
Tablet, extended release: 100 mg
Gel
D: 50 mg PO tid; max 150 mg/d
KI:
Hipersensitif; peptic ulcer disease; recent GI bleeding or
perforation; renal insufficiency; high risk of bleeding
IO:
concurrently
Preg: B
P:
hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, interstitial nephritis, and renal
papillary necrosis may occur; increases risk of acute renal
failure in patients with preexisting renal disease or
compromised renal perfusion; low WBC counts occur rarely and
usually return to normal in ongoing therapy; discontinuation of
therapy may be necessary if persistent leukopenia,
granulocytopenia, or thrombocytopenia
Nama Dagang:

Ketoprofen
Relief of mild to moderate pain and inflammation.
BSO: Tab salut enteric 50 mg, 100 mg
Tab OD 200 mg
Supp 100 mg
Amp: 50 mg/cc, 100 mg/ 2cc
Gel 2.5 %
D: 25-50 mg PO q6-8h prn; max 300 mg/d
Gel: oles 2-3x/hr max 7 hari
KI: Hipersensitif
IO:

concurrently
Preg:
B - Usually safe but benefits must outweigh the risks.
D Hamil trim 3
P:
Category D in third trimester of Preg:; caution in congestive
heart failure, hypertension, and decreased renal and hepatic
function; caution in coagulation abnormalities or during
anticoagulant therapy
Nama Dagang:

Etodolac
NSAID
I: Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis.
D: Single dose of 76-100 mg is comparable to the analgesic
effect of aspirin 650 mg; in patients greater than or equal to 65
years, no substantial differences in the pharmacokinetics or
side-effects profile were seen compared with the general
population
Acute pain: 200-400 mg every 6-8 hours, as needed, max total
daily doses of 1200 mg; for patients weighing <60 kg, total daily
dose should not exceed 20 mg/kg/day
Osteoarthritis: Initial: 800-1200 mg/day given in divided doses:
400 mg 2 or 3 times/day; 300 mg 2, 3 or 4 times/day; 200 mg 3
or 4 times/day; total daily dose should not exceed 1200 mg; for
patients weighing <60 kg, total daily dose should not exceed 20
mg/kg/day

KI: Allergic reactions, peptic ulcer or bleeding from the gut,
Severe heart failure, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, children.
P: Elderly people, History of disorders affecting the stomach or
intestines, Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease
or ulcerative colitis, Kidney & Liver disease, Heart failure,
ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, Poor
circulation in the arteries of the legs or feet (peripheral arterial
disease), hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, Diabetes, Smokers,
History of asthma, People taking anticoagulant medicines
abdominal pain, flatulence, stomatitis, Headache, Dizziness,
Visual disturbances, Skin reactions such as rash and itch,
photosensitivity, insomnia, Drowsiness, Confusion, Depression,
fluid retention, oedema, tinnitus, dyspnoea, Ulceration or
bleeding in the stomach or intestines, angioedema,
bronchospasm, Kidney, liver or blood disorders.
IO: Decreased effect with aspirin

Increased effect/toxicity with aspirin (GI irritation), probenecid;
increased effect/toxicity of lithium, methotrexate, digoxin,
cyclosporin (nephrotoxicity), warfarin (bleeding)

Nama Dagang:
Lonene

Indomethacin
NSAID
I: RA, OA, ankylosing spondylitis, Acute gout, tendinitis, bursitis,
tenosynovitis, capsulitis, Painful disorders of the muscles and
skeleton, Lower back pain, Pain and inflammation following
orthopaedic (bone) surgery or other orthopaedic procedures,
Dysmenorrhea)
BSO: Kaps 100 mg
D: 200 mg 2x/hr
KI: Children, allergic reactions, Active peptic ulcer or bleeding
from the gut, Severe heart failure, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding.
intestines, Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease
or ulcerative colitis, Decreased kidney & liver function, Heart
failure, hypertension, History of asthma & allergies, People with
blood clotting disorders or taking anticoagulants, Epilepsy,
Parkinson's disease, Psychiatric disorders

ES: Headache, Dizziness, indigestion, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhoea or abdominal pain, Ulceration or bleeding in the
stomach or intestines, fluid retention, oedema, Rise in blood
pressure, Change in heart rate or rhythm, Hair loss, vertigo,
tinnitus, Confusion, Depression, Anxiety, Fatigue, insomnia,
Pins and needles sensations, Eye pain, Blurred vision, Allergy,
Kidney, liver or blood disorders
IO: CYP2C9 enzyme substrate
Increased toxicity: May increase serum potassium with
potassium-sparing diuretics; probenecid may increase
indomethacin serum concentrations; other NSAIDs may
increase GI adverse effects; may increase nephrotoxicity of
cyclosporin
Indomethacin may increase serum concentrations of digoxin,
methotrexate, lithium, and aminoglycosides (reported with I.V.
use in neonates)
Preg: B, D if used >48 hours or after 34-week gestation
Nama Dagang: Dialon

Loxoprofen
I: AR, OA, nyeri punggung, periartritis skapulo-humoral &
sindroma leher-bahu & lengan
BSO: Tab 60 mg
D: Dws 60 mg 3x/hr atau dosis tunggal 60-120 mg tgt umur &
beratnya gejala.
KI: Tukak peptik, ggn hematologi berat. Hamil trim akhir, laktasi
P: Usia lanjut, hamil
ES: syok, anemia hemolitik, sindr mukokutaneus okular, ggl
ginjal akut, sindr nefrotik
IO: Antikoagulan kumarin, kuinolon, antimikroba
Nama Dagang:
Loxonin

Phenylbutazone
I: AR, Demam rematik, tendonitis, bursitis, sinovitis, gout akut,
tromboflebitis superfisial
BSO: Kapl & Kaps 100 mg, 200 mg
D: Awal 300-600 mg/hr terbagi dlm 3-4 dosis

KI: Edema,dekompensasi kordis, tukak lambung, riwayat
diskrasia darah, anak < 14 thn, ggn hati & ginjal
P: Usia lanjut, hamil & laktasi
ES: Mual, muntah, ggn epigastrium, hematuria, penglihatan
kabur
IO: antikoagulan, insulin, hipoglikemik oral
Nama Dagang:

Oxyphenbutazone
NSAID
I: Management of inflammatory disorders, as an analgesic in
the treatment of mild to moderate pain; acute gouty arthritis
D: Acute gout: 1st 400 mg then 100 mg q4h. max 7day

KI: Active GI bleeding; ulcer disease; hypersensitivity to
oxyphenbutazone or any component
P:
ES: >10%: Dizziness, Skin rash, Abdominal cramps, heartburn,
indigestion, nausea
1% to 10%: Headache, nervousness, Itching, Fluid retention,
Vomiting, Tinnitus
IO:
Preg: D
BSO:
Nama Dagang: Reozon

Dexketoprofen
NSAID
I: Pain in muscles, bones/ joints, dysmenorrhea, Toothache
D: 12.5 mg 3-4x/hr atau 25 mg 3x/hr. Maks 75 mg.

KI: Children, allergic, asthma, peptic ulcer, Crohn's disease,
Ulcerative colitis, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding.
P: Elderly people, Dehydration, History of disorders affecting
the stomach or intestines, hypertension, History of allergies
ES: Indigestion, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea,
heartburn, abdominal pain, Headache, Dizziness, insomnia,
vertigo, Palpitations, Fatigue, Flushing, Dry mouth, fluid
retention, oedema, Changes in blood pressure, Ulceration of
the stomach or intestine, bronchospasm, photosensitivity,
Visual disturbances, tinnitus
Nama Dagang: Ketesse

Fenbufen
NSAID
I: Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Osteoarthritis,
Painful disorders of the muscles and skeleton, such as
tendinitis, sprains, strains, dislocations, fractures, back pain
BSO: Kaps 300 mg
D:
Rematik: 600-900 mg 2-3x/hr. Max 1200 mg/hr
Analgesik: 400 mg 2x/hr atau 300 mg 3x/hr
KI: Allergic reactions, Active peptic ulcer or bleeding from the
gut, Severe heart failure, children < 14 years of age.
P: Elderly people, Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's
disease or ulcerative colitis, Heart failure, hypertension, History
of asthma & allergies, People with blood clotting disorders or
taking anticoagulant medicines, Diseases affecting connective
tissue, eg SLE
abdominal pain, Rash, Headache, Dizziness, insomnia, tinnitus,
vertigo, Visual disturbances, Ulceration of the stomach or
intestines, Bleeding from the stomach or intestines, fluid
retention, oedema, photosensitivity, Hypersensitivity reactions,
Kidney, liver or blood disorders, Lung disorders
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Cybufen

Nabumetone
NSAID
I: Inflammation of joints (arthritis)
D: 500-1000 mg 1-2x/day Max 1 g/hr

KI: Allergy, Peptic ulcers, Severe liver disease
P: Asthma, Children, Elderly people, Heart disease,
hypertension, Kidney disease, Liver disease
ES: Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Nausea, dyspepsia, Ulceration
of the stomach or intestine, Rash (allergic reaction), fluid
retention, Dizziness or loss of balance, Kidney disease,
pancreatitis, photosensitivity, toxic epidermal necrolysis,
bronchospasm, angioedema
IO: Aspirin decreases serum concentrations probably by
protein-binding displacement; there is an increased bleeding
potential with concomitant warfarin therapy; may increase
lithium and methotrexate concentrations by decreasing renal
clearance; may decrease diuretic and hypotensive effects of
thiazides, loop diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers; may
increase nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine
Nama Dagang: Goflex

Celecoxib
Primarily inhibits COX-2. COX-2 is considered an inducible
isoenzyme, induced by pain and inflammatory stimuli. Inhibition
of COX-1 may contribute to NSAID GI toxicity. At therapeutic
concentrations, COX-1 isoenzyme is not inhibited, thus GI
toxicity may be decreased. Seek lowest dose of celecoxib for
each patient. Celecoxib has the same general class labeling as
conventional NSAIDs.
BSO: Kaps 100 mg, 200 mg
D: 100 mg PO qd/bid (1-2x/hr)
KI: Hipersensitif
IO:
Coadministration with fluconazole may cause increase in
celecoxib plasma concentrations because of inhibition of
celecoxib metabolism; coadministration of celecoxib with
rifampin may decrease celecoxib plasma concentrations
Preg: B
P:

May cause fluid retention and peripheral edema; caution in
compromised cardiac function, hypertension, and conditions
predisposing to fluid retention; severe heart failure and
hyponatremia may occur because celecoxib may deteriorate
circulatory hemodynamics; NSAIDs may mask usual signs of
infection; caution in the presence of existing controlled
infections; evaluate symptoms and signs suggesting liver
dysfunction
Nama Dagang: Celebrex

Valdecoxib
NSAID
I: RA, OA, dysmenorrhoea
D: OA &RA 10-20 mg 1x/hr. Max 20 mg
Dismenore primer 40 mg 1x/hr. Tambahan 40 mg dpt diberikan
pd hari I .
KI: Allergy, Active peptic ulcer, Bleeding from the stomach or
intestines, Inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis
or Crohn's disease, People who have had coronary artery
bypass graft (CABG) surgery, Moderate to severe heart failure,
ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, Severely
decreased liver function, Third trimester of pregnancy,
Breastfeeding,
P: Elderly people, Moderately decreased liver function,
Decreased kidney function, fluid retention, Dehydration, History
of diseases of the stomach or intestines, History of ulceration or
bleeding in the stomach or intestines, hypertension,
hyperlipidaemia, Diabetes, Smokers, Narrowing of the arteries
in the extremities (peripheral arterial disease)
ES: Abdominal pain and bloating, diarrhoea, nausea,
indigestion, Dry mouth, insomnia, somnolence, hypertension,
Cough, pharyngitis, sinusitis, Urinary tract infection, peripheral
oedema, Rash or itching, anaemia, Dry socket following a tooth
extraction, Blurred vision, Pins and needles or numb
sensations, Anxiety, Confusion, Ulceration or bleeding of the
stomach or intestines, heart failure, Severe skin reactions
IO: If you are taking anti-blood-clotting medicines
(anticoagulants) such as warfarin, you should have your blood
clotting time (INR) monitored if you start or stop treatment with
valdecoxib, or if your dose is changed.
Valdecoxib may be taken with low-dose (75mg daily) aspirin.
However, this combination may carry an increased risk of
ulceration or bleeding in the stomach or intestines compared to
taking valdecoxib on its own. Valdecoxib should not be taken
with higher daily doses of aspirin. For more information and
advice ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Valdecoxib should not be taken with other non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), eg ibuprofen, diclofenac, as
using more than one NSAID together may also increase the risk
of side effects on the gut.
Valdecoxib may potentially decrease the effectiveness of
medicines used for lowering high blood pressure
(antihypertensives).
There may be an increased risk of side effects on the kidney if
valdecoxib is taken with any of the following medicines, and
your kidney function should be monitored if you are taking any
of these medicines with valdecoxib:
* ACE inhibitors, eg enalapril
* ciclosporin
* diuretics, eg bendroflumethiazide, furosemide
* tacrolimus.
The following medicines may increase the blood level of
valdecoxib, and your doctor may prescribe a lower dose of
valdecoxib if you are taking one of these medicines:

* fluconazole
* ketoconazole.
The following medicines may decrease the blood level of
valdecoxib:
* antiepileptics, eg carbamazepine, phenytoin
* dexamethasone
* rifampicin.
Valdecoxib may increase the blood levels of the following
medicines:
* flecainide
* propafenone
* metoprolol
* omeprazole
* phenytoin
* diazepam
* imipramine
* lithium (your lithium blood level should be monitored if you
are starting, changing dose, or stopping valdecoxib while taking
lithium).
Valdecoxib may also increase the blood levels of hormones
(oestrogens and progestogens) contained in combined oral
contraceptive pills, and this may increase the risk of side effects
from these pills. Discuss this with your doctor.
Other NSAIDs can reduce the removal of the medicine
methotrexate from the body. This has not been reported with
valdecoxib, but people taking methotrexate should be well
monitored for any side effects of methotrexate while taking
valdecoxib.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Bextra

Etoricoxib
NSAID
I: Acute gout, RA, OA
BSO: Tab salut selaput 60 mg, 90 mg, 120 mg
D: 60 -120 mg 1x/hr
KI: < 16 years of age, allergic reactions, Severely decreased
liver function, Moderate to severely decreased kidney function,
Active peptic ulcer or bleeding from the gut, Inflammatory bowel
disease such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis,
hypertension, Heart failure, ischaemic heart disease,
cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease,
Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, Rare hereditary problems of
galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-
galactose malsorption (Arcoxia tablets contain lactose).
intestines, such as ulceration or bleeding, Decreased liver &
kidney function, Liver cirrhosis, Dehydration, History of heart

failure, oedema, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, Diabetes,
Smokers
ES: Headache, Dizziness, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea,
vomiting, indigestion, flatulence or abdominal pain, oedema,
hypertension, asthenia, Fatigue, Cold or flu-like symptoms, Skin
reactions such as rash and itch, Blurred vision, insomnia,
Muscle cramps, Weight gain, Anxiety, Depression, epistaxis,
dyspnoea, Chest pain, Heart attack or stroke, Ulceration or
bleeding of the stomach or intestine, Liver or kidney disorders
IO:
Nama Dagang: Arcoxia

Etanercept
Soluble p75 TNF receptor fusion protein (sTNFR-Ig). Inhibits
TNF binding to cell surface receptors, which, in turn, decreases
inflammatory and immune responses.
BSO: Vial 25 mg
D: 25 mg SC 2x/wk with or without concomitant administration
of MTX
KI: Hipersensitif, sepsis, concurrent live vaccination
IO: -
Preg: B
P:
Caution in impaired renal function and asthma; discontinue
administration if serious infection develops; adverse effects may
include injection site pain, localized erythema, rash, URI
symptomology, GI upset, nausea, vomiting, rhinitis, cough, and
drug-induced lupus
Nama Dagang: Enbrel

Parecoxib
I: Terapi jangka pendek utk nyeri pasca operasi
BSO: Vial 20 mg
D: 40 mg IV/IM diikuti 20-40 mg 2-4x/hr. Max 80 mg/hr
Lansia > 65 th: BB < 50 Kg ½ dosis lazim. Max 40 mg/hr
KI: Hipersensitif, hamil (tirm 1 & 2), laktasi, tukak peptic aktif
P:
ES: Hipoestesi, nyeri punggung, edema perifer, osteitis
alveolar, dispepsia, kembung, peningkatan kreatinin,
hipokalemia,agitasi, insomnia.
IO: Warfarin, diuretik, antihipertensi, siklosporin, takrolimus,
flukonazol, rifampisin, fenitoin
Nama Dagang:
Dynastat

Tinoridine
I: Radang pasca bedah, cedera sal. Kemih, radang akut sal
nafas atas, otitis, artritis, uretritis, epididimitis, lumbago, nyeri
punggung, artralgia, nyeri setelah cabut gigi, rematik
BSO: Kaps 50 mg
D: 50-100 mg 2x/hr
KI:
P:
ES: Jarang, ggn GI, vertigo, mulut kering
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Nonflamin

Sodium hyaluronate/ Hyaluronic acid
I: Surgical aid in cataract extraction, intraocular implantation,
corneal transplant, glaucoma filtration, and retinal attachment
surgery
BSO: Jarum suntik 10 mg/mL, 12 mg/mL, 14 mg/mL, 16 mg/mL
20 mg/cc, 30 mg/mL
D: 3 cc/ sendi lutut atau pinggang sebagai dosis tunggal
KI: Hypersensitivity to hyaluronate
P: Do not overfill the anterior chamber; carefully monitor
intraocular pressure; risk of hypersensitivity exists
ES: 1% to 10%: Ocular: Postoperative inflammatory reactions
(iritis, hypopyon), corneal edema, corneal decompensation,
transient postoperative increase in IOP
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Nimesulide
I: OA, RA, pnykit Rematik ekstra artikuler, nyeri & peradangan
sesudah intervensi bedah & akibat trauma akut, dismenore.
BSO: Tab 100 mg
D: 100 mg 2x/hr
KI: Hipersensitifitas, tukak lambung, Anak, Hamil
P: Ggn fungsi ginjal dan jantung
ES: Anoreksia, urin gelap,perforasi, vertigo.
IO: AINS lain: meningkatkan resiko perdarahan
Preg: X
Nama Dagang:

Infliximab
Chimeric IgG1k monoclonal antibody that neutralizes cytokine
TNF-alpha and inhibits its binding to TNF-alpha receptor.
Reduces infiltration of inflammatory cells and TNF-alpha
production in inflamed areas. Used with MTX in patients who
have inadequate response to MTX monotherapy.
BSO: Vial 100 mg
D: 3 mg/kg IV at weeks 0, 2, and 6; then q4-8wk, usually with
MTX; some patients require higher doses (4-5 mg/kg)
KI: Hipersensitif
Preg: B
P: TNF-alpha modulates cellular immune responses; anti–TNF
therapies, such as infliximab, may adversely affect normal
immune responses and allow development of superinfections;
may increase risk of reactivation of TB in patients with certain
granulomatous infections; PPD-+ patients require TB
prophylaxis; may cause anti-DNA antibodies and drug-induced
lupus
Nama Dagang: Remicade
Rituximab
Chimeric IgG1-kappa monoclonal antibody directed against the
CD20 antigen found on the surface of normal and malignant B
lymphocytes. The Fab domain of rituximab binds to CD20
antigen on B lymphocytes, and Fc domain recruits immune
effector functions to mediate B-cell lysis in vitro. Possible
mechanisms of cell lysis include complement-dependent
cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC). Rituximab in combination with
methotrexate is indicated to reduce signs and symptoms in
adult patients with moderately to severely active RA who have
had an inadequate response to one or more TNF antagonist
therapies.
BSO: Injection, preservative free: 100 mg/ 10cc; 500 mg/50cc
D: Give two 1-g IV infusions 2 wk apart
Glucocorticoids administered as methylprednisolone 100 mg IV
or equivalent 30 min prior to each infusion are recommended to
reduce incidence and severity of infusion reactions

Adults: I.V. (refer to individual protocols): Do not administer
I.V. push or bolus (hypersensitivity reactions may occur).
Consider premedication (consisting of acetaminophen and
diphenhydramine) before each infusion of rituximab.
Premedication may attenuate infusion-related events. Because
transient hypotension may occur during infusion, give
consideration to withholding antihypertensive medications 12
hours prior to rituximab infusion.
KI: Known anaphylaxis or IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to
murine proteins or any component of product
IO: renal toxicity reported with drug in combination with cisplatin
in clinical trials (in clinical trials involving patients with RA,
concomitant administration of MTX or cyclophosphamide did
not alter pharmacokinetics of rituximab)
Preg: C
P: Safety and efficacy of re-treatment not established in
controlled trials; not recommended in patients with RA and no
prior inadequate response to one or more TNF antagonists; has
caused severe infusion reactions (in some cases, reactions
were fatal); hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation with fulminant
hepatitis, hepatic failure, and death has been reported in some
patients with hematologic malignancies treated with rituximab;
hypersensitivity reactions (non–IgE-mediated reactions
reported); mucocutaneous reactions, some with fatal outcome,
have been reported in patients treated with rituximab;
vaccination with live-virus vaccines not recommended
Nama Dagang: MabThera

Glucosamine HCl, Chondroitin sulphate
I: OA, membantu melindungi kerusakan rawan sendi
BSO: Krim
D: 2-3x/hr
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Diacerein
I: Terapi oral jangka panjang spesifik utk penykt sendi
degeneratif (OA & penyakit lain yg berkaitan)
BSO: Kapl 50 mg
D: 1 kapl 2x/hr
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Hamil & laktasi
ES: Mual, muntah, diare, nyeri epigastrik
IO: Obat yg menyebabkan perubahan transit intestinal & atau
kualitas kandungan intestinal (misalnya kelebihan serat atau
filtrate), Al hidroksida, Mg hidroksida
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Artrodar

Leflunomide
Antimetabolite
First new DMARD approved in more than 10 years. Blocks
autoimmune antibodies and reduces inflammation. Inhibits
dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the de novo
pyrimidine synthesis pathway. Studies indicate that it reduces
symptoms, possibly better than MTX, and may even slow
progression of RA. Use with caution in renal insufficiency
I: Treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis to reduce signs and
symptoms and to retard structural damage as evidenced by x-
ray erosions and joint space narrowing
BSO: Tablet: 10 mg, 20 mg, 100 mg
D: Initial: 100 mg/d PO for 3 d
Maintenance dose: 10-20 mg/d PO
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Cholestyramine and charcoal reduce effects; concomitant
rifampin increases toxicity
Preg: X
P:
Serious adverse reactions include hepatotoxicity and
immunosuppression; other reactions include nausea, diarrhea,
abdominal pain, rash, bronchitis, headache, hypertension,
dizziness, and alopecia; caution if impaired liver or renal
function or if immunodeficient; leflunomide is a prodrug and
active metabolite has a very long plasma half-life
(approximately 15 d); with serious toxicity, can be cleared more
quickly using cholestyramine 8 mg tid.
Nama Dagang:
Arava

C. Preparat Gout
Colchicine
Allopurinol
Indometacin
Phenylbutazone
Probenecid

Colchicine
-- Inhibits microtubules and thereby may inhibit phagocytosis,
neutrophil mobility, and chemotaxis. Also may inhibit generation
of prostaglandins.
BSO: Injection: 0.5 mg/mL
Tablet: 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg
D: PO for acute flares: 0.5 mg or 0.6 mg q1h until significant
pain relief, adverse GI effects, or a total dose of 6 mg
IV acute flares: 1 mg in 20 mL of isotonic sodium chloride
solution without glucose pushed through a secure IV line over
10-20 min
Can be repeated in 6 h, but no more than 4 mg in 24 h and no
further colchicine by any route for a week
Prophylaxis: 0.5 mg or 0.6 mg bid PO; adjust dose for renal
insufficiency
KI: Hipersensitif; severe renal, hepatic, GI, or cardiac disorders;
blood dyscrasias
IO:

Sympathomimetic agent toxicity and effect of CNS depressants
are significantly increased
Preg: X
P:
Risk of renal failure, hepatic failure, permanent hair loss, bone
marrow suppression, numbness or tingling in hands and feet,
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and decreased sperm
count; dose-dependent GI upset is common; rarely myopathy
and neuropathy, especially with long-term treatment in the
setting of renal insufficiency
Nama Dagang:
Recolfar

Allopurinol
-- Reduces production of uric acid, thereby allowing body to
dispose of excess uric acid stores. Most effective therapy to
lower serum uric acid. Most patients achieve the target uric acid
level of 5 mg/dL at 300-400 mg/d, less if renal insufficiency is
present.
I: Hiperurikemia
BSO: Injection: 500 mg
D:
Initial: 100 mg/d PO; titrate monthly according to serum uric
acid level
Maintenance: 300-400 mg/d PO
Effective doses based on GFR: 400 mg PO qd for 140 mL/min
creatinine clearance; 300 mg for 100 mL/min creatinine
clearance; 200 mg for 60 mL/min creatinine clearance; 150 mg
for 40 mL/min creatinine clearance; 100 mg for 20 mL/min or
less
KI:
Hipersensitif (if reaction not severe, can try a desensitization
regimen [Fam, 2001] [Walz-LeBlanc, 1991])
IO:
Alcohol decreases effects; increases incidence of skin rash
when used concurrently with ampicillin and amoxicillin; large
amounts of vitamin C acidifies urine and may cause renal stone
formation; inhibits metabolism of azathioprine and 6-
mercaptopurine
Preg: C
P:
Not for use in asymptomatic hyperuricemia; reduce dose in
renal insufficiency; monitor liver function and perform CBC
count before initiating therapy and periodically thereafter,
discontinue medication if rash occurs and evaluate
Nama Dagang:

Probenecid
-- Designed to lower tissue stores of uric acid by increasing net
renal excretion of uric acid by inhibiting tubular reabsorption.
D: 250 mg PO bid for 1 wk, then 500 mg bid; can increase up to
3 g/d
KI: Hipersensitif; children <2 y; high urinary uric acid excretion,
renal insufficiency (GFR <50 mL/min), renal stones; known
blood dyscrasia; coadministration of ketorolac because
levels/toxicity of ketorolac are significantly increased
IO: Salicylates at high dosages and nitrofurantoin may
decrease effects; increases levels/toxicity of methotrexate,
beta-lactam antibiotics, acyclovir, thiopental, clofibrate,
dyphylline, pantothenic acid, ketorolac, benzodiazepines,
rifampin, sulfonamide, dapsone, zidovudine, and sulfonylureas
Preg: B
P: crosses placental barrier; use of any drug in women of
childbearing potential requires anticipated benefit be weighed
against possible hazards; caution in history of peptic ulcer; can
provoke attacks of acute gouty arthritis and renal stones
D. Anti Konvulsan & Anti epilepsy
Diazepam
Clonazepam
Phenobarbital
Carbamazepine
Oxcarbazepine
Phenytoin
Gabapentin
Valproic acid
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam
Topiramate
Magnesium sulphate

Diazepam
-- Effective in treating vertigo. Depresses all levels of CNS,
including limbic and reticular formation, possibly by increasing
activity of GABA, major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Individualize
dosage and cautiously increase to avoid adverse effects.
Effective for acute episodes. Discontinue as quickly as possible
to maximize cerebellar vestibular compensation process.
BSO: Gel, rectal delivery system:
Pediatric rectal tip (4.4 cm): 5 mg/mL
Adult rectal tip (6 cm): 5 mg/mL
Injection: 5 mg/mL
Injection, emulsified: 5 mg/mL
Solution, oral (wintergreen-spice flavor): 5 mg/5 mL Solution,
oral concentrate: 5 mg/mL
D: 5-10 mg PO/IV/IM q4-6h
Paed. <6 months: Not recommended
>6 months:

0.05-0.3 mg/kg/dose IV/IM over 2-3 min, repeat in 2-4 h prn
0.12-0.8 mg/kg/d PO divided q6-8h; max 10 mg/dose
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Increases toxicity of benzodiazepines in CNS with
coadministration of phenothiazines, barbiturates, alcohols, and
monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs)
Preg: D
P:
Caution with other CNS depressants, low albumin levels, or
hepatic disease (may increase toxicity)
Nama Dagang:

Clonazepam
-- Suppresses muscle contractions by facilitating
neurotransmission of GABA and other inhibitory transmitters.
BSO: Tablet: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg
D: Based on equivalent doses of other benzodiazepines (eg, 1
mg PO of clonazepam for 1-2 mg of alprazolam)
KI: Hipersensitif; severe liver disease; acute narrow-angle
glaucoma
IO: Phenytoin and barbiturates may reduce effects;
coadministration of CNS depressants increase toxicity
Preg: D
P: Caution in chronic respiratory disease or impaired renal
function; withdrawal symptoms can result from abrupt
discontinuation of the medication Other P: include history of
drug and alcohol abuse; monitor blood counts and liver function
tests
Nama Dagang:
Rivotril

Phenobarbital
-- Best studied barbiturate in treatment of SE. Can be
administered 20 mg/min IV. If patient has received
benzodiazepine, potential for respiratory suppression
significantly increased.
I: Management of generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) and
partial seizures; sedative
BSO: Capsule: 16 mg
Elixir: 15 mg/5 mL; 20 mg/5 mL
Injection: 30 mg/mL; 60 mg/mL; 65 mg/mL; 130 mg/mL Powder
for injection: 120 mg
Tab: 8mg, 15mg, 16mg, 30 mg, 32 mg, 60 mg, 65 mg, 100 mg
D: Children: Sedation: Oral: 2 mg/kg 3x/day
Hypnotic: I.M., I.V., S.C.: 3-5 mg/kg at bedtime
Preoperative: Oral, I.M., I.V.: 1-3 mg/kg 1-1.5 hours pre-op
Adults:
Sedation: Oral, I.M.: 30-120 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses
Hypnotic: Oral, I.M., I.V., S.C.: 100-320 mg at bedtime
Preoperative: I.M.: 100-200 mg 1-1.5 hours pre-op
Anticonvulsant: Status epilepticus: Loading dose: I.V.:
Infants and Children: 10-20 mg/kg 1-2x/day; in select patients
may administer additional 5 mg/kg/dose every 15-30 minutes
until seizure is controlled or a total dose of 40 mg/kg is reached
Adults: 1st 300-800 mg, then 120-240 mg/dose at 20-minute
intervals until seizures are controlled or a total dose of 1-2 g
Anticonvulsant maintenance dose: Oral, I.V.:
Infants: 5-8 mg/kg/day in 1-2 divided doses
Children:
1-5 years: 6-8 mg/kg/day in 1-2 divided doses
5-12 years: 4-6 mg/kg/day in 1-2 divided doses
Children >12 years and Adults: 1-3 mg/kg/day in divided doses
or 50-100 mg 2-3 times/day
Withdrawal: Initial daily requirement is determined by
substituting phenobarbital 30 mg for every 100 mg pentobarbital
used during tolerance testing; then daily requirement is
decreased by 10% of initial dose
Dosing interval in renal impairment: Clcr <10 mL/minute:
Administer every 12-16 hours
Hemodialysis: Moderately dialyzable (20% to 50%)
Dosing adjustment/comments in hepatic disease: Increased
side effects may occur in severe liver disease; monitor plasma
levels and adjust dose accordingly
20 mg/kg IV q20min until seizures controlled or total 1-2 g
administered
Paed.
20 mg/kg IV over 10-15 min in single or divided dose until
seizure controlled or 40 mg/kg administered
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Combination with benzodiazepines causes significant
respiratory depression; strongly consider elective intubation
before combination given
Preg: B
P: -
Nama Dagang:

Carbamazepine
Effective in patients who have not responded to lithium therapy.
Also can act to inhibit seizures induced through the kindling
effect, which is thought to occur by way of repeated limbic
stimulation. Has been effective in treating patients who have
rapid-cycling bipolar disorder or those who have not been
responsive to lithium therapy.
BSO: Capsule, extended release: 200 mg, 300 mg
Suspension, oral: 100 mg/5 mL Tablet: 200 mg
Tablet, chewable: 100 mg
Tablet, extended release: 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg
D: 1st 200 mg PO qd in divided doses with increments of 100
mg 2 times/wk; if adverse effects occur, decrease 200 mg
Dose range: 300-1600 mg PO qd
Serum level range: 17-50 mmol/L (4-12 mcg/mL)
Manic episode: 200-1800 mg PO qd
Plasma level: 4-12 mcg/mL
Paed.

6-12 years: 100 mg PO bid or 10 mg/kg/d divided bid initially,
then increase to 100 mg/d every wk
Maintenance: 20-30 mg/kg/d PO bid/qid; max 1 g/d
KI:
Hipersensitif; administration of MAOIs within last 14 d; history of
liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and blood dyscrasias
IO:
Halothane coadministration may cause hepatocellular damage;
grapefruit juice, influenza vaccine, isoniazid, cimetidine,
erythromycin, and phenelzine increase plasma levels;
phenytoin, alprazolam, clonazepam, primidone, and
phenobarbital decrease both CBZ level and levels of interacting
agents; fluoxetine increases level; decreases levels of
imipramine, phenothiazines, haloperidol, theophylline, thyroid
hormones, ritonavir, saquinavir, contraceptives, risperidone,
thiothixene, cyclosporine, corticosteroids, doxycycline,
trazodone, doxepin, and amitriptyline; increases plasma levels
of diltiazem and verapamil; can reduce its own level by
"autoinduction;" coadministration with lithium or loxapine
increases toxicity of both CBZ and the interacting agents;
coadministration with clozapine further increases bone marrow
toxicity and resulting agranulocytosis
Preg: D
P:
A very small, but significant, risk of causing agranulocytosis or
aplastic anemia exists.
During drug initiation, avoid using hazardous equipment or
driving; other depressants and alcohol may lead to increased
dizziness and sleepiness; keep in a dry place; drinking
grapefruit juice while taking CBZ elevates blood levels; report
any indications of blood dyscrasias (eg, easy bruising, sore
throats, fever, rash)
Nama Dagang:

Oxcarbazepine
I: Epilepsy to control partial seizures. This medicine cannot cure
epilepsy and will only work to control seizures for as long as you
continue to take it .
D: Adults > 17 —At first, 300 mg 2x/d.max 2.4 g a day.
Children 2-16—8-10 mg/kg/day, divided into 2 doses.
KI: Allergy, children < 6 years
P: Elderly people, Decreased kidney & liver function, heart
block, Heart failure, arrhythmias, hyponatraemia, porphyrias.
ES: Somnolence, Headache, Dizziness, Visual disturbances,
Fatigue, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or abdominal
pain, hyponatraemia, Agitation, Confusion, Depression,
emotional lability, ataxia, Concentration or memory difficulties,
Skin reactions such as rash and itch, Acne, alopecia, asthenia,
leucopenia, hepatitis, Irregular heart beats, SLE.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Phenytoin
-- Mainstay in treatment of SE. Must be administered slowly and
therefore takes longer to enter brain than benzodiazepines. Has
advantage of being long-term anticonvulsant and can be
administered PO after acute illness. Not water soluble, and
must be solubilized in propylene glycol carrier with pH 12 to
prepare IV form; therefore, cannot be given >50 mg/min without
risk of significant hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias. Also
major risk of potential irritation at IV site and vascular
compromise of infused limb. Therefore, use in SE should be
avoided if possible.
BSO: Capsule:
Extended: 30 mg, 100 mg
Prompt: 100 mg
Injection: 50 mg/mL
Suspension, oral: 30 mg/5 mL; 125 mg/5 mL
D:

15-20 mg/kg IV, max 50 mg/min; intubate if necessary and
control hyperthermia; if seizures continue after 20 min, give
additional 10 mg/kg; target levels after correction of
hypoalbuminemia should be 20-30 mcg/mL in SE
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: None reported as contraindicated for this indication
Preg: C
P: Risk of hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias (perform
cardiac monitoring during infusion); infusion rate should be <50
mg/min
Nama Dagang:

Gabapentin
I: Epilepsy - used for partial seizures with or without secondary
generalisation. This medicine may be used on its own to treat
adults and children aged 12 years and over, or as an add-on
therapy for adults and children aged six years and over who are
already taking other antiepileptics.
# Nerve pain (neuropathic pain) in adults, for example due to
diabetic neuropathy or following shingles (post-herpetic
neuralgia).
# Trigeminal neuralgia, which is severe pain in the lips, gums,
cheek, chin or eye caused by a disorder of the nerves in the
face (unlicensed use)
BSO: Capsule: 100 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg
D: If gabapentin is discontinued or if another anticonvulsant is
added to therapy, it should be done slowly over a minimum of 1
week
Initial: 300 mg 3 times/day, if necessary the dose may be
increased using 300 or 400 mg capsules 3 times/day up to 1800
mg/day
Total daily dosage range: 900-1800 mg/day administered in 3
divided doses at 8-hour intervals
Pain: 300-1800 mg/day given in 3 divided doses has been the
most common dosage range
Bipolar disorder: 300-3000 mg/day given in 3 divided doses
Clcr >60 mL/minute: Administer 1200 mg/day
Clcr 30-60 mL/minute: Administer 600 mg/day
Clcr 15-30 mL/minute: Administer 300 mg/day
Clcr <15 mL/minute: Administer 150 mg/day
Hemodialysis: 200-300 mg after each 4-hour dialysis following a
loading dose of 300-400 mg
KI: Allergy
# Neurontin capsules contain lactose and should not be taken
by people with rare hereditary problems of galactose
intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose
malabsorption. Neurontin tablets do not contain lactose.
P: Elderly people, Decreased kidney function, Diabetes.

ES: Dizziness, somnolence, ataxia, indigestion, nausea,
vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea or abdominal pain, Changes in
appetite, Weight gain, oedema, rash or itching, purpura, Visual
disturbances, paraesthesia, Tremor or twitching, insomnia,
Headache, Anxiety or nervousness, emotional lability, amnesia,
Depression, leucopenia, Impotence, Incontinence.
IO: Gabapentin does not modify plasma concentrations of
standard anticonvulsant medications (ie, valproic acid,
carbamazepine, phenytoin, or phenobarbital)
Antacids reduce the bioavailability of gabapentin by 20%
Cimetidine may decrease clearance (by 14%) of gabapentin;
gabapentin may increase Cmax of norethindrone by 13%
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Valproic acid/ Valproate sodium
Has proven effectiveness in treating and preventing mania.
Classified as a mood stabilizer and can be used alone or in
combination with lithium. Useful in treating patients with rapid-
cycling bipolar disorders and has been used to treat aggressive
or behavioral disorders. A combination of valproic acid and
valproate has been effective in treating persons in manic phase,
with a success rate of 49%.
BSO: Capsule, sprinkle,: 125 mg
Injection,: 100 mg/mL
Syrup: 250 mg/5 mL
Tablet, delayed release,: 125 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg
D:
250 mg PO tid, initially in increments until a serum level of
350-700 mmol/L (50-100 mcg/mL) has been achieved
Maintenance: 750-3000 mg PO qd in divided doses
Manic episode: Loading dose of 20 mg/kg/d PO
Stat dose: 20 mg/kg PO, with next dose in 12 h; then 10 mg/kg
bid
Maintenance: 500-3500 mg PO qd to achieve plasma level of
50-125 mcg/mL
Paed. 10-15 mg/kg/d PO initially in 1-3 divided doses; increase
by 5-10 mg/kg/d PO qwk until therapeutic plasma level
achieved. Maintenance: 30-60 mg/kg/d PO divided bid/tid
KI: Hipersensitif, hepatic disease/dysfunction
IO: Coadministration with cimetidine, salicylates, felbamate, and
erythromycin may increase toxicity; rifampin may significantly
reduce valproate levels; in pediatric patients, protein binding
and metabolism of valproate decrease when taken
concomitantly with salicylates; coadministration with
carbamazepine may result in variable changes of
carbamazepine concentrations, with possible loss of seizure
control; valproate may increase diazepam and ethosuximide
toxicity (monitor closely); valproate may increase phenobarbital
and phenytoin levels, while either one may decrease valproate
levels; valproate may displace warfarin from protein binding
sites (monitor coagulation tests); may increase zidovudine
levels in patient sero+ for HIV; valproate inhibits the metabolism
of lamotrigine and increases the risk of Stevens-Johnson
syndrome (a lamotrigine dose has to be titrated up more slowly
when used with valproate)
Preg: D
P: Monitor for hepatic toxicity (obtain liver function tests prior to
initiating therapy and thereafter); serum ammonia levels may
increase independently of other liver functions and may cause
altered mental status; check platelet count and bleeding times
prior to therapy and during treatment; valproic acid inhibits
cytochrome P-450 metabolism system (pay attention to any
drugs that use this system); monitor for symptoms of
pancreatitis and pancreatic enzymes because hemorrhagic
pancreatitis has been reported
Nama Dagang: Depakene

Valproate semisodium
Nama Dagang:depakote

Lamotrigine
Anticonvulsant that appears to be effective in the treatment of
the depressed-phase in bipolar disorders.
D:
12.5-37.5 mg/d PO, initially, gradually titrated in 25-mg
increments not more often than weekly; effective dose usually
100-400 mg/d qd or divided bid
Paed. 2-15 mg/kg/d PO divided bid initially
KI:
Hipersensitif; lactation; renal impairment; hepatic and cardiac
problems
IO:
Acetaminophen increases renal clearance and decreases
effects; similarly, phenobarbital and phenytoin increase
metabolism, causing a decrease in levels; concurrent
administration with valproic acid increases lamotrigine levels
Preg: C
P:
Can cause adverse CNS effects, including dizziness, sedation,
ataxia, nystagmus, and diplopia; dermatological problems
include hypersensitivity rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and
angioedema; renal involvement can produce hematuria; caution
in impaired renal or hepatic function; fatal hypersensitivity
reactions to lamotrigine are more likely to occur with rapid dose
increments (caution when coadministered with valproate)
Nama Dagang:
Lamictal

Levetiracetam
I: Indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial
onset seizures in adults with epilepsy
BSO: Tab 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg
D: Adults: Initial: 500 mg 2x daily; additional dosing increments
may be given (1 g/day additional q2wk). max 3 g
Clcr 50-80 mL/min: 500-1000 mg every 12 hours
Clcr 30-50 mL/min: 250-750 mg every 12 hours
KI: Children < 4 years of age.
P: Decreased kidney & liver function.
ES: Dizziness or loss of balance, somnolence, Headache,
asthenia, emotional lability, Hostility, Nervousness, Loss of
appetite, amnesia, ataxia, Hyperactivity, Shaking, tremor,
insomnia, Depression, Personality disorders, Abnormal thinking
or behaviour, diarrhoea, nausea, indigestion, Double vision,
Rash, Hair loss.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:Keppra
Topiramate
Anticonvulsant, Miscellaneous
I: Adjunctive therapy for partial onset seizures in adults and
pediatric patients (ages 2-16 years)
Orphan drug: Topiramate has also been granted orphan drug
status for the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
D: Seizures:
Adults—25-50 mg/hari for first week. Max 400 mg/day.
Children (2-16): 25 mg nightly for 1wk. increase q1 or 2 weeks,
2x/hari.
Prevent seizures:
50 mg/day 2x/day for 1wk. Max. 400 mg/day 2x/day.
Prevent migraine headaches:
Adults—25 mg/day for 1wk. Max. 100 mg/day.
KI: Epilepsy in children < 2 years of age, Migraine in children <
16 years of age, Breastfeeding, Rare hereditary problems of

galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-
galactose malabsorption.
P: Decreased liver & kidney function, history of kidney stones,
hypercalciuria, History of depression or suicidal thoughts,
Adolescents and young adults, Severe lung/breathing disorders,
Hereditary blood disorders called porphyrias.
ES: Paraesthesia, Headache, Fatigue, Dizziness, Drowsiness,
Decreased appetite and weight loss, Nausea, insomnia,
Depression, Concentration or memory difficulties, Abdominal
pain, Nervousness, Decreased sense of touch, Confusion,
Agitation, Visual disturbances.
# Speech disturbances, ataxia, asthenia, Alteration in taste,
Behaviour problems in children, metabolic acidosis.
IO: CYP2C19 enzyme substrate; CYP2C19 enzyme inhibitor
Digoxin levels and ethinyl estradiol blood levels are decreased
when coadministered with topiramate
Concomitant administration with other CNS depressants will
increase its sedative effects; coadministration with other

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may increase the chance of
nephrolithiasis
Topiramate may increase phenytoin concentration by 25%
Topiramate may decrease valproic acid concentration by 11%
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Topamax

Magnesium sulphate
Magnesium has been demonstrated to be superior to phenytoin
for preventing and treating eclamptic seizures.
BSO: Granules: ~40 mEq magnesium/5 g
Injection: 100 mg/mL; 125 mg/mL; 250 mg/mL; 500 mg/mL
Solution, oral: 50% [500 mg/mL]
D:
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of magnesium is
4.5 mg/kg which is a total daily allowance of 350-400 mg for
adult men and 280-300 mg for adult women. During pregnancy
the RDA is 300 mg and during lactation the RDA is 355 mg.
Average daily intakes of dietary magnesium have declined in
recent years due to processing of food. The latest estimate of
the average American dietary intake was 349 mg/day. Dose
represented as MgSO4 unless stated otherwise.
Hypomagnesemia:
Neonates: I.V.: 25-50 mg/kg/dose (0.2-0.4 mEq/kg/dose) every
8-12 hours for 2-3 doses

Children: I.M., I.V.: 25-50 mg/kg/dose (0.2-0.4 mEq/kg/dose)
every 4-6 hours for 3-4 doses, maximum single dose: 2000 mg
(16 mEq), may repeat if hypomagnesemia persists (higher
dosage up to 100 mg/kg/dose MgSO4 I.V. has been used);
maintenance: I.V.: 30-60 mg/kg/day (0.25-0.5 mEq/kg/day)
Adults:
Oral: 3 g every 6 hours for 4 doses as needed
I.M., I.V.: 1 g every 6 hours for 4 doses; for severe
hypomagnesemia: 8-12 g MgSO4/day in divided doses has
been used
Management of seizures and hypertension: Children: I.M., I.V.:
20-100 mg/kg/dose every 4-6 hours as needed; in severe cases
doses as high as 200 mg/kg/dose have been used
Eclampsia, pre-eclampsia: Adults:
I.M.: 1-4 g every 4 hours
I.V.: Initial: 4 g, then switch to I.M. or 1-4 g/hour by continuous
infusion
Maximum dose should not exceed 30-40 g/day; maximum rate
of infusion: 1-2 g/hour
Maintenance electrolyte requirements:
Daily requirements: 0.2-0.5 mEq/kg/24 hours or 3-10 mEq/1000
kcal/24 hours
Maximum: 8-16 mEq/24 hours
Cathartic: Oral:
Children: 0.25 g/kg every 4-6 hours
Adults: 10-15 g in a glass of water
Dosing adjustment/comments in renal impairment: Clcr <25
mL/minute: Do not administer or monitor serum magnesium
levels carefully
Paed.
20-100 mg/kg/dose IV q4-6h prn; in severe cases, may use
doses as high as 200 mg/kg/dose IV
KI: Hipersensitif; heart block, myocardial damage; Addison
disease; severe hepatitis
IO: Concurrent use of magnesium sulfate with nifedipine may
cause hypotension and neuromuscular blockade; may increase
neuromuscular blockade observed with aminoglycosides and
potentiate neuromuscular blockade produced by tubocurarine,
vecuronium, and succinylcholine; may increase CNS effects
and toxicity of CNS depressants, betamethasone, and
cardiotoxicity of ritodrine
Preg: A
P: Levels of 8-12 mg/dL may cause loss of reflexes, diplopia,
flushing, or slurring of speech; levels >12 mg/dL may cause
muscular paralysis, ventilatory failure, and circulatory collapse;
patients should have frequent neurological evaluations; loss of
deep tendon reflex indicates that the magnesium level may be
toxic; some clinicians follow serum magnesium levels q6h along
with neurological examination; magnesium may alter cardiac
conduction, leading to heart block in digitalized patients; in
overdose, calcium gluconate 10-20 mL IV of 10% solution can
be administered as antidote for clinically significant
hypermagnesemia
Nama Dagang:

E. Minor Transquilizer, Anxietas & Relaxan
Diazepam
Midazolam

Midazolam
-- Onset of action 35 s after IV injection and is well absorbed
when injected IM. Duration of action is 15 min, and elimination
half-life is 2-5 h. No active metabolites exist and have greater
affinity for benzodiazepine receptors than diazepam.
D: 0.01-0.05 mg/kg IV over 2 min; may repeat q15min; max 10
mg. Paed. 0.05-0.2 mg/kg IV over 2-3 min
KI: Hipersensitif; preexisting hypotension; narrow-angle
glaucoma; sensitivity to propylene glycol (the diluent)
IO: Metabolism of midazolam may be reduced in the presence
of medications that share same metabolic pathway; sedative
effects of midazolam may be antagonized by theophyllines;
narcotics and erythromycin may accentuate sedative effects of
midazolam because of decreased clearance
Preg: D
P: Caution in congestive heart failure, pulmonary disease, renal
impairment, and hepatic failure
Nama Dagang:

F. Major Transquilizer
Chlorpromazine
Perphenazine
Trifluoperazine
Haloperidol
Sulpiride
Prochlorpherazine
Olanzapine

Chlorpromazine
Mechanisms responsible for relieving nausea and vomiting
include blocking postsynaptic mesolimbic dopamine receptors,
anticholinergic effects, and depression of RAS. Blocks alpha-
adrenergic receptors and depresses release of hypophyseal
and hypothalamic hormones.
BSO: Capsule, sustained action: 30 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg, 200
mg, 300 mg
Concentrate, oral: 30 mg/mL; 100 mg/mL
Injection: 25 mg/mL
Suppository, rectal: 25 mg, 100 mg
Syrup: 10 mg/5 mL
Tablet: 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg
D: Children >6 months: Psychosis:
Oral: 0.5-1 mg/kg/dose q4-6 hours;
I.M., I.V.: 0.5-1 mg/kg/dose q6-8 hours; max for <5 y: 40
mg/day; max for 5-12 years: 75 mg/day
Nausea and vomiting:
Oral: 0.5-1 mg/kg/dose q4-6 hours as needed
IM/IV: 0.5-1 mg/kg/dose q6-8 hours; max for <5 y: 40 mg/day;
max for 5-12 y: 75 mg/day
Rectal: 1 mg/kg/dose q6-8 hours as needed
Adults: Psychosis:
Oral: Range: 30-2000 mg/day in 1-4 divided doses, initiate at
lower doses and titrate as needed; usual dose: 400-600
mg/day; some patients may require 1-2 g/day
I.M., I.V.: Initial: 25 mg, may repeat (25-50 mg) in 1-4 hours,
gradually increase to a max. of 400 mg/dose q4-6 hours until
patient is controlled; usual dose: 300-800 mg/day
Intractable hiccups: Oral, I.M.: 25-50 mg 3-4 times/day
Nausea and vomiting:
Oral: 10-25 mg every 4-6 hours
I.M., I.V.: 25-50 mg every 4-6 hours
Rectal: 50-100 mg every 6-8 hours
Elderly (nonpsychotic patient; dementia behavior): Initial: 10-25
mg 1-2 times/day; increase at 4- to 7-day intervals by 10-25 mg/
day. Increase dose intervals (bid, tid, etc) as necessary to
control behavior response or side effects; maximum daily dose:
800 mg; gradual increases (titration) may prevent some side
effects or decrease their severity.
KI: Hipersensitif; bone marrow suppression, narrow-angle
glaucoma, severe liver or cardiac disease
IO: Other CNS depressants, anticholinergics, or
anticonvulsants; antihypertensives may cause additive effect;
coadministration with epinephrine may cause hypotension
Preg: C
P: May cause pseudoparkinsonism; akathisia is a common
extrapyramidal reaction in elderly patients; lowers seizure
threshold and increases risk of seizures in patient with history of
seizures
Nama Dagang:

Perphenazine
I: Hypomania, Agitated and excited states, Anxiety (short term
use), Mania, Nausea and vomiting, Persistant hiccups,
Psychotic illness, Schizophrenia, Violent and dangerous
behaviour
BSO: Concentrate, oral: 16 mg/5 mL
Injection: 5 mg/mL
Tablet: 2 mg, 4 mg, 8 mg, 16 mg
D: Psychoses: Oral:
1-6 years: 4-6 mg/day in divided doses
6-12 years: 6 mg/day in divided doses
>12 years: 4-16 mg 2-4 times/day
I.M.: 5 mg every 6 hours
Nausea/vomiting: I.M.: 5 mg every 6 hours
Adults: Psychoses:
Oral: 4-16 mg 2-4 times/day max 64 mg/day
I.M.: 5 mg every 6 hours up to 15 mg/day in ambulatory patients
and 30 mg/day in hospitalized patients
Nausea/vomiting:
Oral: 8-16 mg/day in divided doses up to 24 mg/day
I.M.: 5-10 mg every 6 hours as necessary up to 15 mg/day in
ambulatory patients and 30 mg/day in hospitalized patients
I.V. (severe): 1 mg at 1- to 2-minute intervals max 5 mg
Hemodialysis: Not dialyzable (0% to 5%)
KI: Breastfeeding, Children < 14 years, policitemia, leucopenia
P: 'prolonged QT interval', myasthenia gravis, Agitation and
restlessness, Alcohol withdrawal, Brain damage, Closed angle
glaucoma, Coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease,
Elderly people, Epilepsy, Heart failure, Hypothyroidism,
arrhythmias, Kidney failure, Liver disease, Parkinson's disease,
brain damage, Pregnancy, Severe disease affecting the airways
or lungs, phaeochromocytoma
ES: Dry mouth, postural hypotension, Blood disorders, Weight
gain, convulsions, arrhythmias, urinary retention, extrapyramidal
effects, tardive dyskinesia, Sexual problems, oculogyric crisis,
Requires immediate treatment, Drowsiness
Preg:C
Nama Dagang:
Trifluoperazine
I: Schizophrenia, Short-term treatment of severe anxiety,
severely agitated behaviour and violent or dangerously
impulsive behaviour, Nausea and vomiting.
BSO: Concentrate, oral: 10 mg/mL
Injection: 2 mg/mL
Tablet: 1 mg, 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg
D: Children 6-12 years: Psychoses:
Oral: Hospitalized or well supervised patients: Initial: 1 mg 1-2
times/day, gradually increase until symptoms are controlled or
adverse effects become troublesome; maximum: 15 mg/day
I.M.: 1 mg 2x/day
Adults: Psychoses:
Outpatients: Oral: 1-2 mg twice daily
Hospitalized or well supervised patients: 1st : 2-5 mg 2x/day with
optimum response in the 15-20 mg/day range; max 40 mg/day
I.M.: 1-2 mg every 4-6 hours max 10 mg/24 hours
Nonpsychotic anxiety: Oral: 1-2 mg 2x/day; max 6 mg/day;
therapy for anxiety should not exceed 12 weeks; max 6 mg/day
for longer than 12 weeks when treating anxiety; agitation,
jitteriness, or insomnia may be confused with original neurotic
or psychotic symptoms
KI: Allergy, Disturbance in the normal numbers of blood cells in
the blood, Heart failure, Liver disease, comatose states.
P: Elderly people, Decreased kidney function, Heart disease,
Angina pectoris, arrhythmias, Epilepsy, myasthenia gravis,
Parkinson's disease, Closed angle glaucoma, prostatic
hypertrophy
ES: Drowsiness, Dizziness, insomnia, Dry mouth, Constipation,
Blurred vision, Muscle weakness, Loss of appetite, Skin rashes,
Interference with the body's temperature regulation, Weight
gain, Confusion, Abnormal movements of the hands, legs, face,
neck and tongue, eg shakiness, twitching, rigidity, Anxiety,
restlessness and agitation (akathisia), arrhythmias, jaundice,
hyperprolactinaemia, Changes in menstrual periods,
Disturbances in the normal numbers of blood cells in the blood.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Haloperidol
-- Controls psychosis and provides rapid tranquilization.
Administer with a benzodiazepine to protect against lowered
seizure threshold.
Injection: 5 mg/mL
Tablet: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg
D: Tab:
Adults: 500 mcg-5 mg 2-3x/day. Max. 100 mg/day.
Children 3-12= 15-40 kg: 25-150 mcg/kg/day, 2-3x/day.
Children <3
Older adults: 500 mcg-2 mg 2-3x/day.
For short-acting injection dosage form: Adults: 2-5 mg.
For long-acting or depot injection dosage form:
Adults: 10-15x dosis oral perhari, IM per bulan.
KI: Hipersensitif; extrapyramidal symptoms; Parkinson disease
IO:

Serum plasma levels decreased by rifampin; potentiates effects
of CNS depressants (eg, alcohol, opiates, anesthetics); lithium
has induced an encephalopathic syndrome
Preg: C
P:
Severe neurotoxicity manifesting as rigidity or inability to walk or
talk may occur in patients with thyrotoxicosis also receiving
antipsychotics; if administered IV/IM, watch for hypotension;
caution in diagnosed CNS depression or cardiac disease; if
history of seizures, benefits must outweigh risks; significant
increase in body temperature may indicate intolerance to
antipsychotics (discontinue if occurs)
Ventricular arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes have been
reported in patients, especially those with cardiac disease and
in those given high doses of IV haloperidol
Nama Dagang:

Sulpiride
I: Schizophrenia, anti emetik
BSO: Kaps 50 mg. Tab forte 200 mg. amp 100 mg/2cc
D:
KI: Children < 14 years, Severe liver & kidney disease, blood
disorders, porphyries, phaeochromocytoma, pituitary
prolactinoma, Breast cancer, Alcohol intoxication.
# Reduced awareness, slow reactions or drowsiness due to
illnesses that reduce activity in the central nervous system.
P: Elderly people, Decreased kidney function, hypomania,
History of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular
disease, 'prolonged QT interval', bradycardia, hypokalaemia,
People at risk of stroke.
ES: Restlessness and agitation, extrapyramidal effects, tardive
dyskinesia, insomnia, Drowsiness, Dizziness, Weight gain,
hyperprolactinaemia, Sexual problems, Convulsions, jaundice
or hepatitis, arrhythmias.
Nama Dagang:
Prochlorpherazine
-- Antidopaminergic drug that blocks postsynaptic mesolimbic
dopamine receptors. Has anticholinergic effect and can depress
reticular activating system.
I : nausea and vomiting; psychosis; anxiety
BSO : Capsule, sustained action: 10 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg
Injection: 5 mg/mL
Suppository, rectal: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 25 mg
Syrup: 5 mg/5 mL
D: 5-10 mg PO/IM q6h
25-mg supp PR q12h
Paed.
2.5 mg PO/PR q8h or 5 mg PO/PR q12h prn; max 15 mg/d
0.1-0.15 mg/kg/dose IM; change to PO when possible
KI:
Hipersensitif; bone marrow suppression; narrow-angle
glaucoma; severe liver or cardiac disease
IO:
Coadministration with other CNS depressants or
anticonvulsants may cause additive effects; administration with
epinephrine may cause hypotension
Preg: D
P:
Drug-induced Parkinson syndrome or pseudoparkinsonism
frequent; akathisia most common extrapyramidal reaction in
elderly; lowers seizure threshold; caution in history of seizures
Nama Dagang:

Olanzapine
-- May inhibit serotonin, muscarinic, and dopamine effects.
I: Manifestations of psychotic disorders; short-term treatment of
acute manic episodes associated with bipolar I disorder
BSO: Tablet: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg
Tablet, orally-disintegrating: 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg
D: Adults: 5-10 mg 1x/hr.; increase to 10 mg 1x/day within 5-7
days, thereafter adjust by 5 mg/day at 1-week intervals, max 20
mg/day; doses of 30-50 mg/day have been used
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Fluvoxamine may increase effects; antihypertensives may
increase risk of hypotension and orthostatic hypotension;
levodopa, pergolide, bromocriptine, charcoal, carbamazepine,
omeprazole, rifampin, and cigarette smoking may decrease
effects
Preg: C
P: Caution in narrow-angle glaucoma, cardiovascular disease,
cerebrovascular disease, prostatic hypertrophy, seizure
disorders, hypovolemia, and dehydration
G. Hipnotic & Sedatif
Nitrazepam
Midazolam
Estazolam
Triazolam

Nitrazepam
benzodiazepines
I: Insomnia
BSO:
D:
KI: Children, acute pulmonary insufficiency, myasthenia gravis,
Phobias or obsessional states, Severe liver disease, respiratory
depression, sleep apnoea syndrome, single medication for
depression or chronic psychosis
P: Breastfeeding, respiratory disease, Elderly people, History of
alcoholism or drug abuse, Kidney disease, porphyries, Liver
disease, Muscle weakness, Personality disorders, Pregnancy
ES: Confusion, Addiction to the medicine, Muscle weakness,
amnesia, Drowsiness and lightheadedness the next day, ataxia
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Midazolam
Benzodiazepine
I: Dental: Sedation component in I.V. conscious sedation in oral
surgery patients; syrup formulation is used for children to help
alleviate anxiety before a dental procedure
Medical: Preoperative sedation and provides conscious
sedation prior to diagnostic or radiographic procedures
Unlabeled use: Anxiety, status epilepticus
BSO: Injection: 1 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL
Syrup: 2 mg/mL
D: Personnel and equipment needed for standard
respiratory resuscitation should be immediately available
during midazolam administration.
Infants <2 months and Children: Status epilepticus refractory to
standard therapy: I.V.: Loading dose: 0.15 mg/kg followed by a
continuous infusion of 1 mcg/kg/minute; titrate dose upward
every 5 minutes until clinical seizure activity is controlled; mean
infusion rate required in 24 children was 2.3 mcg/kg/minute with
a range of 1-18 mcg/kg/minute
Children:
Preoperative sedation:
I.M.: 0.07-0.08 mg/kg 30-60 minutes presurgery
I.V.: 0.035 mg/kg/dose, repeat over several minutes as required
to achieve the desired sedative effect max of 0.1-0.2 mg/kg
Conscious sedation during mechanical ventilation: I.V.: Loading
dose: 0.05-0.2 mg/kg then follow with initial continuous infusion:
1-2 mcg/kg/minute; titrate to the desired effect; usual range:
0.4-6 mcg/kg/minute
Conscious sedation for procedures:
Oral, Intranasal: 0.2-0.4 mg/kg (max 15 mg) 30-45’ pre-op
I.V.: 0.05 mg/kg 3 minutes pre-op
>12 years: I.V.: 0.5 mg q3-4’ until effect achieved
Adults:
Preoperative sedation: I.M.: 0.07-0.08 mg/kg 30-60 minutes
presurgery; usual dose: 5 mg
Conscious sedation: I.V.: Initial: 0.5-2 mg slow I.V. over at least
2 minutes; slowly titrate to effect by repeating doses every 2-3

minutes if needed; usual total dose: 2.5-5 mg; use decreased
doses in elderly
Healthy Adults <60 years: Some patients respond to doses as
low as 1 mg; no more than 2.5 mg should be administered over
a period of 2 minutes. Additional doses of midazolam may be
administered after a 2-minute waiting period and evaluation of
sedation after each dose increment. A total dose >5 mg is
generally not needed. If narcotics or other CNS depressants are
administered concomitantly, the midazolam dose should be
reduced by 30%.
Elderly: I.V.: Conscious sedation: Initial: 0.5 mg slow I.V.; give
no more than 1.5 mg in a 2-minute period; if additional titration
is needed, give no more than 1 mg over 2 minutes, waiting
another 2 or more minutes to evaluate sedative effect; a total
dose >3.5 mg is rarely necessary
Sedation in mechanically intubated patients: I.V. continuous
infusion: 100 mg in 250 mL D5W or NS, (if patient is fluid-
restricted, may concentrate up to a maximum of 0.5 mg/mL);
initial dose: 1 mg/hour; titrate to reach desired level of sedation
physiochemical characteristics
KI: Hypersensitivity to this drug or any component of its
formulation, including benzyl alcohol (cross-sensitivity with other
benzodiazepines may exist); parenteral form is not for
intrathecal or epidural injection; narrow-angle glaucoma (not in
product labeling, however, benzodiazepines are
contraindicated); pregnancy; concurrent use with protease
inhibitors like amprenavir and ritonavir
P: May cause severe respiratory depression, respiratory arrest,
or apnea. Use with extreme caution, particularly in noncritical
care settings. Appropriate resuscitative equipment and qualified
personnel must be available for administration and monitoring.
Initial dosing must be cautiously titrated and individualized,
particularly in elderly or debilitated patients, patients with
hepatic impairment (including alcoholics), or in renal
impairment, particularly if other CNS depressants (including
opiates) are used concurrently. Initial doses in elderly or
debilitated patients should not exceed 2.5 mg. Use with caution
in patients with respiratory disease or impaired gag reflex. Use
during upper airway procedures may increase risk of
hypoventilation. Prolonged responses have been noted
following extended administration by continuous infusion
(possibly due to metabolite accumulation) or in the presence of
drugs which inhibit midazolam metabolism.
Causes CNS depression (dose-related) resulting in sedation,
dizziness, confusion, or ataxia which may impair physical and
mental capabilities. Patients must be cautioned about
performing tasks which require mental alertness (ie, operating
machinery or driving). A minimum of 1 day should elapse after
midazolam administration before attempting these tasks. Use
with caution in patients receiving other CNS depressants or
psychoactive agents. Effects with other sedative drugs or
ethanol may be potentiated. Benzodiazepines have been
associated with falls and traumatic injury and should be used
with extreme caution in patients who are at risk of these events
(especially the elderly).
Midazolam causes anterograde amnesia. Paradoxical
reactions, including hyperactive or aggressive behavior have
been reported with benzodiazepines, particularly in adolescent/
pediatric or psychiatric patients. Does not have analgesic,
antidepressant, or antipsychotic properties.
Benzodiazepines have been associated with dependence and
acute withdrawal symptoms on discontinuation or reduction in
dose. Acute withdrawal, including seizures, may be precipitated
after administration of flumazenil to patients receiving long-term
benzodiazepine therapy.
ES: >10%: Decreased tidal volume and/or respiratory rate
decrease, apnea
1-10%: Drowsiness, oversedation, headache, Nausea,
vomiting, local reactions at injection site (severity less than
diazepam), Coughing, Physical and psychological dependence
with prolonged use, hiccups
IO: CYP3A3/4 enzyme substrate
Verapamil, troleandomycin, miconazole, itraconazole,
nifedipine, grapefruit juice, diltiazem, fluconazole, ketoconazole,
clarithromycin, and erythromycin, protease inhibitors like
amprenavir and ritonavir may increase the serum
concentrations and effects of midazolam via CYP3A4 inhibition
If narcotics or other CNS depressants are administered
concomitantly, the midazolam dose should be reduced by
30% if <65 years of age, or by at least 50% if >65 years of
age
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Estazolam
Intermediate-acting benzodiazepine
Depresses all levels of CNS (eg, limbic and reticular formation),
possibly by increasing activity of GABA. Half-life is 10-24 h, and
peak action is 2 h.
I: Short-term management of insomnia
D: 1 mg PO hs; may require 2 mg
Start with 0.5 mg PO hs in debilitated or small elderly patients
Elderly: 0.5-1 mg PO qhs
KI: Hipersensitif; narrow-angle glaucoma; untreated obstructive
sleep apnea; history of substance abuse
IO: Increases toxicity with coadministration of phenothiazines,
barbiturates, alcohols, and MAOIs
Preg: X
P: Hepatic disease, low albumin levels, or renal or pulmonary
disease; causes residual daytime sedation, impairs cognition,
and increases risk of falls
Nama Dagang:
Triazolam
Benzodiazepine
I: Short-term treatment of insomnia
BSO: Tablet: 0.125 mg, 0.25 mg
D: Onset of action is rapid, patient should be in bed when taking
medication: Adults: 0.125-0.25 mg at bedtime
KI: Hypersensitivity to this drug or any component of its
formulation (cross-sensitivity with other benzodiazepines may
exist); concurrent therapy with CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as
ketoconazole, itraconazole, protease inhibitors and
nefazodone); pregnancy
P: Should be used only after evaluation of potential causes of
sleep disturbance. Failure of sleep disturbance to resolve after
7-10 days may indicate psychiatric or medical illness. A
worsening of insomnia or the emergence of new abnormalities
of thought or behavior may represent unrecognized psychiatric
or medical illness and requires immediate and careful
evaluation.

Causes CNS depression (dose-related) resulting in sedation,
dizziness, confusion, or ataxia which may impair physical and
mental capabilities. Patients must be cautioned about
performing tasks which require mental alertness (ie, operating
machinery or driving). Use with caution in patients receiving
other CNS depressants or psychoactive agents. Effects with
other sedative drugs or ethanol may be potentiated.
Benzodiazepines have been associated with falls and traumatic
injury and should be used with extreme caution in patients who
are at risk of these events (especially the elderly).
Use caution in patients with depression, particularly if suicidal
risk may be present. Use with caution in patients with a history
of drug dependence. Benzodiazepines have been associated
with dependence and acute withdrawal symptoms on
discontinuation or reduction in dose. Acute withdrawal, including
seizures, may be precipitated after administration of flumazenil
to patients receiving long-term benzodiazepine therapy.
Paradoxical reactions, including hyperactive or aggressive
behavior have been reported with benzodiazepines, particularly
in adolescent/pediatric or psychiatric patients. Does not have
analgesic, antidepressant, or antipsychotic properties.
ES: >10%: Drowsiness
1- 10%: Headache, dizziness, nervousness, lightheadedness,
ataxia, Nausea, vomiting
IO: CYP3A3/4 and 3A5-7 enzyme substrate
Cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clozapine, CNS
depressants, diltiazem, disulfiram, digoxin, erythromycin,
ethanol, fluconazole, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, grapefruit juice,
isoniazid, itraconazole, ketoconazole, labetalol, levodopa,
loxapine, metoprolol, metronidazole, miconazole, nefazodone,
omeprazole, phenytoin, rifabutin, rifampin, troleandomycin,
valproic acid, protease inhibitors like amprenavir and ritonavir,
verapamil may increase the serum level and/or toxicity of
triazolam; monitor for altered benzodiazepine response
Preg: X
BSO:
Nama Dagang:

H. Anti Depressan
Amitriptyline
Fluoxetine
Paroxetine
Sertraline
Moclobemide
Venlafaxine
Imipramine
Clomipramine
Fluvoxamine
Mirtazapine
Mianserin
Duloxetine
Tianeptine
Maprotiline
Citalopram
Lithium carbonate
Amoxapine

Amitriptyline
Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Decreases
pain by inhibiting spinal neurons involved in pain perception.
I: Depressive illness, nocturnal enuresis in children > 7 years,
Nerve pain & Preventing migraine (unlicensed use).
BSO: Injection: 10 mg/mL
D: 10-150 mg PO hs; initially administer as smaller divided
increments and gradually titrate up to an effective level with a
max 150 mg PO qhs
KI: Hipersensitif; administration of MAOIs in past 14 d; history
of seizures; cardiac arrhythmias; glaucoma; urinary retention
IO: Phenobarbital may decrease effects; coadministration with
CYP2D6 enzyme system inhibitors (eg, cimetidine, quinidine)
may increase amitriptyline levels; amitriptyline inhibits
hypotensive effects of guanethidine; may interact with thyroid
medications, alcohol, CNS depressants, barbiturates, and
disulfiram
Preg: D
P:
Caution in cardiac conduction disturbances, history of
hyperthyroidism, and renal or hepatic impairment; avoid using in
elderly patients
Nama Dagang:

Fluoxetine
FDA-approved for OCD and panic disorder.
I: Depressive illness, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia
nervosa, Premature ejaculation
BSO: Capsule: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg
Liquid: 20 mg/5 mL
D: Kaps: Depression:
Adults— 20 mg 1x/hr pagi hari. Max 80 mg/hr.
Children > 8= 10-20 mg 1x pagi hari.
Bulimia nervosa:
Adults—60 mg 1x pagi hari. Max 80 mg/hr.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder:
Adults—20 mg 1x pagi hari. Max 80 mg/hr.
Children > 7= 10 mg 1x pagi hari. Max 60 mg/hr
Panic disorder:
Adults— 10 mg 1x/hr pagi hari. Max 60 mg/hr.
For premenstrual dysphoric disorder:
Adults=20 mg 1x/hr pagi hari selama 14 hari. Max 80 mg/hr.
Children > 8= 10-20 mg 1x pagi hari.
KI:
Hipersensitif; concurrently taking MAOIs or took them in the last
2 wk
IO:
Increases toxicity of diazepam and trazodone by decreasing
clearance; increases toxicity of MAOIs and highly protein-bound
drugs
Preg: C
P:
Caution in hepatic impairment and history of seizures; MAOIs
should be discontinued at least 14 d before initiating therapy
Nama Dagang:

Paroxetine
FDA-approved for panic disorder, depression, social anxiety
disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress
disorder, and OCD.
I: Depressive illness, Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD),
obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, Post-traumatic
stress disorder, social phobia.
BSO: Tab 20 mg
D: Adults= 20 mg 1x pagi hari. Max 50 mg/hr.
KI: Hipersensitif; concurrent administration with MAOIs or
administering within 14 days of discontinuing an MAOI
IO: Phenobarbital and phenytoin decrease effects; alcohol,
cimetidine, sertraline, phenothiazines, and warfarin increase
toxicity
Preg: C
P: Caution in history of seizures, mania, renal disease, and
cardiac disease
Nama Dagang:
Seroxat
Sertraline
I: Depression in adults, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Post-
traumatic stress disorder in adult women
D: Oral: Elderly: 1st 25 mg/day in the morning, increase by 25
mg/day increments every 2-3 days if tolerated to 50-100
mg/day; additional increases may be necessary; max: 200
mg/day
KI: Hipersensitif; within 14 d of taking an MAOI
IO: Increases toxicity of MAOIs, diazepam, tolbutamide, and
warfarin
Preg: C
P: Caution in preexisting seizure disorders and those who have
experienced a recent myocardial infarction, have unstable heart
disease, and hepatic or renal impairment
Nama Dagang:

Moclobemide
I: Major depression, social phobia.
BSO: Tab 150 mg
D: 150 mg 2x/hr. Max 600 mg/hr.

KI: Children, Schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorders,
Acute states of confusion, phaeochromocytoma.
P: Severely decreased liver function, manic depression,
Agitated and excited states, Thyrotoxicosis.
ES: Disturbed sleep, Dizziness, diarrhoea, constipation,
nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain, Headache, Anxiety and
restlessness, Agitation, paraesthesia, Dry mouth, Visual
disturbances, oedema, Skin reactions such as rash and itch,
Confusion
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Aurorix

Venlafaxine
Selectively inhibits presynaptic serotonin reuptake,
norepinephrine (at doses of approximately 150 mg PO qam),
and dopamine (at doses of approximately 150-225 mg qam).
I: Depressive illness, depression associated with anxiety.
BSO: Kaps 75 mg
D: * For mental depression & anxiety:
75 mg 1x/hari. Max 225 mg/hr.
* For panic disorder: 37.5 mg 1x/hr for 7 hari. Max 225 mg/hr.
KI: Hipersensitif; MAOIs in past 2 wk
IO: Cimetidine, MAOIs, sertraline, fluoxetine class IC
antiarrhythmics, TCAs, and phenothiazine may increase effects;
serotonin syndrome
Preg: C
P: Anxiety, anorexia, sedation, dry mouth, nervousness,
dizziness, insomnia, headaches, nausea, increased BP, and
sexual dysfunction may occur; taper over 1-2 wk upon
discontinuation
Nama Dagang: Efexor XR
Imipramine
Tricyclic antidepressant that has norepinephrine and serotonin
reuptake-inhibition properties.
I: Depression, enuresis
D: Maximum antidepressant effect may not be seen for 2 or
more weeks after initiation of therapy.
Depression: 1.5 mg/kg/day with dosage increments of 1 mg/kg
every 3-4 days, max 5 mg/kg/day in 1-4 divided doses; monitor
carefully especially with doses > 3.5 mg/kg/day
Enuresis: > 6 years: 1st 10-25 mg at bedtime, increase by 25
mg/day; max 2.5 mg/kg/day
6-12 y: 50 mg at bedtime
> 12 y: 75 mg at bedtime
Adjunct in the treatment of cancer pain: Initial: 0.2-0.4 mg/kg
at bedtime; increased by 50% every 2-3 days up to 1-3
mg/kg/dose at bedtime
Adolescents: Oral: Initial: 25-50 mg/day; increase gradually;
maximum: 100 mg/day in single or divided doses
Adults:
Oral: Initial: 25 mg 3-4 times/day, max 300 mg/day
I.M.: Initial: Up to 100 mg/day in divided doses; change to oral
as soon as possible
Elderly: Initial: 10-25 mg at bedtime; increase by 10-25 mg
every 3 days for inpatients and weekly for outpatients if
tolerated; average daily dose to achieve a therapeutic
concentration: 100 mg/day; range: 50-150 mg/day
KI:
Hipersensitif; narrow-angle glaucoma; acute recovery phase
following myocardial infarction; history of bipolar disorders;
patients taking MAOIs or fluoxetine or those who took them in
the previous 2 wk
IO:
Increases toxicity of sympathomimetic agents such as
isoproterenol and epinephrine by potentiating effects and
inhibiting antihypertensive effects of clonidine
Preg: C
P:
May impair mental or physical abilities required for performance
of potentially hazardous tasks; caution in cardiovascular
disease, conduction disturbances, seizure disorders, urinary
retention, hyperthyroidism, or those receiving thyroid
replacement; an ECG may be warranted prior to initiation of
therapy with imipramine, repeat after dose stabilized to monitor
any potential widening of QRS
Nama Dagang: Tofranil

Clomipramine
Tricyclic antidepressant with potent NE and 5-HT reuptake
inhibition.
I: Depressive illness, Phobic or obsessional disorders,
cataplexy, narcolepsy.
D: Oral: Initial: Adults: 25 mg/day. Increase to 100 mg/day the
first 2 weeks, max 250 mg/day
KI: Hipersensitif; concurrent use of MAOI or other TCA
IO: Potentiates CNS depressants, anticholinergics,
sympathomimetics, and other protein-bound drugs; potentiated
by CYP2D6 inhibitors; SSRIs
Preg: C
P: Suicidal tendencies or risk of overdose; seizure disorder;
cardiac disease; glaucoma; urinary retention
Nama Dagang:

Fluvoxamine
FDA approved for OCD in children (8-17 y) and adults.
I: Depressive illness, obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D: Obsessive-compulsive disorder or social phobia:
100 mg 1x at bedtime. Max 300 mg/hari.
Paed.: 25-200 mg PO qd
KI: Hipersensitif; patients currently receiving MAOIs or those
who took them in previous 2 wk
IO: Risk of a hypertensive crisis increases with coadministration
with MAOIs; potentiates effect of triazolam and alprazolam and
thus, when taking them concurrently, dose should be reduced
by at least 50%; also reduce dose of theophylline by one third
and monitor plasma levels if taking it concurrently with
fluvoxamine; alcohol, cimetidine, sertraline, phenothiazines, and
warfarin increase toxicity
Preg: C
P: liver disease, history of seizures or suicidal tendencies
Nama Dagang: Luvox
Mirtazapine
Exhibits both noradrenergic and serotonergic activity. In cases
of depression associated with severe insomnia and anxiety,
shown to be superior to other SSRI drugs.
I: Depressive illness.
BSO: Tab 30 mg
D: 15 mg PO hs initially; may increase in 15-mg increments
q1-2wk, max 45 mg hs
KI: Hipersensitif; MAOI within 14 d
IO: May increase effect of CNS depressants; concurrent
administration with MAOI may trigger hypertensive crisis
Preg: C
P: May cause drowsiness; discontinue use if patient develops
sore throat, fever, or other signs of infection; suicidal ideation is
inherent in depression and may persist until significant
remission occurs; severe neutropenia reported in clinical trials
Nama Dagang: Remeron

Mianserin
I: Depressive illness.
BSO: Tab 10 mg
D: Awal 30-40 mg malam atau dg dosis terbagi. Durasi 30-90
mg/hr. Usia lanjut < 30 mg/hr
KI: Children < 18 years, Severe liver disease, Breastfeeding,
Mania, People who have taken a monoamine oxidase inhibitor
antidepressant (MAOI) in the last two weeks.
P: Elderly, Decreased liver & kidney function, Heart disease,
heart block, arrhythmias, prostatic hypertrophy, Closed angle
glaucoma, History of epilepsy, People at risk of seizures,
Diabetes, Psychotic illness, manic depression, porphyrias.
ES: Drowsiness, Dizziness, postural hypotension, arthralgia,
oedema, Skin rash, Sweating, Tremor, Disturbances of liver
function, jaundice, Disturbances in the normal numbers of blood
cells in the blood, convulsions, Breast enlargement and
tenderness, Production of breast milk, Sexual problems
Nama Dagang: Tolvon
Duloxetine
-- Potent inhibitor of neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine
reuptake. Antidepressive action is theorized to be due to
serotonergic and noradrenergic potentiation in CNS.
I: Depressive illness, diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.
BSO: Kaps salut enteric 30mg, 60mg
D: Depression: 40 mg/hari terbagi dalam 1-2 dosis.
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain: 60 mg 1x/hr.
KI:
Hipersensitif; uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma; do not
administer within 14 d after stopping MAOIs; do not initiate
MAOIs within 5 d of stopping duloxetine
IO:
Metabolized by CYP1A2 and CYP2D6; coadministration with
drugs that inhibit CYP1A2 (eg, fluvoxamine, cimetidine,
ciprofloxacin, enoxacin) may increase blood levels and toxicity;
coadministration with drugs that inhibit CYP2D6 (eg, paroxetine,
fluoxetine, quinidine) may increase blood levels and toxicity;
moderately inhibits CYP2D6 and may decrease elimination of
CYP2D6 substrates (eg, tricyclic antidepressants,
phenothiazines [eg, thioridazine], type 1C antiarrhythmics [eg,
propafenone, flecainide]); coadministration with MAOIs may
cause serious, sometimes fatal, reactions that include
hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, autonomic instability, mental
status changes, including extreme agitation, delirium, and coma
Preg: C
P:
Observe closely for clinical worsening and suicidality when
initiating treatment or following dosage change; gradually
decrease dose when discontinuing, do not abruptly discontinue;
caution with hepatic impairment or end-stage renal disease;
may cause slight blood pressure increase; may activate mania
or hypomania; common adverse effects include nausea, dry
mouth, constipation, decreased appetite, fatigue, somnolence,
and increased sweating
Nama Dagang: Cymbalta

Tianeptine
I: Episode depresi mayor
BSO: Tab 12.5 mg
D: 12.5 mg 3x/hr
KI: Anak 15 th. Ada jarak 2 minggu setelah penghentian terapi
MAOI. Penghentian Tianeptine 24 jam bila akan diganti MAOI
P: Hamil, menyusui. Pengawasan thd pasien resiko bunuh diri.
ES: Jarang
IO: MAOI
Nama Dagang:
Stablon

Maprotiline
I: Depression and anxiety associated with depression
Chronic neurogenic pain
BSO: Tablet: 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg
D: 25 mg 1-3x/hr. Max 150 mg/hr.
KI: Hypersensitivity to maprotiline; use of monoamine oxidase
inhibitors within 14 days; use in a patient during the acute
recovery phase of MI
ES: Skin rash, redness, swelling, or itching, Constipation
(severe), Nausea or vomiting, Shakiness or trembling,
convulsions, Unusual excitement, Weight loss
Rare: Breast enlargement (males/females), Confusion
(especially in the elderly), Difficulty in urinating, Fainting,
Hallucinations, Inappropriate secretion of milk—in females,
Irregular heartbeat, Sore throat and fever, Swelling of testicles,
Yellow eyes or skin
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:

Citalopram
Enhances serotonin activity due to selective reuptake inhibition
at the neuronal membrane. Also has the advantage of fewer
potential drug IO:. Citalopram is a 50:50 racemate of r- and s-
citalopram.
I: Depressive illness, Panic disorder with/without agoraphobia.
BSO : Tab 20 mg
D: 20 mg 1x/hr. Max 60 mg/hr.
KI: Hipersensitif; concurrent MAOI therapy
IO: May be potentiated by azole antifungals, omeprazole, and
macrolides; serotonin syndrome may be induced by buspirone,
tramadol, MAOIs, and nefazodone
Preg: C
P: Cirrhosis; suicidal tendencies; SIADH; DM; breastfeeding;
common adverse effects include fatigue and sexual dysfunction
Nama Dagang:
Cipram

Lithium carbonate
I: Mania and hypomania, 'mood stabiliser', recurrent
depression, Aggressive or self-harming behaviour
D: Capsules, tablets, syrup: Dws: 300-600 mg 3x/hr.
Children <12: 15-20 mg/kg/hr, terbagi 2-3 dosis
Slow-release capsules, extended-release tablets):
Adults: 300-600 mg 3x/hr or 450-900 mg 2x/hr.
Maintenance, preventive use: 400-1200 mg PO qd
Acute manic episode: 600-2400 mg PO qd
Paed.
6-12 years: 15-60 mg/kg/d PO divided tid/qid; max D:
KI:
Hipersensitif; renal disease or damage (renal function and
clearance are critical in maintaining proper levels); history or
evidence of brain damage; cardiovascular disease; generalized
severe debilitation
IO:

Increases toxicity of thiazide diuretics, haloperidol,
phenothiazines, neuromuscular blockers, carbamazepine,
fluoxetine, and ACE inhibitors
Preg: D
P:
Patient should have adequate renal function as evidenced by
elevated creatinine levels or BUN levels, and they should drink
plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration; excessive sodium loss
can produce lithium toxicity (avoid excessive sweating); use
lower doses in elderly individuals; do not perform ECT when
being administered; avoid rapid increases in dosing
Anything causing hyponatremia increases levels and could
cause toxicity; toxicity is closely related to serum levels and can
occur at therapeutic doses; serum lithium determinations are
required to monitor therapy
Nama Dagang:
Frimania

Amoxapine
I: Neurotic or reactive depressive disorder as well as
endogenous and psychotic depression; depression
accompanied by anxiety or agitation
BSO: Tablet: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg
D: Once symptoms are controlled, decrease gradually to lowest
effective dose. Maintenance dose is usually given at bedtime to
reduce daytime sedation. Oral:
Adolescents: Initial: 25-50 mg/day; increase to 100 mg/day;
divided/ single dose at bedtime
Adults: Initial: 25 mg 2-3 times/day, increased to 100 mg 2-3
times/day;
Elderly: Initial: 25 mg at bedtime increased by 25 mg weekly for
outpatients and every 3 days for inpatients if tolerated; usual
dose: 50-150 mg/day, but doses up to 300 mg may be
necessary
Maximum daily dose: Inpatient: 600 mg, Outpatient: 400 mg

KI: Hypersensitivity to amoxapine; use of monoamine oxidase
inhibitors within past 14 days; recovery from acute myocardial
infarction
P: May cause sedation, resulting in impaired performance of
tasks requiring alertness (ie, operating machinery or driving).
Sedative effects may be additive with other CNS depressants
and/or ethanol. The degree of sedation is moderate relative to
other antidepressants. May worsen psychosis in some patients
or precipitate a shift to mania or hypomania in patients with
bipolar disease. May increase the risks associated with
electroconvulsive therapy. This agent should be discontinued,
when possible, prior to elective surgery. Therapy should not be
abruptly discontinued in patients receiving high doses for
prolonged periods.
May cause orthostatic hypotension (risk is moderate relative to
other antidepressants) - use with caution in patients at risk of
hypotension or in patients where transient hypotensive
episodes would be poorly tolerated (cardiovascular disease or
cerebrovascular disease). The degree of anticholinergic
blockade produced by this agent is moderate relative to other
cyclic antidepressants - use caution in patients with urinary
retention, benign prostatic hypertrophy, narrow-angle glaucoma,
xerostomia, visual problems, constipation, or history of bowel
obstruction.
of cardiovascular disease (including previous MI, stroke,
tachycardia, or conduction abnormalities). The risk of
conduction abnormalities with this agent is moderate relative to
other antidepressants. May lower seizure threshold - use
caution in patients with a previous seizure disorder or condition
predisposing to seizures such as brain damage, alcoholism, or
concurrent therapy with other drugs which lower the seizure
threshold. Use with caution in hyperthyroid patients or those
receiving thyroid supplementation. Use with caution in patients
with hepatic or renal dysfunction and in elderly patients.
ES: >10%: Drowsiness, Xerostomia, constipation

1-10%: Dizziness, headache, confusion, nervousness,
restlessness, insomnia, ataxia, excitement, anxiety, Edema,
skin rash, Elevated prolactin levels, Nausea, Tremor,
weakness, Blurred vision, Diaphoresis
IO: CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A3/4 enzyme substrate
Amoxapine inhibits the antihypertensive response to
bethanidine, clonidine, debrisoquin, guanadrel, guanethidine,
guanabenz, guanfacine; monitor BP; consider alternate
antihypertensive agent
Abrupt discontinuation of clonidine may cause hypertensive
crisis, amoxapine may enhance the response
Use with altretamine may cause orthostatic hypertension
Amoxapine may be additive with or may potentiate the action of
other CNS depressants (sedatives, hypnotics, or ethanol)
With MAO inhibitors, hyperpyrexia, hypertension, tachycardia,
confusion, seizures, and deaths have been reported
(serotonin syndrome); this combination should be avoided
Amoxapine may increase the prothrombin time in patients
stabilized on warfarin
Cimetidine and methylphenidate may decrease the metabolism
of amoxapine; additive anticholinergic effects seen with other
anticholinergic agents
The SSRIs, to varying degrees, inhibit the metabolism of TCAs
and clinical toxicity may result
Use of lithium with a TCA may increase the risk for neurotoxicity
Phenothiazines may increase concentration of some TCAs and
TCAs may increase concentration of phenothiazines; monitor
for altered clinical response
TCAs may enhance the hypoglycemic effects of tolazamide,
chlorpropamide, or insulin; monitor for changes in blood glucose
levels
Cholestyramine and colestipol may bind TCAs and reduce their
absorption; monitor for altered response
TCAs may enhance the effect of amphetamines; monitor for
adverse CV effects
Verapamil and diltiazem appear to decrease the metabolism of
imipramine and potentially other TCAs; monitor for increased
TCA concentrations. The pressor response to I.V. epinephrine,
norepinephrine, and phenylephrine may be enhanced in
patients receiving TCAs; this combination is best avoided.
Grapefruit juice,amprenavir, indinavir, ritonavir may inhibit the
metabolism of clomipramine and potentially other TCAs;
monitor for altered effects; a decrease in TCA dosage may be
required
Quinidine may inhibit the metabolism of TCAs; monitor for
altered effect
Combined use of anticholinergics with TCAs may produce
additive anticholinergic effects; combined use of beta-agonists
with TCAs may predispose patients to cardiac arrhythmias
Preg: C
BSO:
Nama Dagang: Asendin

I. Stimulan SSP & Obat ADHD
Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate
I: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Kaps 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg
D: Deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Tab:
+ Adults= 5-20 mg 2-3x/hr a.c
+ Anak 6th= 5 mg 2x/hr. Titrasi per minggu. Max 60 mg/hr.
Etended -release tablets:
+ Dws & anak > 6th=10-20 mg 1x pagi hr a.c. Max 60 mg/hr
Narcolepsy: Tab:
+ Adults= 5-20 mg 2-3x/hr a.c
if unable to sleep because of taking medication late in day, take
last dose before noon or 6 pm
KI:
Hipersensitif; psychosis; agitation; hyperthyroidism;
uncontrolled hypertension; cardiac disease; glaucoma; current
MAOI or within past 2 wk; substance abuse
IO:

Reduces effects of guanethidine and bretylium; toxicity of
phenytoin, TCAs, warfarin, primidone, and phenobarbital may
increase when administered concurrently with methylphenidate;
MAOIs increase toxicity of methylphenidate
Preg: C
P:
Caution in dementia, seizures, and hypertension
Nama Dagang:
Ritalin/ Ritalin SR/ Ritalin LA

J. Nootropik & Neurotonik
Piracetam
Mecobalamin
Pyritinol
Sulbutiamine
Citrulline
Nimodipine

Piracetam
I: Gejala involusi yg berhub dg proses penuaan, misal: lupa,
asthenia, ggn adaptasi, ggn reaksi psikomotor, alkoholisme
kronik & ketergantungan, Sindrom pasca trauma, myoclonus.
BSO: Kaps 400 mg, 800 mg, 1.2 g
Sir 500 mg/5cc
Amp 200 mg/cc, 1 g/5cc
D: 2.4 g/hr terbagi dalam 3 dosis
Amp 1 g 3x/hr IM/IV
KI: Breastfeeding, Children < 16 years, Moderate to severely
decreased liver & kidney function, Pregnancy.
P: Decreased kidney function, Elderly people
ES: Diarrhoea, insomnia, Depression, Skin rashes, Weight gain,
somnolence, Nervousness, Hyperkinesia
IO: Jangan diberikan bersama ekstrak tiroid
Nama Dagang:

Mecobalamin
I: Neuropati perifer, tinnitus, vertigo, anemia megaloblastik krn
defisiensi vit B12.
BSO: Kapl 250 mcg, 500 mcg. Amp 500 mcg
D: 500 mcg 3x/mggu IO/IV/IM
KI:
P: Neonatus, bayi premature, anak
ES: Anoreksia, mual, diare, ruam kulit
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Pyritinol
I: Pasca trauma otak, perdarahan otak, keracunan & radang
otak, gejala degenerasi otak sehubungan dg ggn metabolisme
& sirkulasi otak. Daya pikir menurun, pelupa, sukar konsentrasi
BSO: Drag 100 mg, forte 200 mg
Lar 100 cc
Amp 20 mg
D: Dws 200 mg 3x/hr. terapi minimal 6-8 mgg. Amp min 3
pasang/hr
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Sulbutiamine
I: Terapi simtomatik asthenia fungsional
BSO: Drag 200 mg
D: 200-600 mg 1x/hari atau dlm dosis terbagi. Umumnya 2 tab/
hari pd waktu sarapan

KI:
P:
ES: Agitasi ringan pd usia lanjut. Reaksi alergi kulit
IO:
Preg: A, B, C, D, X
Nama Dagang:
Arcalion 200

Citrulline
I: Membantu & memperbaiki metabolisme tubuh.Menjaga
kebugaran tubuh saat kerja keras,olahraga & masa pemulihan.
BSO: Sachet
D: 1 sachet 3x/hr
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Stimol

Nimodipine
I: Bleeding into the space between the skull and the brain (sub-
arachnoid haemorrhage)
BSO: Tab 30 mg, Lar Infus 10 mg/50cc
D: Adults: 60 mg q4 hours for 21 days.
Infus 1-2 mg/jam selama 5-14 hari. Lalu selama 7 hari
berikutnya 2 tab 6x/hr.
P: Kidney disease, cerebral oedema
ES: Headache, tachycardia, bradycardia, facial flushing,
hypotension, Nausea, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting
or abdominal pain, Feeling of warmth
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Nimotop

K. Anti Emetik & Anti Vertigo
Dimenhydrinate
Domperidone
Promethazine theoclate
Betahistine
Metoclopramide HCl
Cinnarizine
Chlorpromazine
Perphenazine
Diphenhydramine
Clebropride Malate
Sulpiride
Ondansetron
Tropisetron
Granisetron

Dimenhydrinate
Antihistamine
-- A 1:1 salt of 8-chlorotheophylline and diphenhydramine
believed to be particularly useful in treatment of vertigo.
Diminishes vestibular stimulation and depresses labyrinthine
function by means of central anticholinergic activity.
I: nausea, vertigo, and vomiting associated with motion
sickness
BSO: Tab/ Caps: 50 mg
Injection: 50 mg/mL
Liquid: 12.5 mg/4 mL
D: 50 mg PO/IM q4-6h or 100-mg supp q8h
Paed.
2-6 years: Up to 12.5-25 mg PO/IM q6-8h; max 75 mg/d
6-12 years: 25-50 mg PO q6-8h; max 150 mg/d
KI:
Hipersensitif; administration to neonates (IV products may
contain benzyl alcohol, which has been associated with fatal

gasping syndrome in premature infants and low-birth-weight
infants)
IO:
Alcohol or other CNS depressants may have additive effect;
caution with concurrent antibiotics that may cause ototoxicity;
may mask ototoxic symptoms caused by certain antibiotics
(irreversible damage may result)
Preg: B
P:
Do not treat severe emesis with antiemetic drugs alone; may
contain either sulfites or tartrazine, which may cause allergic-
type reactions in susceptible persons; may impede diagnosis of
conditions such as brain tumors, intestinal obstruction, and
appendicitis; may obscure signs of toxicity from overdosage of
other drugs
Nama Dagang:

Promethazine theoclate
Antihistamines
I: Vertigo, Nausea and vomiting, Preventing travel sickness
BSO: Tab 25 mg
D: 25 mg 1x/hr tiap malam
KI: Allergy, neonates, People who have taken MAOIs in the last
14 days, Reduced awareness, slow reactions or drowsiness,
comatose states
P: Asthma, Breastfeeding, Bronchitis, Closed angle glaucoma,
Decreased kidney function, Epilepsy, Liver disease, Obstruction
of the bladder or intestine, Pregnancy, bronchiectasis
ES: Headache, Blurred vision, urinary retention, Confusion,
Nightmares, Restlessness, photosensitivity, palpitations,
Dizziness, Disorientation, paradoxical hyperexcitability, Dry
mouth, Drowsiness
IO: alcohol, nalgesik narkotik, hipnotik sedative, trankuilizer,
barbiturat
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:Nufapreg
Betahistine
I: Vertigo, tinnitus and hearing problems associated with
Ménière's disease
BSO: Tab 8 mg
D: 8 mg 3x/hr Max 6 tab/hr dlm dosis terbagi

KI: Tumour of the adrenal gland (phaeochromocytoma)
P: Peptic ulcer, Asthma
ES: Itching (pruritus), indigestion, diarrhoea, constipation,
nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain, Headache, Rash
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antihistamine
I: Symptomatic relief of allergic symptoms caused by histamine
release which include nasal allergies and allergic dermatosis;
can be used for mild nighttime sedation; prevention of motion
sickness and as an antitussive; has antinauseant and topical
anesthetic properties; treatment of antipsychotic-induced
extrapyramidal reactions
BSO: Vial 10 mg/cc, 50 mg/mL
Tablet & Capsule: 25 mg, 50 mg
Cream, Lotion & Solution, topical spray:1%, 2%
Syrup & Elixir: 12.5 mg/5 mL
D: Adults: Oral: 25-50 mg q6-8 hours
Nighttime sleep aid: 50 mg at bedtime
I.M., I.V.: 10-50 mg 1x q2-4 hours, max 400 mg/day
Topical: max 7 days
Children:
Oral: (>10 kg): 12.5-25 mg 3-4x/day; max 300 mg/day

IM/IV: 5 mg/kg/day or 150 mg/m2/day in divided doses q6-8
hours, max 300 mg/day
KI: Hipersensitif; MAOIs
IO: Potentiates effect of CNS depressants; due to alcohol
content, do not administer syrup dosage form to patient taking
medications that can cause disulfiramlike reactions
Preg: C
P: May exacerbate glaucoma, hyperthyroidism, peptic ulcer, or
urinary tract obstruction; xerostomia may occur
Nama Dagang:

Ondansetron
Selective 5-HT3-receptor antagonist, blocking serotonin, both
peripherally on vagal nerve terminals and centrally in the
chemoreceptor trigger zone.
I: Nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or
radiotherapy for cancer & following surgery.
BSO: Injection: 2 mg/mL; 32 mg
Solution: 4 mg/5 mL
Tablet, orally disintegrating: 4 mg, 8 mg
D: 4-8 mg PO q12h
Alternatively, 8 mg administered IV over 15 min q12h or 1 mg/h
infused continuously for up to 24 h
Solution, oral disintegrating tablets, and tablets:
Anticancer medicine: Adults: 8 mg 2-3x/day 30’ before the
anticancer medicine. 4-11 years: 4 mg
More severe nausea and vomiting:
Adults: 24 mg 30’ before the anticancer medicine
After surgery: Adults: 16 mg 1h before anesthesia.
Radiation treatment: Adults: 8 mg 1-2h before radiation.
the anticancer medicine. 4-11 years: 4 mg
Injection: Anticancer medicine:
Adults: 32 mg IV slow > 15‘. 150 mcg/kg 30’ before anticancer.
Prevention of nausea and vomiting after surgery:
Adults: 4 mg IV slow > 30’’-4‘. 100 mcg/kg 30’ before anesthesi
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Food increases extent of absorption; Cmax and Tmax do
not change much; St John's wort may decrease ondansetron
levels; due to reports of profound hypotension during
concomitant therapy, manufacturer of apomorphine
contraindicates use with ondansetron; CYP3A4 inducers may
decrease levels/effects of ondansetron
Preg: B
P:
May mask progressive ileus and/or gastric distension;
anaphylactoid reactions may occur
Nama Dagang:

Tropisetron
I: Prevention of cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and
vomiting in children, Prevention of post-surgical nausea and
vomiting in adults who are at high risk of post-surgical nausea
and vomiting, post-surgical nausea and vomiting in adults
BSO: Kaps 5 mg. Amp 5 mg/5cc
D: Hari 1: Infus IV 5 mg atau Inj IV pelan
Hari 2-6 dst: Tab pagi a.c

KI: Pregnancy
P: Disturbed heart rhythm or nerve conduction within the heart
# People taking and anti-arrhythmia or beta-blocking medicines
ES: Headache, Fatigue, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea,
vomiting or abdominal pain, Dizziness, Allergy
IO: -
Nama Dagang: Navoban

Granisetron
I: Preventing and treating nausea and vomiting caused by
chemotherapy or radiotherapy for cancer & following surgery in
adults and children.
BSO: Amp: 1 mg/mL
Tablet: 1 mg
D: Anticancer medicine:
Tab: 1 mg 1h before anticancer medicine 2x/day
Injection: 10 mcg IV slow > 5’. 30’ before anticancer medicine
Radiation therapy: 2 mg 1h before radiation
KI: Hypersensitivity, tablets contain lactose -> should not be
taken by people with rare hereditary problems of galactose
malabsorption.
P: Intestinal obstruction.
ES: Headache, Constipation, Skin rash, Alteration in results of
liver function tests, hypersensitivity.
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Kytril
L. Penyakit NeuroDegeneratif
Rivastigmine
Donepezil
Galantamine

Rivastigmine
I: Mild to moderately dementia in Alzheimer & Parkinson
BSO: Capsule: 1.5 mg, 3 mg, 4.5 mg, 6 mg
Solution, oral: 2 mg/mL
D: Adults: 1.5 mg 2x/day. Max 6 mg 2x/day.

KI: Decreased liver function, Breastfeeding, children
P: Sick sinus syndrome, heart conduction defects, peptic ulcer,
asthma, COPD, History of urinary obstruction, seizures
ES: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, indigestion or abdominal pain,
Decreased appetite and weight loss, Dizziness, Increased
sweating, Fatigue, asthenia, Agitation, Headache, somnolence,
tremor, Confusion, insomnia, Depression, syncope, Ulceration
of the stomach or intestine, Seizures, angina, Rash,
hallucinations, Worsening of Parkinson's symptoms, Abnormal
heart beats
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Exelon

Donepezil HCl
I: Mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's dementia.
D: Mild-moderate Alzheimer: 5 mg hs. Max 10 mg/day
Severe Alzheimer' :10 mg hs (at bedtime).
KI: Children, Breastfeeding
P: Decreased liver function, sick sinus syndrome, heart
conduction defects, peptic ulcer, People taking long-term
NSAIDs, urinary obstruction, Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy,
Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
ES: Nausea and vomiting, Loss of appetite, Diarrhoea, Fatigue,
insomnia, Headache, Dizziness, Fainting, Hallucinations,
Agitation, Aggressive behaviour, Muscle cramps, Urinary
incontinence, Rash or itching, bradycardia, Seizure, Liver
disorders, extrapyramidal effects.
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Galantamine
I: Mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease
BSO: Tab 4 mg
D: 4 mg 2x/day
KI: Severely decreased kidney & liver function, Breastfeeding.
P: Moderately reduced liver function, cardiovascular disease,
atrial fibrillation, Unstable angina pectoris, Disturbances in the
level of potassium in the blood, cerebrovascular disease,
Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, COPD, severe asthma, Active
lung infections, peptic ulcers
ES: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, indigestion or
abdominal pain, Loss of appetite and weight loss, Fatigue,
Dizziness, Headache, Fever, Confusion, Depression, Falls,
insomnia, Tremor, Abnormal heart beats, bradycardia,
Seizures, Hallucinations, Aggression, hypokalaemia
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:Reminyl

M. Penyakit Neuromuskular
Neostigmine
Pyridostigmine

Neostigmine
I: Myasthenia gravis, urinary retention, paralytic ileus
BSO: Injection: 0.25 mg/mL; 0.5 mg/mL; 1 mg/mL
Tablet: 15 mg
D: Myasthenia gravis: Diagnosis: I.M.:
Children: 0.04 mg/kg as a single dose
Adults: 0.02 mg/kg as a single dose
Myasthenia gravis: Treatment:
Children:
Oral: 2 mg/kg/day divided every 3-4 hours
I.M., I.V., S.C.: 0.01-0.04 mg/kg q2-4 hours
Adults:
Oral: 15 mg/dose q3-4 hours max 375 mg/day
IM/IV/SC: 0.5-2.5 mg q1-3 hours max 10 mg/24 hours
Reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade after
surgery in conjunction with atropine: I.V.:
Infants: 0.025-0.1 mg/kg/dose
Children: 0.025-0.08 mg/kg/dose
Adults: 0.5-2.5 mg; total dose max 5 mg
Bladder atony: Adults: I.M., S.C.:
Prevention: 0.25 mg every 4-6 hours for 2-3 days
Treatment: 0.5-1 mg every 3 hours for 5 doses after bladder
has emptied
Clcr 10-50 mL/minute: Administer 50% of normal dose
Clcr <10 mL/minute: Administer 25% of normal dose
KI: Intestinal obstruction, allergy, Obstruction of the urinary tract
P: Asthma, Decreased kidney function, Epilepsy, hypotension,
Parkinson's disease, People who have recently had a heart
attack, Peptic ulcer, bradycardia
ES: Abdominal cramps, Diarrhoea, Nausea and vomiting,
Increased salivation
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Pyridostigmine
I: Myasthenia gravis, urinary retention, paralytic ileus
BSO: Tab: 60 mg
D: Normally, sustained release dosage form is used at bedtime
for patients who complain of morning weakness
Oral: Children: 7 mg/kg/day in 5-6 divided doses
Adults: Initial: 60 mg 3 times/day with maintenance dose
ranging from 60 mg to 1.5 g/day; sustained release formulation
should be dosed at least every 6 hours (usually 12-24 hours)
IM/IV: Children: 0.05-0.15 mg/kg/dose (max single dose: 10 mg)
Adults: 2 mg q2-3 hours or 1/30th of oral dose
Reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker: IM/IV:
Children: 0.1-0.25 mg/kg/dose preceded by atropine
Adults: 10-20 mg preceded by atropine
KI: Intestinal obstruction, Obstruction of the urinary tract
P: Asthma, Decreased kidney function, Epilepsy, hypotension,
Parkinson's disease, People who have recently had a heart
attack, Peptic ulcer, bradycardia

ES: Abdominal cramps, Diarrhoea, Nausea and vomiting,
Increased salivation
IO:
Nama Dagang: Mestinon

N. Preparat Parkinson
Levodopa
Estazolam
Trihexyphenidyl

Levodopa
I: Parkinson
D: 250 mg 2-4x/day. Max 8 g/day
KI: < 25 years, Severe liver, kidney & heart disease, endocrine
disease, Closed angle glaucoma, malignant melanoma,
Suspicious skin lesions of unknown cause, Severe psychotic
illness, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, People who have taken
MAOI in the last 14 days.
P: Liver, Kidney & Lung disease, Asthma, cardiovascular
disease, heart attack, arrhythmias, endocrine disorders,
Diabetes, convulsions, peptic ulcers, psychiatric illness, Open
angle glaucoma, osteomalacia.
ES: Dyskinesia, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain, Mood changes, strange or abnormal thoughts
or depression, Confusion, palpitations, Irregular heart beats,
postural hypotension, Loss of appetite, Dry mouth, asthenia,
insomnia, somnolence, Suddenly falling asleep, hallucinations,
Bleeding or ulceration in the stomach or intestines,
Disturbances in the normal numbers of blood cells in the blood,
pathological gambling, hypersexuality, Visual disturbances,
dyspnoea
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Estazolam
I: Short-term management of insomnia
D: Adults: Oral: 1 mg at bedtime, some patients may require 2
mg; start at doses of 0.5 mg in debilitated or small elderly
patients
KI: Hypersensitivity, pregnancy
P: Use with caution in elderly or debilitated patients, patients
with hepatic disease (including alcoholics), or renal impairment.
Use with caution in patients with respiratory disease or impaired
gag reflex. Avoid use in patients with sleep apnea. As a
hypnotic, should be used only after evaluation of potential
causes of sleep disturbance. Failure of sleep disturbance to
resolve after 7-10 days may indicate psychiatric or medical
illness. A worsening of insomnia or the emergence of new
abnormalities of thought or behavior may represent
unrecognized psychiatric or medical illness and requires
immediate and careful evaluation.

Benzodiazepines have been associated with anterograde
amnesia. Paradoxical reactions, including hyperactive or
aggressive behavior, have been reported with benzodiazepines,
particularly in adolescent/pediatric or psychiatric patients. Does
not have analgesic, antidepressant, or antipsychotic properties.
of drug dependence. Benzodiazepines have been associated
with dependence and acute withdrawal symptoms on
discontinuation or reduction in dose. Acute withdrawal, including
seizures, may be precipitated in patients after administration of
flumazenil to patients receiving long-term benzodiazepine
therapy.
ES: >10%: Somnolence, Weakness
1-10%: Flushing, palpitations, Anxiety, confusion, dizziness,
hypokinesia, abnormal coordination, hangover, agitation,
amnesia, apathy, emotional lability, euphoria, hostility, seizure,
sleep disorder, stupor, twitch , Dermatitis, pruritus, rash,
urticaria, Xerostomia, constipation, decreased appetite,
flatulence, gastritis, increased appetite, perverse taste,
Frequent urination, menstrual cramps, urinary hesitancy, urinary
frequency, vaginal discharge/itching, Paresthesia, Photophobia,
eye pain, eye swelling, Cough, dyspnea, asthma, rhinitis,
sinusitis, Diaphoresis
IO: Carbamazepine, rifampin, rifabutin may enhance the
metabolism of estazolam and decrease its therapeutic effect;
consider using an alternative sedative/hypnotic agent
Cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clozapine, CNS
depressants, diltiazem, disulfiram, digoxin, erythromycin,
ethanol, fluconazole, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, grapefruit juice,
isoniazid, itraconazole, ketoconazole, labetalol, levodopa,
loxapine, metoprolol, metronidazole, miconazole, nefazodone,
omeprazole, phenytoin, rifabutin, rifampin, troleandomycin,
valproic acid, verapamil may increase the serum level and/or
toxicity of estazolam
Preg: X
Nama Dagang:

Trihexyphenidyl (THP)
I: Parkinson's disease, extrapyramidal symptoms which are side
effects of another medicine.
BSO: Elixir: 2 mg/5 mL
Tablet: 2 mg, 5 mg
D: Initial: 1-2 mg/day, increase by 2 mg increments at intervals
of 3-5 days; usual dose: 5-15 mg/day in 3-4 divided doses
KI: Children, tardive dyskinesia, rare hereditary problems of
fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsoprtion or
sucrase-maltase insufficiency.
P: Elderly people, Decreased kidney, liver &heart function,
hypertension, Glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, obstruction in
the genitourinary tract, obstruction in the stomach or intestines,
myaesthenia gravis.
ES: Dry mouth, Constipation, Blurred vision, insomnia,
Confusion, Agitation, Restlessness, hallucinations, euphoria,
Memory problems.

IO: Decreased effect: May increase gastric degradation of
levodopa and decrease the amount of levodopa absorbed by
delaying gastric emptying; the opposite may be true for digoxin
Therapeutic effects of cholinergic agents (tacrine, donepezil)
and neuroleptics may be antagonized
Increased toxicity: Central and/or peripheral anticholinergic
syndrome can occur when administered with amantadine,
rimantadine, narcotic analgesics, phenothiazines and other
antipsychotics (especially with high anticholinergic activity),
tricyclic antidepressants, quinidine and some other
antiarrhythmics, and antihistamines
Preg: C
BSO:
Nama Dagang:

O. Relaksan Otot
Botulinum Toxin type A, Clostridium botulinum A
Succinylcholine Cl/ Suxamethonium chloride
Pancuronium Br
Vecuronium Br
Rocuronium Br
Atracurium besilate
Eperisone
Chlorzoxazone
Baclofen
Tizanidine

Botulinum Toxin type A, Clostridium botulinum type A
Ophthalmic Agent, Toxin
I: Blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, spasmodic
torticollis/idiopathic cervical dystonia, Wrist and hand disability
in adults due to spasm of the muscle in the upper arm as a
result of a stroke, dynamic equinus foot deformity, hyperhidrosis
BSO: Vial 100 u
D: Awal 2.5 u/0.1 cc
Eye conditions: IM into the muscles around the eyes 1/> times.
cervical dystonia: IM into the muscles of the neck
Severe sweating of the armpits (primary axillary hyperhidrosis):
IM below the skin in the armpit
KI: Infection at the proposed injection site, myasthenia gravis,
Eaton Lambert syndrome
P: Inflammation in the area to be injected, Excessive weakness
or wasting in the muscle to be injected, dysphagia, seizures,
cardiovascular disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, People
who have recently had surgery or are due to have surgery in the

near future, People at risk of closed angle glaucoma, People
who have had previous eye surgery
ES: Pain at the injection site, Misplaced injections may paralyse
nearby muscles and excessive doses may paralyse muscles
that are not near the injection site, Fever, Flu-like symptoms,
dysphagia, Rash or itching
IO: The muscle paralysing effect of botulinum toxin type A may
be increased by the following medicines:
* aminoglycoside antibiotics, eg neomycin, gentamicin
* spectinomycin
* muscle relaxants, particularly those used in anaesthesia
* antibiotics such as polymixins, tetracyclines or lincomycin.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
BTXA

Succinylcholine Cl/ Suxamethonium chloride
Neuromuscular Blocker Agent, Depolarizing
I: Produces skeletal muscle relaxation in procedures of short
duration such as endotracheal intubation or endoscopic exams
BSO: Injection: 20 mg/mL; 50 mg/mL; 100 mg/mL
Powder for injection: 100 mg, 500 mg, 1 g
D: I.M., I.V.:
Older Children and Adolescents: Intermittent: Initial: 1
mg/kg/dose one time; maintenance: 0.3-0.6 mg/kg every 5-10
minutes as needed
Adults: 0.6 mg/kg (range: 0.3-1.1 mg/kg) over 10-30 seconds,
up to 150 mg total dose
Maintenance: 0.04-0.07 mg/kg every 5-10 minutes as needed
Continuous infusion: 2.5 mg/minute (or 0.5-10 mg/minute);
dilute to concentration of 1-2 mg/mL in D5W or NS
Note: Pretreatment with atropine may reduce occurrence of
bradycardia
Dosing adjustment in hepatic impairment: Dose should be
decreased in patients with severe liver disease
KI: Malignant hyperthermia, myopathies associated with
elevated serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values, narrow-
angle glaucoma, hyperkalemia, penetrating eye injuries,
disorders of plasma pseudocholinesterase, hypersensitivity to
succinylcholine or any component
P: Use in pediatrics and adolescents; use with caution in
patients with pre-existing hyperkalemia, paraplegia, extensive
or severe burns, extensive denervation of skeletal muscle
because of disease or injury to the CNS or with degenerative or
dystrophic neuromuscular disease; may increase vagal tone
ES: >10%: glaukoma, Postoperative stiffness
1-10%: Bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias,
tachycardia, Intragastric pressure, salivation
IO: Increased toxicity: Anticholinesterase drugs (neostigmine,
physostigmine, or pyridostigmine) in combination with
succinylcholine can cause cardiorespiratory collapse;
cyclophosphamide, oral contraceptives, lidocaine, thiotepa,
pancuronium, lithium, magnesium salts, aprotinin, chloroquine,

metoclopramide, terbutaline, and procaine enhance and prolong
the effects of succinylcholine
Prolonged neuromuscular blockade:
Inhaled anesthetics
Local anesthetics
Calcium channel blockers
Antiarrhythmics (eg, quinidine or procainamide)
Antibiotics (eg, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, vancomycin,
clindamycin)
Immunosuppressants (eg, cyclosporine)
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Quelicin

Pancuronium Br
Neuromuscular Blocker Agent, Nondepolarizing
I: Drug of choice for neuromuscular blockade except in
patients with renal failure, hepatic failure, or cardiovascular
instability; produce skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery
after induction of general anesthesia, increase pulmonary
compliance during assisted respiration, facilitate endotracheal
intubation, preferred muscle relaxant for neonatal cardiac
patients, must provide artificial ventilation
D: Based on ideal body weight in obese patients. I.V.:
Continuous I.V. infusions are not recommended due to
case reports of prolonged paralysis
Dosing adjustment in renal impairment: Elimination half-life
is doubled, plasma clearance is reduced and rate of recovery is
sometimes much slower
Clcr 10-50 mL/minute: Administer 50% of normal dose
Clcr <10 mL/minute: Do not use

Dosing adjustment/comments in hepatic disease:
Elimination half-life is doubled, plasma clearance is doubled,
recovery time is prolonged, volume of distribution is increased
(50%) and results in a slower onset, higher total dosage and
prolongation of neuromuscular blockade
Patients with liver disease may develop slow resistance to
nondepolarizing muscle relaxant; large doses may be required
and problems may arise in antagonism
P: Ventilation must be supported during neuromuscular
blockade. Electrolyte imbalance alters blockade. Use with
caution in patients with myasthenia gravis or other
neuromuscular diseases, pre-existing pulmonary, hepatic, renal
disease, and in the elderly
ES: 1-10%: Elevation in pulse rate, elevated blood pressure,
tachycardia, hypertension, Rash, itching, Excessive salivation
IO: Increased toxicity: Magnesium sulfate, furosemide can
increase or decrease neuromuscular blockade (dose-
dependent)
Prolonged neuromuscular blockade:
Inhaled anesthetics
Local anesthetics
clindamycin)
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Pavulon

Vecuronium Br
I: Adjunct to anesthesia, to facilitate intubation, and provide
skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical
ventilation
BSO: Powder for injection: 10 mg
D: I.V. (do not administer I.M.):
Children >1 year and Adults: Initial: 0.08-0.1 mg/kg/dose;
maintenance: 0.05-0.1 mg/kg/every hour as needed; may be
administered with caution as a continuous infusion at 0.075 mg/
kg/hour (concern has been raised of drug-induced myopathies
in ICU setting)
Note: Children (1-10 years) may require slightly higher initial
doses and slightly more frequent supplementation
P: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment,
neuromuscular disease, myasthenia gravis, and the elderly;
ventilation must be supported during neuromuscular blockade

ES: <1%: Tachycardia, flushing, edema, hypotension,
circulatory collapse, bradycardia, rash, itching, hypersensitivity
reaction
IO: Increased toxicity/effect with aminoglycosides, ketamine,
magnesium sulfate, verapamil, quinidine, clindamycin,
furosemide
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Norcuron

Rocuronium bromide
I: Inpatient and outpatient use as an adjunct to general
anesthesia to facilitate both rapid-sequence and routine
tracheal intubation, and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation
during surgery or mechanical ventilation
D: Children:
Initial: 0.6 mg/kg under halothane anesthesia produce excellent
to good intubating conditions within 1 minute and will provide a
median time of 41 minutes of clinical relaxation in children 3
months to 1 year of age, and 27 minutes in children 1-12 years
Maintenance: 0.075-0.125 mg/kg administered upon return of T1
to 25% of control provides clinical relaxation for 7-10 minutes
Adults:
Tracheal intubation: I.V.:
Initial: 0.6 mg/kg is expected to provide approximately 31
minutes of clinical relaxation under opioid/nitrous oxide/oxygen
anesthesia with neuromuscular block sufficient for intubation
attained in 1-2 minutes; lower doses (0.45 mg/kg) may be used
to provide 22 minutes of clinical relaxation with median time to
neuromuscular block of 1-3 minutes; maximum blockade is
achieved in <4 minutes
Maximum: 0.9-1.2 mg/kg may be given during surgery under
opioid/nitrous oxide/oxygen anesthesia without adverse
cardiovascular effects and is expected to provide 58-67 minutes
of clinical relaxation; neuromuscular blockade sufficient for
intubation is achieved in <2 minutes with maximum blockade in
<3 minutes
Maintenance: 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/kg administered at 25%
recovery of control T1 (defined as 3 twitches of train-of-four)
provides a median of 12, 17, and 24 minutes of clinical duration
under anesthesia
Rapid sequence intubation: 0.6-1.2 mg/kg in appropriately
premedicated and anesthetized patients with excellent or good
intubating conditions within 2 minutes

Continuous infusion: Initial: 0.01-0.012 mg/kg/minute only after
early evidence of spontaneous recovery of neuromuscular
function is evident
Dosing adjustment in hepatic impairment: Reductions are
necessary in patients with liver disease
P: Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular or pulmonary
disease, hepatic impairment, neuromuscular disease,
myasthenia gravis, dehydration (may alter neuromuscular
blocking effects); respiratory acidosis, hypomagnesemia,
hypokalemia, or hypocalcemia (may enhance actions) and the
elderly; ventilation must be supported during neuromuscular
blockade
ES: >1%: Transient hypotension and hypertension
<1%: Arrhythmias, abnormal EKG, tachycardia, edema, rash,
injection site pruritus, nausea, vomiting, bronchospasm,
wheezing, rhonchi, hiccups

IO: Decreased effect: Chronic carbamazepine or phenytoin can
shorten the duration of neuromuscular blockade; phenylephrine
can severely inhibit neuromuscular blockade
Increased effect: Infusion requirements are reduced 35% to
40% during anesthesia with enflurane or isoflurane
Increased toxicity: Aminoglycosides, vancomycin, tetracyclines,
bacitracin
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Esmeron

Atracurium besilate
I: Drug of choice for neuromuscular blockade in patients with
renal and/or hepatic failure; eases endotracheal intubation as
an adjunct to general anesthesia and relaxes skeletal muscle
during surgery or mechanical ventilation; does not relieve pain
Injection, preservative-free: 10 mg/mL
D: I.V. (not to be used I.M.):
Children >2 years to Adults: 0.4-0.5 mg/kg, then 0.08-0.1 mg/kg
20-45 minutes after initial dose to maintain neuromuscular block
Infusions (require use of an infusion pump): 0.2 mg/mL or 0.5
mg/mL in D5W or NS
Continuous infusion: Initial: 9-10 mcg/kg/minute followed by 5-9
mcg/kg/minute maintenance
P: Reduce initial dosage in patients in whom substantial
histamine release would be potentially hazardous (eg, patients

with clinically important cardiovascular disease); maintenance
of an adequate airway and respiratory support is critical
ES: Mild, rare, and generally suggestive of histamine release
<1%: Cardiovascular effects are minimal and transient,
erythema, itching, urticaria, wheezing, bronchial secretions
Causes of prolonged neuromuscular blockade:
Excessive drug administration
Cumulative drug effect, decreased metabolism/excretion
(hepatic and/or renal impairment)
Accumulation of active metabolites
Electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia, hypocalcemia,
hypermagnesemia, hypernatremia)
Hypothermia
Drug interactions
Increased sensitivity to muscle relaxants (eg, neuromuscular
disorders such as myasthenia gravis or polymyositis)
IO: Prolonged neuromuscular blockade:

Halothane has only a marginal effect, enflurane and isoflurane
increases the potency and prolong duration of neuromuscular
blockade induced by atracurium by 35% to 50%
Dosage should be reduced by 33% in patients receiving
isoflurane or enflurane and by 20% in patients receiving
halothane
Local anesthetics
Corticosteroids
clindamycin)
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Eperisone
I: spasme muskuloskeletal
D: 50 mg 3x/hr
KI:
P: Ggn hati
ES: Ggn hati, lemas, insomnia
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Chlorzoxazone
Skeletal Muscle Relaxant
I: Dental: Treatment of muscle spasm with acute
temporomandibular joint pain
Medical: Symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and pain
associated with acute musculoskeletal conditions
BSO: Tab 200 mg
D: 500 mg 3-4x/day
P:
ES: Bloody or black, tarry stools, Clay-colored stools,
Constipation, Cough, Dark urine, Decreased appetite, Difficulty
swallowing, Dizziness, Fast heartbeat, Fever, Headache, Hives,
Itching, Large, hive-like swelling on the face, eyelids, lips,
tongue, throat, hands, legs, feet, or sex organs, Loss of
appetite, Nausea and vomiting, Puffiness or swelling of the
eyelids or around the eyes, face, lips, or tongue, Severe
stomach pain, Shortness of breath, Skin rash
* Swelling of the feet or lower legs
* Tightness in the chest
* Unusual tiredness or weakness
* Vomiting of blood or material that looks like coffee grounds
* Wheezing
* Yellow eyes or skin
IO: CYP2E1 enzyme substrate
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Solaxin

Baclofen
Skeletal Muscle Relaxant
I: Multiple sclerosism, Tumours in the spinal cord, Motor
neurone disease, traumatic partial section, Stroke, Cerebral
palsy, Head injury
BSO: Tab 10 mg
D: 5mg 3x/day, increase 5 mg q3 day. Max 80 mg/day
KI: Peptic ulcer
P: Elderly people, Decreased kidney & liver function, respiratory
disease, Diabetes, Epilepsy, Stroke, People who have
previously had peptic ulcer disease, Psychotic disorders,
Parkinson's disease
ES: Drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhoea,
Lightheadedness, respiratory depression, Confusion,
Headache, insomnia, Mood changes, Muscle weakness, ataxia,
Tremor, hallucinations, Nightmares, nystagmus, Dry mouth,
Increased need to pass urine, hypertension, convulsions
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Lioresal
Tizanidine
Alpha2 Agonist
I: Multiple sclerosis, Spinal cord injury or disease
BSO: Tablet: 4 mg
D: 8 mg 3-4x/day. Max 36 mg/day.
KI: Allergy, Severe liver disease
P: Children, Decreased kidney function, Elderly people
ES: Dry mouth, insomnia, Drowsiness, Nausea, Fatigue,
diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain,
hypotension, hallucinations, Dizziness, bradycardia, hepatitis
IO: Tizanidine increases the effects of alcohol and sedatives
medicines. Tizanidine may increase the blood pressure-
lowering efects of anti-hypertensive medicines.
When taken together with beta blockers or digoxin there is an
increased risk of low blood pressure or a slow heart rate.
Oral contraceptives reduce the turnover of tizanidine and may
increase the likelihood of tizanidine side effects.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
V. HORMON
A. ANDROGEN SINTETIS
B. ESTROGEN & PREPARAT SINTETIS
C. PROGESTERON SINTETIS
D. PROTEKSI KEHAMILAN
E. KESUBURAN/ STIMULASI FOLIKEL
F. HORMON TROPIK SINTETIS
G. HORMON LAIN
H. KORTIKOSTEROID
I. HORMON REPLACEMENT
J. KONTRASEPSI

A. Androgen Sintetis
Testosterone
Danazol
Mesterolone

Testosterone
I : treatment of hypogonadism with low BMD
BSO : Kaps 40 mg
D:
Adults—30 mg applied to your upper gum above the left or right
incisor 2x/hr
KI: hypersensitivity; women with breast cancer; men with breast
or prostate cancer
IO: -
Preg: X
P:
Renal impairment and elderly patients; may increase risk of
prostatic hyperplasia; monitor PSA; may increase growth of
subclinical prostate carcinoma; discontinue if edema or jaundice
occurs; monitor liver function, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and
cholesterol; ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
Nama Dagang:

Danazol
-- Synthetic steroid analog with strong antigonadotropic activity
(inhibits LH and FSH) and weak androgenic action. Competes
with androgen and progesterone at receptor level, resulting in
amenorrhea within 3 mo.
I: Endometriosis, benign breast disease, hereditary angioedema
- that can cause nettle rash and swelling around the eyes,
mouth and hands (this is an unlicensed use of this medicine).
D:
Endometriosis: 100-400 mg 2x/hari selama 3-6 bulan.
Fibrocystic breast disease: 50-200 mg 2x/hari selama 6 bulan.
Prevention of attacks of hereditary angioedema: 200 mg 2-3x/
hari.
KI:
Hipersensitif; breastfeeding; seizure disorders; markedly
impaired hepatic function or porphyria
IO:

Prolongation of PT occurs in patients who are on warfarin;
carbamazepine levels might rise with concurrent use; might
interfere with laboratory determinations of DHEA,
androstenedione, and testosterone
Preg: X
P:
Caution in renal, hepatic (may elevate serum transaminase
levels), or cardiac insufficiency and in seizure disorders;
androgen effects may cause hirsutism, acne, lowering of voice,
or decreased breast size
Nama Dagang:

Mesterolone
I: # Low testosterone levels in men
# Male infertility caused by low testosterone levels
BSO: Tab 25 mg
D: Defisiensi androgen awal 25 mg 3-4x/hr selama bbrp
bulan. Pemeliharaan 50-75 mg/hr.
Infertilitas pria: 100 mg/hr selama bbrp bulan
KI: # History of or current liver tumours
# Prostate cancer
# Women
P: Pemeriksaan prostat secara teratur. Hanya utkpria, tumor
hati ganas
ES: Excessive frequency and duration of erections
IO:
Nama Dagang: Proviron

B. Estrogen & Preparat Sintetis
Esterified estrogen
Conjugated estrogen
Estradiol
Ethinylestradiol
Estriol
Estropipate
Tibolone
Estradiol valerate
Estrone

Esterified estrogen
Oral: Breast cancer in women after menopause and in men:
10 mg 3x/day for 3 mo
Vulvar atrophy or Atrophic vaginitis, or osteoporosis:
0.3-1.25 mg/day
Ovary problems (failure or removal of both ovaries):
1.25 mg/day each day or only on certain days of the month.
Ovary problems (female hypogonadism):
2.5-7.5 mg/day
Symptoms of menopause: 0.625-1.25 mg/day
Prostate cancer: 1.25-2.5 mg 3x/day.

Conjugated Estrogen
-- Reduces bone resorption and may increase osteoblast
activity.
Multiple studies have shown bone loss prevention at the spine
and hip when started within 10 y of menopause (but initiate as
soon as possible) and continued for life if tolerated. Although
due to safety concerns, many now advocate stopping hormones
when menopausal symptoms abate and then using other
treatments.
I: # Hormone replacement therapy to relieve symptoms of the
menopause
# Second-line option for preventing osteoporosis in
postmenopausal women who are at high risk of fractures and
cannot take other medicines licensed for preventing
osteoporosis.
D: Oral:
Breast cancer in women after menopause and in men:
10 mg 3x/day for 3 mo

Vulvar atrophy, atrophic vaginitis, symptoms of
menopause:
0.3 mg/day each day or only on certain days of the month.
Osteoporosis: 0.3 mg/day
Ovary problems (female hypogonadism or for starting puberty):
0.3-0.625 mg/day
Ovary problems (failure or removal of both ovaries):
1.25 mg/day
Prostate cancer: 1.25-2.5 mg 3x/day.
Injection: Controlling abnormal bleeding of the uterus: 25 mg
IM/IV 2-4x/day
KI: Hipersensitif; known or suspected Preg:; breast cancer;
undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding; active thrombophlebitis
or thromboembolic disorders; history of thrombophlebitis,
thrombosis, or thromboembolic disorders associated with
previous estrogen use (except when used in treatment of breast
or prostatic malignancy)
IO: May reduce hypoprothrombinemic effect of anticoagulants;
coadministration of barbiturates, rifampin, and other agents that
induce hepatic microsomal enzymes may reduce levels;
pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of corticosteroids may
occur as a result of estrogen-induced inactivation of hepatic
P-450 enzyme; loss of seizure control has been noted when
administered concurrently with hydantoins
Preg: X
P: Certain patients may develop undesirable manifestations of
excessive estrogenic stimulation (eg, abnormal or excessive
uterine bleeding, mastodynia); may cause some degree of fluid
retention (exercise caution); prolonged unopposed estrogen
therapy may increase risk of endometrial hyperplasia (combine
with progesterone in women with uterus); caution in hepatic
dysfunction, women who breastfeed, gallbladder disease, bone
disease associated with hypercalcemia, and uterine
leiomyomata; perform initial complete physical examination with
blood pressure, PAP smear, and mammogram and repeat
annually; discontinue if jaundice or severe uncontrollable
hypertension develops; discontinue 2 wk before surgery
associated with thromboembolism
Estradiol
-- Reduces bone resorption and may increase osteoblast
activity. Multiple studies have shown it prevents bone loss at
spine and hip when started within 10 y of menopause (initiate
as soon as possible after start of menopause) and continued for
life if tolerated.
D: Oral:
Breast cancer in women after menopause and in men:
10 mg/day 3x/day
Vulvar atrophy, atrophic vaginitis, female hypogonadism or
failure or removal of both ovaries, or symptoms of menopause:
1-2 mg 1x/day fo 3mo
Prostate cancer: 1-2 mg 3x/day
Skin lotion:
Symptoms of menopause: 1.74 1x (morning)
Transdermal: vulvar atrophy, atrophic vaginitis, symptoms of
menopause, ovary problems (female hypogonadism or failure or
removal of both ovaries), or osteoporosis:
0.025-0.1mg q1wk for 3 wk
KI: Hipersensitif; Preg:; breast cancer; thrombophlebitis;
undiagnosed vaginal bleeding
IO: May reduce hypoprothrombinemic effects of anticoagulants;
levels may be reduced with coadministration of barbiturates,
rifampin, and other agents that induce hepatic microsomal
enzymes; an increase in corticosteroid levels may occur when
administered concurrently with ethinyl estradiol; use of ethinyl
estradiol with hydantoins may cause spotting, breakthrough
bleeding, and Preg:; increase in fluid retention caused by
estrogen intake may reduce seizure control
Preg: X
P:
Unopposed estrogen is associated with endometrial hyperplasia
and endometrial carcinoma in women with a uterus (combine
estrogen with progesterone in these patients); hepatic
dysfunction; conditions aggravated by fluid retention;
gallbladder disease; bone disease associated with
hypercalcemia; uterine leiomyomata; perform initial complete
physical examination with blood pressure, PAP smear, and
mammogram (repeat annually); discontinue if jaundice or
severe, uncontrollable hypertension develops; discontinue 2 wk
before surgery associated with thromboembolism; caution in
women who breastfeed
Nama Dagang: Premarin

Ethinylestradiol
D: Oral: Breast cancer in women after menopause and in men:
1 mg 3x/day
Ovary problems (female hypogonadism or failure or removal of
both ovaries): 0.05 mg 3x/day for 3-6 mo
Prostate cancer: 0.15-3mg/day
Symptoms of menopause: 0.02-0.05 mg/day
KI: Hipersensitif, endometrial and hepatic cancer;
thromboembolic disorders; undiagnosed vaginal bleeding;
smoking in those >35 y; cardiovascular disease
IO: Phenobarbital, phenytoin, paramethadione, carbamazepine,
troglitazone, rifampicin, and griseofulvin induce enzymes that
reduce levels of contraceptive steroids; oral anticoagulants may
increase thromboembolic potential
Preg: X
P: Caution in patients diagnosed with hepatic impairment,
migraine, seizure disorders, cerebrovascular disorders, breast
cancer, or thromboembolic disease
Nama Dagang:
Estriol
I: # Vaginal and urinary symptoms of the menopause
# Female infertility caused by 'cervical hostility'
BSO: Tab 1 mg
D: 0.5-1 mg/hr pd harike-6 s/d15
KI: Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, endometrial hyperplasia,
Vaginal bleeding of unknown cause, deep vein thrombosis,
pulmonary embolism, or a past history of these conditions
where the cause is unknown, SNH, heart attack, Angina
pectoris, Active liver disease, History of liver disease when liver
function has not returned to normal, porphyrias, Pregnancy,
Breastfeeding, Rare hereditary problems of galactose
malabsorption (Ovestin tablets contain lactose).
P: Close family history of breast cancer, fibrocystic breast
disease, fibroids in the womb, endometriosis, endometrial
hyperplasia, venous thromboembolism, Blood disorders that
increase the risk of blood clots in the veins, eg antiphospholipid
syndrome, factor V Leiden, taking anticoagulants, SLE, Severe
obesity, Varicose veins, Smokers, hypertension,
hypertriglyceridaemia, History of liver disease, Decreased
kidney function, Heart failure, History of diabetes, gallstones,
migraines or severe headaches, epilepsy, asthma, otosclerosis
# History of irregular brown patches appearing on the skin,
usually of the face, during pregnancy or previous use of
hormone preparations such as contraceptive pills (chloasma).
Women with a tendency to this condition should minimise their
exposure to the sun or UV light while taking HRT.
ES: Nausea and vomiting, Breast tenderness or pain,
Breakthrough bleeding or spotting, Headache, Excessive
production of cervical mucus, nausea, abdominal pain, bloating,
flatulence, indigestion, Vaginal thrush, Depression, Dizziness,
Changes in sex drive, Rise in blood pressure, Gall bladder
disease, peripheral oedema, Skin reactions such as rash and
itch, Steepening of corneal curvature which may make contact
lenses uncomfortable, Premenstrual-like symptoms,
Disturbance in liver function, chloasma, Blood clots in the blood

vessels (eg, DVT, pulmonary embolism, heart attack, stroke -
see warnings above)
IO: The following medicines may potentially reduce the blood
levels and effect of this medicine, which could result in
recurrence of symptoms or irregular bleeding:
* antiepileptic medicines, ex carbamazepine, phenytoin
* barbiturates such as amobarbital
* nevirapine and efavirenz for HIV infection
* protease inhibitors for HIV infection such as ritonavir
* rifamycin antibiotics such as rifabutin and rifampicin
* the herbal remedy St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum).
Oestrogens may increase the blood level of ropinirole used to
treat Parkinson's disease.
Nama Dagang:
Ovestin

Estropipate
I: Hormone replacement therapy to relieve symptoms of the
menopause
# Second-line option for preventing osteoporosis in
postmenopausal women who are at high risk of fractures and
cannot take other medicines licensed for preventing
osteoporosis.
BSO: Cream, vaginal: 0.15% [estropipate 1.5 mg/g]
Tablet: 0.625 mg [estropipate 0.75 mg]; 1.25 mg [estropipate
1.5 mg]; 2.5 mg [estropipate 3 mg]; 5 mg [estropipate 6 mg]
D: Oral: Vulvar atrophy, atrophic vaginitis, or symptoms of
menopause: 0.75-6 mg/day
both ovaries): 1.5-9 mg/day
Disturbance in liver function, chloasma, DVT, pulmonary
embolism, heart attack, stroke
IO: Decreased effect: Rifampin decreases estrogen serum
concentrations.
Increased toxicity: Hydrocortisone increases corticosteroid toxic
potential, Anticoagulants: Increases potential for
thromboembolic events with anticoagulants
Carbamazepine, tricyclic antidepressants, and corticosteroids;
increased thromboembolic potential with oral anticoagulants
Preg: X
Nama Dagang: Ogen
Tibolone
I: # Relieving the symptoms of oestrogen deficiency (eg hot
flushes, decreased sex drive, depression) in women who have
gone through the menopause.
# Prevention of osteoporosis in women who have gone through
the menopause and are at high risk of fractures, but cannot take
other medicines used to prevent osteoporosis.
BSO: Tab 2.5 mg
D: 2.5 mg/hr

Disturbance in liver function, chloasma, Blood clots in the blood
vessels (eg, DVT, pulmonary embolism, heart attack, stroke -
see warnings above)
IO: The following medicines may potentially reduce the blood
levels and effect of this medicine, which could result in
recurrence of symptoms or irregular bleeding:
* antiepileptic medicines such as carbamazepine, phenytoin
* barbiturates such as amobarbital
* rifamycin antibiotics such as rifabutin and rifampicin.
Some women with diabetes may need small adjustments in
their dose of insulin or antidiabetic tablets while taking this
medicine. You should monitor your blood sugar and seek
advice from your doctor or pharmacist if your blood sugar
control seems to be altered after starting this medicine.
Nama Dagang: Livial
Estradiol valerate
Injection: vulvar atrophy, atrophic vaginitis, symptoms of
menopause, or ovary problems (female hypogonadism or failure
or removal of both ovaries): 10-20 mg IM q4wk
Prostate cancer: 30 mg IM q1-2wk

Estrone
Injection: Abnormal bleeding of the uterus:
2-5 mg/day IM
Vulvar atrophy, Atrophic vaginitis, or symptoms of menopause:
0.1-0.5 mg IM 2-3x/wk
both ovaries): 0.1-1 mg/wk IM
Prostate cancer: 2-4 mg IM 2-3x/wk

C. Progesteron sintetis
Medroxyprogesterone
Norethisterone
Dydrogesterone
Progesterone
Norgestrel
Lynestrenol
Gestrinone

Medroxyprogesterone
I: Irregular menstrual bleeding (without ovulation), secondary
amenorrhoea, Mild to moderate endometriosis
BSO: Injection, suspension: 100 mg/mL; 150 mg/mL; 400
mg/mL. Tablet: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg
D: Oral: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding or amenorrhea:
5-10 mg.day for 5-10 days
Menstrual period: 10 mg for 5-10 days
Endometrial hyperplasia:
Estrogen Days 1-25: medroxyprogesterone oral, 5-10 mg/day
for 10-14 Or,
2.5- 5 mg/day without stopping.
IM: Treating cancer of the kidneys or uterus:
400-100 mg IM single dose 1x/wk
SC: Pain related to endometriosis: 104mg SC (anterior thigh or
abdomen) q3months (12-14 weeks). Max 2 years.
KI:
Hipersensitif; cerebral apoplexy; undiagnosed vaginal bleeding;
thrombophlebitis; liver dysfunction; missed abortion; known or
suspected malignancy of breast or genital tract; active or past
history of thrombophlebitis, thromboembolic disorders, or
cerebral apoplexy (based on past experience with combination
oral contraceptive medications; little data suggest that progestin
therapy used without estrogen is associated with an increased
risk of thrombotic events)
IO:
Decreases aminoglutethimide efficacy
Preg: X
P:
Caution in asthma, depression, renal or cardiac dysfunction, or
thromboembolic disorders; perform complete physical
examination, document recent Papanicolaou smear, and take
family history before therapy; give special attention to blood
pressure, breasts, abdomen, and pelvic organs; repeat physical
examination annually; progestins can cause fluid retention
(address any condition aggravated by this factor); monitor
patients with epilepsy, migraine, asthma, renal or cardiac
dysfunction, and history of psychic depression
Norethisterone
I: Contraception
BSO: Tab 5 mg
D: 5 mg 3x/hr selama 10 hari
KI: Pregnancy, Abnormal vaginal bleeding of unknown cause,
stroke or heart attack, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary
embolism, Breast cancer, Active liver disease, Liver cancer,
History of severe liver disease if liver function has not returned
to normal, porphyrias.
P: Heart disease, Cancers dependent on sex hormones for
growth, Women who have previously had an ectopic pregnancy,
ovarian cysts, jaundice during a previous pregnancy.
ES: Changes in menstrual bleeding, Nausea and vomiting,
Dizziness, Headache/migraine, Changes in sex drive, Weight
gain, Breast tenderness, Skin problems, Depression, Cysts on
the ovaries
IO:
Preg: X
Nama Dagang:
Dydrogesterone
I: Abortion, habitual abortion, dysmenorrhoea, Absence of
menstrual periods when taking oestrogens, Endometriosis,
Female infertility, Irregular menstrual bleeding when taking
oestrogens, Irregular menstrual cycles, Premenstrual syndrome
BSO: Tab 10 mg
D: Infertilitas: 5 mg 2x/hr muai hr ke-14 s/d 25. Tx min 6 siklus
Abortus imminen: Awal 20 mg, lanjut 5-10 mg 3x/hr
Abortus habitualis & Dismenore & Endometriosis:
5-10 mg 2x/hr mulai hr ke-5 s/d 25
KI: allergic reaction
P:
ES: Headache, Nausea, Dizziness, Bloating, Skin reactions
such as rash and itch, Breast tenderness, Menstrual spotting
between periods
IO: -
Nama Dagang: Duphaston

Progesterone
I: Abnormal uterine bleeding (without ovulation) before the
menopause, Disorders of the menstrual cycle, In vitro
fertilisation where there is infertility due to defects of the
fallopian tubes, endometriosis or unknown causes but with
normal ovulatory cycles, Infertility due to inadequate luteal
phase, Premenstrual syndrome, Symptoms of the menopause
Gel: 4%, 8%
Injection, in oil: 50 mg/mL
Intrauterine system, reservoir: 38 mg in silicone fluid
D: For women with a uterus receiving estrogen therapy: 200
mg/d PO for 2 d sequentially per 28-d cycle
KI: Hipersensitif; caps contain peanut oil and should never be
used by patients allergic to peanuts; known or suspected Preg:;
thrombophlebitis thromboembolic disorders, cerebral apoplexy,
or patient with a history of these conditions; severe liver
dysfunction or disease; known or suspected malignancy of

breast and genital organs; undiagnosed vaginal bleeding;
missed abortion; as a diagnostic test for Preg:
IO: Ketoconazole inhibits metabolism by human liver
microsomes (clinical relevance unknown)
Preg: B
P: May cause some degree of fluid retention; thus, conditions
that might be influenced by this factor (eg, epilepsy, migraine,
asthma, cardiac or renal dysfunction) require careful
observation
Patients with history of depression should be carefully observed
Transient dizziness may occur in some patients; caution when
driving a motor vehicle or operating machinery; small
percentage of women may experience extreme dizziness and/or
drowsiness during initial therapy; for these women, bedtime
dosing is advised
Nama Dagang:
Crinone

Norgestrel
I: Prevention of pregnancy; progestin only products have
higher risk of failure in contraceptive use
BSO: Tablet: 0.075 mg
D: first day of menstruation: 1 tab/day.
If one dose is missed, take as soon as remembered, then next
tablet at regular time; if two doses are missed, take 1 tablet and
discard the other, then take daily at usual time; if three doses
are missed, use an additional form of birth control until menses
or pregnancy is ruled out.
KI: Known hypersensitivity to norgestrel; thromboembolic
disorders, severe hepatic disease, breast cancer, undiagnosed
vaginal bleeding, pregnancy
P: Discontinue if sudden loss of vision or if diplopia or proptosis
occur; use with caution in patients with a history of mental
depression; use of any progestin during the first 4 months of
pregnancy is not recommended
ES: >10%: Edema, Breakthrough bleeding, spotting, changes in
menstrual flow, amenorrhea, Anorexia, Weakness
1-10%: Embolism, central thrombosis, Mental depression, fever,
insomnia, Melasma or chloasma, allergic rash with or without
pruritus, Changes in cervical erosion and secretions, increased
breast tenderness, Weight gain or loss, Cholestatic jaundice,
Local: Thrombophlebitis
IO: Decreased effect: Aminoglutethimide may decrease effects

by increasing hepatic metabolism
Nama Dagang:

Lynestrenol
I:
BSO: Tab 5 mg
D: 5 mg/ hr pd hari ke-16 s/d 25
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Nomegestrol Acetate
I: defisiensi Progesteron
BSO: Kapl 5 mg
D: 5 mg/hr selama 10 hari pd hari ke-16 s/d 25
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang: Lutenyl

Gestrinone
I: Endometriosis.
BSO:
D:
KI: Adult males, Breastfeeding, Children, Elderly people,
Metabolic or blood flow disorders during previous sex hormone
(oestrogen or progesterone) therapy, Pregnancy, severe
cardiac insufficiency, Severely decreased kidney & liver function
P: Decreased heart&kidney function, Diabetes, hyperlipidaemia
ES: Headache, Depression, Weight gain, Alteration in results of
liver function tests, fluid retention, Acne, Voice changes,
hirsutism, Nervousness, Changes in sex drive, Menstrual
spotting between periods, Reduction in breast size
IO:
Nama Dagang:

D. Proteksi Kehamilan
Allylestrenol

Allylestrenol
I: Abortus habitualis
BSO: Tab 5 mg
D: 5 mg 3x/hr selama 5 s/d 7 hari. Max 40 mg/hr
KI: Ggn fungsi hati
P: DM
ES: Mual, muntah
IO:
Nama Dagang:

E. Kesuburan/ Stimulasi Folikel:
Chorionic Gonadotrophin

Chorionic Gonadotrophin
I: Delayed puberty in boys (when boys do not develop
secondary sexual characteristics at 12 - 14 years old).
Female infertility, Oligospermia, Undescended testes
BSO: Powder for injection (human origin): 200 U/mL; 500 U/mL;
1000 U/mL; 2000 U/mL
D: Low levels of male hormones:1000-4000 U IM 2-3x/day
Pregnancy occur in women: 5000-10,000 U IM/day
Cryptorchidism: 1000-5000 U IM 2-3x/wk for 10 doses
KI: Tumours whose growth is affected by certain hormones
P: Asthma, Boys who have not yet reached puberty, Decreased
kidney function, Epilepsy, Heart failure, Treatment of migraine
ES: Headache, Tiredness, Changes in mood, Irritation in area
of use, gynaecomastia, Over stimulation of the ovaries causing
production of many ova (eggs) in the woman, oedema,
Pregnancy with two or more foetuses
IO: -
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
F. Hormon Tropik Sintetis
Clomifene citrate
Cetrorelix acetate
Bromocriptine
Lutropin alfa
Follitropin alfa
Follitropin beta

Clomiphene citrate
Stimulates release of pituitary gonadotropins. Acts as an
antiestrogen to decrease - estrogen feedback on hypothalamus.
In addition, may have effects on pituitary gland and ovaries and
can induce ovulation in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea.
Improves folliculogenesis and, therefore, ovarian function during
luteal phase.
I: Infertility in women caused by failure of ovulation
BSO: Tablet: 50 mg
D: 50 mg/day Hari ke-5-10 siklus mens,increase max 250 mg/d
50-100 mg PO qd for 5 d; max 6 mo
KI: Hipersensitif; liver disease; abnormal uterine bleeding;
uncontrolled thyroid or adrenal dysfunction
P: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Fibroids of the uterus,
Endometriosis, History of seizures
ES: Enlargement of the ovaries, mittelschmerz, Over production
of many eggs, Hot flushes, Abdominal discomfort (swelling or
bloating), Nausea and vomiting, Breast discomfort, Visual
disturbances, Headache, Spotting of blood between menstrual
periods, Heavy or painful menstrual periods, Endometriosis,
Dizziness, Nervous tension, Insomnia, Fatigue, Skin reactions
such as rash and itch, psychosis, Stroke, Depression, Seizures
IO: Danazol may reduce response
Preg: X
P:
Visual symptoms and abdominal pain may occur
Nama Dagang:

Cetrorelix acetate
I: Female infertility
BSO: Vial 0.25 mg, 7.3 mg
D: 3 mg SC 1x on day 7 of menstrual cycle, or 0.25 mg on Day
5-6 of menstrual cycle. Continue ‘til HCG administration occurs
KI: Allergic reaction to mannitol, Breastfeeding, Moderate to
severely decreased kidney & liver function, Post-menopausal
women, Pregnancy
P:
ES: Headache, Rash, Nausea, hypotension, Reactions at
injection site, Itching (pruritis), Redness around injection site,
Cough
IO:
Preg: X
Nama Dagang:
Cetrotide

Bromocriptine
I: # High prolactin levels that leading to infertility and/or
abnormal milk production in men or women.
# Preventing or stopping milk production (lactation) for medical
reasons following childbirth, miscarriage or abortion.
# Benign breast disease or breast pain that occurs at certain
times of the menstrual cycle.
# Menstrual cycle disorders and premenstrual symptoms, eg
headaches, breast pain, mood changes or bloating.
# Infertility.
# Benign tumours in the pituitary gland that release the
hormone prolactin (prolactinomas).
# acromegaly, Parkinson's disease.
BSO: Tab 2.5 mg
D: 2.5 mg Dosis tunggal selama 6 s/d 12 hari

KI: Rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp
lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption (Parlodel
tablets contain lactose), Children < 5 years, Allergy to ergot
alkaloids, eg ergotamine, hypertension, eclampsia, abortion,
cardiovascular disease, psychiatric illness.
P: Decreased liver function, cardiovascular disease, Raynaud's
disease, psychiatric illness & peptic ulcers, porphyrias.
ES: Headache, Constipation, Drowsiness, Nausea and
vomiting, Nasal congestion, Dry mouth, Dizziness, dyskinesia,
Confusion, Hallucinations, Leg cramps, Hair loss, postural
hypotension, retroperitoneal fibrosis, pericardial fibrosis,
pulmonary fibrosis, Bleeding or ulceration of the stomach or
intestine, Suddenly falling asleep, pathological gambling,
hypersexuality.
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Parlodel

Somatropin

Lutropin alfa
I: Lutropin alfa is a drug whose actions are almost the same as
those of luteinizing hormone (LH), which is produced by the
pituitary gland. It is a hormone also normally produced by the
placenta in pregnancy.
Lutropin alfa is used to help conception occur. It is usually given
in combination with follitropin alfa. Many women being treated
with these drugs usually have not been able to conceive yet.
BSO: Amp 75 iu
D: 75 IU SC 1x for 2wk, together with 75-150 IU of follitropin
alfa as two separate injections. After last dose of lutropin alfa,
then injection of hCG twenty-four hours later. If abdominal pain
occurs with the use of lutropin alfa, discontinue treatment, do
not receive the dose of hCG, and avoid coitus.
ES: Bleeding, blistering, burning, coldness, hives, itching,
lumps, numbness, Bloating, Stomach or pelvic discomfort,
aching, or heaviness, Diarrhea
Preg: X
Nama Dagang: Luveris
Follitropin alfa
I: Anovulation, Assisted reproduction - including IVF, GIFT,
ZIFT.
BSO: Urofollitropin & Follitropin alpha Powder for injection: 75
IU, 150 IU
Follitropin beta: Powder for injection: 75 IU
D: Female infertility: 75 IU SC 1x/day for 2wk, increased at
weekly intervals by 37.5 IU, max 300 IU 1x/day.
injection of hCG twenty-four hours later. If abdominal pain
occurs, discontinue treatment, do not receive the dose of hCG,
and avoid coitus.
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures:
150 IU SC 1x/day for 5 days beginning on Day 2-3 of menstrual
cycle. increased 75-150 IU q3-5 days, max 450 IU 1x/day, for 5
more days. injection of hCG twenty-four hours later.
Male infertility: 150 IU SC 3x/week, in conjunction with 1000
USP U of hCG . increased up to 300 IU 3x/wk

KI: Breast cancer, Cancer of the hypothalamus & ovaries,
allergy, Ovarian cysts, Pregnancy, Tumour of the pituitary gland
in the brain, Uterine cancer, Vaginal bleeding of unknown cause
P: Diseases of the adrenal gland, Hyperprolactinaemia,
Hypothyroidism
ES: Irritation in area of use, Over stimulation of the ovaries
causing production of many ova (eggs) in the woman,
thromboembolism, Pregnancy with two or more foetuses
IO:
Preg: X
Nama Dagang: Gonal-F

Follicle-stimulating hormone/ Follitropin beta
I: Female infertility, failure of ovulation
BSO: Vial 50 iu, 100 iu
D: Female infertility: 75 IU SC/IM 1x/day for 2wk, increased at
weekly intervals by 37.5 IU, max 300 IU/day. If abdominal pain
occurs with the use of follitropin beta, discontinue treatment, do
not receive the dose of hCG, and avoid coitus.
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures:
150 IU SC/IM 1x/day for 4 days beginning on Day 2-3 of
menstrual cycle. increased by 75-150 IU max 600 IU/day.
KI: Breast cancer, Breastfeeding, Ca of hypothalamus, ovaries,
Uterine & pituitary gland, Fibroids of the uterus, Malformation of
sex organs, Ovarian cysts, Pregnancy, Vaginal bleeding of
unknown cause
P: Endocrine disorders
ES: Over production of many ova (eggs), thromboembolism,
Pregnancy with two/ > fetuses, Pain at the injection site
Preg: X
Nama Dagang:Puregon
G. Hormon Lain
Cyproterone acetate
Octreotide

Cyproterone acetate
anti-androgen
I: Prostate cancer
BSO: Tab 50 mg
D: 50 mg 2x/hr. Ca prostate: 100 mg 2-3x/hr

KI: Women, Children.
P: Venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, TIA, sickle
cell anaemia, Diabetes, Advanced cancers, Liver disease,
Long-term severe depression.
ES: Fatigue, Weakness, Shortness of breath, Dry skin, Weight
changes, Reduced growth of body hair and increased growth of
scalp hair, Lightening of hair colour, Decreased sex drive,
Reduced volume of ejaculation, Decreased sperm count &
Impotence (reversible on stopping treatment), gynaecomastia,
galactorrhoea, osteoporosis, Depressive moods, Liver
disorders, thromboembolism
Nama Dagang:
H. Kortikosteroid
Dexamethasone
Prednisone
Methylprednisolone
Prednisolone
Hydrocortisone

Dexamethasone
Decreases inflammation by suppressing migration of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reducing capillary
permeability. Prednisone in equivalent doses may be
substituted if administered over 5 d.
I: Myeloma, Certain types of tuberculosis (fulminating or
disseminated) along with anti-tuberculosis therapy,
Complication following a heart attack involving fever, chest pain,
pneumonitis, pericarditis, haemolytic anaemia, cerebral
oedema, Inflammatory disorders, adrenal insufficiency,
Leukaemia, anaphylactic reaction, angioneurotic oedema, Tests
to determine the underlying cause of Cushing's syndrome
(dexamethasone suppression test)
BSO: Aerosol Oral & Nasal: 84 mcg dexamethasone/ spray
Topical: 0.01%; 0.04%
Cream: 0.1%
Elixir & Oral solution: 0.5 mg/5 mL
Solution, oral, Concentrate: 0.5 mg/0.5 mL (30% alcohol)

Injection: 4 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL, 16 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL;
24 mg/mL
Ointment, ophthalmic: 0.05%
Suspension, ophthalmic: 0.1% with methylcellulose 0.5%
Tablet: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, 1 mg, 1.5 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg, 6
mg
Tablet, therapeutic pack: 6 x 1.5 mg; 8 x 0.75 mg
D: 0.6 mg/kg PO/IV/IM as 1 dose
Paed.
Extubation or airway edema: 0.5-2 mg/kg/d PO/IV/IM in divided
doses q6h before extubation and 4-6 doses after
Neonates:
Airway edema or extubation: IV: 0.25 mg/kg/dose given 4
hours prior to scheduled extubation and then q8 hours for 3
doses total; range: 0.25-1 mg/kg/dose for 1-3 doses; max: 1
mg/kg/day.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (to facilitate ventilator
weaning): IO/IV: range: 0.5-0.6 mg/kg/day given in divided
doses q12 hours for 3-7 days, then taper over 1-6 weeks
Children:
Antiemetic (prior to chemotherapy): I.V. (should be given as
sodium phosphate): 10 mg/m2/dose (maximum: 20 mg) for first
dose then 5 mg/m2/dose every 6 hours as needed
Anti-inflammatory immunosuppressant: Oral, I.M., I.V.
(injections should be given as sodium phosphate): 0.08-0.3 mg/
kg/day or 2.5-10 mg/m2/day in divided doses every 6-12 hours
Extubation or airway edema: Oral, I.M., I.V. (injections should
be given as sodium phosphate): 0.5-2 mg/kg/day in divided
doses every 6 hours beginning 24 hours prior to extubation and
continuing for 4-6 doses afterwards
Cerebral edema: I.V. (should be given as sodium phosphate):
Loading dose: 1-2 mg/kg/dose as a single dose; maintenance:
1-1.5 mg/kg/day (maximum: 16 mg/day) in divided doses every
4-6 hours for 5 days then taper for 5 days, then discontinue
Bacterial meningitis in infants and children >2 months: I.V.
(should be given as sodium phosphate): 0.6 mg/kg/day in 4
divided doses every 6 hours for the first 4 days of antibiotic

treatment; start dexamethasone at the time of the first dose of
antibiotic
Physiologic replacement: Oral, I.M., I.V.: 0.03-0.15 mg/kg/day
or 0.6-0.75 mg/m2/day in divided doses every 6-12 hours
Adults:
Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) protocol: I.V.: 2
mg/m2/dose every 8 hours for 12 doses
Antiemetic (prior to chemotherapy): Oral/I.V. (should be
given as sodium phosphate): 10 mg/m2/dose (usually 20 mg) for
first dose then 5 mg/m2/dose every 6 hours as needed
Anti-inflammatory:
Oral, I.M., I.V. (injections should be given as sodium
phosphate): 0.75-9 mg/day in divided doses every 6-12 hours
I.M. (as acetate): 8-16 mg; may repeat in 1-3 weeks
Intralesional (as acetate): 0.8-1.6 mg
Intra-articular/soft tissue (as acetate): 4-16 mg; may repeat in
1-3 weeks
Intra-articular, intralesional, or soft tissue (as sodium
phosphate): 0.4-6 mg/day
Cerebral edema: I.V. 10 mg stat, 4 mg I.M./I.V. (should be
given as sodium phosphate) every 6 hours until response is
maximized, then switch to oral regimen, then taper off if
appropriate; dosage may be reduced after 24 days and
gradually discontinued over 5-7 days
Diagnosis for Cushing's syndrome: Oral: 1 mg at 11 PM,
draw blood at 8 AM the following day for plasma cortisol
determination
Physiological replacement: Oral, I.M., I.V. (should be given as
sodium phosphate): 0.03-0.15 mg/kg/day OR 0.6-0.75 mg/
m2/day in divided doses every 6-12 hours
Shock therapy:
Addisonian crisis/shock (ie, adrenal insufficiency/responsive to
steroid therapy): I.V. (given as sodium phosphate): 4-10 mg as
a single dose, which may be repeated if necessary
Unresponsive shock (ie, unresponsive to steroid therapy): I.V.
(given as sodium phosphate): 1-6 mg/kg as a single I.V. dose or
up to 40 mg initially followed by repeat doses every 2-6 hours
while shock persists
Ophthalmic:
Ointment: Apply thin coating into conjunctival sac 3-4 times/day;
gradually taper dose to discontinue
Suspension: Instill 2 drops into conjunctival sac every hour
during the day and every other hour during the night; gradually
reduce dose to every 3-4 hours, then to 3-4 times/day
Topical: Apply 1-4 times/day. Therapy should be discontinued
when control is achieved; if no improvement is seen,
reassessment of diagnosis may be necessary.
KI: Hipersensitif; active bacterial or fungal infection
IO: Effects decrease with coadministration of barbiturates,
phenytoin, and rifampin; decreases effect of salicylates and
vaccines
ES: Thinning of the skin, glaucoma, Weight gain, Irregular
menstrual cycle, adrenal suppression, osteoporosis, Ulceration
of the stomach or intestine, Increased susceptibility to
infections, Increased risk of fractures of the bones, hirsutism,
candidiasis, Supression of growth in children and adolescents,
Alterations in number and motility of sperm, Changes in mood,
Muscle weakness, Acne
Preg: C
P: Increases risk of several complications, including severe
infections; monitor adrenal insufficiency when tapering; abrupt
discontinuation of glucocorticoids may cause adrenal crisis;
hyperglycemia, edema, osteonecrosis, myopathy, peptic ulcer
disease, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, euphoria, psychosis,
myasthenia gravis, growth suppression, and infections are
possible complications of glucocorticoid use
Nama Dagang:

Prednisone
-- Glucocorticoid absorbed readily from GI tract. It has anti-
inflammatory and immune-modulating effects, and profound and
varied metabolic effects.
I: Treatment of a variety of diseases including adrenocortical
insufficiency, hypercalcemia, rheumatic, and collagen disorders;
dermatologic, ocular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and
neoplastic diseases; organ transplantation and a variety of
diseases including those of hematologic, allergic, inflammatory,
and autoimmune in origin; not available in injectable form,
prednisolone must be used
BSO: Solution, oral: Concentrate (30% alcohol): 5 mg/mL;
Nonconcentrate (5% alcohol): 5 mg/5 mL
Syrup: 5 mg/5 mL
Tablet: 1 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg
D: 1 mg/kg or 60 mg PO qd for 7 d followed by taper for total of
10 d
Paed. 1 mg/kg PO qd for 6 d followed by taper for total of 10 d
===
Oral: Dose depends upon condition being treated and response
of patient; dosage for infants and children should be based on
severity of the disease and response of the patient rather than
on strict adherence to dosage indicated by age, weight, or body
surface area. Consider alternate day therapy for long-term
therapy. Discontinuation of long-term therapy requires gradual
withdrawal by tapering the dose.
Anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive dose: 0.05-2
mg/kg/day divided 1-4 times/day
Acute asthma: 1-2 mg/kg/day in divided doses 1-2 times/day for
3-5 days
Alternatively (for 3- to 5-day "burst"):
<1 year: 10 mg every 12 hours
1-4 years: 20 mg every 12 hours
5-13 years: 30 mg every 12 hours
>13 years: 40 mg every 12 hours
Asthma long-term therapy (alternative dosing by age):
<1 year: 10 mg every other day
1-4 years: 20 mg every other day
5-13 years: 30 mg every other day
>13 years: 40 mg every other day
Nephrotic syndrome: Initial (first 3 episodes): 2 mg/kg/day or 60
mg/m2/day (maximum: 80 mg/day) in divided doses 3-4
times/day until urine is protein free for 3 consecutive days
(maximum: 28 days); followed by 1-1.5 mg/kg/dose or 40 mg/
m2/dose given every other day for 4 weeks
Maintenance dose (long-term maintenance dose for frequent
relapses): 0.5-1 mg/kg/dose given every other day for 3-6
months
Children and Adults: Physiologic replacement: 4-5 mg/m2/day
Adults: 5-60 mg/day in divided doses 1-4 times/day
Elderly: Use the lowest effective dose
Dosing adjustment in hepatic impairment: Prednisone is
inactive and must be metabolized by the liver to prednisolone.
This conversion may be impaired in patients with liver disease,
however, prednisolone levels are observed to be higher in
patients with severe liver failure than in normal patients.

Therefore, compensation for the inadequate conversion of
prednisone to prednisolone occurs.
Dosing adjustment in hyperthyroidism: Prednisone dose
may need to be increased to achieve adequate therapeutic
effects
KI: Hipersensitif; severe uncontrolled diabetes; systemic fungal
infections; peptic ulcer disease; tuberculosis; severe
osteoporosis; severe adverse reactions to corticosteroids
IO: Drugs that induce hepatic enzymes may increase clearance
—these include phenobarbital, phenytoin, and rifampin; patients
on aspirin or Coumadin must be monitored closely for GI
bleeding
Preg: B
P: Patients are at risk for hyperglycemia, electrolyte
abnormalities (especially hypokalemia in patients taking
diuretics), osteoporosis, avascular necrosis, psychosis, and
myopathy or worsening weakness in patients with myasthenia
gravis; abrupt discontinuation of prednisone without taper puts
patient at risk for adrenal crisis
Methylprednisolone
Decreases inflammation by suppressing migration of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversing increased
capillary permeability.
Topikal : Potensi Kuat
I: Primarily as an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressant
agent in the treatment of a variety of diseases including those of
hematologic, allergic, inflammatory, neoplastic, and
autoimmune origin. Prevention and treatment of graft-versus-
host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
Topikal:
Dermatitis atopik, neurodermatitis, ekzema, degeneratif
dishidrotik, ekzema vulgaris, ekzema pada anak,psoriasis
===
100 mg IV or equivalent 30 min prior to each infusion
recommended to reduce incidence and severity of infusion
reactions
BSO :
Injection: 20 mg/mL; 40 mg/mL; 80 mg/mL
Injection: 40 mg; 125 mg; 500 mg; 1000 mg; 2000 mg
Tablet, dose pack: 4 mg
Krim, salep 0.1 %
D: Topikal:
1x/hr.Lama terapi Dws: 3 bulan. Anak 1 bulan
===
Dosing should be based on the lesser of ideal body weight or
actual body weight
Children:
Anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive: Oral, I.M., I.V.
(sodium succinate): 0.5-1.7 mg/kg/day or 5-25 mg/m2/day in
divided doses every 6-12 hours; "Pulse" therapy: 15-30
mg/kg/dose over greater than or equal to 30 minutes given once
daily for 3 days
Status asthmaticus: I.V. (sodium succinate): Loading dose: 2
mg/kg/dose, then 0.5-1 mg/kg/dose every 6 hours for up to 5
days

Acute spinal cord injury: I.V. (sodium succinate): 30 mg/kg over
15 minutes, followed in 45 minutes by a continuous infusion of
5.4 mg/kg/hour for 23 hours
Lupus nephritis: I.V. (sodium succinate): 30 mg/kg over greater
than or equal to 30 minutes every other day for 6 doses
High-dose therapy for acute spinal cord injury: I.V. bolus: 30
mg/kg over 15 minutes, followed 45 minutes later by an infusion
of 5.4 mg/kg/hour for 23 hours
Adults:
Anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive: Oral: 2-60 mg/day in
1-4 divided doses to start, followed by gradual reduction in
dosage to the lowest possible level consistent with maintaining
an adequate clinical response
I.M. (sodium succinate): 10-80 mg/day once daily
I.M. (acetate): 10-80 mg every 1-2 weeks
I.V. (sodium succinate): 10-40 mg over a period of several
minutes and repeated I.V. or I.M. at intervals depending on
clinical response; when high dosages are needed, administer

30 mg/kg over a period of greater than or equal to 30 minutes
and may be repeated every 4-6 hours for 48 hours
Status asthmaticus: I.V. (sodium succinate): Loading dose: 2
mg/kg/dose, then 0.5-1 mg/kg/dose every 6 hours for up to 5
days
High-dose therapy for acute spinal cord injury: I.V. bolus: 30
mg/kg over 15 minutes, followed 45 minutes later by an infusion
of 5.4 mg/kg/hour for 23 hours
Lupus nephritis: High-dose "pulse" therapy: I.V. (sodium
succinate): 1 g/day for 3 days
Aplastic anemia: I.V. (sodium succinate): 1 mg/kg/day or 40 mg/
day (whichever dose is higher), for 4 days. After 4 days, change
to oral and continue until day 10 or until symptoms of serum
sickness resolve, then rapidly reduce over approximately 2
weeks.
Hemodialysis: Slightly dialyzable (5% to 20%); administer dose
posthemodialysis
Intra-articular (acetate): Administer every 1-5 weeks
Large joints: 20-80 mg
Small joints: 4-10 mg
Intralesional (acetate): 20-60 mg every 1-5 weeks
KI: Hipersensitif; viral, fungal, or tubercular skin infections
IO: Coadministration with digoxin may increase digitalis toxicity
secondary to hypokalemia; estrogens may increase levels of
methylprednisolone; phenobarbital, phenytoin, and rifampin
may decrease levels of methylprednisolone (adjust dose);
monitor patients for hypokalemia when administered
concurrently with diuretics; grapefruit juice increases
prednisolone concentrations; methylprednisolone and
cyclosporine mutually inhibit one another, resulting in increased
plasma levels of each drug
Preg: C
P: Hyperglycemia, edema, osteonecrosis, peptic ulcer disease,
hypokalemia, osteoporosis, euphoria, psychosis, growth
suppression, myopathy, and infections are possible
complications of glucocorticoid use;
Depo-Medrol contains benzyl alcohol, which is potentially toxic
when administered locally to neural tissue; administration of
Depo-Medrol by other than indicated routes, including the
epidural route, has been associated with reports of serious
medical events such as arachnoiditis, meningitis,
paraparesis/paraplegia, sensory disturbances, bowel/bladder
dysfunction, seizures, visual impairment (eg, blindness, ocular,
and periocular inflammation), and residue or slough at injection
site

Prednisolone
I:
BSO: Injection: (for I.M., intralesional, intra-articular, or soft
tissue administration only): 25 mg/mL; 50 mg/mL
(for I.M., I.V., intra-articular, intralesional, or soft tissue
administration): 20 mg/mL
For intra-articular, intralesional, soft tissue administration only):
20 mg/mL
Liquid, oral: 5 mg/5 mL
Solution & Suspension, ophthalmic: 0.125%; 1%
Syrup: 15 mg/5 mL
Tablet: 5 mg
D: Acute asthma:
Oral: 1-2 mg/kg/day in divided doses 1-2 times/day for 3-5 days
I.V.: 2-4 mg/kg/day divided 3-4 times/day
Anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive dose: Oral, I.V., I.M.:
0.1-2 mg/kg/day in divided doses 1-4 times/day
Nephrotic syndrome: Oral:

Initial (first 3 episodes): 2 mg/kg/day or 60 mg/m2/day
(maximum: 80 mg/day) in divided doses 3-4 times/day until
urine is protein free for 3 consecutive days (maximum: 28
days); followed by 1-1.5 mg/kg/dose or 40 mg/m2/dose given
every other day for 4 weeks
Maintenance (long-term maintenance dose for frequent
relapses): 0.5-1 mg/kg/dose given every other day for 3-6
months
Adults:
Oral, I.V., I.M. (sodium phosphate salt): 5-60 mg/day
Multiple sclerosis (sodium phosphate): Oral: 200 mg/day for 1
week followed by 80 mg every other day for 1 month
Rheumatoid arthritis: Oral: Initial: 5-7.5 mg/day; adjust dose as
necessary
Elderly: Use lowest effective dose
Dosing adjustment in hyperthyroidism: Prednisolone dose
may need to be increased to achieve adequate therapeutic
effects

Hemodialysis: Slightly dialyzable (5% to 20%); administer dose
posthemodialysis
Intra-articular, intralesional, soft-tissue administration:
Tebutate salt: 4-40 mg/dose
Sodium phosphate salt: 2-30 mg/dose
Ophthalmic suspension/solution: Children and Adults: Instill 1-2
drops into conjunctival sac every hour during day, every 2 hours
at night until favorable response is obtained, then use 1 drop
every 4 hours
KI: Acute superficial herpes simplex keratitis; systemic fungal
infections; varicella; hypersensitivity to prednisolone or any
component
P:
ES: Spreading and worsening of infection, Visual disturbances,
Irritation in area of use, Local sensitivity reactions, Stinging or
burning, Itching & Skin rash at the area of application, Tear of
the eye covering due to the presence of another eye disease
(eye preparations only), glaucoma
IO: CYP3A enzyme substrate; inducer of cytochrome P-450
enzymes
Barbiturates, phenytoin, rifampin decrease corticosteroid
effectiveness
Decreases salicylates
Decreases vaccines
Decreases toxoids effectiveness
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Hydrocortisone
I: Insufficient production of natural steroid hormones by the
adrenal glands (adrenal insufficiency)
Topikal; Potensi Ringan
BSO: Hydrocortisone acetate:
Aerosol, rectal: 10% (20 g)
Cream & Ointment, topical: 0.5%; 1%
Injection, suspension: 25 mg/mL; 50 mg/mL
Suppositories, rectal: 10 mg, 25 mg
Hydrocortisone base:
Aerosol, Paste & Gel, topical: 0.5%; 1%
Cream, rectal & topical: 1%; 2.5%
Lotion, topical: 0.25%; 0.5%; 1%; 2%; 2.5%
Solution, topical & Ointment, rectal: 1%
Ointment, topical: 0.2%; 0.5%; 1%; 2.5%
Suspension, rectal: 100 mg/60
Tablet, oral: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg
Hydrocortisone buteprate: Cream: 1%
Hydrocortisone butyrate:
Cream, Ointment & Solution, topical: 0.1%
Hydrocortisone cypionate:
Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate:
Injection, I.M./I.V./S.C.: 50 mg/mL
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate:
Injection, IM/I.V.: 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 1000 mg
Hydrocortisone valerate:
Cream & Ointment, topical: 0.2%
D: Infants and young Children: Succinate: 1-2 mg/kg/dose
bolus, then 25-150 mg/day in divided doses every 6-8 hours
Older Children: Succinate: 1-2 mg/kg bolus then 150-250
mg/day in divided doses every 6-8 hours
Adults: Succinate: 100 mg I.V. bolus, then 300 mg/day in
divided doses every 8 hours or as a continuous infusion for 48
hours; once patient is stable change to oral, 50 mg every 8
hours for 6 doses, then taper to 30-50 mg/day in divided doses
Chronic adrenal corticoid insufficiency: Adults: Oral: 20-30
mg/day
Anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive:
Infants and Children:
Oral: 2.5-10 mg/kg/day or 75-300 mg/m2/day every 6-8 hours
I.M., I.V.: Succinate: 1-5 mg/kg/day or 30-150 mg/m2/day
divided every 12-24 hours
Adolescents and Adults: Oral, I.M., I.V.: Succinate: 15-240 mg
every 12 hours
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Oral: Initial: 30-36 mg/m2/day
with 1/3 of dose every morning and 2/3 every evening or 1/4
every morning and mid-day and 1/2 every evening;
maintenance: 20-25 mg/m2/day in divided doses
Physiologic replacement: Children:
Oral: 0.5-0.75 mg/kg/day or 20-25 mg/m2/day every 8 hours
I.M.: Succinate: 0.25-0.35 mg/kg/day or 12-15 mg/m2/day once
daily
Shock: I.M., I.V.: Succinate:
Children: Initial: 50 mg/kg, then repeated in 4 hours and/or
every 24 hours as needed
Adolescents and Adults: 500 mg to 2 g every 2-6 hours
Status asthmaticus: Children and Adults: I.V.: Succinate: 1-2
mg/kg/dose every 6 hours for 24 hours, then maintenance of
0.5-1 mg/kg every 6 hours
Rheumatic diseases:
Adults: Intralesional, intra-articular, soft tissue injection: Acetate:
Large joints: 25 mg (up to 37.5 mg)
Small joints: 10-25 mg
Tendon sheaths: 5-12.5 mg
Soft tissue infiltration: 25-50 mg (up to 75 mg)
Bursae: 25-37.5 mg
Ganglia: 12.5-25 mg
Dermatosis: Children >2 years and Adults: Topical: Apply to
affected area 3-4 times/day (Buteprate: Apply once or twice
daily). Therapy should be discontinued when control is
achieved; if no improvement is seen, reassessment of diagnosis
may be necessary.
Ulcerative colitis: Adults: Rectal: 10-100 mg 1-2 times/day for
2-3 weeks
KI: systemic fungal infection, amoebiasis
P: Myasthenia gravis, Adolescents, Children, Decreased kidney
function, Diabetes, Elderly people, Family history of diabetes &
glaucoma, Heart failure, Herpes simplex virus infection of the
eye, hypertension, Hypothyroidism, diverticulitis, ulcerative
colitis, Inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis or
Crohn's disease, cirrhosis, Osteoporosis, heart attack, Peptic
ulcer, Post-menopausal women, myopathy, intestinal
anastomosis, Tuberculosis
ES: Seizures, osteoporosis, hirsutism, Skin thinning,
Supression of growth in children and adolescents, Alterations in
number and motility of sperm, Weight gain, Acne, Muscle
weakness, Irregular menstrual cycle, adrenal suppression,
Ulceration of the stomach or intestine, glaucoma
Nama Dagang:

I. Hormon Replacement
Estradiol, Drosperinone
Estradiol, Dydrogesterone
Estradiol, Estriol, Estrone
Estradiol, Levonorgestrel
Estradiol, Medroxyprogesterone
Estradiol, Norethisterone
17 beta-estradiol and norgestimate:

1 mg for 3 days, then 1 mg of estradiol+ 0.09 mg of
norgestimate for 3 days.
Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone:

2.5 mcg ethinyl estradiol+ 0.5 mg norethindrone 1x/day.
Estradiol and norethindrone:

1 mg estradiol and 0.5 mg norethindrone 1x/day.

Estradiol, Drosperinone
Estradiol
D: 1 tab (drospirenone 0.5 mg/ estradiol 1 mg) 1x/day

D:
Nama Dagang:

Estradiol, Estriol, Estrone
Estradiol
Nama Dagang:

Estradiol, Levonorgestrel
Estradiol,
Nama Dagang:



J. KONTRASEPSI
Estrogen and Progestin Oral Contraceptives
Etonogestrel
Desogestrel

Estrogen and Progestin Oral Contraceptives
Ethinyl estradiol and a progestin derivative
-- Reduce secretion of LH and FSH from the pituitary by
decreasing amount of GnRH. Reduce pituitary production of
gonadotropins and result in reduced LH and FSH with no
ovulation.
D: Monophasic, biphasic, or triphasic tablets:
Contraception: 1 tab daily for 21 day cycle or 28 day cycle
Norethindrone acetate and ethinyl estradiol triphasic tablets and
norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol triphasic tablets:
Treat acne: 1 tab daily for 21 day cycle or 28 day cycle
KI:
Hipersensitif; Preg:; active or inactive thrombophlebitis or
thromboembolic disorders, cerebral vascular disease,
myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, or a past history
of these disorders; known or suspected breast cancer; known or
suspected genital cancer; history of cholestatic jaundice in
Preg: or jaundice with prior pill use; past or present liver tumors
IO:
Hepatotoxicity might occur with concurrent administration of
cyclosporine; concomitant use of rifampin, barbiturates,
phenylbutazone, phenytoin sodium, and, possibly, griseofulvin,
ampicillin, and tetracyclines might influence efficacy of oral
contraceptives and increase amount of breakthrough bleeding
and menstrual irregularity
Preg: X
P:
Complete physical examination, documentation of recent Pap
smear test, and family history recommended; pay special
attention to blood pressure, breasts, abdomen, and pelvic
organs; repeat physical examination annually as long as patient
is on hormonal therapy
Oral contraceptives can cause fluid retention (address any
condition aggravated by this factor)
Monitor patients with epilepsy, migraine, asthma, or renal or
cardiac dysfunction
History of psychic depression might be aggravated (observe
patient closely)
Progestin compounds might elevate LDL levels, making control
of hyperlipidemia more difficult (observe closely); certain forms
of congenital hypertriglyceridemia might be aggravated by oral
contraceptives, with resultant pancreatitis
Discontinue if jaundice develops
Contact lens wearers with visual changes should be examined
by ophthalmologist
Patients might develop hypertension secondary to increase in
angiotensinogen production (reevaluate blood pressure
approximately 3 mo after initiating therapy in all patients)

Etonogestrel
I: Contraception in women aged 18 to 40 years.
KI: Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, Progestogen
dependent cancer, Severe liver disease or history of severe
liver disease if liver function has not returned to normal, Vaginal
bleeding of unknown cause, Pregnancy, porphyrias.
P: History of breast cancer, thromboembolism, hypertension,
Decreased liver function, Diabetes, Women with a tendency to
suffer from brown patches on the skin, particularly the face
(chloasma) often due to pregnancy or oral contraceptives
ES: Headache, Acne, Weight gain, Breast tenderness or pain,
Irregular menstrual bleeding, Vaginal infections, Depressed
mood, Decreased sex drive & appetite, Nervousness,
Dizziness, Hot flushes, Hair loss or growth, abdominal pain,
nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, Bruising, Irritation,
pain or itching, Scarring or abscess at site of implant, Vaginal
discharge, Migraine, Rise in blood pressure, Ovarian cysts
Nama Dagang: Implanon

Desogestrel
I: Contraception.
KI: Known or suspected pregnancy, Abnormal vaginal bleeding
of unknown cause, stroke or heart attack, deep vein thrombosis,
pulmonary embolism, Breast cancer or history of this (though
this pill may be considered for women who have had no
evidence of the disease for five years), Active liver disease,
Liver cancer, History of severe liver disease if liver function has
not returned to normal, porphyrias.
P: Heart disease, Cancers dependent on sex hormones for
growth, Women who have previously had an ectopic pregnancy,
History of ovarian cysts, History of jaundice
ES: Irregular bleeding, Nausea, Acne, Mood changes,
Decreased sex drive, Breast tenderness, Headache, Vomiting,
Fatigue, Hair loss, Cysts on the ovaries, vaginitis.
Nama Dagang: Cerazette

VI. ANTIBAKTERI, ANTI AMUBA & ANTI HELMINTIK
A. AMINO GLIKOSIDA
B. CEPHALOSPORIN
C. CHLORAMPHENICOL
D. MAKROLIDA
E. PENICILLIN
F. QUINOLON
G. TETRASIKLIN
H. BETA LAKTAM GOL LAIN
I. ANTIBIOTIKA GOL LAIN
J. FUNGISIDA
K. ANTI AMOEBA
L. ANTI LEPRA & TBC
M. ANTI HELMINTICS
N. SCABICID & PEDICULOCID
O.ANTI FILARIA & MALARIA
P. ANTI VIRUS
Q. ANTI NEOPLASMA

A. Amino Glikosida
Gentamicin
Kanamycin
Amikacin
Streptomycin
Dibekacin
Tobramycin
Netilmicin
Dosing interval in renal impairment:

Clcr > 60 mL/minute: Administer every 8 hours
Clcr 40-60 mL/minute: Administer every 12 hours
Clcr <10 mL/minute: Administer every 72 hours

Gentamicin
Acts by inhibiting normal protein synthesis; active against
variety of pathogenic organisms, including P aeruginosa.
When treating Pseudomonas species
I: Septicaemia or blood poisoning, Pyelonephritis, Infections of
the bile duct or gall bladder, endocarditis, prostatitis, pneumonia
BSO: Infusion, in D5W: 60 mg, 80 mg, 100 mg
Infusion, in NS: 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, 100 mg, 120 mg
Injection: 40 mg/mL
Pediatric: 10 mg/mL
Intrathecal, preservative free: 2 mg/mL
Ointment: Topical: 0.1%
Ophthalmic: 0.3% [3 mg/g]
D: Newborns: Intrathecal: 1 mg every day
Anak >3 bln: Intrathecal: 1-2 mg/day
Anak <5 thn: I.M., I.V.: 2.5 mg/kg/dose 3x/hari
Cystic fibrosis: 2.5 mg/kg/dose every 6 hours
Anak >5 thn: I.M., I.V.: 1.5-2.5 mg/kg/dose 3x/hari

Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: 2 mg/kg with ampicillin
(50 mg/kg) 30 minutes prior to procedure
Adults: I.M., I.V.:
Severe life-threatening infections: 2-2.5 mg/kg/dose
ISK: 1.5 mg/kg/dose
Synergy (for gram-+ infections): 1 mg/kg/dose
Prevention of bacterial endocarditis:
1.5 mg/kg (max 80 mg) with ampicillin (1-2 g) 30 minutes prior
to procedure
GI/GU surgery: 1.5 mg/kg (max 80 mg) with ampicillin 2 g 30
minutes prior to procedure
Children and Adults: Intrathecal: 4-8 mg/day
Ophthalmic:
Ointment: Instill 1/2 " (1.25 cm) 2-3x/day to every 3-4 hours
Solution: Instill 1-2 drops every 2-4 hours, up to 2 drops every
hour for severe infections
Topical: Apply 3-4 times/day to affected area
Some clinicians suggest a daily dose of 4-7 mg/kg for all
patients with normal renal function.
Preg: C
P: Narrow therapeutic index (not intended for long-term
therapy); caution in impaired renal function and neuromuscular
disorders because may aggravate muscle weakness; serious
adverse effects of vestibular and auditory branches of eighth
cranial nerve may occur
Nama Dagang:

Kanamycin
I: Oral: Preoperative bowel preparation in the prophylaxis of
infections and adjunctive treatment of hepatic coma (oral
kanamycin is not indicated in the treatment of systemic
infections); treatment of susceptible bacterial infection including
gram-- aerobes, gram-+ Bacillus as well as some mycobacteria
Parenteral: Rarely used in antibiotic irrigations during surgery
BSO: Capsule: 500 mg.
Injection: Pediatric: 75 mg, Adults: 500 mg; 1 g
D: Children: Infections: I.M., I.V.: 15 mg/kg/day terbagi 2-3 dose
Adults: Infections: IM, IV:
5-7.5 mg/kg/dose terbagi 2-3 dose (<15 mg/kg/day)
Preoperative intestinal antisepsis: Oral: 1 g every 4-6 hours for
36-72 hours
Hepatic coma: Oral: 8-12 g/day in divided doses
Intraperitoneal: After contamination in surgery: 500 mg diluted
in 20 mL distilled water; other irrigations: 0.25% solutions
Aerosol: 250 mg 2-4 times/day (250 mg diluted with 3 mL of NS
and nebulized)
P: Pre-existing renal insufficiency, vestibular or cochlear
impairment, myasthenia gravis, conditions which depress
neuromuscular transmission
ES: Edema, neurotoxicity, drowsiness, headache, pseudomotor
cerebri, skin itching, redness, rash, photosensitivity, erythema,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (most common with oral form),
malabsorption syndrome with prolonged and high-dose therapy
of hepatic coma; anorexia, weight loss, increased salivation,
enterocolitis, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis,
thrombocytopenia, burning, stinging, weakness, tremors,
muscle cramps, ototoxicity (auditory& vestibular),
nephrotoxicity, dyspnea
IO: Increased toxicity:
Penicillins, cephalosporins, amphotericin B, diuretics may
increase nephrotoxicity; polypeptide antibiotics may increase
risk of respiratory paralysis and renal dysfunction

Neuromuscular blocking agents with oral kanamycin may
increase neuromuscular blockade; a small increase in warfarin's
effect may occur due to decreased absorption of vitamin K
Decreased toxicity: Methotrexate with kanamycin (oral) may be
less well absorbed as may digoxin (minor) and vitamin A
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Amikacin
Irreversibly binds to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes; blocks
recognition step in protein synthesis; causes growth inhibition.
For gram-- bacterial coverage of infections resistant to
gentamicin and tobramycin. Effective against P aeruginosa.
I: Short-term treatment of serious bacterial infections
D: Low therapeutic index
I.M., I.V.: 5-7.5 mg/kg/dose every 8 hours
Daily dose: 15-20 mg/kg for all patients with normal renal.
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Coadministration with other aminoglycosides, penicillins,
cephalosporins, and amphotericin B increases nephrotoxicity;
enhances effects of neuromuscular-blocking agents; causes
respiratory depression; irreversible hearing loss may occur with
coadministration of loop diuretics
Preg: D

P: Not intended for long-term therapy; caution in patients with
renal failure (not on dialysis), hypocalcemia, myasthenia gravis,
and conditions that depress neuromuscular transmission
ES: Rash, Nausea and vomiting, Headache, Pins and needles,
Damage to the kidneys, hearing & vestibular function within the
ear. Symptoms include giddiness or dizziness, vertigo,
unsteadiness or loss of balance.
Nama Dagang:

Streptomycin sulfate
I: Brucellosis, Tuberculosis
D: Daily: 20-30 mg/kg/day (max: 1 g/day)
DOT: 2x/wk: 25-30 mg/kg (max: 1.5 g)
DOT: 3x/week: 25-30 mg/kg (max: 1 g)
Enterococcal endocarditis: 1 g 2x/day for 2 wk, 500 mg
2x/day for 4 wks in combination with penicillin
Streptococcal endocarditis: 1 g 2x/day for 2 wk, 500 mg
2x/day for 1 wk
Tularemia: 1-2 g/day in divided doses for 7-10 days or until
patient is afebrile for 5-7 days
Plague: 2-4 g/day in divided doses until the patient is afebrile for
at least 3 days
Elderly: 10 mg/kg/day, max 750 mg/day; dosing interval should
be adjusted for renal function; some authors suggest not to give
more than 5 days/week or give as 20-25 mg/kg/dose twice
weekly
KI: Hipersensitif; non–dialysis-dependent renal insufficiency
IO: Nephrotoxicity may be increased with aminoglycosides,
cephalosporins, penicillins, amphotericin B, and loop diuretics
ES: Rash, Allergic reaction to active ingredient, Fever (pyrexia),
Nausea and vomiting, Damage to hearing & vestibular function
within the ear, tinnitus, Damage to the kidneys, Tingling in and
around the mouth. Symptoms include giddiness or dizziness,
vertigo, unsteady or loss of balance.
Preg: D
P: Narrow therapeutic index; not intended for long-term therapy;
caution in renal failure not on dialysis; caution with myasthenia
gravis, hypocalcemia, and conditions that depress
neuromuscular transmission

Dibekacin
I: Septikemia, abses, furunkel, furunkolosis, flegmon, tonsilitis,
bronkitis, pneumonia, peritonitis, pielonefritis, sistitis, uretritis,
otitismedia, otitispasca op
BSO: Vial 50 mg, 100 mg. Amp 50 mg/cc
D: IM Dws 100 mg/hr. Anak 1-2 mg/kg/hr dibagi dlm 1-2 dosis.
Drip infus IV
Dws: 100 mg/hr terbagi dlm 2 dosis. Lama infus 30 mnt-1jam.
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Hamil. Kerusakan fungsi ginjal & hati. Nutrisi oral &
parenteral buruk. Usia lanjut.
ES: syok. Ototoksisitas, nefrotoksisitas. Jarang: kerusakan hati,
def Vit K & Vit B. Ggn GI. Sakit kepala.
IO: Zat substitusi darah, obat anestesi, relaksan otot, diuretik,
karbenisilin, sulbenisilin, tikarsilin, piperasilin.
Nama Dagang:
Dibekacin Meiji

Tobramycin
I: Bacterial infections of the central nervous system, peritonitis,
the bile duct or gall bladder, cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis,
pneumonia, bronchopneumonia or acute bronchitis, burns,
Bacterial infections of bone.
Ointment,Solution ophthalmic: 0.3%
Powder for injection: 40 mg/mL
Solution, inhalation: 60 mg/mL
D: Low therapeutic index,
Children <5 years: I.M., I.V.: 2.5 mg/kg/dose every 8 hours
Children >5 years: 1.5-2.5 mg/kg/dose every 8 hours
Adults: I.M., I.V.:
Severe life-threatening infections: 2-2.5 mg/kg/dose
Urinary tract infection: 1.5 mg/kg/dose
Synergy (for gram-+ infections): 1 mg/kg/dose
Children and Adults: Ophthalmic: Instill 1-2 drops of solution
every 4 hours; apply ointment 2-3 times/day; for severe

infections apply ointment every 3-4 hours, or solution 2 drops
q30-60 minutes initially, then reduce to less frequent intervals
Inhalation: Standard aerosolized tobramycin:
Children: 40-80 mg 2-3 times/day
Adults: 60-80 mg 3 times/day
High-dose regimen: > 6 years and Adults: 300 mg every 12
hours (do not administer doses less than 6 hours apart);
administer in repeated cycles of 28 days on drug followed by 28
days off drug
KI: allergy, myasthenia gravis.
P: newborn babies and infants, elderly people, decreased
kidney function, obesity, dehydration, disorders involving
muscle weakness, such as Parkinson's disease.
ES: Changes in kidney function, Damage to hearing &
vestibular function within the ear. Symptoms include dizziness,
sensations of ringing or other noise in the ears (tinnitus),
vertigo, unsteadiness or loss of balance, Rash or itching,
Headache, Nausea and vomiting, Decrease in the levels of
magnesium, sodium, calcium or potassium in the blood,
Disturbances in the normal levels of blood cells in the blood,
Fever, Confusion, Lethargy, Pain at the injection site,
Inflammation of the large intestine (colitis)
IO: Increased effect: Extended spectrum penicillins (synergistic)
Increased toxicity:
Neuromuscular blockers increase neuromuscular blockade
Amphotericin B, cephalosporins, loop diuretics, and vancomycin
may increase risk of nephrotoxicity
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Netilmicin
I: Septicemia, peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, lower
respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections; skin, bone,
and joint infections caused by susceptible organisms; active
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella,
Serratia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and other gram-- bacilli
D: Neonates <6 weeks: 2-3.25 mg/kg/dose 2x/hari
Children 6 weeks to 12 years: 1-2.5 mg/kg/dose 3x/hari
Children >12 years & Adults: 1.5-2 mg/kg/dose 2-3x/day
Some clinicians suggest a daily dose of 4-7 mg/kg for all
patients with normal renal function.
P: Use with caution in patients with pre-existing renal
insufficiency, vestibular or cochlear impairment, myasthenia
gravis, hypocalcemia, conditions which depress neuromuscular
transmission. Parenteral aminoglycosides are associated with
nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity; the ototoxicity may be proportional
to the amount of drug given and the duration of treatment;
tinnitus or vertigo are indications of vestibular injury and
impending hearing loss; renal damage is usually reversible.
ES: >10%:
Central nervous system: Neurotoxicity
Otic: Ototoxicity (auditory), ototoxicity (vestibular)
Renal: Nephrotoxicity, decreased creatinine clearance
1% to 10%: Dermatologic: Skin itching, redness, rash, swelling
IO:Increased/prolonged effect of depolarizing and
nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
Increased toxicity: Concurrent use of amphotericin, vancomycin,
ethacrynic acid, furosemide and other nephrotoxic agents may
increase nephrotoxicity
Preg: D
Nama Dagang: Netromycin

B. Cephalosporin
Cefadroxil Cephalotin/ Cefalotin
Cefazolin Cephalexin/ Cefalexin
Cefradine/ Cephradine Cefaclor
Cefamandole Cefuroxime
Cefprozil Cefmetazole
Ceftriaxone Cefixime
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime
Ceftizoxime
Cefopherazone
Cefpodoxime
Cefpirome
Cefotiam
Cefepime
Cefditoren

Cefadroxil
Cephalosporin (First Generation)
I: Used for epiglottitis and for resistant rhinosinusitis.
BSO: Capsule: 500 mg, Tablet: 1 g
Suspension, oral: 125 mg/5 mL, 250 mg/5 mL, 500 mg/5 mL
D: 1-2 g/d PO divided bid
Paed.: 30 mg/kg/d PO divided bid
KI: Hipersensitif; hyperbilirubinemic neonates, particularly if
premature
IO: Alcoholic beverages consumed <72 h after dosing may
produce disulfiramlike reactions; may increase
hypoprothrombinemic effects of anticoagulants;
coadministration with potent diuretics and aminoglycosides (eg,
loop diuretics) may increase nephrotoxicity
Preg: B
P: Reduce dosage by half if CrCl is 10-30 mL/min and by three
fourths if CrCl is <10 mL/min (high doses may cause CNS
toxicity); bacterial or fungal overgrowth of nonsusceptible
organisms may occur with prolonged or repeated therapy
Cephalotin/ Cefalotin
I: Infections caused by susceptible strains in respiratory,
genitourinary, gastrointestinal, skin and soft tissue, bone and
joint infections; septicemia; treatment of susceptible gram-+
bacilli and cocci (never enterococcus); some gram-- bacilli
including E. coli, Proteus, and Klebsiella may be susceptible
BSO: Powder for injection: 0.5 g, 1 g, 2 g
D: Adults= 500 mg-2 g IM/ IV tiap 4-6 jam.
Children—13.3-26.6 mg/kg/ 4 jam IM/IV.
P: Use with caution in patients with a history of penicillin allergy,
especially IgE-mediated reactions (eg, anaphylaxis); may cause
antibiotic-associated colitis or colitis secondary to C. difficile
ES: 1% to 10%: Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
IO: Probenecid decreases renal clearance of cephalothin;
aminoglycosides may increase risk of nephrotoxicity
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Cefazolin
Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (First Generation)
I: Alternate antibiotic in patients allergic to penicillin. Infection of
gram-+ bacilli and cocci (except enterococcus); some gram--
bacilli including E. coli, Proteus, and Klebsiella may be
susceptible
BSO: Vial 1 g
D: 2 g IV q8h for 4-6 wk. Paed.: 25 mg/kg IV q6h
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Probenecid prolongs effects; coadministration with
aminoglycosides may increase renal toxicity; may yield false-+
urine-dip test results for glucose
Preg: B
P:
Adjust dose in renal impairment; superinfections and promotion
of nonsusceptible organisms may occur with prolonged use or
repeated therapy
Nama Dagang: Biozolin

Cephalexin/ Cefalexin
Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (First Generation)
I: Bacterial infections of respiratory tract, otitis media, infections
of the skin or soft tissue, bones and joints, urinary tract,
including chronic prostatitis, genitals, teeth or gums.
BSO: Tablet & Capsule: 250 mg, 500 mg
Powder for oral suspension: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL
Suspension, oral, pediatric: 100 mg/mL [5 mg/drop]
D: 500 mg PO q6h for 10 d
Paed.: 25-50 mg/kg/d PO q6h for 10 d; max 3 g qd
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Coadministration with aminoglycosides increases
nephrotoxic potential
Preg: B
P: Adjust dose in renal impairment
Nama Dagang:

Cefradine/ Cephradine
I: sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, Bacterial infections of the
urinary tract, kidney (pyelonephritis), the ears, nose or throat,
eg otitis media, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, skin or soft tissue, eg
abscesses, cellulitis, impetigo. Preventing infection following
surgery
Powder for injection: 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g, (in ready-to-use
infusion bottles)
D: Adults= 250 mg-1 g tiap 6-12 jam.
Infants and children 9 months= 6.25 mg-1 g/kg/ 6 jam, or
12.5-50 mg/kg/ 12 jam.
KI: Allergy to cephalosporin-type antibiotics
P: Hipersensitif, Decreased kidney function
ES: Nausea, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhoea or abdominal pain,
Dizziness, Inflammation of the tongue (glossitis), Wheezing or
difficulty in breathing, Headache, Overgrowth of the yeast
Candida, which may cause infection such as thrush, Skin
reactions such as rash and itch, Fever, Pain in the joints
(arthralgia), Swelling due to fluid retention (oedema),
Disturbance in the levels of blood cells in the blood, Severe
allergic skin rashes, Bowel infection resulting in inflammation of
the bowel lining (pseudomembranous colitis), Liver or kidney
disorders
IO: Increased effect: High-dose probenecid decreases
clearance
Increased toxicity: Aminoglycosides increase nephrotoxic
potential
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:

Cefaclor
-- Second-generation cephalosporin
I: Pyelonephritis, Infections of the ears, nose or throat,
respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin or soft tissue infections
Powder for oral suspension: 125 mg/5 mL; 187 mg/5 mL; 250
mg/5 mL; 375 mg/5 mL
Tablet, extended release: 375 mg, 500 mg
D: Bacterial infections: Tab: Adults= 250-500 mg tiap 8 jam.
Infants and children 1 month=6.7-13.4 mg/kg/ 8 jam.
Extended-release tablets:
Adults= 375-500 mg tiap 12 jam for 7-10 days.
Chewable tab: Children
Pharyngitis: 20 mg/ kg tiap 12 jam.
Otitis media: 40 mg/ kg tiap 8-12 jam.
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Alcoholic beverages consumed <72 h after taking may
hypoprothrombinemic effects of anticoagulants;
coadministration with potent diuretics (eg, loop diuretics) and
aminoglycosides may increase nephrotoxicity; monitor renal
function closely
ES: Headache, Rash, Itching (pruritus), Abdominal pain,
Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Nausea, Allergic reaction to active
ingredient, Fever (pyrexia), Dizziness, Inflammation of the large
intestine (colitis)
Preg: B
P:
Reduce dosage by half if CrCl is 10-30 mL/min and by one
fourth if CrCl <10 mL/min; bacterial or fungal overgrowth of
nonsusceptible organisms may occur with prolonged or
repeated therapy
Nama Dagang:

Cefamandole
Cephalosporin (Second Generation)
I: Bacterial infection; mainly respiratory tract, skin and skin
structure, bone and joint, urinary tract and gynecologic,
septicemia; surgical prophylaxis. Active against methicillin-
sensitive staphylococci, many streptococci, and various gram--
bacilli including E. coli, some Klebsiella, P. mirabilis, H.
influenzae, and Moraxella.
BSO: Powder for injection: 500 mg; 1 g; 2 g; 10 g
D: Adults= 500 mg-2 g IM/IV tiap 4-8 jam.
Infants and children 1 month= 8.3- 50 mg/ kg IM/IV tiap4-8 jam.
P: Modify dosage in patients with severe renal impairment;
prolonged use may result in superinfection; although rare,
cefamandole may interfere with hemostasis via destruction of
vitamin K producing intestinal bacteria, prevention of activation
of prothrombin by the attachment of a methyltetrazolethiol side
chain, and by an immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. Use with
caution in patients with a history of penicillin allergy especially
IgE-mediated reactions (eg, anaphylaxis, urticaria); may cause
antibiotic-associated colitis or colitis secondary to C. difficile.
ES: Contains MTT side chain which may lead to increased risk
of hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding.
Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea
Local: Thrombophlebitis
IO: Disulfiram-like reaction has been reported when taken within
72 hours of alcohol consumption
Increased cefamandole plasma levels: Probenecid
Increased nephrotoxicity: Aminoglycosides, furosemide
Hypoprothrombinemic effect increased: Warfarin and heparin
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Dardokef

Cefuroxime
I: Bacterial infections of respiratory tract, ears, nose or throat,
urinary tract, Gonorrhoea, Pelvic inflammatory disease,
meningitis, septicaemia. Preventing infections following
abdominal, pelvic, bone (orthopaedic), heart (cardiac), lung
(pulmonary), oesophageal and blood vessel (vascular) surgery.
BSO: Infusion, premixed (frozen): 750 mg; 1.5 g
Powder for injection: 750 mg, 1.5 g, 7.5 g
D: 2 g IV q6-8h Pediatric: 80-160 mg/kg/d IV divided q4-6h
D: For bacterial infections: Oral suspension:
Anak 3 bln-1 thn= 10-15 mg/kg 2x/hr for 10 days.
Tab: Dws= 250-500 mg 2x/hr Gö: 1 g single dose.
Anak= 30 mg/kg/d PO divided bid for 5 d
250 mg tiap 12 jam for 10 days.
For injection dosage form:
Adults= 750 mg- 3 g IM/IV tiap 6-8 jam for 5-14 days.
Gö: 1.5 g IM single dose/ terbagi 2 dosis (+ probenecid oral 1 g)
Anak > 1 bln= 12.5-150 mg/kg IM/IV tiap 6-8 jam.
Newborns= 10-100 mg/kg IV tiap 8-12 jam.
KI: Hipersensitif
ES: Inflammation at the injection site, Temporary rise in liver
enzymes, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
Overgrowth of the yeast Candida, jaundice, nephritis,
anaphylaxis
IO: Alcoholic beverages consumed <72 h after taking may
hypoprothrombinemic effects of anticoagulants; may increase
nephrotoxicity in patients receiving potent diuretics (eg, loop
diuretics); coadministration with aminoglycosides increases
nephrotoxic potential
Preg: B
P: Administer half dose if CrCl is 10-30 mL/min and quarter
dose if CrCl <10 mL/min; fungal and microorganism overgrowth
may occur with prolonged therapy
Nama Dagang:
Cefprozil
I: Treatment of otitis media and infections involving the
respiratory tract and skin and skin structure; Active against
methicillin-sensitive staphylococci, many streptococci, and
various gram-- bacilli including E. coli, some Klebsiella, P.
mirabilis, H. influenzae, and Moraxella.
BSO: Powder for oral suspension: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL
D: Adults= 250-500 mg tiap 12-24 jam for 10 days.
Children 2-12thn= 7.5-20 mg/kg tiap 12-24 jam for 10 days.
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Probenecid increases effect of cefprozil; coadministration
with furosemide and aminoglycosides increases nephrotoxic
effects of cefprozil
Preg: B
P: Adjust dosage in renal impairment
Nama Dagang:

Cefmetazole
I: Aerobic and anaerobic gram-+ and gram-- bacteria; surgical
prophylaxis, specifically colorectal and OB-GYN
BSO: Vial 1 g, 2 g
D: Adults: I.V.: Prophylaxis: 2 g 30-90’ pre-op or 1 g 30-90’ pre-
op; repeat 8 and 16 hours later
P: Severe renal impairment; history of penicillin allergy
ES: Contains MTT side chain which may lead to increased risk
of hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding. Rash, Diarrhea
IO: Increased effect: Probenecid may decrease cephalosporin
elimination. Increased toxicity: Furosemide, aminoglycosides
may be a possible additive to nephrotoxicity
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Cefmetazon

Ceftriaxone
Cephalosporin (Third Generation)
I: Gonorrhoea, septicaemia, respiratory tract, Meningitis,
Preventing infection following surgery
BSO: Vial 1 g
D: 2 g IV/IM q12-24h; max 4 g/d
Gonococcal pharyngitis: 250 mg IM for 1 dose
Paed.
Neonates >7 d: 25-50 mg/kg/d IV/IM; max 125 mg/d
Infants and children: 100 mg/kg/d IV/IM divided q12h; max 2 g/d
Gonococcal pharyngitis: 125 mg IM for 1 dose
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Probenecid increase levels; coadministration with ethacrynic
acid, furosemide, & aminoglycosides increase nephrotoxicity
Preg: B
P: Adjust dose in renal impairment; caution in breastfeeding
women, allergy to penicillin, pseudo-biliary lithiasis, and non—C
difficilediarrhea
Nama Dagang:
Cefixime
I: Infection of the kidney, ears, nose or throat, respiratory tract,
urinary tract
BSO: Powder for oral suspension: 100 mg/5 mL
Tablet, film coated: 200 mg, 400 mg
D: 400 mg PO once
Paed.
<45 kg: 8 mg/kg PO once; max 400 mg.
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Coadministration of aminoglycosides increases
nephrotoxicity; probenecid may increase effects
Preg: B
P: Adjust dose in patients with renal impairment, continuous
ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis
Nama Dagang:

Cefotaxime
Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (Third Generation)
I: Gonorrhoea, pyelonephritis, respiratory tract, urinary tract,
skin or soft tissue infections.
Meningitis, Preventing infection following surgery,
BSO: Infusion, as sodium, premixed, in D5W (frozen): 1 g; 2 g
Powder for injection: 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g, 10 g
D: 1-2 g IV q6-8h; max 12 g/d
Paed. 100-200 mg/kg/d IV divided q8h
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Probenecid may increase levels; coadministration with
furosemide and aminoglycosides may increase nephrotoxicity
Preg: B
P: Adjust dose in severe renal insufficiency (high doses may
cause CNS toxicity); superinfections and promotion of
nonsusceptible organisms may occur with prolonged use or
repeated therapy; has been associated with severe colitis
Nama Dagang:

Ceftazidime
I: Abdominal& urinary tract infections, Infections caused by the
bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infections of respiratory
tract
BSO: Infusion, premixed (frozen): 1 g; 2 g
D: Adults= 250 mg- 2 g IM/IV tiap 8-12 jam.
Cystic fibrosis may receive 30-50 mg/kg IV tiap 8 jam.
Anak 1-12 thn= 30-50 mg/kg IV tiap 8 jam.
Newborns up to 4 weeks of age= 30 mg/kg IV tiap 12 jam.
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Nephrotoxicity may increase with aminoglycosides,
furosemide, and ethacrynic acid; probenecid may increase
ceftazidime levels
Preg: B
P: Adjust dose in renal impairment
Nama Dagang:

Ceftizoxime
I: Bacterial infection of respiratory tract, skin and skin structure,
bone and joint, urinary tract and gynecologic, septicemia; active
against many gram-- bacilli (not Pseudomonas), some gram-+
cocci (not Enterococcus), and some anaerobes
BSO: Injection in D5W (frozen): 1 g; 2 g
D: 500 mg- 4 g IM/IV tiap 8-12 jam. Go: 1g single doseIM.
Anak > 6 bln= 50 mg/kg IM/IV tiap 6-8 jam.
P: Renal impairment, history of penicillin allergy, may cause
ES: 1% to 10%: Fever, Rash, pruritus, Eosinophilia,
thrombocytosis, Elevated transaminases, alkaline phosphatase.
IO: Increased effect: Probenecid may decrease cephalosporin
elimination. Increased toxicity: Furosemide, aminoglycosides
may be a possible additive to nephrotoxicity
Preg: B
Cefopherazone
-- Third-generation cephalosporin
I: Bacterial infection; respiratory tract, skin and skin structure,
bone and joint, urinary tract and gynecologic as well as
septicemia. Active against a variety of gram-- bacilli, some
gram-+ cocci, and has some activity against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa.
BSO: Injection: 1 g; 2 g
D: Adults= IM/IV 1-6g tiap 12 j,or 2-4 g tiap 8 j. max 12 g/d
Pediatric: Not established; 100-150 mg/kg/d IV/IM divided
q8-12h; max 12 g/d (suggested)
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Probenecid may increase levels; coadministration with
furosemide and aminoglycosides may increase nephrotoxicity
Preg: B
P: Adjust dose in severe renal impairment; has been associated
with severe colitis
Nama Dagang:

Cefpodoxime
I: Gonorrhoea, Infections of respiratory tract, urinary tract, Skin
or soft tissue
BSO: Tab 100 mg
D: Acute cystitis: 100 mg PO q12h
Acute pyelonephritis: 200 mg PO q12h
Paed.
10 mg/kg PO divided bid; max 400 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Decreased effect with antacids and H2-receptor
antagonists; increased effect with probenecid
Preg: B
P: Adjust dose in severe renal insufficiency (high doses may
cause CNS toxicity); superinfections and promotion of
nonsusceptible organisms may occur with prolonged use or
repeated therapy
Nama Dagang: Banan

Cefpirome
I: Septikemia, neutropenia febril, pneumonia nosokomial, infeksi
pd ICU, infeksi berat
BSO: Vial 1 g
D: 2-4 g 2x/hr
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Hipersensitif
ES: Gatal
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Cefotiam
I: Bronkitis, peritonitis, osteomielitis, profilaksis pra op
BSO: Tab 200 mg, Vial 1 g
D: Dws IM/IV 0.5-2 g 2-4x/hr. Septikemia s/d 4 g
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Hamil, laktasi, ggn transportasi esofagus, alergi penisilin.
ES: Sakit kepala, nyeri dada, syok, kolitis pseudomembran,
ikterus, hipoprotrombinemia, sindr steven-Johnson
IO: Aminoglikosida, diuretik
Nama Dagang:

Cefepime
Cephalosporin (Fourth Generation)
I: Urinary tract infections; monotherapy for febrile neutropenia;
skin and skin structure infections caused by Streptococcus
pyogenes; pneumonia caused by pneumococcus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other gram-- organisms;
complicated intra-abdominal infections (+ metronidazole). Also
active against methicillin-susceptible staphylococci,
Enterobacter sp, and many other gram-- bacilli.
BSO: Infusion, piggy-back: 1 g; 2 g
Injection: 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g
D: 500 mg- 2 g IM/IV tiap jam for 7-10 days.
Anak 2 bln-16 thn= 50 mg/kg IM/IV tiap 8-12 jam, for 7-10 days.
P: Renal impairment; history of penicillin/ cephalosporin allergy,
ES: >10%: + Coombs' test without hemolysis

1% to 10%: Rash, pruritus, Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, Fever
(1%), headache (1%), Local: Pain, erythema at injection site
IO: Increased effect: High-dose probenecid decreases
clearance
Increased toxicity: Aminoglycosides increase nephrotoxic
potential
Nama Dagang:

Cefditoren
I:
BSO: Tab salut selaput
D: Adults & > 12 thn
Bronchitis= 400 mg 2x/hari for 10 days
Tonsillitis: 200 mg
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Meiact

C. Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol
Thiamphenicol

Chloramphenicol
I: Haemophilus influenzae infection, Severe infections, Typhoid
Ointment, ophthalmic: 1% [10 mg/g]
Powder for injection: 1 g
Powder for ophthalmic solution: 25 mg/vial
Solution Otic:& Ophthalmic:: 0.5% [5 mg/mL]
D: Capsules and suspension:
Adults= 500 mg PO/IV q6h
12.5 mg/kg tiap 6 jam, or 25 mg/kg tiap 12 jam.
Anak= 6.25 mg/kg tiap 6 jam.
Injection:
Adults= 12.5 mg/kg tiap 6 jam. Anak= 6.25 mg/kg tiap 6 jam.
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: When administered concurrently with barbiturates,
chloramphenicol serum levels may decrease while barbiturate
levels may increase, causing toxicity; manifestations of
hypoglycemia may occur with sulfonylureas; rifampin may
reduce serum chloramphenicol levels, presumably through
hepatic enzyme induction; may increase effects of
anticoagulants; may increase serum hydantoin levels, possibly
resulting in toxicity; chloramphenicol levels may be increased or
decreased
Preg: C
P: Use only for indicated infections or as prophylaxis for
bacterial infections; serious and fatal blood dyscrasias (aplastic
anemia, hypoplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia,
granulocytopenia) can occur; evaluate baseline and perform
periodic blood studies approximately every 2 d while in therapy;
discontinue upon appearance of reticulocytopenia, leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia, anemia, or findings attributable to
chloramphenicol; adjust dose in liver or kidney dysfunction;
caution in Preg: at term or during labor because of potential
toxic effects on fetus (gray syndrome)
Nama Dagang:

Thiamphenicol
I: Infeksi sal napas, urogenital, hepatobilier, sal cerna, demam
tifoid & paratifoid & salmonellosis lain. Bruselosis. Gonorre
BSO: Kaps 500 mg
D: 500 mg 3x/hr. Anak 30-50 mg/kg/hr dlm dosis terbagi
KI: Hipersensitif, anemia, hamil trim 3. Laktasi
P: Jangka panjang. Defisiensi G6PD. Bayi. Kerusakan hati
&ginjal
ES: depresi ssm. Tulang, anemia aplastik, sindr pd bayi
IO: PCT meningkatkan kadar serum.
Nama Dagang:

D. Makrolida
Erythromycin
Roxithromycin
Azithromycin
Spiramycin
Clarithromycin
Lincomycin

Erythromycin
I: Bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, Legionnaires' disease,
sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, Whooping cough,
otitis externa, gum disease (gingivitis), Vincent's angina,
blepharitis, boils, abscesses, cellulitis, impetigo, erysipelas,
Urethritis, prostatitis, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Diphtheria, Scarlet
fever, Prevention of bacterial infection following surgery, burns,
trauma or dental procedures
Acne, acne rosacea.
BSO: Erythromycin base: Capsule, delayed release: 250 mg
Ointment, ophthalmic: 0.55 mg (3.5 g)
Erythromycin estolate:
Capsule: 250 mg
Tablet: 500 mg
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate:
Granules for oral suspension: 400 mg/5 mL
Powder for oral suspension: 200 mg/5 mL
Suspension, oral [drops]: 100 mg/2.5 mL
Tablet: 400 mg
Erythromycin gluceptate: Injection: 1000 mg
Erythromycin lactobionate: injection: 500 mg, 1000 mg
Erythromycin stearate: Tablet, film coated: 250 mg, 500 mg
D: Infections:
Dws= 250-500 mg 2-4x/hari.
Anak= 7.5-12.5 mg/kg 4x/hari, or 15-25 mg/ kg 2x/hari.
Prevention of heart infections:
Dws= 1 g 2 jam sblm op. then 500 mg 6 jam after first dose.
Anak= 20 mg/kg 2 jam sblm op, then 10 mg/kg after first dose..
KI: Hipersensitif; hepatic impairment
IO: Coadministration may increase toxicity of theophylline,
digoxin, carbamazepine, and cyclosporine; may potentiate
anticoagulant effects of warfarin; coadministration with
lovastatin and simvastatin increases risk of rhabdomyolysis
Preg: B
P: Caution in liver disease; estolate formulation may cause
cholestatic jaundice; adverse GI tract effects are common (give
doses pc); discontinue use if nausea, vomiting, malaise,
abdominal colic, or fever occur
Nama Dagang:

Roxithromycin
I: Pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, otitis
media, Chlamydia
BSO: Tab 150 mg
D: Dws 150 mg 2x/hr . Anak > 4th 5-8 mg/kg/hr terbagi dlm
2 dosis
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Hamil, laktasi, disfungsi liver
ES: Ggn GI
IO: Teofilin, digoxin, terfenadin
BSO:
Nama Dagang:

Azithromycin
I: pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, otitis
media, Chlamydia.
Bacterial infections of the skin or soft tissue.
BSO: Powder for injection: 500 mg
Powder for oral suspension: 100 mg/5 mL; 200 mg/5 mL; 1 g
(single-dose packet)
D: Oral:
Chancroid in men and chlamydia infections: 1g single dose.
Gonococcal: 2 g single dose
Otitis media and pneumonia: Anak 6 bln-12 thn=
Hr I=10 mg/kg 1x
Hr 2-5= 5 mg/kg 1x
Strep throat: Anak 2-12 thn= 12 mg/kg 1x for 5 days.
Tab:
Bronchitis, strep throat, pneumonia, and skin infections:
Dws= Hr I. 500 mg. Hr 2-5. 250 mg.
Chlamydia infections: Dws= 1 g single dose.
Prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease:
Dws = 1.2 g 1x/minggu.
sinusitis: 500 mg a day for 3 days
Injection:
Pelvic inflammatory disease, Pneumonia:
500 mg 1x/hr IV for 1-2 hari.
KI: Hipersensitif; hepatic impairment; coadministration with
pimozide
IO: May increase toxicity of theophylline, warfarin, and digoxin;
effects are reduced with coadministration of aluminum and/or
magnesium antacids; nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity may
occur when coadministered with cyclosporine
Preg: B
P: Site reactions can occur with IV route; bacterial or fungal
overgrowth may result from prolonged antibiotic use; may
increase hepatic enzymes and cholestatic jaundice; caution in
patients with impaired hepatic function or prolonged QT
intervals
Nama Dagang:
Spiramycin
-- DOC for maternal or fetal toxoplasmosis. Alternative therapy
in other patient populations when unable to use pyrimethamine
and sulfadiazine.
I: Toxoplasmosis in pregnant women since this medicine
decreases the chance that the unborn baby will get the
infection. It will not work for colds, flu, or other virus infections.
BSO: Tab 250 mg, 500 mg (1.5 MIU), 1 g (3 MIU),
Sir 125 mg/5cc
D: Capsules or tab: Infections:
Dws= 1-2 g (3,000,000-6,000,000 IU) 2x/hari 2x/hr or
500 mg-1 g (1,500,000-3,000,000 IU) 3x/hari.
Severe infections: 2-2.5 g(6,000,000-7,500,000 IU) 2x/hari.
Anak >20 kg= 25 mg (75,000 IU)/ kg 2x/hari or 17 mg (51,000
IU)/ kg 3x/hari.
Injection: Infections:
Dws= 500 mg (1,500,000 IU) IV pelan tiap 8 jam.
Severe infections: 1 g (3,000,000 IU) slowly IV tiap 8 jam.
Suppository: Infections:
Dws= 2-3x 750 mg (1,950,000 IU) suppositories per day.
Anak= 2-3x 500 mg (1,300,000 IU) suppositories per day.
Newborns= 250 mg (650,000 IU) supp/5 kgBB 1x/hari.
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Decreases bioavailability of carbidopa, leading to decrease
of levodopa levels
ES: Less common, Skin rash, itching, Unusual bleeding or
bruising.
Preg: C
P: Cross-resistance between microorganism resistant to
erythromycin and carbomycin; acute colitis is experienced in 1%
of patients; GI toxicity most common adverse effect; IV
administration associated with peripheral paresthesias, irritation
at injection site, dysesthesia, giddiness, pain, stiffness, burning
sensation, and hot flashes; long-term use may result in
superinfection; caution in cardiovascular disease because may
prolong QT; may elevate LFTs
Nama Dagang:

Clarithromycin
-- Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. Inhibits protein
synthesis by interfering with tRNA translocation and inhibiting
formation of initiation complex.
I: Bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, otitis
media. Bacterial infections of the skin or soft tissue.
Eradicating Helicobacter pylori (in people with peptic ulcers.)
BSO: Granules for oral suspension: 125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL
Tablet, film-coated, extended release: 500 mg
D: Tab:
Dws 250-500 mg 2x/day for 7-14 days.
Anak 7.5 mg/kg 2x/day for 10 days
Eradicating Helicobacter pylori:
Dws 500 mg 3x/day for 14 days (+ Omeprazole/ Ranitidine) or
500 mg 2x/day for 14 days (+ amoxicillin/ Lanzoprazole)
Extended release tab:
Dws 1000 mg 1x/day for 7-14 days.
KI: Hipersensitif; coadministration of pimozide
IO: Toxicity increases with coadministration of fluconazole and
pimozide; effects decrease and GI adverse effects may
increase with coadministration of rifabutin or rifampin; may
increase toxicity of anticoagulants, cyclosporine, tacrolimus,
digoxin, carbamazepine, ergot alkaloids, triazolam, HMG-CoA
reductase inhibitors; plasma levels of certain benzodiazepines
may increase, prolonging CNS depression; arrhythmias and
increases in QTc intervals occur with disopyramide;
coadministration with omeprazole may increase plasma levels
of both agents; decreases metabolism of repaglinide, thus
increasing serum levels and effects
Preg: C
P: Nausea, diarrhea, glossitis, stomatitis, skin rashes, pruritus,
urticaria, anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome,
eosinophilia, headache, transient CNS symptoms (eg, anxiety,
dizziness, insomnia, confusion, bad dreams); coadministration
with ranitidine or bismuth citrate not recommended if CrCl <25
mL/min; give half dose or increase dosing interval if CrCl <30
mL/min
Lyncomycin
Macrolide
I: Bacterial infections, mainly those caused by streptococci and
staphylococci resistant to other agents
BSO: Kaps 500 mg. Sir 250 mg/5cc. Injection: 300 mg/mL
D: Capsules: Dws 500 mg 3-4x/day. Anak 7.5-15 mg/kg 4x or
10-20 mg/kg 3x/day
Injection: Dws 600 mg-1g IV pelan >1 jam 2-3x/day or 600 mg
IM 1-2x/day
Anak: 10 mg/kg IM 1-2x/day or 3.3-6.7 mg/kg IV pelan 3x/day or
5-10 mg/kg IV 2x/day
KI: Minor bacterial infections or viral infections; hypersensitivity
to lincomycin or any component or clindamycin
P: ES: 1% to 10%: Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
IO: Decreased effect with erythromycin
Increased activity/toxicity of neuromuscular blocking agents
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

E. Penicillin
Penicillin G Benzathine/ Benzathine Penicillin G
Penicillin G Procaine/ Procaine Benzylpenicillin
Penicillin V K/ Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid
Ampicillin
Piperacillin, Tazobactam
Sultamicillin
Sulbenicillin
Flucloxacillin
Cloxacillin

Penicillin G benzathine/ Benzathine Penicillin G
I: Active against some gram-+ organisms, few gram--
organisms such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and some
anaerobes and spirochetes; used in the treatment of syphilis;
used only for the treatment of mild to moderately severe
infections caused by organisms susceptible to low
concentrations of penicillin G or for prophylaxis of infections
caused by these organisms
BSO: Injection: 300,000 U/mL; 600,000 U/mL
D: Injection: Dws: 1,200,000-2,400,000 U IM single dose
Primary/secondary syphilis: 2.4 million U IM in a single dose
Latent/unknown duration/tertiary syphilis (excluding
neurosyphilis): 2.4 million U IM qwk x 3 wk
Anak: 300,000-1,200,000 U IM singledose
Primary/secondary syphilis: 50,000 U/kg IM single dose; max
2.4 million U
Latent/unknown duration/tertiary syphilis (excluding
neurosyphilis): 50,000 U/kg IM qwk x 3 wk
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Probenecid can increase effectiveness by decreasing
clearance; coadministration with tetracyclines can decrease
effectiveness
Preg: B
P: Impaired renal function or seizure disorders
Nama Dagang:

Penicillin G Procaine/ Procaine Benzylpenicillin
DOC for treatment of actinomycosis. Interferes with synthesis of
cell wall mucopeptide during active multiplication, resulting in
bactericidal activity against susceptible microorganisms.
I: Moderately severe infections due to Treponema pallidum and
other penicillin G-sensitive microorganisms that are susceptible
to low but prolonged serum penicillin concentrations
BSO: Injection, suspension: 300,000 U/mL; 500,000 U/mL;
600,000 U/mL
D: Injection: Dws: 600,000-1,200,000 U IM single dose
Neurosyphilis: Add probenecid 500 mg PO qid x 17-21 d
Anak: 50,000 U IM singledose
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Probenecid can increase effects; coadministration of
tetracyclines can decrease effects
Preg: B
P: Caution in impaired renal function
Nama Dagang: Procaine Penicillin G Meiji

Penicillin V K/ Phenoxymethyl Penicillin
-- DOC for treatment of actinomycosis. Interferes with synthesis
of cell wall mucopeptide during active multiplication, resulting in
bactericidal activity against susceptible microorganisms.
I: Ear infections, tonsillitis, Skin infections caused by the
streptococcus bacteria
Prevention against recurrence of rheumatic fever or prevention
of pneumococcal infection
BSO: Tab 125mg, 250mg, 500mg, 625mg (250 mg=400,000U)
Sir 250 mg/5cc
D: Dws 125-500 mg 3-4x/day. Anak 2.5-16.7 mg/kg 3-6x/day.
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Probenecid can increase effects; coadministration of
tetracyclines can decrease effects
ES: Rash, Itching (pruritus), Diarrhoea, Allergic reaction to
active ingredient, Fever (pyrexia), colitis
Preg: B
P: Caution in impaired renal function
Nama Dagang: Ospen, Fenocin
Amoxicillin
I: Otitis media, Infections of respiratory tract, Bronchitis,
Pneumonia, Skin or soft tissue infections, Infections of the
urinary tract, Gynaecological infections, Gonorrhoea, peritonitis,
bacterial endocarditis, Dental abscess, septicaemia, Typhoid
and paratyphoid fever, Eradicating Helicobacteria pylori.
Powder for oral suspension, drops: 50 mg/mL
Tablet, chewable: 125 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 400 mg
D: Dws: 250-500 mg 3x/day or 500-875mg 2x/day
Anak: 15 mg/kg 2x/day.
Bayi: 6.7-13.3 mg/kg 3x/day, or 12.5-22.5 mg/kg 2x/day
Helicobacter pylori bacterial infection:
1 g 2x/day for 14 hari (+ clarithromycin and lansoprazole) or
1 g 3x/day for 14 hari (+ lansoprazole)
KI: Hipersensitif; concomitant use of disulfiram
IO: Coadministration with warfarin or heparin increases risk of
bleeding; may act synergistically against selected
microorganisms when coadministered with aminoglycosides;
coadministration with allopurinol may increase incidence of
amoxicillin rash; may decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives
when administered concomitantly
Preg: B
P: Hepatic impairment may occur with prolonged treatment in
elderly persons; diarrhea may occur; adjust dose in renal
impairment; cross-allergy may occur with other beta-lactams
and cephalosporins; administer for >10 d to eliminate organism
and prevent sequelae (eg, endocarditis, rheumatic fever); many
patients with infectious mononucleosis develop rash during
therapy with amoxicillin; urticarial rash that appears after a few
days of therapy may indicate hypersensitivity
Nama Dagang:

Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic acid
I: Abdominal infections, Animal bites, Infections of respiratory
tract, genito-urinary infections, cellulitis
BSO: Suspension, oral: per 5 cc: Amox 125 mg+clav 31.25 mg,
Amox 200 mg+clav 28.5 mg, Amox 250 mg+clav 62.5 mg,
Amox 400 mg+clav 57 mg
Tab: Amox 250 mg+clav 125 mg, Amox 500 mg+clav 125 mg
Tablet, chewable: Amox 125 mg+clav 31.25 mg
Amox 200 mg+clav 28.5 mg, Amox 250 mg+clav 62.5 mg
D: Oral: Dws: 250-500 mg 3x/day or 875 mg 2x/day
Paed.: 20-40 mg/kg/d PO divided bid
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: +Warfarin or heparin increases risk of bleeding
ES: Headache, Rash, Itching (pruritus), Diarrhoea, Vomiting,
Nausea, Allergic, jaundice, Dizziness, colitis
Preg: B
P: Renal impairment, adjust dosage when CrCl <30 mL/min
Ampicillin
I: Otitis media, sinusitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, gonorrhoea,
septicaemia, peritonitis, bacterial endocarditis, meningitis,
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
BSO: Capsule: 250 mg, 500 mg. Drops: 100 mg/mL. Oral susp:
125 mg/5 mL; 250 mg/5 mL; 500 mg/5 mL
Powder for injection: 125 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g, 10 g
D: Oral Dws 250-500 mg 4x/day. Anak: 12.5-25 mg/kg 4x/day
or 16.7-33.3 mg/kg 3x/day

Injection: Dws: 250-500 mg IM/IV 4-8x/day. Anak 12.5 mg/kg
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Probenecid & disulfiram elevate levels; allopurinol
decreases effects and has additive effects on ampicillin rash;
may decrease effects of oral contraceptives
ES: Rash, Itching (pruritus), Diarrhoea, Nausea, Vomiting,
colitis, Liver or kidney disorders, Blood disorders.
Preg: B
P: Renal failure; evaluate rash & differentiate from allergy
Piperacillin, Tazobactam.
I:
D:
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
BSO:
Nama Dagang:
1. Tazocin

Sultamicillin
I: Infeksi saluran nafas
BSO: Tab 375 mg. Vial 0.75 g. 1.5 g
D: Dws & Anak 375-750 mg 2x/hr.
Anak < 30 kg= 25-50 mg/kg/hr terbagi dlm 2 dosis.
Go: 2.25 g dosis tunggal + Probenecid 1 g
KI: Hipersensitif
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Bactesyn

Sulbenicillin
I: Infeksi Sal Kencing, kandung empedu, sal napas,
BSO: Vial 1 g, 2 g
D: Dws 2-4 g/hr.
Anak 40-80 mg/kg/hr IV terbagi dlm 2-4 dosis.
KI: Hipersensitif
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Kedacillin

Flucloxacillin
I: Infected ulcers, wounds or burns, abscesses, cellulitis,
impetigo, boils, pneumonia, lung abscess, sinusitis, tonsillitis,
pharyngitis, Osteomyelitis, quinsy, otitis media and otitis
externa. # Bacterial infections of the urinary tract, meningitis,
septicaemia, endocarditis, enteritis, heart or bone surgery.
BSO: Kaps 250 mg. 500 mg
D: Oral: Dws 250-500 mg 4x/day

Anak: 125-250 mg 4x/day or 6.25-12.5 mg/kg 4x/day
KI: Allergy, liver problems or jaundice
P: Decreased liver & function, > 50 years of age.
ES: Diarrhoea, Nausea and vomiting, Rash, Allergic reaction,
colitis, jaundice, hepatitis.
IO:
Nama Dagang: Floxapen

Cloxacillin
I: Bacterial infections, notably penicillinase-producing
staphylococci causing respiratory tract, skin and skin structure,
bone and joint, urinary tract infections
BSO: Kaps 250 mg, 500 mg. Vial 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g
D: Dws 250-500 mg IO/IV 4x/day. Anak: 6.25-12.5 mg/kg 4x/d
P: Monitor PT if patient concurrently on warfarin, elimination of
drug is slow in renally impaired; use with caution in patients
allergic to cephalosporins due to a low incidence of cross-
hypersensitivity
ES: 1-10%: Gastrointestinal: Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain
IO: Decreased effect: Efficacy of oral contraceptives may be
reduced
Increased effect: Disulfiram, probenecid may increase penicillin
levels, increased effect of anticoagulants
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Meixam
F. Quinolon
Ciprofloxacin
Ofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Levofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Sparfloxacin
Pefloxacin
Gatifloxacin
Not included in product labeling:

• Chancroid
• Pulmonary exacerbations (airway infections) in cystic
fibrosis

Ciprofloxacin
Against pseudomonads, streptococci, MRSA, Staphylococcus
epidermidis, & most gram-- organisms. Does not have activity
against anaerobes. Inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis and growth.
I: Pneumonia (but not pneumococcal pneumonia), bronchitis,
bronchiectasis and lung infections in cystic fibrosis, sinusitis,
otitis media & externa, conjunctivitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis,
urethritis, prostatitis, infected ulcers, wounds or burns,
abscesses, cellulitis, erysipelas, osteomyelitis & septic arthritis,
peritonitis or abdominal abscesses, typhoid, diarrhea, PID,
gonorrhoea, septicaemia, intestinal surgery or endoscopic
procedures. Anthrax affecting the lungs, anthrax spores
I: Infusion, in D5W: 400 mg, in NS or D5W: 200 mg
Injection: 200 mg; 400 mg
Solution, ophthalmic: 3.5 mg/mL
Tablet: 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg
D: Extended-release tab: Dws 500 mg-1g 1x/day for 3-14 days

Oral susp or tab: Dws 100-750 mg 2x/day for 3-28 days.

Anak: Inhalational anthrax: 15 mg/kg 2x/day
Injection:Dws 200-400 mg 2-3x/day. Anak: not recommended
except Inhalational anthrax: 10 mg/kg 2x/day
KI: Hipersensitif, Anak
IO: Antacids, iron salts, and zinc salts may reduce serum levels;
administer antacids 2-4 h before/ after taking fluoroquinolones;
cimetidine may interfere with metabolism; reduces therapeutic
effects of phenytoin; probenecid increase serum concentrations;
increase toxicity of theophylline, caffeine, cyclosporine, and
digoxin; may increase effects of anticoagulants (monitor PT)
ES: Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhoea, Rash or itching,
Headache, Restlessness, Dizziness, dyspepsia, Depression,
Sleepiness, Tremor, Confusion, Convulsions, Disturbances in
vision, taste, hearing or smell.
Preg: C
P: In prolonged therapy, Renal function impairment;
Nama Dagang:
Ofloxacin
Interferes with DNA synthesis by binding to topoisomerases II
and IV to cause bacterial lysis. Elimination through kidneys by
active tubular secretion, which probenecid can block.
I: Gonorrhoea, urinary tract infection, septicaemia, chest or
lower respiratory tract infection, genito-urinary infections, Skin
or soft tissue infections
BSO: Injection: 200 mg; 400 mg
Ophthalmic & Otic: 0.3%
D: Dws IO/IV 200-400 mg 2x/day for 3-14days. Prostatitis: for
6wk. Gö: 400 mg single dose.

KI: Hipersensitif; lactation, Epilepsy, Lack of the enzyme G6PD
in the blood (G6PD deficiency), Children, adolescents.
administer antacids 2-4 h before/ after taking fluoroquinolones;
cimetidine may interfere with metabolism of fluoroquinolones;
ciprofloxacin reduces therapeutic effects of phenytoin;
probenecid may increase ciprofloxacin serum concentrations;
may increase toxicity of theophylline, caffeine, cyclosporine,
and digoxin (monitor digoxin levels); may increase effects of
anticoagulants (monitor PT)
ES: Headache, Rash, Itching (pruritus), Abdominal pain,
Diarrhoea, Disturbed sleep, Restlessness, Loss of contact with
reality (psychosis), Dizziness, Nausea and vomiting, Abnormal
movements of the hands, legs, face, neck and tongue, eg
tremor, twitching, rigidity (extrapyramidal effects), Numbness
Preg: C
P: Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
and diarrhea, headache, dizziness; rare reports of seizures,
hallucinations, pseudomembranous colitis, skin rash, bone
marrow depression, abnormal liver function tests, tendonitis,
and photosensitivity; with prolonged therapy, periodically
evaluate organ (eg, renal, hepatic, hematopoietic) function;
adjust dose in renal function impairment; superinfections may
occur with prolonged or repeated antibiotic therapy
Nama Dagang:
Moxifloxacin
Inhibits the A subU of DNA gyrase, resulting in inhibition of
bacterial DNA replication and transcription.
I: Bacterial sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
BSO: Tablet: 400 mg. Infus 400 mg/250 cc
D: Dws: 400 mg IO/IV 1x/day for 5-14 days
KI: Hipersensitif; pediatrics, unless benefits outweigh risks (as

in cystic fibrosis)
IO: Antacids and electrolyte supplements reduce absorption;
loop diuretics, probenecid, and cimetidine increase serum
levels; NSAIDs enhance CNS-stimulating effect; may increase
toxicity of theophylline, caffeine, cyclosporine, and digoxin
(monitor digoxin levels); may increase effects of anticoagulants
(monitor PT)
ES: Headache, insomnia, Confusion, diarrhoea, constipation,
nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain, arrhythmias, dyspepsia,
convulsions, Alteration in results of liver function tests, vertigo,
Dizziness, Alteration in taste, somnolence, asthenia, Chest
pain, candidiasis, Anxiety, Pain in the muscles and joints, Rash
or itching
Preg: C
P:
In prolonged therapy, perform periodic evaluations of organ
system functions (eg, renal, hepatic, hematopoietic); adjust
dose in renal function impairment; superinfections may occur
with prolonged or repeated antibiotic therapy; prolonged QT
interval on ECG, and ventricular arrhythmias may occur
Nama Dagang:
Avelox

Levofloxacin
Rapidly becoming a popular choice in pneumonia. This is the L
stereoisomer of the D/L parent compound ofloxacin, the D form
being inactive. Good monotherapy with extended coverage
against Pseudomonas species, as well as excellent activity
against pneumococcus. Agent acts by inhibition of DNA gyrase
activity. PO form has bioavailability that reportedly is 99%.
I: Sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, cystitis and pyelonephritis,
prostatitis. Bacterial infections of the skin or soft tissue
BSO: Infusion, in D5W: 5 mg/mL
Injection: 25 mg/mL
D: 250-750 mg IO/IV slow 1x/day

KI: Hipersensitif
administer antacids 2-4 h before or after taking
fluoroquinolones; cimetidine may interfere with metabolism of
fluoroquinolones; levofloxacin reduces therapeutic effects of
phenytoin; probenecid may increase levofloxacin serum
concentrations
ES: Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, indigestion,
Alteration in results of liver function tests, Loss of appetite,
Rash or itching, Headache, Dizziness, Drowsiness, insomnia,
asthenia, thrush, Pins and needles sensations, Anxiety,
Depression, Tremor, Confusion, Convulsions, Pain in the
muscles and joints, Blood disorders, Increased heart rate, Low
blood pressure
Preg: C
P:
system functions (eg, renal, hepatic, hematopoietic); adjust
dose in renal function impairment; superinfections may occur
with prolonged or repeated antibiotic therapy
Nama Dagang:

Norfloxacin
Against pseudomonads, streptococci, MRSA, S epidermidis,
and most gram-- organisms. Not anaerobes. Inhibits bacterial
DNA synthesis and growth.
I: Urinary tract infection
BSO: Tab & Kapl 400 mg. Ophthalmic sol.: 0.3% [3 mg/mL]
D: 400 mg 2x/day for 3-28 day. Gö: 800 mg single dose.

KI: Hipersensitif. Children and growing adolescents.
administer antacids 2-4 h before/after taking fluoroquinolones;
cimetidine may interfere with metabolism; reduces therapeutic
effects of phenytoin; probenecid may increase serum
concentrations; may increase toxicity of theophylline, caffeine,
cyclosporine, and digoxin (monitor digoxin levels); increase
effects of anticoagulants (monitor PT)
ES: Headache, Rash, pruritus, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea,
dyspepsia, psychosis, Dizziness, Nausea and vomiting
Preg: C
P:
system function (eg, renal, hepatic, hematopoietic); adjust dose
in renal function impairment; superinfections may occur with
prolonged or repeated antibiotic therapy
Nama Dagang: Pyrflox

Sparfloxacin
I: Treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia
caused by C. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, M.
catarrhalis, M. pneumoniae or S. pneumoniae; treatment of
acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by
C. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae,
K. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, S. aureus or S. pneumoniae
BSO: Tablet: 200 mg
D: Adults: Oral: 200 mg/day for 10 days.
Dosing adjustment in renal impairment: Clcr <50 mL/minute:
Day I: 400 mg, then 200 mg/ 48 hours for 9 days (total 6 tab)
KI: Hypersensitivity, children <18 years of age, a concurrent
administration with drugs which increase the Q-T interval
including: amiodarone, bepridil, bretylium,cisapride,
disopyramide, furosemide, procainamide, quinidine, sotalol,
albuterol, astemizole, chloroquine, cisapride, halofantrine,
phenothiazines, prednisone, terfenadine, and tricyclic
antidepressants

P: Other quinolones have caused transient arthropathy in
children; CNS stimulation may occur (tremor, restlessness,
confusion, and very rarely hallucinations or seizures); use with
caution in patients with known or suspected CNS disorder or
renal dysfunction; prolonged use may result in superinfection; if
an allergic reaction (itching, urticaria, dyspnea, pharyngeal or
facial edema, loss of consciousness, tingling, cardiovascular
collapse) occurs, discontinue the drug immediately; use caution
to avoid possible photosensitivity reactions during and for
several days following fluoroquinolone therapy;
pseudomembranous colitis may occur and should be
considered in patients who present with diarrhea
ES: >1%: Insomnia, agitation, sleep disorders, anxiety, delirium
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, Leukopenia, eosinophilia,
anemia, Increased LFTs
IO: Decreased effect: Decreased absorption with antacids
containing aluminum, magnesium, and/or calcium, sucralfate,
didanosine and by products containing zinc and iron salts when
administered concurrently. Take > 4 hours after sparfloxacin.
Phenytoin serum levels may be reduced by quinolones;
antineoplastic agents may also decrease serum levels of
fluoroquinolones
Increased toxicity/serum levels: Quinolones cause increased
levels of caffeine, warfarin, cyclosporine, and theophylline
(although one study indicates that sparfloxacin may not affect
theophylline metabolism), cimetidine and probenecid increase
quinolone levels; an increased incidence of seizures may occur
with foscarnet. Avoid use with drugs which increase Q-T interval
as significant risk of cardiotoxicity may occur. Concurrent use
with cisapride is contraindicated.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Pefloxacin
I: Infeksi berat bakteri gram (+) dan (-). GO.
BSO: Tab 400 mg. Amp 400 mg/ 5cc. Lar infus 400 mg/125 cc
D: 400 mg 2x/hr. Amp 400 mg 2x/hr dlm Infus IV pelan > 1 jam.
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Gatifloxacin
Good activity against pneumococci.
BSO: Infusion: 2 mg/mL
Injection: 10 mg/mL
D: 200-400 mg IO/IV ix/day for 7-14 days
Dosage adjustment in renal impairment: Cr clearance <40
mL/minute (or patients on hemodialysis/CAPD): initial dose 400
mg, then 200 mg/day.
KI: Hipersensitif; pediatrics, unless benefits outweigh risks (as
in cystic fibrosis)
administer antacids 2 h before or after; cimetidine may interfere
with metabolism of fluoroquinolones; levofloxacin reduces
therapeutic effects of phenytoin; probenecid may increase
serum concentrations
Preg: C

G. Tetrasiklin
Tetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline

Tetracycline
Treats gram+ and gram- organisms and mycoplasmal,
chlamydial, and rickettsial infections. Inhibits bacterial protein
synthesis by binding with 30S and possibly 50S ribosomal
subunit(s).
I: Acne vulgaris, acne rosacea, Chlamydia infections, chronic
bronchitis, brucellosis, Infections caused by Mycoplasma
organisms & Rickettsiae micro-organisms transmitted by lice,
fleas, ticks and mites
BSO: Tab & Caps: 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg
Ophthalmic oint & susp: 1% [10 mg/mL]
Topical oint: 3% [30 mg/mL]
Solution, topical: 2.2 mg/mL
Oral susp: 125 mg/5 mL
D: 250-500 mg 4x/day or 500 mg-1g 2x/day. Gö: First: 1.5 g,
then 500 mg 4x/day for 4 days.

Anak >8thn: 6.25-12.5 mg/kg 4x/day or 12.5-25 mg/kg 2x/day

KI: Hipersensitif; severe hepatic dysfunction, Breastfeeding,
Children <12 years of age, SLE, Moderate to severely
decreased kidney function, Pregnancy
IO: Bioavailability decreases with antacids containing
aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron, or bismuth subsalicylate;
can decrease effects of oral contraceptives, causing
breakthrough bleeding and increased risk of Preg:; can increase
hypoprothrombinemic effects of anticoagulants
ES: Headache, Diarrhoea, Visual disturbances, pancreatitis,
Dizziness, Nausea and vomiting, Skin reactions such as rash
and itch, Liver disorders, dysphagia, photosensitivity
Preg: D
P: Photosensitivity may occur with prolonged exposure to
sunlight or tanning equipment; reduce dose in renal impairment;
consider drug serum level determinations in prolonged therapy;
tetracycline use during tooth development (last half of Preg:
through 8 y) can cause permanent discoloration of teeth;
Fanconilike syndrome may occur with outdated tetracyclines

Oxytetracycline
I: Acne vulgaris, acne rosacea, Chronic bronchitis, Dental
infections, Weil's Disease/leptospirosis, brucellosis, Infections
caused by Rickettsiae micro-organisms transmitted by lice,
fleas, ticks and mites, genito-urinary infections, Lyme disease
Injection,+ lidocaine 2%: 5% [50 mg/mL]; 12.5% [125 mg/mL]
D: 250-500 mg 4x/day. Anak >8 thn: 6.25-12.5 mg/kg 4x/day
Injection IM: Dws 100 mg 3x/day, or 150 mg 2x/day, or 250 mg
Anak: IM 5-8.3 mg/kg 3x/day, or 7.5-12.5 mg/kg 2x/day

KI: Children <12 years of age, porphyrias, SLE
P: Kidney & Liver disease
ES: Headache, Rash, Diarrhoea, Visual disturbances,
IO: Decreased effect: antacids containing Al, Ca or Mg.
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Doxycycline
Inhibits protein synthesis &, thus, bacterial growth by binding to
30S & possibly 50S ribosomal subU of susceptible bacteria.
I: Acne vulgaris, Bubonic plague, Chlamydia, Cholera, Chronic
bronchitis, gas gangrene, Weil's Disease/leptospirosis,
tularaemia, Eye infections, Gonorrhoea, brucellosis, chest or
lower respiratory tract infection, Infections caused by
Rickettsiae micro-organisms transmitted by lice, fleas, ticks and
mites, Infections of the urinary tract, parrot fever/psittacosis,
melioidosis, Sinusitis, granuloma inguinale, Louse and tick-
bourne relapsing fever, Pneumonia, Scrub typhus, leptospirosis,
malaria, enterotoxigenic E coli, amoebiasis, chancroid, Syphilis,
Tetanus, malaria caused by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium
falciparum
BSO: Tablet & Capsule: 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg
Capsule, coated pellets: 100 mg
Gel, for subgingival application: 50 mg in each 500 mg of
blended formulation; 2-syringe system contains doxycycline

syringe (50 mg) and delivery system syringe (450 mg) along
with a blunt cannula
Powder for injection: 100 mg, 200 mg
Syrup: 50 mg/5 mL
D: 100 mg PO/IV slow q12h. 300 mg PO once
Anak: >8 years: 1 mg/kg PO/IV q12h; max 200 mg/d
Prevention of malaria: 100 mg 1x. 1-2 days before travel,
1x/day throughout travel, for 4wk after leave the malarious area.
Anak >8th: 2mg/kg 1x.
KI: Hipersensitif; severe hepatic dysfunction, Allergy to other
tetracycline antibiotics, Children <12 years, Preg: & lactation
IO: Minimal decrease in bioavailability with antacids containing
aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron, or bismuth subsalicylate
ES: Blood disorders, photosensitivity, Loss of appetite,
Disturbances of liver function, oesophagitis, dysphagia,
enterocolitis, benign intracranial hypertension, Rash, Diarrhoea,
Nausea and vomiting
Preg: D
P: Photosensitivity may occur with prolonged exposure to
sunlight or tanning equipment; reduce dose in renal impairment;
consider drug serum level determinations in prolonged therapy;
if used during tooth development (last half of Preg: through age
8 y), can cause permanent discoloration of teeth; Fanconilike
syndrome may occur with tetracyclines past expiration date
Nama Dagang:

Minocycline
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit at
site that blocks binding of amino acid–charged tRNA to
acceptor site of the ribosomal mRNA complex. Drug
accumulates in cells of susceptible organisms by mean of an
energy-dependent mechanism. Passes through enterohepatic
circulation and primarily excreted in urine
I: Acne vulgaris, Bronchitis, Eye infections, Gonorrhoea,
Infections of the ears, nose or throat, Infections of the urinary
tract, prostatitis, urethritis, Pelvic inflammatory disease,
Pneumonia, Prevention of infections following surgery
# Skin or soft tissue infections
D: 1st IO/IV slow 100 mg, then 50 mg 2-4x/day.
Anak >8 years: 4 mg/kg PO initially, then 2 mg/kg q12h.
KI: Hipersensitif, SLE, Breastfeeding, Children <12 years,
Kidney failure, Pregnancy
IO: Bioavailability decreases with antacids containing
aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron, or bismuth subsalicylate;
can decrease effects of oral contraceptives, causing
breakthrough bleeding and increasing risk of Preg:;
tetracyclines can increase hypoprothrombinemic effects of
anticoagulants
ES: Diarrhoea, pancreatitis, photosensitivity, vertigo, Dizziness,
Nausea and vomiting, tinnitus, Loss of appetite, skin reactions
such as rash and itch, pseudomembranous colitis, Liver
disorders, dysphagia, benign intracranial hypertension,
Overgrowth of the yeast Candida, Staining of skin, nails, teeth,
sweat, tears, eyes, breast milk
Preg: D
P: Photosensitivity possibly with prolonged exposure to sunlight
or tanning equipment; reduce dose in renal impairment;
consider drug serum level determinations with prolonged
therapy; tetracycline use during tooth development (last half of
Preg: to age 8 y) can cause permanent discoloration of teeth;
Fanconilike syndrome may occur with outdated tetracyclines;
hepatitis or lupus-like syndromes may occur
Nama Dagang: Minocin
H. Beta Laktam Gol Lain
Imipenem + Cilastatin
Meropenem

Imipenem + Cilastatin
-- Covers both pathogenic actinomycetes and companion
bacteria, which frequently are resistant to penicillin.
I: Abdominal infections, septicaemia, chest or lower respiratory
tract infection, genito-urinary infections. Pre-op.
BSO: Powder for injection IV:
Imipenem & cilastatin: 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg
D: 250 mg- 1g IV slow 3-4x/d, or 500-750 IM 2x/d. max 4 g/d
Paed. Not established; 15-25 mg/kg/dose IV q6h for >3 mo
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Coadministration with cyclosporine may increase CNS
adverse effects of both agents; coadministration with ganciclovir
may result in generalized seizures
ES: Rash, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Blood disorders, colitis,
Seizures, Nausea and vomiting, Alteration in taste
Preg: C
P: Adjust dose in renal insufficiency; avoid use in children <12.
Nama Dagang:

Meropenem
Bactericidal broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic that inhibits
cell wall synthesis. Effective against most gram-+ and gram--
bacteria. Has slightly increased activity against gram-- bacteria
and slightly decreased activity against staphylococci and
streptococci compared with imipenem.
I: Abdominal infections, septicaemia, chest or lower respiratory
tract infection, Infections of the urinary tract, Meningitis
# Skin or soft tissue infections
BSO: Infusion: 500 mg; 1 g
Injection: 25 mg/mL; 33.3 mg/mL
D: I.V.: Preterm: 20 mg/kg/dose 2x/d,
Full-term (<3 mo) 20 mg/kg/dose 3x/d
Children >3 mo (<50 kg):
Intra-abdominal infections: 20 mg/kg 3x/d (max 1 g 3x/d)
Meningitis: 40 mg/kg 3x/d (max. 2 g 3x/d)
Adults: 1 g 3x/d
Meningitis: 2 g 3x/d

Dosing adjustment in renal impairment: Adults:
Clcr 26-50 mL/minute: 1 g/ 12 jam
Clcr 10-25 mL/minute: 500 mg/ 12 jam
Clcr <10 mL/minute: 500 mg/day
KI: Hipersensitif; first trimester of Preg:
IO: Probenecid: inhibit renal excretion of meropenem,
increasing meropenem levels
ES: Headache, Rash, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Blood
disorders, colitis, convulsions, Pain and inflammation of the
blood vessel at the site of injection, Nausea and vomiting
Preg: B
P:
Adjust dose in renal impairment; pseudomembranous colitis
and thrombocytopenia may occur, which require immediate
discontinuation
Nama Dagang:

I. Antibiotika Gol Lain
Co-trimoxazole
Colistin sulphate
Clindamycin
Vancomycin
Linezolid
Fosfomycin
Teicoplanin

Co-trimoxazole
I: Peumonia caused by the bacterium pneumocystis carinii
(PCP) due to HIV or AIDS, toxoplasmosis, nocardiosis, urinary
tract infection, chronic bronchitis, otitis media
BSO: The 5:1 ratio (SMZ to TMP) remains constant:
Suspension, oral: SMZ 200 mg and TMP 40 mg/ 5 mL
Tab:SMZ 400mg+TMP 80mg, Forte: SMZ 800 mg+TMP 160mg
D: 160 mg TMP/800 mg SMZ PO bid for 3 d
Paed. >2 months: 8 mg TMP/40 mg SMZ PO divided bid for 3 d
KI: Premature babies, allergy, Severely decreased kidney
function or kidney failure, porphyrias
IO: May increase PT when used with warfarin (perform
coagulation tests and adjust dose accordingly); coadministration
with dapsone may increase blood levels of both drugs;
coadministration of diuretics increases incidence of
thrombocytopenia purpura in elderly patients; phenytoin levels
may increase with coadministration; may potentiate effects of
methotrexate in bone marrow depression; hypoglycemic

response to sulfonylureas may increase with coadministration;
may increase levels of zidovudine
ES: Headache, Rash, Diarrhoea, Nausea and vomiting,
Overgrowth of the yeast Candida, hyperkalaemia, Disturbances
in the normal numbers of blood cells in the blood,
hyponatraemia, hypoglycaemia, Loss of appetite, stomatitis,
Dizziness, Depression, Hallucinations. Cough, Shortness of
breath, myalgia, convulsions, Liver or kidney disorders, Severe
blistering skin reactions, eg Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, toxic
epidermal necrolysis
Preg: C
P: Elderly people, Decreased liver & kidney function, People at
risk of folic acid deficiency, hyperkalaemia, Asthma, Severe
allergies, Blood disorders, G6PD deficiency
Nama Dagang:

Colistin sulphate
Polymyxin E
It works by disrupting the structure of part of the bacterial cell
membrane, causing the vital contents of the bacteria to leak out.
This ultimately leads to the death of the bacteria.
I: Sterilisation of the bowel prior to surgery
BSO: Tab 250.000 iu. Powder for oral suspension: 25 mg/5 mL
D: Diarrhea: Children: 5-15 mg/kg/day terbagi 3 dosis.
P: Impaired renal function; some systemic absorption may
occur; potential for renal toxicity exists; prolonged use may lead
to superinfection
ES: Confusion, Muscle weakness, Visual disturbances, Balance
problems involving the inner ear (vertigo), Pins and needles
(paraesthesia), Damage to the nerves, Kidney damage.
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Clindamycin
Lincosamide agent that inhibits bacterial growth, possibly by
blocking dissociation of peptidyl t-RNA from ribosomes, causing
RNA-dependent protein synthesis to arrest. Drawback is lack of
coverage against some companion bacteria.
I: Abdominal, Bone and joint infections, bacterial endocarditis.
Acne
Cream, vaginal: 2%
Gel, topical, Lotion, Pledgets, Solution, topical: 1% [10 mg/g]
Granules for oral solution: 75 mg/5 mL
Infusion, in D5W: 300 mg; 600 mg
Injection: 150 mg/mL
Suppository, vaginal: 2.5 g (clindamycin 100 mg)
D: Caps & sol: 150-300 mg 3x/d. Anak 2-5 mg/kg 3-4x/d,
Injection: 300-600 mg IM/IV 3-4x/d.
Anak 3.75-10 IM/IV mg/kg 3-4x/d
KI: Hipersensitif; regional enteritis; ulcerative colitis; hepatic
impairment; antibiotic-associated colitis
IO: Increases duration of neuromuscular blockade induced by
tubocurarine and pancuronium; erythromycin may antagonize
effects; antidiarrheals may delay absorption
ES: Rash, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, colitis, jaundice,
Disturbance in the components of the blood, Pain and
inflammation of the blood vessel at the site of injection, Nausea
and vomiting
Preg: B
P: Adjust dose in severe hepatic dysfunction; no adjustment
necessary in renal insufficiency; associated with severe and
possibly fatal colitis
Nama Dagang:

Vancomycin
I: Pseudomembranous colitis
Powder for oral solution: 1 g, 10 g
Powder for injection: 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g, 5 g, 10 g
D: 125-500 mg 4x/d for 7-10 days. Anak 10 mg/kg
injection: 7.5-15 mg/kg IV 2-4x/d
Paed.: Infants (1 mo) & children: 20 mg/kg IV q12h
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Erythema, histaminelike flushing, and anaphylactic
reactions may occur when administered with anesthetic agents;
taken concurrently with aminoglycosides, risk of nephrotoxicity
may increase above that with aminoglycoside monotherapy;
effects in neuromuscular blockade may be enhanced when
coadministered with nondepolarizing muscle relaxants
ES: Rash, pruritus, Nausea, Blood disorders, Fever (pyrexia),
Kidney damage, anaphylaxis, ototoxicity, Kidney failure
Preg: C
P:
Caution in renal failure and neutropenia; red man syndrome is
caused by an IV infusion that is too rapid (dose given over a few
min) but rarely happens when dose given as 2-h administration,
PO, or with intraperitoneal administration; red man syndrome is
not an allergic reaction; monitor blood levels, with a goal of
30-40 mcg/mL 1 h after completion of IV dose
Administer slowly; rapid administration is associated with
hypotension and histamine release, ie, red man syndrome
Nama Dagang:
Vancomycin Abbot

Linezolid
I: Complicated skin and soft tissue infections, Pneumonia
BSO: Infusion: 200 mg; 400 mg; 600 mg
Suspension, oral: 20 mg/mL
D: IO/Infus 400-600 mg 2x/d. Anak 10 mg/kg 2-3x/d
KI: Taken a MAOI in the last 14 days, Breastfeeding, Children <
18 years of age
P: Decreased kidney & liver function, haemodialysis,
hypertension, phaeochromocytoma, a carcinoid tumour,
Thyrotoxicosis, manic depression, schizoaffective disorder,
Acute states of confusion, Anaemia, lekopenia,
thrombocytopenia
ES: Headache, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain, candidiasis, Metallic taste, Decreased numbers
of red blood cells, haemoglobin, white blood cells or platelets in
the blood, Alteration in results of liver function tests, Fatigue,
Fever, Dizziness, Pins and needles sensations (paraesthesia)
or numbness, insomnia, Blurred vision, tinnitus, hypertension,
Rash or itching, pancreatitis, kidney failure, transient ischaemic
attack
IO: Linezolid is a reversible, nonselective inhibitor of MAO.
Serotonergic agents (eg, TCAs, venlafaxine, trazodone,
sibutramine, meperidine, dextromethorphan, and SSRIs) may
cause a serotonin syndrome (eg, hyperpyrexia, cognitive
dysfunction) when used concomitantly. Adrenergic agents (eg,
phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine, sympathomimetic
agents, vasopressor or dopaminergic agents) may cause
hypertension.
Nama Dagang:
Zyvox

Fosfomycin
I: Bladder infection in women.
BSO: Powder: 3 g, to be mixed in 4 oz of water. Vial 1 g
D: Powder IO 3 g 1x. IV infus 100-200 mg/kg 2x/hr.
KI:
P:
ES: >1%: Headache, Rash, Diarrhea (2% to 8%), nausea,
vomiting, epigastric discomfort, anorexia
IO: Decreased effect: Antacids or calcium salts may cause
precipitate formation and decrease fosfomycin absorption
Metoclopramide: Increased gastrointestinal motility may lower
fosfomycin tromethamine serum concentrations and urinary
excretion. This drug interaction possibly could be extrapolated
to other medications which increase gastrointestinal motility.
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Fosmicin

Teicoplanin
I: Endocarditis, post-op. serious staphylococcal bact. infections
BSO: Vial 400 mg
D: Dws: Awal 400 mg IV. Maint. : 200 mg/hr IV/IM
Anak: 10 mg/kg/12 jam terbagi dlm 3 dosis.
Pemeliharaan 10 mg/kg/hr IV/IM
Neonatus: Single dose 16 mg/kg. Maint 8 mg/kg 1x/hr KI:
Hipersensitif
P: Decreased kidney function, History of allergies
ES: Rash, itching (pruritus), Diarrhoea, Blood disorders,
Alteration in results of liver function tests, Fever (pyrexia),
Hearing disturbances, Pain and inflammation of the blood
vessel at the site of injection, Dizziness, Nausea and vomiting,
Kidney damage, An extreme allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
IO:
Nama Dagang: Targocid

J. Fungisida
Griseofulvin
Ketoconazole
Miconazole
Itraconazole
Voriconazole
Tioconazole
Terbinafin
Fluconazole
Nystatin
Clotrimazole

Griseofulvin
I: Fungal infections of the skin, nails, scalp or hair.
BSO: Microsize: Caps & Tab: 125 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg
Suspension, oral: 125 mg/5 mL with alcohol 0.2%
Ultramicrosize: Tab: 165 mg, 330 mg, 125 mg, 250 mg, 330 mg
D: Microsize caps, tab, and susp: 250-500 mg 1-2x/d

Anak 5-10 mg/kg 1-2x/d
Ultramicrosize: 125-375 mg 1-2x/d. Anak 2.75-7.3 mg/kg
KI: Severe liver disease, systemic lupus erythematosus,
porphyries, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding
P:
ES: Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhoea, Headache, Dizziness,
Confusion, Fatigue, Sleep disturbance, Impaired co-ordination,
Liver problems, peripheral neuropathy, Rash, leucopenia,
photosensitivity
IO: Decreased effect:
Barbiturates may decrease levels of griseofulvin

Decreased warfarin, cyclosporine, and salicylate activity with
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin decreases oral contraceptive effectiveness
Increased toxicity: With alcohol tachycardia and flushing
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Ketoconazole
Inhibits synthesis of ergosterol, causing cellular components to
leak, resulting in fungal cell death.
I: Candidiasis, pityrosporum folliculitis, dermatophytosis.
BSO: Cream & Shampoo: 2%
Tablet: 200 mg
D: Tab 200 mg 1x/d . Cream, Gel 1-2x/d.

Shampoo: every 3-4 days for 8wk
KI: Hipersensitif; fungal meningitis
IO: Isoniazid may decrease bioavailability of ketoconazole;
coadministration decreases effects of either rifampin or
ketoconazole; may increase effect of anticoagulants; may
increase toxicity of corticosteroids and cyclosporine; may
decrease theophylline levels
ES: Nausea and vomiting, Itching (pruritus), Abdominal pain,
Diarrhoea, Headache, Dizziness, Sleepiness, Rash.
Preg: C
P:
Hepatotoxicity may occur; may reversibly decrease
corticosteroid serum levels (adverse effects are avoided with
dose of 200-400 mg/d); administer antacid, anticholinergics, or
H2-blockers at least 2 h after taking ketoconazole
Nama Dagang:

Miconazole
-- Damages fungal cell wall membrane by inhibiting
biosynthesis of ergosterol. Membrane permeability is increased,
causing nutrients to leak out, which results in fungal cell death.
I: Fungal infections of the skin, eg ringworm, candidiasis,
athlete's foot, fungal nappy rash, groin infections
BSO: Lotion, Powder, Spray, Cream Topical & Vaginal: 2%
Suppository, vaginal: 100 mg; 200 mg
Injection: 1% [10 mg/mL]
Tincture: 2% with alcohol
D: Topical 2x/d
200-mg vaginal supp: Insert 1 qhs for 3 d. 100 mg for 7 d
2% cream: Insert 1 applicator full (5 g) intravaginally qhs for 7 d
Monistat Dual PaBSO: 1200 mg vaginal insert once plus 2%
cream for external use
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: May impair barrier contraceptives
Preg: C
P: Avoid contact with eyes; burning, irritation, and dyspareunia
Itraconazole
-- Has fungistatic activity. Synthetic triazole antifungal agent that
slows fungal cell growth by inhibiting cytochrome P450-
dependent synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal
cell membranes.
I: Tinea pedis, ringworm (tinea corporis), jock itch (tinea cruris),
or pityriasis versicolor, vulvovaginal candidiasis, oropharyngeal
candidiasis, Fungal nail infections, histoplasmosis,
cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, neutropenia.
Injection kit: 10 mg/mL - 25 mL ampul, one 50 mL (100 mL
capacity) bag 0.9% sodium chloride, one filtered infusion set
Solution, oral: 100 mg/10 mL
D: 200-400 mg PO qd
Cutaneous candidiasis & onychomycosis: 200 mg PO/IV bid for
7 d/mo for 3-6 mo
OPC and esophageal candidiasis: 200 mg/d PO/IV for 7-14 d

Candidemia and invasive candidiasis: 200 mg tid for 3 d,
followed by 200 mg PO/IV bid for 14-21 d
Paed. Cutaneous candidiasis: 3-5 mg/kg/d PO/IV for 30 d
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Antacids may reduce absorption of itraconazole; edema
may occur with coadministration of calcium channel blockers
(eg, amlodipine, nifedipine); rhabdomyolysis may occur with
coadministration of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (lovastatin or
simvastatin); inhibits cytochrome P450 hepatic enzymes to
cause increased levels of atovaquone, AZT, benzodiazepines,
clarithromycin, cyclosporine, digoxin, oral hypoglycemics,
midazolam phenytoin, rifabutin, saquinavir, tacrolimus,
theophylline, triazolam, and warfarin
Levels may decrease with long-term coadministration of
rifampin, rifabutin, phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine,
and isoniazid; increases levels of indinavir, saquinavir, and
ritonavir; indinavir, ritonavir, and fixed-dose combination of
lopinavir/ritonavir increase levels

abdominal pain, Headache, Dizziness, hypokalaemia, Alteration
in results of liver function tests, hepatitis, Jaundice, rash or
itching, oedema, pulmonary oedema, Pain in the muscles or
joints, Visual disturbances, hyperglycaemia, Pins and needles
or numb sensations, peripheral neuropathy, Liver & Heart
failure, Menstrual disorders, impotence, alopecia.
Preg: C
P:
Caution in hepatic insufficiencies; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
and abdominal discomfort may occur; high doses may produce
hypertension, hypokalemia, or edema; may have - inotropic
effect; exacerbations of congestive heart failure reported,
especially with IV administration
Nama Dagang:

Voriconazole
I: Serious fungal infections, primarily in people with progressive
and possibly life-threatening infections.
D: Oral suspension or tablets: 1 h ac or pc
Loading dose: 6 mg/kg IV q12h infused over 2 h for 2 doses
Maintenance: 4 mg/kg IV q12h infused over 2 h; switch to 200
mg PO q12h when able to tolerate; may increase to 300 mg PO
q12h if inadequate response
<40 kg: Average maintenance dose is 100 mg PO q12h (may
increase to 150 mg PO q12h)
KI: Hipersensitif; CrCl <50 mL/min (decreased excretion of IV
vehicle) if administering IV; coadministration with rifampin,
rifabutin, carbamazepine, barbiturates, sirolimus, pimozide,
quinidine, cisapride, or ergot alkaloids
IO: CYP450 2C19 (highest affinity), 2C9, and 3A4 (minor)
substrate and inhibitor; CYP450 inducers (eg, rifampin) have
shown to decrease steady-state peak plasma levels by up to
93%; may increase serum levels of drugs metabolized by
CYP450 2C19 or 2C9, of which some are contraindicated (eg,
sirolimus, pimozide, quinidine, cisapride, ergot alkaloids) and
others may mandate more frequent monitoring (eg,
cyclosporine, tacrolimus, warfarin, HMG-CoA inhibitors,
benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers)
ES: Visual disturbances, Fever, diarrhoea, constipation,
nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain, Headache, peripheral
oedema, Weakness, Chest or back pain, RDS, Hair loss, Low
blood pressure, Dizziness, Hallucinations, Confusion,
Depression, Anxiety.
Preg: C
P: Decrease maintenance dose in hepatic dysfunction; common
adverse effects include visual disturbances, fever, rash,
vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, headache, sepsis, peripheral
edema, abdominal pain, rash (including Stevens-Johnson
syndrome and phototoxicity), and respiratory disorders; rare
cases of severe hepatotoxicity reported; administer PO dose 1
h ac or pc
Nama Dagang: Vfend

Tioconazole
I: Treatment of fungal nail infections
BSO: Krim 1%
D: 1-2x/hr
KI: Hipersensitif, Pregnancy
P:
ES: hypersensitivity
IO: -
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Terbinafin
I: Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, nails
BSO: Cream,Gel, topical: 1% . Tablet: 250 mg
D: 250 mg 1x/d. Anak 125-187.5 mg
Tinea capitis: for 6wk. Onychomycosis: for 6-12wk.
Tinea cruris & corporis: for 2-4wk. Tinea pedis: for 2-6wk
KI: Breastfeeding
P: Decreased liver & kidney function, Psoriasis
ES: Dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or abdominal pain,
Loss of appetite, Headache, Allergic skin reactions such as rash
and itch, Pain in the muscles and joints, Fatigue
IO: Decreased effect: Cyclosporine clearance is increased
(~15%) with concomitant terbinafine; rifampin increases
terbinafine clearance (100%)
Increased effect: Terbinafine clearance is decreased by
cimetidine (33%) and terfenadine (16%); caffeine clearance is
decreased by terfenadine (19%)
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Fluconazole
-- Triazole with less effect on human sterol metabolism. Does
not decrease cortisol and testosterone levels, as occurs with
ketoconazole. Has fewer adverse effects and better tissue
distribution than older systemic imidazoles.
I: vaginitis (vaginal thrush), candidal balanitis.
Powder for oral suspension: 10 mg/mL; 40 mg/mL
Tablet: 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg
D: 1st 200-400mg then 100-200 mg 1x/d for 2-12wk.
Paed.
<2 weeks: Administer q72h IV
>4 weeks: 3 mg/kg/d PO/IV for superficial infections and 6-12
mg/kg/d for systemic infections
KI: Hipersensitif, Children <16 years, Hamil, laktasi.
IO:
Inhibits cytochrome P450 hepatic enzymes to cause increased
levels of atovaquone, AZT, benzodiazepines, clarithromycin,
cyclosporine, oral hypoglycemics, phenytoin, rifabutin,
saquinavir, tacrolimus, theophylline, terfenadine, and warfarin;
levels may increase with hydrochlorothiazide; levels may
decrease with long-term coadministration of rifampin, rifabutin,
and phenytoin
ES: Nausea, Abdominal discomfort, Diarrhoea, flatulence,
Headache, Rash (you should not use this medicine again if you
get a rash after taking it).
Preg: C
P: Renal insufficiency; monitor closely if rash develops and
discontinue drug if lesions progress; may cause clinical
hepatitis, cholestasis, and fulminant hepatic failure (including
death) with underlying medical conditions (eg, AIDS,
malignancy) and while taking multiple concomitant medications;
not recommended during breastfeeding
Nama Dagang:

Nystatin
Fungicidal and fungistatic antibiotic obtained
from Streptomyces noursei. Changes permeability of fungal cell
membrane after binding to cell membrane sterols, causing
cellular contents to leak. Membrane channel activity is
increased at lower doses, and pores are formed at higher
concentrations.
I: Candidosis, Preventing overgrowth of Candida in the
intestines, eg in people having chemotherapy, or taking high
doses or prolonged courses of antibiotics or corticosteroids.
BSO: Cream, Ointment, Powder topical: 100,000 U/g
Powder, for preparation of oral suspension: 50 million U, 1
billion U, 2 billion U, 5 billion U
Suspension, oral: 100,000 U/mL
Tablet: 100.000 iu/cc, 500,000 U
Vaginal tab: 100,000 U
Troche: 200,000 U
D: 1-2 tab 3-5x/day for 14 days. Topical 2-3x/day
Vag cream & tab: 100,000 U 1-2x/day for 2wk or 500,000 U1x
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: -
Preg: A
ES: # Nausea
# Mouth irritation
# Diarrhoea
# Vomiting
# Rash
P:
Do not use to treat systemic mycoses; adverse GI effects
include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
Nama Dagang:

Clotrimazole
I:
BSO: Topical, Vaginal cr, Lotion, Solution, topical: 1%
Tablet, vaginal: 100 mg; 500 mg
Troche: 10 mg
Twin pack: Vaginal tablet 500 mg and vaginal cream 1%
D: Troche & topical 2x/day for 7 days
Vaginal Cream: for 7 consecutive days
Vag Tablet: Insert 100 mg/day for 7 days or 500 mg single dose
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: May impair barrier contraceptives
Preg: B
P:
Not for treatment of systemic fungal infections; avoid contact
with the eyes; if irritation or sensitivity develops, discontinue use
and institute appropriate therapy

K. Anti Amoeba
Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Secnidazole
Paromomycin

Metronidazole
-- Active against various anaerobic bacteria and protozoa.
Appears to be absorbed into cells. Intermediate metabolized
compounds are formed and bind DNA and inhibit protein
synthesis, causing cell death. Antimicrobial effect may be due to
production of free radicals. Indicated for invasive E histolytic.
I: septicaemia, sepsis, necrotising pneumonia, osteomyelitis,
peritonitis, Abscess, pelvic cellulites, ulcerative gingivitis,
bacterial vaginosis, urogenital trichomoniasis, amoebiasis or
amoebic dysentery, giardiasis
Gel, topical & vaginal: 0.75% [7.5 mg/mL]
Injection, ready to use: 5 mg/mL
Powder for injection: 500 mg
D: 500-750 mg 3x/d for 10 d Anak: 7.5 mg/kg, max 1g

For trichomoniasis infections: 2 g single dose, or 1 g 2x for 1
day, or 250 mg 3x for 1wk. Anak 5 mg/kg
Extended release tab: Bacterial vaginosis: 750 mg 1x for 1wk
Injection: 15 mg/kg IV 2-4x for 1wk
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Cimetidine may increase toxicity of metronidazole; may
increase effects of anticoagulants; may increase toxicity of
lithium and phenytoin; ingestion of ethanol during therapy may
induce a disulfiramlike reaction with abdominal cramps, nausea,
and emesis
ES: Diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, Loss of appetite,
urticaria, angioedema, Drowsiness, Dizziness, Headache,
ataxia, Skin rashes, Pain in the muscles or joints, Darkening of
the urine, Visual disturbances, Confusion, Liver disorders,
peripheral neuropathy, leucopenia, Seizures
Preg: B
P: Hepatic disease; monitor for seizures and development of
peripheral neuropathy; alcoholic beverages should be avoided
during administration and for 3 d after
Tinidazole
I: Amoebic infection of the liver, Helicobacter pylori, anaerobic
bacteria, vaginitis, ulcerative gingivitis, giardiasis, after surgery,
urogenital trichomoniasis, acute amoebic dysentry
BSO: Tab 500 mg
D: 2g 1x/day for 3 days. Anak: 50 mg/kg

For giardiasis & trichomoniasis: 2 g single dose.
KI: Hipersensitif; first trimester of Preg:
IO:
Limited data exist; interaction information based on experience
with other nitroimidazole derivatives (ie, metronidazole); may
prolong PT when coadministered with warfarin; avoid alcoholic
beverages and preparations that contain ethanol or propylene
glycol during and 3 d following administration (may cause
disulfiramlike reaction); may increase serum levels of lithium,
phenytoin, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and fluorouracil; CYP450
inducers (eg, phenobarbital, rifampin, phenytoin) may increase
elimination; CYP450 inhibitors (eg, cimetidine, ketoconazole)
may decrease elimination; concurrent administration with
cholestyramine may decrease oral bioavailability;
oxytetracycline may antagonize effect
ES: Abdominal pain, Fits (convulsions), peripheral neuropathy,
Nausea and vomiting, Bitter or metallic taste, Sensation of a
furry tongue, Darkening of the urine, Headache, Skin rashes,
Allergic reaction to active ingredient, Dizziness
Preg: C
P: Carcinogenicity has been observed in mice and rats treated
long-term with metronidazole (another nitroimidazole), although
not observed with tinidazole, use cautiously; seizures and
peripheral neuropathy have been reported; caution with history
of blood dyscrasia; may cause metallic/bitter taste, nausea,
anorexia, vomiting, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, or headache;
if administered on day of hemodialysis, administer additional
dose equivalent to one-half of recommended dose following
dialysis
Nama Dagang:

Secnidazole
I: amubiasis intestinalis
BSO: Kapl 500 mg
D: 2 g single dose. Anak 2-30 mg/kg/hr single dose
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Sentyl

L. Anti Lepra & TBc
Dapsone
Clofazimine
Rifampicin/Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

Dapsone
I: An itchy blistering rash due to gluten allergy (dermatitis
herpetiformis), Leprosy, Prevention of Plasmod. Falcip. malaria
D: IO 100 mg 1x/day, or 1.4 mg/kg (with other drugs)
Paucibacillary: WHO: for 6 mo, US: for 1 y
Multibacillary: WHO: for 1 y, US: for 2 y
Dermatitis herpetiformis: 1st 50 mg 1x, titrate 300 mg 1x
Paed.
2 mg/kg PO qd. Paucibacillary: for 6mo, Multibacillary: for 1y
KI: Hipersensitif; G-6-PD deficiency; porphyria; severe anemia
IO: May inhibit anti-inflammatory effects of clofazimine;
hematologic reactions may increase with folic acid antagonists,
eg, pyrimethamine (monitor for agranulocytosis during second
and third months of therapy); probenecid increases toxicity;
trimethoprim may increase toxicity of both drugs; because of
increased renal clearance, rifampin may significantly decrease
levels

ES: Headache, insomnia, hepatitis, psychosis, peripheral
neuropathy, Nausea and vomiting, Loss of appetite,
haemolysis, Rash with a fever and a decrease in numbers of
certain immune cells (Dapsone syndrome),
methaemoglobinaemia, agranulocytosis, Allergic dermatitis
Preg: B
P: Perform weekly blood counts first month, then monthly for 6
months, then semiannually; discontinue if platelets or
leukocytes substantially reduced or if hematopoiesis occurs;
caution with 200-300 mg/d, which may cause hemolysis, or in
methemoglobin reductase deficiency, methoglobinemia, G-6-PD
deficiency, or hemoglobin M due to high risk for hemolysis and
Heinz-body formation; caution in patients exposed to other
agents or conditions (eg, infection, diabetic ketosis) that can
cause hemolysis
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting may occur; adverse neurologic
effects such headache, nervousness, insomnia, blurred vision,
paresthesia, and reversible peripheral neuropathy (rare) thought
to be due to axonal degeneration; drug fever, hematuria,
pruritus, psychosis, and skin rashes may occur; infectious
mononucleosis-like syndrome, which may be fatal, occurs
occasionally; exacerbation of LL leprosy thought to be
analogous to Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction; sulfone syndrome
may develop 5-6 wk after initiation of treatment in malnourished
people; syndrome characterized by fever, malaise, exfoliative
dermatitis, jaundice with hepatic necrosis, lymphadenopathy,
methemoglobinemia, and anemia; phototoxicity may occur
when patient exposed to UV light
Nama Dagang:

Clofazimine
I: Leprosy
BSO: Capsule: 50 mg
D: 50 mg PO qd,self-administered,& 300 mg 1x/mo(supervised)
Multibacillary
WHO: PO 300 mg qmo (supervised) and 50 mg qd for 1 y
ENL: PO 100 mg tid for 12 wk, tapering to 100 mg bid for 12 wk,
then 100 mg qd for 12-24 wk
Paed. 6 mg/kg PO 1x/mo and 1 mg/kg/d self-administered
Multibacillary
10-14 y: PO 150 mg qmo (supervised) & 50 mg qod for 1 y
>14 y: PO 300 mg qmo (supervised) & 50 mg qd for 1 y
KI: Hipersensitif; Preg:; persistent GI symptoms
IO: Dapsone may inhibit anti-inflammatory activity
ES: Rash, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Dryness of the skin and
eyes, Nausea and vomiting, Brownish-black discoloration of the
lesions and skin, Change in colour of faeces and body
fluids/secretions, Dimming of vision, Discoloration of the hair

which is reversible, Discoloration of the conjunctiva, cornea and
tears.
Preg: C
P:
Intestinal toxicity (dose related) may result in diarrhea,
cramping, and abdominal pain; intestinal symptoms may be
progressive and potentially life threatening; severe abdominal
symptoms may mimic surgical emergencies, resulting in
exploratory laparotomy; caution in patients with GI problems
(eg, abdominal pain, diarrhea) May cause discoloration of skin
(may be distressing to light-skinned individuals and may result
in depression or suicide); dry skin, itching, acneform eruption
and photosensitivity may occur; apply oil to skin for dryness and
ichthyosis
Nama Dagang: Lamprene

Rifampicin/ Rifampin
I: Brucellosis, Legionnaires' disease, Leprosy, serious
staphylococcal bacterial infections, tuberculosis in combination
with other drugs, Prevention of infection from the bacterium H.
influenzae, meningococcal meningitis
BSO:
D: TB: 600 mg 1x, or 2x/wk or 3x/wk (with other med)

Meningitis bacteria: 600 mg 1x for 4 days
Leprosy: 600 mg PO once per mo
Paucibacillary: WHO: for 6 mo, for 1 y
Multibacillary: WHO: for 1 y, US: for 2 y
Paed.
10 mg/kg PO once per mo
10-20 mg/kg PO/IV; max 600 mg qd
Single skin lesion, paucibacillary: 5-14 years: 300 mg PO once
Paucibacillary & Multibacillary
10-14 years: 450 mg once a mo (supervised)
<10 years: 300 mg PO once a mo (supervised)
KI: Hipersensitif; liver disease; jaundice; Preg:; lactation, Life
long inherited blood diseases which can cause a variety of
symptoms, including mental health problems (porphyrias)
IO:
Induces microsomal enzymes, which may decrease effects of
acetaminophen, oral anticoagulants, barbiturates,
benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, chloramphenicol, oral
contraceptives, corticosteroids, mexiletine, cyclosporine,
digitoxin, disopyramide, estrogens, hydantoins, methadone,
clofibrate, quinidine, dapsone, tazobactam, sulfonylureas,
theophyllines, tocainide, and digoxin; enalapril may cause
increase in blood pressure; isoniazid may increase rate of
hepatotoxicity with either agent alone (discontinue 1 or both
LFTs altered); food delays absorption
ES: Rash, Diarrhoea, Red colouration of urine, colitis, jaundice,
Alteration in results of liver function tests, haemolytic anaemia,
Cold or flu-like symptoms, Nausea and vomiting, Loss of
appetite, Shortness of breath, thrombocytopenia, Kidney failure
Preg: C
P:
Important adverse effects include GI symptoms (eg, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, hepatic toxicity), hematologic effects (eg,)
hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia, and flulike symptoms
(especially with intermittent therapy); saliva, urine, and sweat
may be reddish orange and may stain soft contact lenses;
obtain CBCs and baseline clinical chemistry before and
throughout therapy; in liver disease, weigh benefits vs risk of
further liver damage; interrupted and high-dose intermittent
therapy associated with thrombocytopenia (reversible if therapy
discontinued as soon as purpura occurs); if treatment continued
or resumed after appearance of purpura, cerebral hemorrhage
or death may occur
Nama Dagang:

Isoniazid
I: Treatment of tuberculosis in combination with other drugs
Syrup: 50 mg/5 mL
D: PO: Preventing: 300 mg 1x/d . Anak 10 mg/kg 1x

Treatment of tuberculosis: 300-900 mg 1x/d, or 2x/wk, or 3x/wk
Paed. 10 mg/kg/d PO qd; max 300 mg/d
KI: Hipersensitif; previous isoniazid-associated hepatic injury;
other severe adverse reactions
IO: Higher incidence of isoniazid-related hepatitis can occur
with daily alcohol ingestion; aluminum salts may decrease
isoniazid serum levels (administer 1-2 h before taking aluminum
salts); may increase effects of anticoagulants with
coadministration; may inhibit metabolic clearance of
benzodiazepines
Carbamazepine toxicity or isoniazid hepatotoxicity may result
from concurrent use (monitor carbamazepine concentrations
and liver function); coadministration with cycloserine may
increase adverse CNS effects (eg, dizziness); acute behavioral
and coordination changes may occur with coadministration of
disulfiram
Coadministration with rifampin after halothane anesthesia may
result in hepatotoxicity and hepatic encephalopathy; may inhibit
hepatic microsomal enzymes and increase toxicity of hydantoin
ES: Hypersensitivity, Seizures, psychosis, Nausea and
vomiting, hepatitis, peripheral neuritis, agranulocytosis, optic
neuritis
Preg: C
P: Active chronic liver disease or severe renal dysfunction;
periodic ophthalmologic examinations during isoniazid therapy
are recommended even when visual symptoms do not occur
# Alcoholism, Decreased liver & kidney function, Epilepsy,
History of psychotic illness, Slow liver metabolism.
Nama Dagang:

Pyrazinamide
I: Tuberculosis (in combination with other anti-Tb agents)
BSO: Tablet: 500 mg
D: <50 kilograms: 1.5 g PO qd
50-75 kilograms: 2 g PO qd
>75 kilograms: 2.5 g PO qd
Paed. 15-30 mg/kg/d PO qd; max 2 g/d
50-70 mg/kg 2x/wk or 3x/wk
KI: Hipersensitif; severe hepatic damage; acute gout
ES: 1-10%: Malaise, Nausea, vomiting, Arthralgia, myalgia
Preg: C
P: Use only in combination with other effective antituberculous
agents; inhibits renal excretion of urates; may result in
hyperuricemia (usually asymptomatic); perform baseline serum
uric acid determinations; discontinue drug if signs of
hyperuricemia with acute gouty arthritis occur; perform baseline
LFTs (closely monitor in liver disease); discontinue
pyrazinamide if signs of hepatocellular damage appear; caution
in history of DM
Ethambutol
I: Treatment of tuberculosis in combination with other drugs
D: 15-25 mg/kg PO qd
KI: Hipersensitif; optic neuritis (unless clinically indicated),
Children under 5 years of age, Poor vision, optic neuritis
IO: Aluminum salts may delay and reduce absorption
(administered several hours before or after ethambutol dose)
ES: Rash, Itching (pruritus), Visual disturbances, peripheral
neuritis, thrombocytopenia, optic neuritis, Colour blindness
Preg: B
P:
Reduce dose in impaired renal function; may have reversible
adverse visual effects if promptly discontinued
Nama Dagang:

M. Anti Helmintics
Pyrantel Pamoate
Mebendazole
Levamisole
Piperazine

Pyrantel Pamoate
-- Neuromuscular blocking agent used to slowly paralyze worm
to be eliminated from GI tract.
I: Treatment of pinworms ( Enterobius vermicularis), whipworms
( Trichuris trichiura), roundworms ( Ascaris lumbricoides), and
hookworms ( Ancylostoma duodenale)
Liquid & Suspension, oral : 50 mg/mL: 50 mg/mL; 144 mg/mL
D: 11 mg/kg PO to maximum of 1 g
KI: Hipersensitif; hepatic disease
IO: In ascariasis, pyrantel and piperazine are mutually
antagonistic and should not be used concomitantly; theophylline
serum levels may increase in pediatric patients following
pyrantel pamoate administration
ES: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
Preg: C
P: Caution in liver impairment, anemia, and malnutrition
Nama Dagang:

Mebendazole
I: Threadworm (pinworm), Roundworm (ascariasis), Hookworm,
Whipworm infections (trichuriasis).
BSO: Tablet, chewable: 100 mg
D: 500 mg PO once or 100 mg PO bid for 3 d, repeat 2-3 mo
KI: Hipersensitif, Children under 2 years of age, Pregnancy.
IO:
Coadministration with carbamazepine may decrease efficacy;
dexamethasone, cimetidine, and praziquantel may increase
toxicity
Preg: C
P: Discontinue use if LFTs increase significantly (resume when
levels decrease to pretest values); abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, vertigo, fever, increased
intracranial pressure, and alopecia may occur
Nama Dagang:

Levamisole
I:
BSO: Tablet: 50 mg
D: Adults: Oral: 1st : 50 mg 3x/d for 3 days, then 50 mg 3x for 3
days every 2 weeks (fluorouracil is always given concomitantly)
P: Agranulocytosis can occur asymptomatically and flu-like
symptoms can occur without hematologic adverse effects;
frequent hematologic monitoring is necessary
ES: >10%: Nausea, diarrhea
1% to 10%: Edema, Fatigue, fever, dizziness, headache,
somnolence, depression, nervousness, insomnia, Dermatitis,
alopecia, Stomatitis, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain,
constipation, taste perversion, Leukopenia, Rigors, arthralgia,
myalgia, paresthesia, Infection
IO: Increased toxicity/serum levels of phenytoin
Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Askamex
Piperazine
I: Infection with threadworms & roundworms (ascariasis).
BSO: Syrup: 500 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 250 mg
D: For granules for oral solution dosage form:
For roundworms or pinworms: 2 g 3x/d for 1 d, repeated 2wk.
# 2-8 y: 2 g 1x, 8-14 y: 2g 2x for 1 d
For oral suspension dosage form:
Roundworms or pinworms: 1.8g 3x for 1d
# < 2 y: 600 mg 3x.
# 2-8 y: 1.2 g 2x,
# 8-14 y: 1.2g 3x
For tablet dosage form:
Roundworms: 3.5 g 1x for 2d. Anak 75 mg/kg
Pinworms: 65 mg/kg 1x for 1wk
KI: Children < 3 months, intestinal obstruction, Epilepsy
ES: Urticaria, Diarrhoea, Nausea and vomiting, bronchospasm,
Dizziness, Inability to coordinate muscles, Drowsiness,
Confusion, Blurred vision
Preg: B
N. Scabicid & Pediculocid
Permethrin
Lindane
Malathion

Permethrin 5%
I: Scabies
BSO: Cream: 5%, Liquid, topical: 1%
D: Oles 1x
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: None reported
Preg: B
P:
Adverse effects include pruritus, burning, stinging, numbness,
erythema, and edema of the scalp; discontinue use upon
irritation or hypersensitivity
Nama Dagang:
Scabimite

Lindane
Stimulates nervous system of parasite, causing seizures and
death.
I: Treatment of scabies ( Sarcoptes scabiei), Pediculus capitis
(head lice), and Pediculus pubis (crab lice); FDA recommends
reserving lindane as a second-line agent or with inadequate
response to other therapies
BSO: Cream, Lotion, Shampoo: 1%
D: 1x/d
Shampoo: Apply to dry head/ pubic hair, allow to set for 4 min,
then lather for 4 min and rinse; repeat in 7 d prn
Lotion: Apply to affected skin/hair; put on clean clothing; rinse
off in 8-12 h
Paed. Infants and children: Apply thin film topically over entire
body, including hairline, neck, scalp, temple, and forehead;
leave on 6-8 h before washing off with water; may repeat in 1
wk if necessary; max 30 g/application
KI: Hipersensitif; neonates; acutely swollen skin or Norwegian
scabies
IO: Oil-based hairdressings may increase toxicity of lindane
ES: Seizures, Dizziness, clumsiness, or unsteadiness, Fast
heartbeat, Muscle cramps, Nervousness, restlessness, or
irritability, Vomiting, Skin irritation not present before use of
lindane, Skin rash
Preg: B
P:
Caution if history of seizures; do not apply to eyes, face, or
mucous membranes; caution in Preg:; adverse reactions have
been reported (eg, DIC, aplastic anemia)

Malathion
Recently approved (1999) by US FDA to treat head lice.
Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor that is hydrolyzed and
therefore detoxified rapidly by mammals but not by insects;
ovicidal and pediculicidal. Binds to hair and provides some
residual protection after therapy.
I: Head lice and their ova
BSO: Lotion: 0.5%
D: Apply to dry hair; leave on 8-12 h, rinse; repeat in 7 d prn
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: None reported; however, potential for interaction with
aminoglycosides and antimyasthenics
Preg: B
P: Contains flammable alcohol; do not expose lotion or wet hair
to open flame or electric heat (eg, hair dryers); allow hair to dry
naturally and uncovered following application; avoid contact
with eyes; flush eyes immediately with water if contact occurs

O.Anti Filaria & Malaria
Chloroquine
Quinine sulfat
Primaquine
Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine

Chloroquine
Effective for P vivax, P ovale, P malariae, and drug-sensitive P
falciparum.
I: Prevention & Treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis or
amoebic hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) and discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)
BSO: Injection: 50 mg [40 mg base]/mL
Tablet: 250 mg [150 mg base]; 500 mg [300 mg base]
D: Malaria:Oral, prevention: 500 mg [300 mg base] 1x per wk.
5 mg/kg base
(starting 1-2 wk prior to travel, once qwk in the endemic area, &
continuing weekly for 4 wk after returning from endemic area)
Treatment: 1st day: 1g, 6-8 j kemudian 500 mg.
Day 2-3: 500 mg 1x (4-2-2-2)
Anak: 10 mg/kg base PO (max 600 mg), then 5 mg/kg base at 6
h, 24 h, and 48 h
Protozoa: 250 mg 4x/d for 2 days, then 250 mg 2x fo 2-3wk
Anak: 10 mg/kg
Injection: Malaria
250-500 mg IM, repeat q6h bila perlu. Anak 4.4 mg/kg IM/SC
Severe malaria: 10 mg/kg base IV at constant rate over 8 h,
followed by 15 mg/kg base over 24 h
Protozoa: 200-500 mg IM for 10-12days. Anak 7.5 mg/kg
KI: Hipersensitif; psoriasis; retinal changes; visual field changes
attributable to 4-aminoquinolones
IO: Cimetidine may increase serum levels of chloroquine
(possibly other 4-aminoquinolones); magnesium trisilicate may
decrease absorption of 4-aminoquinolones
ES: Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain, Headache,
Skin rashes, Itching (pruritus), hypotension, Visual
disturbances, Loss of hair colour, alopecia, convulsions,
Disturbance in the normal numbers of blood cells in the blood,
Damage to the retina of the eye (long-term use), Discolouration
of skin, nails, or mucous membranes, eg inside of mouth,
tinnitus or hearing loss, Anxiety, confusion, hallucinations or
strange or abnormal thoughts, Weakening of muscles,
Weakening of the heart muscle (long-term use at high doses),
Changes in the electrical signals in the heart (seen on an ECG)
# Liver disorders
Preg: C
P:
Nausea, headache, blood dyscrasias, and retinopathy (rare)
may occur with daily use; risk of retinopathy may increase with
prophylactic cumulative doses >100 g (ie, 5 y), perform regular
ophthalmologic examinations after taking drug for prolonged
period or after any visual disturbance
Nama Dagang:

Quinine sulfate
I: Cramp in the legs at night, Treatment of malaria
Tablet: 260 mg
D: Treatment: 650 mg PO q8h for 3-7 d with second agent if
drug-resistant P falciparum
Severe malaria: Quinine dihydrochloride 20 mg/kg IV over 4 h,
followed by 10 mg/kg IV q8-12h; switch to PO antimalarial when
patient has improved and can take PO medications, reduce
dose by one third if used parenterally for more than 72 h
Maintenance: 10 mg/kg salt infused over 2-8 h at 8- to 12-h
intervals
Paed.
25 mg/kg/d PO divided tid, for 3-7 d with second agent
Prophylaxis: Not indicated
Treatment with quinine sulfate: 10 mg/kg/d PO tid for 3-7 d
Treatment with quinine dihydrochloride: 20 mg/kg IV over 4 h,
followed by 10 mg/kg IV q8-12h; switch to PO antimalarial when

patient has improved and can take PO medications, reduce
dose by one third if used parenterally for more than 72 h
KI: Hipersensitif; optic neuritis; tinnitus; G-6-PD deficiency;
history of blackwater fever
IO: Aluminum-containing antacids may delay or decrease
quinine bioavailability when administered concurrently;
cimetidine increases quinine blood levels and creates the
potential for toxicity; rifamycins decrease quinine concentrations
by increasing hepatic clearance of quinine (effect can persist for
several days after discontinuing rifamycins); concurrent
administration of acetazolamide or sodium bicarbonate may
increase toxicity by increasing quinine blood levels; quinine may
enhance action of warfarin and other PO anticoagulants by
decreasing synthesis of vitamin K–dependent clotting factors;
digoxin serum concentrations may increase when digoxin is
administered concurrently with quinine; important to monitor
digoxin levels periodically; quinidine may decrease plasma
cholinesterase activity, causing a decrease in the metabolism of
succinylcholine
ES: Rash, Nausea, hypoglycaemia, angioedema, tinnitus,
Flushing, Kidney failure, Headache, Abdominal pain, Confusion,
Blood disorders, Visual disturbances, Abnormal heart rhythms
(arrhythmias)
Preg: X
P: Caution in G-6-PD deficiency and tendency to develop
granulocytopenia; prolonged treatment or overdosing with
quinine may cause cinchonism; quinine has quinidinelike
activity and thus can cause cardiac arrhythmias; monitor blood
pressure and glucose levels

Primaquine
I: Treatment to eliminate the liver stages of the life cycle of
Plasmdium vivax or Plasmodium ovale malaria parasite after
treatment with chloroquine.
BSO: Tablet: 26.3 mg [15 mg base]
D: Prophylaxis & Treatment: 15 mg base (26.3 mg salt) PO qd
for 14 d after departure from malaria-risk area
Paed.
0.3 mg/kg base (0.5 mg/kg salt)
KI: Hipersensitif; drugs that suppress bone marrow
IO: Coadministration with quinacrine may increase toxicity
ES: Methaemoglobinaemia, Abdominal pain, Vomiting, Nausea,
haemolytic anaemia
Preg: C
P: Caution in G-6-PD deficiency and those with tendency to
develop granulocytopenia
Nama Dagang:

Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine
I: Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria
BSO: Tablet: Sulfadoxine 500 mg and pyrimethamine 25 mg
D:Prophylaxis: Not indicated. Treatment: 3 tab single dose
Paed.. Treatment:
<1 y: 0.25 tab PO once
1-3 y: 0.5 tab PO once
4-8 y: 1 tab PO once
9-14 y: 2 tab PO once
KI: Allergy, Blood disorders, porphyrias, Liver & kidney failure,
Premature babies and during the first two months of life
IO: Do not use antifolic drugs (eg, sulfonamides, trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole combinations) while patient is receiving
sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine tab for antimalarial prophylaxis
ES: Headache, pruritus, insomnia, myalgia, convulsions,
Nausea and vomiting, Shortness of breath, Cough, Rash,
Diarrhoea, Blood disorders
Preg: C
P: Asthma, Liver & Kidney disease, G6PD deficiency)
P. Anti Virus
Aciclovir Ganciclovir
Valganciclovir Valaciclovir
Ritonavir Entecavir
Atazanavir Adefovir dipivoxil
Interferon alfa-2b Interferon beta-1a
Peginterferon alfa-2a Peginterferon alfa-2b
Ribavirin
Zidovudine
Stavudine
Lamivudine
Nevirapine
Didanosine
Oseltamivir
Inosine dimepranol acedoben/ Methisoprinol

Acyclovir/ Aciclovir
Synthetic purine nucleoside analogue with inhibitory activity
against HSV types 1 and 2 and VZV.
I: Varicella zoster infection, herpes simplex infection, cold
sores, Preventing herpes simplex infections in people whose
immune systems are impaired, eg due to disease or treatment,
recurrent cold sores or genital herpes, herpes zoster
Powder for Injection: 500 mg; 1000 mg
Ointment, topical: 5% [50 mg/g]
Salep Mata 3%
D: Oral, Genital herpes: 200 mg PO 5x/d for 10days
Prevention of recurrent of genital herpes infections:
200-400 mg PO 2-5x/d for 5 days- 1y
Chickenpox: 800 mg PO 4x/d for 5 days. Anak 20mg/kg
Shingles: 800 mg PO 5x/d for 7-10 days.

Injection: Herpes of the brain, genitals, or mucous
membranes, or for the treatment of shingles:
5-10 mg/kg IV slow >1h, 3x/d for 5-10 days. Anak 10-20 mg/kg
Widespread herpes virus infection in newborns:
10 mg/kg IV slow > 1h 3x/d for 10 days
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Concomitant use of probenecid or zidovudine prolongs half-
life and increases CNS toxicity of acyclovir
Preg: B
ES: Headache, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Confusion, Fatigue,
photosensitivity, Alteration in results of liver function tests,
Disturbance in the components of the blood, hallucinations,
Dizziness, Nausea and vomiting, hepatitis, Decreased kidney
function, Skin reactions such as rash and itch
P: Exercise caution in renal failure or when using nephrotoxic
drugs
Nama Dagang:

Ganciclovir
An acyclic nucleoside analog of 2'-deoxyguanosine that inhibits
replication of herpes viruses both in vitro and in vivo.
Levels of ganciclovir-triphosphate are as much as 100-fold
greater in CMV-infected cells than in uninfected cells, possibly
because of preferential phosphorylation of ganciclovir in virus-
infected cells.
I: Parenteral: Treatment of CMV retinitis in
immunocompromised individuals, including patients with
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; prophylaxis of CMV
infection in transplant patients; may be given in combination
with foscarnet in patients who relapse after monotherapy with
either drug
Oral: Alternative to the I.V. formulation for maintenance
treatment of CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients,
including patients with AIDS, in whom retinitis is stable following
appropriate induction therapy and for whom the risk of more
rapid progression is balanced by the benefit associated with
avoiding daily I.V. infusions.
Implant: Treatment of CMV retinitis
Implant, intravitreal: 4.5 mg released gradually over 5-8 months
Powder for injection, lyophilized: 500 mg
D: CMV retinitis
Induction: 5 mg/kg IV over 1 h q12h for 14-21 d (do not use PO
ganciclovir for induction treatment)
Maintenance: 1 g PO tid
5 mg/kg IV qd for 5-7 d/wk
CMV pneumonia
Induction: 5 mg/kg IV bid plus Ig 500 mg/kg 3 times per wk for
the first 2 wk
Maintenance: 5 mg/kg/d IV for 1 mo plus Ig 500 mg/kg qwk for 1
mo
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Concomitant administration with dapsone, vinblastine,
Adriamycin, pentamidine, flucytosine, vincristine, amphotericin
B, and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole combinations or
other nucleoside analogs may result in additive toxicity in bone
marrow, spermatogonia, and germinal layers of skin and GI
mucosa (coadminister only if potential benefits outweigh risks);
coadministration with imipenem and cilastatin may cause
generalized seizures (use only if potential benefits outweigh
risks); serum creatinine may increase following concurrent use
of ganciclovir with either cyclosporine or amphotericin B; renal
clearance is reduced in the presence of probenecid;
bioavailability may increase when didanosine is administered
either 2 h prior to or simultaneously with ganciclovir;
bioavailability may decrease in the presence of zidovudine,
while the bioavailability of zidovudine is increased in the
presence of ganciclovir
Preg: C
P:
Clinical toxicity includes granulocytopenia, anemia, and
thrombocytopenia; because PO formulation is associated with a
higher rate of CMV retinitis progression compared to IV use,
use PO only when benefits outweigh risks (eg, advanced HIV
disease); half-life and plasma and/or serum concentrations may
be increased as a result of reduced renal clearance; dosages
>6 mg/kg IV may result in increased toxicity; rapid infusions
may result in increased toxicity; initially, reconstituted solutions
of IV ganciclovir have a high pH (ie, 11); phlebitis or pain may
occur at the site of IV infusion despite further dilution in IV
fluids; administration should be accompanied by adequate
hydration; photosensitization (ie, photoallergy, phototoxicity)
may occur; should not be administered if the neutrophil count is
<500 cells/mL or platelet counts <25,000 cells/mL; monitor CBC
count and electrolytes qwk (if stable on long-term therapy,
frequency can be extended)
Nama Dagang:
Cymevene

Valganciclovir
I: CMV retinitis in people with AIDS, organ transplant
BSO: Tab 450 mg
D: 900 mg 2x
KI: Allergy, Breastfeeding, People undergoing haemodialysis
P: Anaemia, Decreased kidney function, blood disorders,
neutropenia, leucopenia, radiotherapy treatment,
thrombocytopenia
ES: Headache, insomnia, Depression, Blood disorders, oral
thrush, Diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or abdominal
pain, convulsions, Fever (pyrexia), peripheral neuropathy,
Dizziness, Alteration in taste, Loss of appetite, dyspnoea, Eye
pain, Cough, Retinal detachment, Sepsis, Anxiety, Pain in the
muscles and joints, Liver or kidney disorders, Rash or itching,
Swelling of the area at the back of the eye responsible for
seeing fine detail (macular oedema), Abnormal thinking
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Valcyte
Valacyclovir
I: Genital herpes, cold sores, recurrent cold sores or genital
herpes, Reducing the risk of spreading genital herpes to a
sexual partner (when used with safe sex practices such as
using condoms), Prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
in people who have had a kidney transplant, Shingles (herpes
zoster)
BSO:
D: Genital herpes, first outbreak: 1g 2x for 10 d
Genital herpes, recurrent outbreaks: 500mg 2x for 3d
Cold sores: 2g 2x for 1day
Prevent recurrent outbreaks of genital herpes: 0.5-1g 1x
Shingles: 1 g 3x for 1wk
Chickenpox: 20 mg/kg 3x for 5d, max 1g 3x
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Probenecid, zidovudine, or cimetidine coadministration
prolongs half-life and increases CNS toxicity of valacyclovir
ES: Headache, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Drowsiness,
Confusion, photosensitivity, Decreased kidney function,
hallucinations, Dizziness, Nausea and vomiting,
thrombocytopenia, Skin reactions such as rash and itch,
Disturbances of liver function
Preg: B
P: Requires dosage adjustment in renal failure; caution in renal
failure and coadministration of nephrotoxic drugs; associated
with onset of hemolytic uremic syndrome; allogenic bone
marrow transplant recipients and renal transplant recipients
Nama Dagang: Valtrex

Ritonavir
I: HIV infection. Low doses used to boost the effect of other
protease inhibitors, eg saquinavir, amprenavir, indinavir.
BSO: Capsule: 100 mg. Solution: 80 mg/mL
D: HIV: 600 mg 2x
KI: Decompensated liver disease, children < 2 years,
P: Decreased liver & kidney function, Hepatitis, esp. chronic
hepatitis B or C, haemophilia, Diabetes, porphyrias.
ES: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or abdominal pain, Headache,
asthenia, A tingling sensation or numbness in the hands, feet or
around the lips or mouth, Dizziness, somnolence, insomnia,
Anxiety, Throat irritation, vasodilatation, Loss of appetite, Mouth
ulcers, Rash, itching or sweating, myalgia, Low blood pressure
and fainting, Blood disorders.
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Norvir

Entecavir
I: chronic hepatitis B infection
BSO: Tab 0.5 mg. 1 mg. Lar 0.05 mg/cc
D: 0.5-1 mg 1x
KI:
P:
ES: Abdominal discomfort, Decreased appetite, Diarrhea, Fast,
shallow breathing, General feeling of discomfort, Muscle pain or
cramping, Nausea, Right upper abdominal pain and fullness,
Shortness of breath, Sleepiness, Unusual tiredness or
weakness
IO:
Preg: C
BSO:
Nama Dagang: Baraclude

Atazanavir
I: HIV infection.
BSO: Kaps 100 mg, 150 mg. 200 mg
D: 300-400 mg 1x
KI: Moderate to severely decreased liver function, Rare
hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase
deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption (Reyataz
capsules contain lactose)
P: haemophilia, Diabetes, Decreased liver function, History of
hepatitis, heart conduction defects, 'prolonged QT interval',
bradycardia, electrolytes.
ES: Headache, insomnia, pancreatitis, dyspepsia, jaundice,
palpitations, Dizziness, hepatitis, haematuria, amnesia,
somnolence, asthenia, Chest pain, Appetite and weight
changes, Skin reactions such as rash and itch, Abnormal
dreams, syncope, Anxious or depressed mood, Pain in the
muscles and joints, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or abdominal
pain
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Reyataz

Adefovir
I: Chronic hepatitis B
BSO: Tab 10 mg
D: 10 mg 1x
KI: Children or adolescents under 18 years of age
P: Elderly people, Decreased kidney function, Liver disease
including other hepatitis infections, hepatomegaly, Obese
women, HIV infection
ES: Feeling of weakness, Nausea, Flatulence, Indigestion,
Diarrhoea, Abdominal pain, Headache, Kidney disorders, Rash,
Itching, Elevated levels of lactic acid in the blood (lactic
acidosis)
IO:
Nama Dagang: Hepsera

Peginterferon alfa-2a
I:
D:
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
BSO:
Nama Dagang:
Pegasys

Peginterferon alfa-2b
I:
D:
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
BSO:
Nama Dagang:
Peg Intron

Interferon alfa-2b
I: Chronic hepatitis B, Chronic hepatitis C (preferably in
combination with ribavirin), Hairy cell leukaemia, Cancer of the
blood, characterised by an increased number of blood cells
called granulocytes in the blood (chronic myeloid leukaemia or
CML), multiple myeloma, follicular lymphoma, A type of tumour
mostly found in the intestine or appendix, which secretes
excessive amounts of the hormone serotonin (carcinoid tumour)
that has spread to the liver or lymph nodes, malignant
melanoma
BSO: Injection, albumin free: 3 million U; 5 million U; 10 million
U; 25 million U
Powder for injection, lyophilized: 18 million U, 50 million U
D: Interferon alfa-n3: 0.05 mL (250,000 IU) per wart 2x/wk for
up to 8 wk; max recommended dose per treatment session is
0.5 mL (2.5 million IU)
Interferon alfa-2b: 1 million IU injected into each lesion 3 times/
wk on alternate d for 3 wk; maximum recommended dose per
treatment session is 5 million IU
KI: Hipersensitif to mouse IgG, egg protein, or neomycin
IO: Potential risk of renal failure when administered
concurrently with IL-2; theophylline may increase toxicity by
reducing clearance; cimetidine may increase antitumor effects;
zidovudine and vinblastine may increase toxicity
ES: Cold or flu-like symptoms, Loss of appetite, Fatigue,
Weakness, Headache, Local pain and swelling at the site of
injection, Depression, Irritability, insomnia, Anxiety, diarrhoea,
constipation, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain, alopecia,
Skin reactions such as rash and itch, Pain in the muscles or
joints, Dizziness, Menstrual disturbances, Pins and needles
sensations, Numbness, Liver, kidney or lung disorders
Preg: C
P: Depression and suicidal ideation may be adverse effects of
treatment; infrequently, severe or fatal GI hemorrhage has been
reported; prior to initiation of therapy, perform tests to quantitate
peripheral blood hemoglobin, platelets, granulocytes, hairy
cells, and bone marrow hairy cells; monitor periodically (eg,
monthly) during treatment to determine response to treatment; if
no response within 6 mo, discontinue treatment; if a response
occurs, continue treatment until no further improvement is
observed and laboratory parameters have been stable for about
3 mo; not known whether continued treatment after that time is
beneficial; because the manufacturing process, strength, and
type of interferon (eg, natural human leukocyte interferon
versus single-species recombinant interferon) may vary for
different interferon formulations, changing brands may require a
change in dosage (do not change interferon product without
considering these factors); fever and other flulike symptoms
associated with this product;
caution in debilitating medical conditions (eg, unstable angina,
uncontrolled congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, DM with ketoacidosis, coagulation
disorders, severe myelosuppression, seizure disorders)
Nama Dagang:
Intron A

Peginterferon alfa-2a
I: chronic hepatitis C
BSO: Suntik 135 mcg/0.5cc. 180 mcg/0.5cc
D: 180 mcg 1x/wk for 6-12 mo
KI:
P: may cause some people to become drowsy, dizzy, or less
alert than they are normally. Make sure you know how you react
to this medicine before you drive, use machines, or do anything
else that could be dangerous if you are dizzy and not alert.
ES: Black, tarry, stools, Chills, Cough, Discouragement, Feeling
sad or empty, Fever, Irritability, Lack of appetite, Loss of
interest or pleasure, Lower back or side pain, Painful or difficult
urination, Pale skin, Shortness of breath, Sore throat,
Tiredness, Trouble concentrating, Trouble sleeping, Ulcers,
sores, or white spots in mouth, Unusual bleeding or bruising,
Unusual tiredness or weakness
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Pegasys
Peginterferon alfa-2b
I: chronic hepatitis C
BSO: Vial 50 mcg. 100 mcg
D: 40-150 mcg SC 1x/wk for 1year
KI:
P: You may have feelings of anxiety or depression while taking
peginterferon alfa-2b.
ES: Abdominal pain, Anxiety, Black, tarry stools, Blood in urine
or stools, Bloody diarrhea, Chills, Cough or hoarseness,
Depression, Fever, Infection, Irritability, Lower back or side
pain, Mood swings, Nausea, Painful or difficult urination,
Pinpoint red spots on skin, Trouble in sleeping, Unusual
bleeding or bruising, Vomiting
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Peg Intron

Ribavirin
Inhibits viral replication by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis.
I: Severe viral respiratory infection (respiratory syncytial virus
(RSV) bronchiolitis) in infants and young children
BSO: Capsule: 200 mg, Powder for aerosol: 6 g
D: IV ribavirin is available on a compassionate use and
investigational basis from US Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC); suggested dosing based on available
literature follows; however, dose may be altered based on
individual circumstance or further research; consultation with
CDC and an infectious diseases clinician recommended
30 mg/kg IV (max 2 g) loading dose, followed by 16 mg/kg IV
(max 1 g) q6h for 4 d, followed by 8 mg/kg IV (max 500 mg) for
3-6 d
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Decreases effects of zidovudine
ES: Anaemia, reticulocytosis, Worsening lung function,
Bacterial pneumonia, Pneumothorax
Preg: X
P: Caution in hemolytic anemia (monitor hemoglobin during
therapy); be aware of teratogenicity, teratogenic in all animal
species in which adequate studies are available, and, although
clinical studies are not available, may harm human fetus;
concentrates in red blood cells and persists for life of the cell;
terminal half-life for systemic elimination is expected to be that
of circulating red blood cells; after exposure, minimum safe
interval for which conception must be avoided is not known; as
appropriate, screening for Preg: is recommended prior to
administration, as is counseling both men and women regarding
avoidance of conception for a reasonable interval after
exposure; patient should be encouraged to seek preconception
counseling prior to attempting to conceive
Nama Dagang:
Rebetol

Zidovudine
I: HIV infection; pregnant women and their newborn infants.
Injection: 10 mg/mL
Syrup: 50 mg/5 mL
Tablet: 300 mg
D: HIV: 600 mg
Inj: 1-2 mg/kg IV slow 5-6x/day
Prevent pregnant women (after 14 weeks of pregnancy):
100 mg 5x/d, or 200 mg 3x, or 300 mg 2x until the start of labor
Newborn: 2 mg/kg 4x 8-12h post partum s/d umur 6wk
Injection: 2 mg/kg IV infus> 1 jam, then 1 mg/kg until the
umbilical cord is clamped.
Newborn infants: 1.5 mg/kg 4x
KI: # People with low haemoglobin levels
# People with low levels of a type of white blood cell (neutrophil)
in the blood
# New born infants with jaundice requiring light therapy or
whose liver transaminase enzymes are 5x greater than normal.
P: Elderly people, Decreased liver & kidney function,
hepatomegaly, Liver disease, Hepatitis, especially chronic
hepatitis B or C, History of alcohol abuse, Obese women,
Vitamin B12 deficiency.
ES: Headache, Dizziness, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea,
vomiting or abdominal pain, anaemia, leucopenia, neutropenia,
malaise, asthenia, pyrexia, myalgia, Shortness of breath, Rash
or itching, Liver disorders, pancreatitis, paraesthesia, Alteration
in taste, somnolence, insomnia, Loss of appetite, lactic acidosis,
Anxiety and depression
IO: Decreased effect: Acetaminophen may decrease AUC of
zidovudine as can the rifamycins
Increased toxicity: Coadministration with drugs that are
nephrotoxic (amphotericin B), cytotoxic (flucytosine,
Adriamycin®, vincristine, vinblastine, doxorubicin, interferon),
inhibit glucuronidation or excretion (acetaminophen, cimetidine,
indomethacin, lorazepam, probenecid, aspirin), or interfere with
RBC/WBC number or function (acyclovir, ganciclovir,
pentamidine, dapsone); although the AUC was unaffected, the
rate of absorption and peak plasma concentrations were
increased significantly when zidovudine was administered with
clarithromycin (n=18); valproic acid increased AZT's AUC by
80% and decreased clearance by 38% (believed due to
inhibition first pass metabolism); fluconazole may increase
zidovudine's AUC and half-life, concomitant interferon alfa may
increase hematologic toxicities and phenytoin, trimethoprim,
and interferon beta-1b may increase zidovudine levels
BSO:
Nama Dagang:

Stavudine
I: HIV infection.
BSO: Capsule: 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg
Powder for oral solution: 1 mg/mL
D: caps, oral solution: 40 mg/kg 2x. Anak 1 mg/kg
Extended-release caps: 100 mg/kg 1x.
KI: Allergy, glucose-galactose malabsorption, children < 3mo
P: Decreased liver & kidney function, hepatomegaly, Hepatitis,
History of alcohol abuse, Obese women, pancreatitis, peripheral
neuropathy.
ES: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or abdominal pain, Fatigue,
Headache, insomnia, Abnormal dreams, Abnormal thinking,
Dizziness, Pins and needles sensations, peripheral neuropathy,
Depression, Rash or itching, Anxiety, Pain in the muscles and
joints, asthenia, Loss of appetite, lactic acidosis, Liver
disorders, pancreatitis, gynaecomastia, hyperglycaemia, Raised
cholesterol levels
IO: Drugs associated with peripheral neuropathy
(chloramphenicol, cisplatin, dapsone, ethionamide, gold,
hydralazine, iodoquinol, isoniazid, lithium, metronidazole,
nitrofurantoin, pentamidine, phenytoin, ribavirin, vincristine) may
increase risk for stavudine peripheral neuropathy
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Zerit

Lamivudine
I: HIV infection, hepatitis B infection.
BSO: Solution, oral: 5 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL
D: Hepatitis B infection: 100 mg 1x
HIV infection or AIDS: 150 mg 2x. Anak 2-4 mg/kg
KI: Allergy, children < 3 months of age.
P: Decreased kidney function, hepatomegaly, Liver disease,
History of alcohol abuse, Obese women.
ES: Headache, insomnia, Cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
or abdominal pain, Rash, alopecia, Fatigue, malaise, pyrexia,
neutropenia, anaemia, Liver disorders, pancreatitis, peripheral
neuropathy, lactic acidosis
IO: Increased effect: Zidovudine concentrations increase
(~39%) with coadministration with lamivudine;
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole increases lamivudine's AUC and
decreases its renal clearance by 44% and 29%, respectively;
although the AUC was not significantly affected, absorption of

lamivudine was slowed and Cmax was 40% lower when
administered to patients in the fed versus the fasted state
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: 3TC, 3TC-HBV

Nevirapine
I: HIV infection.
BSO: Suspension, oral: 50 mg/5 mL. Tablet: 200 mg
D: 200 mg 1x for 2wk, then 200 mg 2x
KI: Allergy, Severely decreased liver function, People needing
post-exposure prevention of HIV (for example following needle-
stick injuries).
P: Decreased liver &kidney function, Hepatitis, Women, People
with high CD4 cell counts.
ES: Rash, Nausea and vomiting, Fatigue, Headache, pyrexia,
Diarrhoea, Abdominal pain, myalgia, Jaundice, hepatitis,
Severe, potentially life-threatening skin reactions, eg Stevens-
Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis
IO: CYP3A3/4 enzyme substrate; CYP3A3/4 enzyme inducer;
CYP3A3/4 enzyme inhibitor. Increased effect/toxicity with
cimetidine, macrolides, ketoconazole
Methadone's plasma concentrations may decrease.
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Viramune
Didanosine
I: HIV infection.
BSO: Powder for oral solution:
Buffered: 100 mg, 167 mg, 250 mg, 375 mg
Pediatric: 2 g, 4 g
Tablet, buffered, chewable: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg,
200 mg
D: Dosis
KI: allergy, children < 3 months of age.
P: Decreased liver & kidney function, Hepatitis, History of
alcohol abuse, Obese women, hyperuricaemia, pancreatitis,
hypertriglyceridaemia, phenylketonuria, Intolerance to fructose.
ES: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or abdominal pain, Headache,
Rash, Fatigue, peripheral neuropathy, Dry mouth, asthenia,
Loss of appetite, Pain in the muscles and joints, lactic acidosis,
Raised cholesterol levels, Diabetes, pancreatitis,
hyperuricaemia, alopecia, Changes to the retina and optic nerve
of the eye, Dry eyes, Liver disorders, Blood disorders
IO: Drugs whose absorption depends on the level of acidity in
the stomach such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, and dapsone
should be administered at least 2 hours prior to didanosine
Increased toxicity: Concomitant administration of other drugs
which have the potential to cause peripheral neuropathy or
pancreatitis may increase the risk of these toxicities
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Videx

Oseltamivir
Inhibits neuraminidase, which is a glycoprotein on the surface of
influenza virus that destroys an infected cell's receptor for viral
hemagglutinin. By inhibiting viral neuraminidase, decreases
release of viruses from infected cells and thus, viral spread.
Effective to treat influenza A or B. Must administer within 48 h of
symptom onset. The best effect occurs the sooner it is taken
after symptom onset. Reduces the length of illness by an
average of 1.5 d. (In a subgroup of high-risk patients, illness
was reduced by 2.5 d.) In addition, the severity of symptoms is
also reduced.
I: Flu (influenza)
BSO: Capsule: 75 mg
D: Acute illness: 75 mg PO bid (2x)for 5 d
Prophylaxis: 75 mg PO qd (1x)
Paed.: Acute illness
>1 year and <15 kg: 30 mg PO bid
15-23 kg: 45 mg PO bid
23-40 kg: 60 mg PO bid
KI: Hipersensitif
ES: Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Indigestion,
Headache, Tiredness, Dizziness, insomnia, Conjunctivitis,
Nosebleeds, Rash, hepatitis, Severe skin reactions.
IO:
Preg: C
P: Caution in renal impairment, chronic cardiac or respiratory
disease, and breastfeeding
Nama Dagang:
Tamiflu

Inosine dimepranol acedoben/ Methisoprinol
I:
BSO: Tab 500 mg. Sir 250 mg/5cc
D: 50 mg/kg/hr terbagi dlm 3-4 dosis. Infeksi berat/ akut: 100
mg/kg/hr terbagi dlm 4-6 dosis. Lama terapi 7-10 hari
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Isoprinosine

Q. Anti Neoplasma
Cyclosporine Doxorubicin Epirubicin
Bleomycin Dacarbazine Daunorubicin
Cyproterone acetate Cyclophosphamide
Etoposide Methotrexate Tamoxifen
Vinorelbine Vincristine Vinblastine
Cytarabine Gemcitabine Fludarabine
Capecitabine Trastuzumab Temozolomide
Bicalutamide Tegafur Rituximab
Paclitaxel Docetaxel Oxaliplatin
Carboplatin Cisplatin Exemestane
Mitomycin Megestrol Medroxyprogesterone
Letrozole Leuprorelin Anastrozole
Irinotecan Imatinib Gefitinib
Ifosfamide Hydroxyurea/ Hydroxycarbamide
Mitoxantrone Goserelin Flutamide
5-Fluorouracil/ Fluorouracil Asparaginase

Cyclosporine
cyclosporine binds to macrophilin and then inhibits calcineurin,
a calcium-dependent enzyme, which, in turn, inhibits
phosphorylation of nuclear factor of activated T cells and
inhibits transcription of cytokines, particularly IL-4.
BSO:
D: 2 mg/kg/d PO divided bid; if no improvement within 1 mo,
may be increased gradually; max 5 mg/kg/d
As skin lesions improve, reduce dose by 0.5-1 mg/kg/d/mo;
lowest effective dose for maintenance
Paed. 3-5 mg/kg/d PO
KI: Hipersensitif; uncontrolled hypertension or malignancies; do
not administer concomitantly with PUVA or UV-B radiation in
psoriasis because may increase risk of cancer
IO: Carbamazepine, phenytoin, isoniazid, rifampin, and
phenobarbital may decrease concentrations; azithromycin,
itraconazole, nicardipine, ketoconazole, fluconazole,
erythromycin, verapamil, grapefruit juice, diltiazem,
aminoglycosides, acyclovir, amphotericin B, and clarithromycin
may increase toxicity; acute renal failure, rhabdomyolysis,
myositis, and myalgias increase when taken concurrently with
lovastatin
Preg: C
P:
Evaluate renal and liver functions often by measuring BUN,
serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, and liver enzyme levels; may
increase risk of infection and lymphoma; reserve IV use only for
patients who cannot take PO; development of malignancies
(particularly skin) has been reported; perform biopsy on skin
suggestive of malignancy or premalignancy and, if malignant,
discontinue

Doxorubicin
I: Advanced ovarian cancer when platinum-based
chemotherapy has been unsuccessful, AIDS-related Kaposi's
sarcoma (a form of skin cancer), Breast cancer that has spread
to other areas of the body
BSO: Injection: Aqueous, with NS & Preservative free: 2 mg/mL
Powder for injection, lyophilized: 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg
D: Refer to individual protocols: 40-50 mg/m2 IV q4wk
Children: 35-75 mg/m2 as a single dose, repeat every 21 days;
or 20-30 mg/m2 once weekly; or 60-90 mg/m2 given as a
continuous infusion over 96 hours every 3-4 weeks
Adults: 60-75 mg/m2 as a single dose, repeat every 21 days or
other dosage regimens like 20-30 mg/m2/day for 2-3 days,
repeat in 4 weeks or 20 mg/m2 once weekly
The lower dose regimen should be given to patients with
decreased bone marrow reserve, prior therapy or marrow
infiltration with malignant cells
Currently the maximum cumulative dose is 550 mg/m2 or 450
mg/m2 in patients who have received RT to the mediastinal
areas; a baseline MUGA should be performed prior to initiating
treatment. If the LVEF is <30% to 40%, therapy should not be
instituted; LVEF should be monitored during therapy.
Doxorubicin has also been administered intraperitoneal (phase I
in refractory ovarian cancer patients) and intra-arterially.
Dosing adjustment in renal impairment: Adjustments not
required in mild to moderate renal failure
Clcr <10 mL/minute: Reduce dose to 75% of normal dose in
severe renal failure
Dosing adjustment in hepatic impairment:
Bilirubin 1.2-3 mg/dL: Administer 50% of dose
Bilirubin 3.1-5 mg/dL: Administer 25% of dose
Bilirubin >5 mg/dL: Avoid use
KI: Breastfeeding, Pregnancy
P: Radiotherapy treatment in the area of the chest cavity,
treatment with other medicines that may have side effects on
the heart, eg other anthracycline chemotherapy medicines,
Decreased liver & heart function, Heart disease, Diabetes
ES: Skin reactions such as rash and itch, diarrhoea,
constipation, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain, Allergic
reaction, alopecia, pyrexia, anaemia, Loss of appetite,
leucopenia, stomatitis, cardiotoxicity, asthenia,
thrombocytopenia, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia
IO: May decrease phenytoin and digoxin plasma levels;
phenobarbital may decrease plasma levels; cyclosporine may
induce coma or seizures; mercaptopurine increases toxicity;
cyclophosphamide increases cardiac toxicity
Preg: D
P: Irreversible cardiac toxicity and myelosuppression may
occur; extravasation may result in severe local tissue necrosis;
reduce dose in patients with impaired hepatic function; adverse
effects include infusion reactions, mucositis, and skin toxicity
(palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia); nausea and vomiting are
mild; alopecia and cardiac toxicity are uncommon
Nama Dagang:

Epirubicin
I: myeloma, Breast cancer, lymphoma, Cancer of the ovaries,
Colorectal cancer, Gastrointestinal cancer, Leukaemia, Lung
cancer, Superficial bladder cancer
D:
KI: Allergy, heart failure, Max doses of other anthracycline type
anticancer medicines has been given, myelosuppression
P: Radiotherapy treatment in the area of the chest cavity,
Decreased liver function
ES: Diarrhoea, Red urine, pyrexia, Chills, Nausea and vomiting,
anaemia, leucopenia, stomatitis, cardiotoxicity, Reversible hair
loss, thrombocytopenia, urticaria, immunosuppression
IO: No systematic evaluation of the potential for interaction with
inhibitors or inducers of cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes has
been performed. However, cimetidine increased the AUC of
epirubicin by 50%.
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:
Bleomycin
I: Bladder cancer, lymphoma, malignant effusions, Lung cancer,
Metastatic cancerous melanoma, Squamous cell carcinoma,
Testicular cancer, Thyroid cancer
BSO: Powder for injection: 15 U, 30 U
D: Refer to individual protocols; 1 unit = 1 mg
Test dose for lymphoma patients: I.M., I.V., S.C.: Because of
the possibility of an anaphylactoid reaction, less than or equal to
2 U of bleomycin for the first 2 doses; monitor vital signs every
15 minutes; wait a minimum of 1 hour before administering
remainder of dose; if no acute reaction occurs, then the regular
dosage schedule may be followed
Single-agent therapy:
I.M./I.V./S.C.: Squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, testicular
carcinoma: 0.25-0.5 U/kg (10-20 U/m2) 1-2 times/week
CIV: 15 U/m2 over 24 hours daily for 4 days
Combination-agent therapy:
I.M./I.V.: 3-4 U/m2
I.V.: ABVD: 10 U/m2 on days 1 and 15
Maximum cumulative lifetime dose: 400 U
KI: Impaired breathing ability, pneumonia
P: Decreased kidney function
ES: Rash, Tiredness, Allergic, pyrexia, Chills, pulmonary
fibrosis, erythema, Loss of appetite, striae, stomatitis,
pneumonitis, Ridging of the nails, Hardening, reddening,
tenderness and swelling of the tips of the fingers
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Dacarbazine
I: Breast cancer, Cancer of the colon (large bowel), Cancer of
the ovaries, soft tissue sarcoma, Lung cancer, Hodgkin's
disease, Metastatic cancerous melanoma, Testicular cancer
BSO: Injection: 100 mg; 200 mg; 500 mg
D: Dosis
KI: Allergy, Severe myelosuppression
P: Decreased kidney & liver function
ES: Headache, Diarrhoea, facial flushing, Allergic reaction,
photosensitivity, Alteration in results of liver function tests,
anaemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, liver damage, Nausea
& vomiting, Loss of appetite, alopecia, Cold or flu-like symptoms
IO: Metabolism may be increased by drugs that induce hepatic
enzymes. Patients may experience impaired immune response
to vaccines. Possible infection after administration of live
vaccines in patients receiving immunosuppressants
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Dacarbazine DBL

Daunorubicin
I: Acute lymphocytic leukaemia, Acute myeloid leukaemia
BSO: Powder for injection, lyophilized: 20 mg/20cc
D: Dosis
KI: Allergy, herpes & varicella zoster infection, Decreased blood
cell production by the bone marrow
P: Current or previous radiotherapy treatment in the area of the
chest cavity, Decreased liver & heart function, Previous therapy
with other anthracycline type anticancer medicines or other
medicines potentially toxic to the heart
ES: Rash, Diarrhoea, facial flushing, heart failure, Red
colouration of urine, phlebitis, pyrexia, anaemia, leucopenia,
stomatitis, Reversible hair loss, thrombocytopenia,
immunosuppression, mucositis, Nausea and vomiting
IO: Patients may experience impaired immune response to
vaccines; possible infection after administration of live vaccines
in patients receiving immunosuppressants
Preg: D
Nama Dagang: Daunorubicin DBL
Cyclophosphamide
I: Cancer of the lymph nodes (lymphoma), Other cancers
BSO: Powder for injection: 100 mg, 200 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g
D: Children:
SLE: I.V.: 500-750 mg/m2 every month; maximum dose: 1 g/m2
JRA/vasculitis: I.V.: 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks
Oral: 50-100 mg/m2/day as continuous therapy or 400-1000 mg/
m2 in divided doses over 4-5 days as intermittent therapy
I.V.:
Single Doses: 400-1800 mg/m2 (30-50 mg/kg) per treatment
course (1-5 days) which can be repeated at 2-4 week intervals
MAXIMUM SINGLE DOSE WITHOUT BMT is 7 g/m2 (190 mg/
kg) SINGLE AGENT THERAPY
Continuous daily doses: 60-120 mg/m2 (1-2.5 mg/kg) per day
Autologous BMT: IVPB: 50 mg/kg/dose x 4 days or 60
mg/kg/dose for 2 days; total dose is usually divided over 2-4
days
Nephrotic syndrome: Oral: 2-3 mg/kg/day every day for up to 12
weeks when corticosteroids are unsuccessful
KI: Decreased blood cell production by the bone marrow,
Infection, Inflammation of the bladder causing damage and
bleeding, often as a result of certain anti-cancer treatments,
allergy, Severely decreased liver & kidney function
P: Decreased kidney & liver function, porphyrias, leucopenia,
impaired immune response, thrombocytopenia
ES: Bone marrow suppression, fluid retention, Dizziness,
Nausea and vomiting, haemorrhagic cystitis, hyponatraemia
IO: CYP2B6, 2D6, and 3A3/4 enzyme substrate
Increased toxicity:
Allopurinol may cause increase in bone marrow depression and
may result in significant elevations of cyclophosphamide
cytotoxic metabolites
Anesthetic agents: Cyclophosphamide reduces serum
pseudocholinesterase concentrations and may prolong the
neuromuscular blocking activity of succinylcholine; use with
caution with halothane, nitrous oxide, and succinylcholine
Chloramphenicol results in prolonged cyclophosphamide half-
life to increase toxicity
Cimetidine inhibits hepatic metabolism of drugs and may
decrease or increase the activation of cyclophosphamide
Doxorubicin: Cyclophosphamide may enhance cardiac toxicity
of anthracyclines
Phenobarbital and phenytoin induce hepatic enzymes and
cause a more rapid production of cyclophosphamide
metabolites with a concurrent decrease in the serum half-life of
the parent compound
Tetrahydrocannabinol results in enhanced immunosuppression
in animal studies
Thiazide diuretics: Leukopenia may be prolonged
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Etoposide
I: Small cell lung cancer, Testicular cancer, In addition to these
licensed uses, etoposide may also be used by specialists to
treat other types of cancer, including leukaemia and lymphoma.
BSO: Capsule: 50 mg
Injection: 20 mg/mL
D: Refer to individual protocols:
Children: I.V.: 60-120 mg/m2/day for 3-5 days every 3-6 weeks
AML:
Remission induction: 150 mg/m2/day for 2-3 days for 2-3 cycles
Intensification or consolidation: 250 mg/m2/day for 3 days,
courses 2-5
Brain tumor: 150 mg/m2/day on days 2 and 3 of treatment
course
Neuroblastoma: 100 mg/m2/day over 1 hour on days 1-5 of
cycle; repeat cycle every 4 weeks
BMT conditioning regimen used in patients with
rhabdomyosarcoma or neuroblastoma: I.V. continuous infusion:
160 mg/m2/day for 4 days
Conditioning regimen for allogenic BMT: 60 mg/kg/dose as a
single dose
Adults:
Small cell lung cancer:
Oral: Twice the I.V. dose rounded to the nearest 50 mg given
once daily if tolerated
I.V.: 35 mg/m2/day for 4 days or 50 mg/m2/day for 5 days every
3-4 weeks total dose less than or equal to 400 mg/day or in
divided doses if >400 mg/day
IVPB: 60-100 mg/m2/day for 3 days (with cisplatin)
CIV: 500 mg/m2 over 24 hours every 3 weeks
Testicular cancer:
IVPB: 50-100 mg/m2/day for 5 days repeated every 3-4 weeks
I.V.: 100 mg/m2 every other day for 3 doses repeated every 3-4
weeks
BMT/relapsed leukemia: I.V.: 2.4-3.5 g/m2 or 25-70 mg/kg
administered over 4-36 hours
KI: Decreased liver function, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding
P: Decreased kidney & liver function
ES: Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, Reversible hair loss,
Nausea and vomiting, anaemia, Abdominal pain, Loss of
appetite, Diarrhoea or constipation, Sore mouth or throat,
Changes in blood pressure, bronchospasm, peripheral
neuropathy, somnolence, Fatigue, Fever, Difficulty swallowing
# Alteration in results of liver function tests
Warfarin may elevate prothrombin time with concurrent use
Methotrexate: Alteration of MTX transport has been found as a
slow efflux of MTX and its polyglutamated form out of the cell,
leading to intercellular accumulation of MTX
Calcium antagonists: Increases the rate of VP-16-induced DNA
damage and cytotoxicity in vitro
Carmustine: Reports of frequent hepatic dysfunction with
hyperbilirubinemia, ascites, and thrombocytopenia
Cyclosporine: Additive cytotoxic effects on tumor cells
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Methotrexate
Antimetabolite that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, thereby
hindering DNA synthesis and cell reproduction.
I: Cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, Severe psoriasis
BSO: Injection: 2.5 mg/mL; 25 mg/mL
Injection, preservative free: 25 mg
Powder injection: 20 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 1 g
Tablet: 2.5 mg
D: 10-25 mg/wk PO/IM or 2.5-7.5 mg PO q12h for 3
doses/wk
Refer to individual protocols. May be administered orally, I.M.,
intra-arterially, intrathecally, or I.V.
Children:
Dermatomyositis: Oral: 15-20 mg/m2/week as a single dose
once weekly or 0.3-1 mg/kg/dose once weekly
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: Oral, I.M.: 5-15 mg/m2/week as a
single dose or as 3 divided doses given 12 hours apart
Antineoplastic dosage range:
Oral, I.M.: 7.5-30 mg/m2/week or every 2 weeks
I.V.: 10-18,000 mg/m2 bolus dosing or continuous infusion over
6-42 hours
Dosing schedules listed below:
Conventional Dose:
15-20 mg/m2 oral twice weekly
30-50 mg/m2 oral, I.V. weekly
15 mg/day for 5 days oral, I.M. every 2-3 weeks
Intermediate Dose:
50-150 mg/m2 I.V. push every 2-3 weeks
240 mg/m2* I.V. infusion every 4-7 days
0.5-1 g/m2* I.V. infusion every 2-3 weeks
High Dose:
1-12 g/m2* I.V. infusion every 1-3 weeks
*Followed with leucovorin rescue - refer to leucovorin
monograph for details.
Pediatric solid tumors (high-dose): I.V.:
<12 years: 12 g/m2 (dosage range: 12-18 g)
greater than or equal to 12 years: 8 g/m2 (maximum: 18 g)

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (intermediate-dose): I.V.: Loading:
100 mg/m2 over 1 hour, followed by a 35-hour infusion of 900
mg/m2/day
Meningeal leukemia: I.T.: 10-15 mg/m2 (maximum dose: 15 mg)
or
less than or equal to 3 months: 3 mg/dose
4-11 months: 6 mg/dose
1 year: 8 mg/dose
2 years: 10 mg/dose
greater than or equal to 3 years: 12 mg/dose
I.T. doses are prepared with preservative-free MTX only.
Hydrocortisone may be added to the I.T. preparation; total
volume should range from 3-6 mL. Doses should be repeated at
2- to 5-day intervals until CSF counts return to normal followed
by a dose once weekly for 2 weeks then monthly thereafter.
Adults: I.V.: Range is wide from 30-40 mg/m2/week to
100-12,000 mg/m2 with leucovorin rescue

Doses not requiring leucovorin rescue range from 30-40 mg/m2
I.V. or I.M. repeated weekly, or oral regimens of 10 mg/m2 twice
weekly
High-dose MTX is considered to be >100 mg/m2 and can be
as high as 1500-7500 mg/m2. These doses require leucovorin
rescue. Patients receiving doses greater than or equal to 1000
mg/m2 should have their urine alkalinized with bicarbonate or
Bicitra® prior to and following MTX therapy.
Trophoblastic neoplasms: Oral, I.M.: 15-30 mg/day for 5 days;
repeat in 7 days for 3-5 courses
Head and neck cancer: Oral, I.M., I.V.: 25-50 mg/m2 once
weekly
Rheumatoid arthritis: Oral: 7.5 mg once weekly OR 2.5 mg
every 12 hours for 3 doses/week; max 20 mg/week
Psoriasis: Oral: 2.5-5 mg/dose every 12 hours for 3 doses given
weekly or Oral, I.M.: 10-25 mg/dose given once weekly
Ectopic pregnancy: I.M./I.V.: 50 mg/m2 single-dose without
leucovorin rescue

Elderly: Rheumatoid arthritis/psoriasis: Oral: Initial: 5 mg once
weekly; if nausea occurs, split dose to 2.5 mg every 12 hours
for the day of administration; dose may be increased to 7.5 mg/
week based on response, max 20 mg/week
KI:
Hipersensitif; alcoholism; hepatic insufficiency; documented
immunodeficiency syndromes; preexisting blood dyscrasias (eg,
bone marrow hypoplasia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
significant anemia); renal insufficiency
IO:
Oral aminoglycosides may decrease absorption and blood
levels of concurrent oral MTX; charcoal lowers MTX levels;
coadministration with etretinate may increase hepatotoxicity of
MTX; folic acid or its derivatives contained in some vitamins
may decrease response to MTX; probenecid, NSAIDs,
salicylates, procarbazine, and sulfonamides, including TMP-
SMZ, can increase MTX plasma levels; may decrease
phenytoin plasma levels; may increase plasma levels of
thiopurines
Preg: D
P:
Monitor CBC counts monthly and liver and renal function
q1-3mo during therapy (monitor more frequently during initial
dosing, dose adjustments, or when risk of elevated MTX levels,
eg, dehydration); has toxic effects on hematologic, renal, GI,
pulmonary, and neurologic systems; discontinue if significant
drop in blood counts occurs; fatal reactions reported when
administered concurrently with NSAIDs
Nama Dagang:

Tamoxifen
I: Breast cancer, Infertility in women caused by failure of
ovulation
D: Breast cancer in women/ men: 20-40 mg 1x
Reducing the risk of developing breast cancer in high-risk
women: 20 mg 1x for 5years
KI: Infertility with risk of abnormal blood clots in the veins,
Pregnancy, Breastfeeding
P: Breast cancer, Severe obesity, Smokers, porphyrias
ES: Hot flushes, Vaginal bleeding or discharge, pruritus vulva,
Headache, Light-headedness, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea,
vomiting or abdominal pain, Fluid retention, alopecia, Blood &
Liver disorders, Visual disturbances, thromboembolic disorders,
endometriosis, Cancerous changes in the endometrium,
Fibroids in uterus, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, angioedema
IO: CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C, 2D6, 2E1,& 3A3/4 enzyme
substrate
Preg: D
Vinorelbine
I: # Advanced breast cancer that has not responded to, or has
relapsed following, treatment with a chemotherapy regimen
containing an anthracycline, eg epirubicin.
# Advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
BSO: Injection: 10 mg/mL (1 mL, 5 mL)
D: Dosage adjustment in hematological toxicity:
Granulocyte counts should be greater than or equal to 1000
cells/mm3 prior to the administration of vinorelbine. Adjustments
in the dosage of vinorelbine should be based on granulocyte
counts obtained on the day of treatment as follows:
Granulocytes greater than or equal to 1500 cells/mm3 on day of
treatment: Administer 30 mg/m2
Granulocytes 1000-1499 cells/mm3 on day of treatment:
Administer 15 mg/m2
Granulocytes <1000 cells/mm3 on day of treatment: Do not
administer. Repeat granulocyte count in one week; if 3
consecutive doses are held because granulocyte count is
<1000 cells/mm3, discontinue vinorelbine
For patients who, during treatment, have experienced fever
and/or sepsis while granulocytopenic or had 2 consecutive
weekly doses held due to granulocytopenia, subsequent doses
of vinorelbine should be:
22.5 mg/m2 for granulocytes greater than or equal to 1500 cells/
mm3
11.25 mg/m2 for granulocytes 1000-1499 cells/mm3
Dosing adjustment in hepatic impairment: Vinorelbine
should be administered with caution in patients with hepatic
insufficiency. In patients who develop hyperbilirubinemia during
treatment with vinorelbine, the dose should be adjusted for total
bilirubin as follows:
Serum bilirubin less than or equal to 2 mg/dL: Administer 30
mg/m2
Serum bilirubin 2.1-3 mg/dL: Administer 15 mg/m2
Serum bilirubin >3 mg/dL: Administer 7.5 mg/m2
Dosing adjustment in patients with concurrent hematologic
toxicity and hepatic impairment: Administer the lower doses
determined from the above recommendations
KI: Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, current infection,
Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, fructose intolerance.
# Vinorelbine should not be used to treat people who are
currently having radiotherapy treatment to the liver.
P: Decreased liver function, heart disease.
ES: Neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, Constipation,
Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhoea, Loss of appetite, Inflammation
of the mouth, paraesthesia, peripheral neuropathy, phlebitis,
Fatigue, Hair loss, Jaw pain.
IO:
Preg: D
Nama Dagang: Navelbine

Vincristine
I: myeloma, Acute lymphocytic leukaemia, Acute myeloid
leukaemia, Breast cancer, chronic myeloid leukaemia – CML,
Osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, Cancer of the brain, soft
tissue sarcoma, Wilms' tumour, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia,
Head and neck cancer, Lung cancer, Hodgkin's disease, Non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma, Retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma
D: Refer to individual protocols as dosages vary with protocol
used; adjustments are made depending upon clinical and
hematological response and upon adverse reactions
Children >10 kg or BSA greater than or equal to 1 m2: 1-2 mg/
m2, may repeat once weekly for 3-6 weeks; maximum single
dose: 2 mg
Neuroblastoma: I.V. continuous infusion with doxorubicin: 1 mg/
m2/day for 72 hours
Adults: I.V.: 0.4-1.4 mg/m2 (up to 2 mg maximum in most
patients); may repeat every week
Serum bilirubin 1.5-3.0 mg/dL or AST 60-180 U: Administer
50% of normal dose
Serum bilirubin 3.0-5.0 mg/dL: Administer 25% of dose
Serum bilirubin >5.0 mg/dL or AST >180 U: Omit dose
The average total dose per course of treatment should be
around 2-2.5 mg; some recommend capping the dose at 2 mg
maximum to reduce toxicity; however, it is felt that this measure
can reduce the efficacy of the drug
KI: Injection into the spinal cord (intrathecal injection)
P: Liver disease
ES: Abdominal pain, Constipation, urinary retention, peripheral
neuritis, Loss of appetite, Damage to the nerves, Reversible
hair loss, Jaw pain, paralytic ileus, Pain
IO: CYP3A3/4 and 3A5-7 enzyme substrate; CYP2D6 enzyme
inhibitor
Increased toxicity: Digoxin plasma levels and renal excretion
may decrease with combination chemotherapy including
vincristine

Vincristine should be given 12-24 hours before asparaginase to
minimize toxicity (may decrease the hepatic clearance of
vincristine)
Acute pulmonary reactions may occur with mitomycin-C.
Previous or simultaneous use with mitomycin-C has resulted in
acute shortness of breath and severe bronchospasm within
minutes or several hours after vinca alkaloid injection and may
occur up to 2 weeks after the dose of mitomycin.
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Vinblastine
I: A group of disorders where there is an overgrowth of cells
called histiocytes which normally have the ability to engulf
foreign matter or bacteria. The overgrowth of these cells can
occur in the skin, bone, lungs, lymph nodes, liver or spleen.
Breast cancer, choriocarcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Kidney
cancer, Hodgkin's disease, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,
Testicular cancer
Powder for injection: 10 mg
D: Refer to individual protocols. Varies depending upon clinical
and hematological response. Give at intervals of at least 14
days and only after leukocyte count has returned to at least
4000/mm3; maintenance therapy should be titrated according to
leukocyte count. Dosage should be reduced in patients with
recent exposure to radiation therapy or chemotherapy; single
doses in these patients should not exceed 5.5 mg/m2.

Serum bilirubin 1.5-3.0 mg/dL or AST 60-180 U: Administer
50% of normal dose
Serum bilirubin 3.0-5.0 mg/dL: Administer 25% of dose
Serum bilirubin >5.0 mg/dL or AST >180 U: Omit dose
KI: Injection into the spinal cord (intrathecal injection)
P: Decreased liver function
ES: Constipation, Depression, Nausea and vomiting, anaemia,
peripheral neuritis, Loss of appetite, leucopenia, stomatitis,
Damage to the nerves, Reversible hair loss, Jaw pain, paralytic
ileus, thrombocytopenia.
IO: CYP3A3/4 and 3A5-7 enzyme substrate; CYP2D6 enzyme
inhibitor. Phenytoin plasma levels may be reduced with
concomitant combination chemotherapy with vinblastine
Alpha-interferon enhances interferon toxicity; phenytoin may
decrease plasma levels
Increased toxicity:
Previous or simultaneous use with mitomycin-C has resulted in
acute shortness of breath and severe bronchospasm within

minutes or several hours after vinca alkaloid injection and may
occur up to 2 weeks after the dose of mitomycin
Mitomycin-C in combination with administration of VLB may
cause acute shortness of breath and severe bronchospasm,
onset may be within minutes or several hours after VLB
injection
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Cytarabine
I: Leukaemia
BSO: Powder for injection: 100 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g
Powder for injection, as hydrochloride (Cytosar-U®): 100 mg,
500 mg, 1 g, 2 g
D: I.V. bolus, IVPB, and CIV doses of cytarabine are very
different. Bolus doses are relatively well tolerated since the
drug is rapidly metabolized; bolus doses are associated with
greater gastrointestinal and neurotoxicity; continuous infusion
uniformly results in myelosuppression. Refer to individual
protocols.
Induction remission:
I.V.: 200 mg/m2/day for 5 days at 2-week intervals
100-200 mg/m2/day for 5- to 10-day therapy course or every
day until remission
I.T.: 5-75 mg/m2 every 4 days until CNS findings normalize
or
<1 year: 20 mg
1-2 years: 30 mg
2-3 years: 50 mg
>3 years: 70 mg
Maintenance remission:
I.V.: 70-200 mg/m2/day for 2-5 days at monthly intervals
I.M., S.C.: 1-1.5 mg/kg single dose for maintenance at 1- to 4-
week intervals
High-dose therapies:
Doses as high as 1-3 g/m2 have been used for refractory or
secondary leukemias or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Doses of 3 g/m2 every 12 hours for up to 12 doses have been
used
Bone marrow transplant: 1.5 g/m2 continuous infusion over 48
hours
Dosage adjustment of high-dose therapy in patients with
renal insufficiency: In one study, 76% of patients with a Clcr
<60 mL/minute experienced neurotoxicity; dosage adjustment
should be considered in these patients
Dose may need to be adjusted in patients with liver failure
since cytarabine is partially detoxified in the liver
KI:Allergy, Decreased blood cell production by the bone marrow
P:Decreased kidney& liver function, leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia
ES: Mouth ulcers, Nausea and vomiting, bone marrow
suppresion, Liver problems
IO:
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Gemcitabine
Cytidine analog. Metabolized intracellularly to active nucleotide.
Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and competes with
deoxycytidine triphosphate for incorporation into DNA. Cell-
cycle specific for S phase. Indicated for advanced ovarian
cancer (that has relapsed at least 6-months after completion of
platinum-based therapy. Used in combination with carboplatin.
I:
BSO: Vial 200 mg
D: 1000 mg/m2 IV infused over 30 min on days 1 and 8 of
each 21-day cycle; administer carboplatin on day 1 after
gemcitabine
Adults: I.V. (refer to individual protocols): 1000 mg/m2 once
weekly for up to 7 weeks (or until toxicity necessitates reducing
or holding a dose), followed by a week of rest from treatment;
subsequent cycles should consist of infusions once weekly for 3
consecutive weeks out of every 4 weeks
For patients who tolerate the subsequent course, at a dose of
1250 mg/m2, the dose for the next cycle can be increased to
1500 mg/m2, provided again that the AGC and platelet nadirs
exceed 1500 x 106/L and 100,000 x 106/L, respectively, and
again, if nonhematologic toxicity has not been greater than
WHO Grade 1
Dosing adjustment in renal/hepatic impairment: Use with
caution; gemcitabine has not been studied in patients with
significant renal or hepatic dysfunction
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: -
Preg: D
P:
May cause myelosuppression (particularly thrombocytopenia);
toxicities include flu like syndrome, LFT abnormality,
maculopapular rash, pruritus, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea,
hematuria, proteinuria, and hemolytic uremic syndrome;
clearance reduced in women and elderly individuals
Nama Dagang:
Gemsar

Fludarabine
I: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
BSO: Powder for injection, lyophilized: 50 mg
D: I.V.: Acute leukemia: 10 mg/m2 bolus over 15 minutes
followed by continuous infusion of 30.5 mg/m2/day over 5 days
or 10.5 mg/m2 bolus over 15 minutes followed by 30.5 mg/
m2/day over 48 hours followed by cytarabine has been used in
clinical trials
Solid tumors: 9 mg/m2 bolus followed by 27 mg/m2/day
continuous infusion over 5 days
Adults:
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 25 mg/m2/day over a 30-minute
period for 5 days; 5-day courses are repeated every 28 days
days
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Loading dose: 20 mg/m2 followed by
30 mg/m2/day for 48 hours
KI: Moderate to severely decreased kidney function, haemolytic
anaemia, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding

P: > 75 years, Decreased liver & kidney function, Anaemia,
thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, HIV infection or
immunodeficiency syndr, opportunistic infections, Skin cancer
ES: Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anaemia, Infections,
Pneumonia, Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhoea, pyrexia,
stomatitis, Fatigue, Weakness, Loss of appetite, oedema,
Visual disturbances, peripheral neuropathy, Skin rashes,
Tumour lysis syndrome, heart failure, arrhythmias
IO: Increased toxicity: Cytarabine when administered with or
prior to a fludarabine dose competes for deoxycytidine kinase
decreasing the metabolism of F-ara-A to the active F-ara-ATP
(inhibits fludarabine); however, administering fludarabine prior
to cytarabine may stimulate activation of cytarabine
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:
Fludara

Capecitabine
I: Metastatic colorectal cancer, surgery for stage III colon
cancer, Advanced stomach cancer (in combination with
platinum-based chemotherapy), metastatic breast cancer.
D: 2.5g/ m2/day q12h taken about twelve hours apart within 30
minutes after the end of a meal.

(with/witout docetaxel 75 mg/m2/day Infus IV >1jam every 3wk)
KI: Deficiency of an DPD enzyme, Allergy, Severely decreased
kidney & liver function, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia,
neutropenia, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, glucose-galactose
malabsorption.
P: Decreased kidney & liver function, DM, Disease affecting the
brain or nervous system, heart disease, electrolyte imbalance,
hypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia, > 60 years of age, Severe
diarrhoea, hand-foot syndrome.
ES: hand-foot syndrome or palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia,
diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, constipation or abdominal pain,
stomatitis, Fatigue, asthenia, Loss of appetite, Skin reactions,
alopecia, pyrexia, Headache, Dizziness, paraesthesia, Change
in taste, Watery eyes, Swollen ankles due to fluid retention,
dyspnoea, Dehydration, bone marrow suppression, Pain in the
muscles or joints, angina.
IO: Increased effect: Taking capecitabine immediately before an
aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid, or a meal,
increases the absorption of capecitabine. Phenytoin levels may
be increased by capecitabine.
Increased toxicity: The concentration of 5-fluorouracil is
increased and its toxicity may be enhanced by leucovorin.
Deaths from severe enterocolitis, diarrhea, and dehydration
have been reported in elderly patients receiving weekly
leucovorin and fluorouracil. Warfarin: Altered coagulation
parameters have been noted in cancer patients receiving
coumarin derivatives concomitantly with capecitabine.
Nama Dagang: Xeloda

Trastuzumab
I: # Early HER2-+ breast cancer, following surgery,
chemotherapy and radiotherapy (if applicable).
# HER2-+ breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the
body (metastatic breast cancer). For people who have not
previously received chemotherapy for their disease, this
medicine may be given in combination with the chemotherapy
medicines paclitaxel or docetaxel. For people who have already
received at least two courses of chemotherapy, this medicine
may be given on its own.
BSO: Injection: Vial, 440 mg, with vial of bacteriostatic water for
injection
D: I.V. infusion:
Initial loading dose: 4 mg/kg IV infusion >90 minutes
Maintenance dose: 2 mg/kg IV infusion > 90 minutes (can be
administered over 30 minutes if prior infusions are well
tolerated) weekly until disease progression

KI: Allergy, severe breathing difficulties at rest due to
complications of advanced cancer, People who need oxygen
treatment, children < 18 years of age.
P: Heart failure, Coronary artery disease, hypertension
ES: Pyrexia, Chills, diarrhoea, constipation, indigestion, nausea,
vomiting or abdominal pain, Headache, Chest pain, Weakness
or loss of strength, Pain in the muscles and joints, Rash, Flu-
like symptoms, Infection, Weight loss, Breast inflammation,
tachycardia, heart failure, Dizziness, paraesthesia, oedema, Dry
mouth, Nosebleeds, Skin reactions, Depression, Anxiety,
Difficulties with breathing, Lung, Blood & liver disorders
Preg: D
Nama Dagang: Herceptin

Temozolomide
I: Certain types of brain tumours (glioblastoma multiforme,
anaplastic astrocytoma)
D: Dosage is adjusted according to nadir neutrophil and platelet
counts of previous cycle and counts at the time of the next cycle
Measure day 22 ANC and platelets. Measure day 29 ANC and
platelets. Based on lowest counts at either day 22 or day 29:
On day 22 or day 29, if ANC <1,000/L or the platelet count is
<50,000/L, postpone therapy until ANC >1,500/L and platelet
count >100,000/L. Reduce dose by 50 mg/m2 for subsequent
cycle.
If ANC 1,000-1,500/L or platelets 50,000-100,000/L, postpone
therapy until ANC >1,500/L and platelet count >100,000/L;
maintain initial dose.
If ANC >1,500/L (on day 22 and day 29) and platelet count
>100,000/L, increase dose to, or maintain dose at 200 mg/
m2/day for 5 for subsequent cycle.

KI: Allergy, Severe myelosuppression, Pregnancy, lactation
P: Elderly people, People with other severely debilitating
diseases or infection, Severely decreased kidney & liver
function, glucose-galactose malabsorption
ES: Headache, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Fatigue, alopecia,
Sore mouth, Decrease in the number of blood cells in the blood,
Anxiety, Mood swings, insomnia, Dizziness, Confusion,
Convulsions, Memory loss, paraesthesia, Visual disturbances,
Hearing impairment, Fluid retention causing swelling of the legs
or ankles, Skin reactions, Cough, dyspnoea, Pain in the
muscles or joints, asthenia
IO: Although valproic acid reduces the clearance of
temozolomide by 5%, the clinical significance of this is unknown
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:
1. Temodal

Bicalutamide
I: Prostate cancer
BSO: Tablet: 50 mg
D: 1 tablet 1x, with or without food.

KI: Children, Women
P: Moderate to severely decreased liver function
ES: Depression, Impotence, Weight gain, gynaecomastia, Dry
skin, Hot flushes, angina, alopecia, Itching (pruritis), asthenia,
thrombocytopenia, Decreased sex drive, Breast tenderness,
Liver disorders, Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or abdominal pain,
arrhythmias
IO: In vitro displacement of warfarin by bicalutamide
Preg: X
Nama Dagang: Casodex

Tegafur
I: Metastatic colorectal cancer, in combination with calcium
folinate
BSO: Kaps 200 mg
D: 800-1600 mg/hr terbagi dlm 2-4 dosis

KI: Allergy, Children and adolescents, Severely decreased liver
function, low levels of red or white blood cells or platelets due to
previous radiotherapy or chemotherapy treatment, Deficiency of
cytochrome P450 2A6, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding
P: Elderly people, Decreased liver & kidney function, Deficiency
of an DPD enzyme, Heart disease, Severe diarrhoea
ES: Diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, asthenia, thrush,
alopecia, Skin reactions, Watery and sore eyes, Loss of
appetite, Headache, Dehydration, Sleepiness, Dizziness,
insomnia, Depression, Confusion, Pins and needles sensations,
peripheral oedema, dyspnoea,
Nama Dagang: Futraful
Paclitaxel
Mechanisms of action are tubulin polymerization and
microtubule stabilization.
I: Metastatic carcinoma of the ovary in combination with
cisplatin; treatment of metastatic breast cancer
BSO: Injection: 6 mg/mL (5 mL, 16.7 mL)
D: 175 mg/m2 IV over 3 h q3wk; alternatively, 135 mg/m2 IV
over 24 h q3wk
===
Premedication with dexamethasone (20 mg orally or I.V. at 12
and 6 hours or 14 and 7 hours before the dose),
diphenhydramine (50 mg I.V. 30-60 minutes prior to the dose),
and cimetidine, famotidine or ranitidine (I.V. 30-60 minutes prior
to the dose) is recommended
Ovarian carcinoma: 135-175 mg/m2 over 1-24 hours
administered every 3 weeks
Metastatic breast cancer: Treatment is still undergoing
investigation; most protocols have used doses of 175-250 mg/
m2 over 1-24 hours every 3 weeks
KI: Hipersensitif, peripheral neuropathy; bone marrow
suppression; liver failure; severe cardiac disease
IO: With cisplatin may further increase myelosuppression
Preg: D
P: Premedicate with steroids, H1 blockers, and H2 blockers to
decrease risk of hypersensitivity reactions; myelosuppression,
alopecia, arthralgia/myalgias, and cardiac arrhythmia may occur
Nama Dagang:

Docetaxel
I: Breast cancer.
BSO: Injection: 20 mg/0.5 mL, 80 mg/ 2 mL
D: Corticosteroids (oral dexamethasone 8 mg twice daily for 3
days or 5 days starting 1 day prior to docetaxel administration)
are necessary to reduce the potential for hypersensitivity and
severe fluid retention
Locally advanced or metastatic carcinoma of the breast: 60-100
mg/m2 over 1 hour every 3 weeks
Dosage adjustment in patients who are initially started at 100
mg/m2 (>1 week), cumulative cutaneous reactions, or severe
peripheral neuropathy: 75 mg/m2
Note: If the patient continues to experience these adverse
reactions, the dosage should be reduced to 55 mg/m2 or
therapy should be discontinued
Total bilirubin greater than or equal to the upper limit of normal
(ULN), or AST/ALT >1.5 times the ULN concomitant with
alkaline phosphatase >2.5 times the ULN: Docetaxel should
not be administered secondary to increased incidence of
treatment-related mortality
KI: Neutropenia, decreased liver function, Pregnancy,
Breastfeeding.
P: Decreased liver function, Severe fluid retention.
ES: Bone marrow suppression, neutropenia, pyrexia, Increased
susceptibility to infections, thrombocytopenia, anaemia,
stomatitis, Loss of appetite, hand-foot or palmar-plantar
syndrome, Change in the colour of nails, alopecia, fluid
retention, arrhythmias, peripheral neuropathy, asthenia, Pain in
the muscles and joints.
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:
Taxotere

Oxaliplatin
I: Stage III (Duke's C) colon cancer, metastatic colorectal ca
BSO: Vial 5 mg/cc
D:
KI: Children, myelosuppression, People with numbness,
weakness or tingling sensations in the extremities and difficulty
in performing delicate tasks, eg buttoning clothes, before
treatment starts, Severely decreased kidney function
# Pregnancy, Breastfeeding
P: Allergy, Moderately decreased kidney function
ES: Pyrexia, bone marrow suppression, Increased susceptibilty
to infections, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea,
vomiting, indigestion, stomatitis, abnormal tingling or numb
sensations in fingers or toes, difficulty performing delicate tasks,
Allergic skin reactions, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, Fatigue,
Weakness, Headache, Loss of appetite, alopecia, ototoxicity,
Lung disorders
Preg: D
Nama Dagang: Eloxatin
Carboplatin
I: # Cancer of the ovaries, # Lung cancer
BSO: Powder for injection, lyophilized: 50 mg, 150 mg, 450 mg
D: Dose is based on the following formula: total dose (mg) =
(target AUC) X (GFR = 25) where AUC (area under plasma
concentration-time curve) is expressed in mg/mL/min and GFR
(glomerular filtration rate) is expressed in mL/min.Target AUC of
4-7.5 IV q3-4wk recommended
KI: Hipersensitif; bone marrow suppression
IO: Nephrotoxicity increases with aminoglycosides and other
nephrotoxic drugs
Preg: D
P:
Produces significantly less nephrotoxicity, peripheral
neuropathy, nausea, and vomiting compared to cisplatin; IV
hydration not required; produces more myelosuppression than
cisplatin
Nama Dagang:

Cisplatin
Intrastrand cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA
precursors are among proposed mechanisms of action. Used in
combination with radiation therapy.
I: Bladder cancer, Cancer of the ovaries, Cervical cancer, Head
and neck cancer, Lung cancer, Testicular cancer
BSO: Injection, aqueous: 1 mg/mL (50 mL, 100 mL)
Powder for injection: 10 mg, 50 mg
D: 50-100 mg/m2 IV q3wk, 40 mg/m2 IV qwk for 5 wk.
I.V. (refer to individual protocols):
The manufacturer recommends that subsequent cycles should
only be given when serum creatinine <1.5 mg%, WBC greater
than or equal to 4,000/mm3, platelets greater than or equal to
100,000/mm3, and BUN <25.
It is recommended that a 24-hour urine creatinine clearance be
checked prior to a patient's first dose of cisplatin and
periodically thereafter (ie, after every 2-3 cycles of cisplatin)
Pretreatment hydration with 1-2 L of chloride-containing fluid is
recommended prior to cisplatin administration; adequate
hydration and urinary output (>100 mL/hour) should be
maintained for 24 hours after administration
If the dose prescribed is a reduced dose, then this should
be indicated on the chemotherapy order
Children: Various dosage schedules range from 30-100 mg/m2
once every 2-3 weeks; may also dose similar to adult dosing
Recurrent brain tumors: 60 mg/m2 once daily for 2 consecutive
days every 3-4 weeks
Adults:
Advanced bladder cancer: 50-70 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks
Head and neck cancer: 100-120 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks
Testicular cancer: 10-20 mg/m2/day for 5 days repeated every
3-4 weeks
Metastatic ovarian cancer: 75-100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks
Intraperitoneal: cisplatin has been administered intraperitoneal
with systemic sodium thiosulfate for ovarian cancer; doses up to
90-270 mg/m2 have been administered and retained for 4 hours
before draining

KI: Hipersensitif; renal failure; peripheral neuropathy; bone
marrow suppression
IO: Decreases elimination of bleomycin
ES: hyperuricaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, peripheral
neuropathy, anaemia, hypomagnesaemia, leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia, immunosuppression, Nausea and vomiting,
a metallic taste, Kidney damage, anaphylaxis, ototoxicity
Preg: D
P: Peripheral neuropathy and myelosuppression may occur; IV
hydration decreases risk of nephrotoxicity; selective serotonin
antagonists and steroids can be used for prophylaxis against
nausea/vomiting
Nama Dagang:

Exemestane
I: # Early invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women
who have had two to three years of treatment with tamoxifen
# Advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women where
other anti-oestrogen medicines have not been effective
BSO: Tablet: 25 mg
D: Breast cancer: 25 mg 1x/day after a meal.

KI: Pre-menopausal women, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, Rare
hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose
malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency
P: Decreased liver & kidney function, Osteoporosis
ES: Hot flushes, Fatigue, Joint pain, insomnia, Headache,
Increased sweating, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea,
indigestion or abdominal pain, Loss of appetite, Dizziness,
Depression, Carpal tunnel syndrome, alopecia, peripheral
oedema, Pain, Weakness, Sleepiness, Disturbances in the
normal levels of blood cells in the blood

IO: CYP3A4 substrate; however, ketoconazole, a CYP3A4
inhibitor, did not change the pharmacokinetics of exemestane.
No other potential drug interactions have been evaluated.
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:
Aromasin

Mitomycin
I: Metastatic breast cancer, Cancer of the pancreas, Cancers of
the mouth, throat and stomach, Liver cancer, Lung cancer,
Superficial bladder cancer
BSO: Vial 2 mg, 10 mg
D: Refer to individual protocols
Single-agent therapy: 20 mg/m2 every 6-8 weeks
Note: Doses >20 mg/m2 have not been shown to be more
effective, and are more toxic.
Combination therapy: 10 mg/m2 every 6-8 weeks
Bone marrow transplant:
40-50 mg/m2
2-40 mg/m2/day for 3 days
Total cumulative dose should not exceed 50 mg/m2; see below:
( nadir after prior dose per mm3)
Leukocytes 4000; platelets >100,000: 100% of prior dose to be
given
L 3000-3999; T 75,000-99,999: 100%
L 2000-2999; T 25,000-74,999: 70%
L 2000; T <25,000: 50%
KI:
P: Allergy, Bleeding disorders, Mildly decreased kidney function
Severe myelosuppression
ES: Pruritus, Diarrhoea, Drowsiness, Weakness, phlebitis,
alopecia, Nausea and vomiting, Kidney damage, lethargy,
anaemia, leucopenia, stomatitis, thrombocytopenia
# Thickening and scarring of tissue in the lung
IO: Increased toxicity:
Vinca alkaloids acute shortness of breath or bronchospasm
Doxorubicin may enhance cardiac toxicity
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:
Mitomycin-C Kyowa

Megestrol
I: Breast cancer, Endometrial cancer
BSO: Suspension, oral: 40 mg/mL with alcohol 0.06%
D: Adults: Oral (refer to individual protocols):
Breast carcinoma& Uterine bleeding 40 mg 4 times/day
Endometrial: 40-320 mg/day in divided doses; use for 2 months
to determine efficacy; max 800 mg/day
Male/Female: HIV-related cachexia: Initial dose: 800 mg/day;
daily doses of 400-800 mg/day
KI: Allergy, Breastfeeding, Children, Pregnancy
P: Thrombophlebitis, Severely decreased liver function
ES: Heart failure, Changes in mood, hyperglycaemia, fluid
retention, Nausea and vomiting, Hot flushes, dyspnoea,
Stimulation of tumour growth, alopecia, hypertension, urticaria,
uterine bleeding, Weight gain
IO: -
Preg: X
Nama Dagang:
Letrozole
I: # Pre-operative treatment of localised hormone receptor +
breast cancer in postmenopausal women, to shrink the cancer
and allow breast-conserving surgery
# Immediately following surgery for hormone receptor + early
invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women, to reduce
chances of the cancer returning
# Following five years standard treatment with tamoxifen for
early invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women, to
reduce chances of the cancer returning
# Advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women, either as
first-line treatment or where other anti-oestrogen medicines
have not been effective
BSO: Tablet: 2.5 mg
D: 2.5 mg 1x/day
KI: Pre-menopausal women, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding,
Severely decreased liver function, Pre-operative treatment for
localised breast cancer if the breast cancer is not responsive to
oestrogen, or this is unknown
P: Severely decreased kidney function, Osteoporosis
ES: Hot flushes, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain, Fatigue, Hair loss, Pain in muscles or joints,
Change in appetite, Headache, Dizziness, Rash, dry skin or
itching, Increased sweating, peripheral oedema, Weight gain,
Vaginal bleeding, discharge or dryness, Urinary tract infection,
Tumour pain, Depression or anxiety, Memory impairment,
dyspnoea, palpitations, Raised cholesterol levels, insomnia
IO: CYP3A3/4 and 2A6 enzyme substrate; CYP2A6 and 2C19
enzyme inhibitor
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:
Femara

Leuprorelin
I: Advanced prostate cancer, Endometriosis
BSO: Vial 3.75 mg
D: Ca prostat: 3.75 mg Dosis tunggal SC/ IM per bulan
Endometriosis: dosis sama, dimulai 5 hari pertama mens
selama 6 bulan
KI: Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, Vaginal bleeding (unknown)
P: Depression, Diabetes, tumour symptoms (tumour flare),
cancer has spread to the spine, urinary obstruction,
Osteoporosis, long-term treatment with corticosteroids, or
antiepileptic, history of heavy drinking or smoking
ES: Headache, insomnia, Hot flushes, Dizziness, Decreased
sex drive, Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or abdominal
pain, Visual disturbances, paraesthesia, palpitations, Worsening
of depression, leucopenia, pulmonary embolism
Men: Impotence, gynaecomastia, Sweating
Women: Vaginal dryness, osteoporosis, Hair loss, Breast
tenderness, Change in breast size
Preg: X
Anastrozole
I: Advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women
# Treating postmenopausal women who have had surgery to
remove early hormone receptor + breast cancer. It can be used
for 5 years immediately following the surgery, or after 2-3years
of taking tamoxifen.
BSO: Tablet: 1 mg
D: 1 mg 1x/day
KI: liver & kidney disease, Pre-menopausal women, Pregnancy,
Breastfeeding, glucose-galactose malabsorption
P: Osteoporosis, risk factors for osteoporosis
ES: Hot flushes, asthenia, Joint pain or stiffness, Mood
disturbances, Rash, Headache, Diarrhoea, Nausea, vomiting,
Loss of appetite, Vaginal bleeding, somnolence, Raised
cholesterol levels, osteopororsis
IO: CYP3A3/4 enzyme substrate; CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9, and
3A3/4 enzyme inhibitor
Preg: D
Nama Dagang: Arimidex
Irinotecan
I: Colorectal cancer
D: Adults: I.V.:
Weekly regimen: 125 mg/m2 over 90 minutes on days 1, 8, 15,
and 22, followed by a 2-week rest
Once-every-3-week regimen: 350 mg/m2 over 90 minutes, once
every 3 weeks
A reduction in the starting dose by one dose level may be
considered for patients greater than or equal to 65 years of age,
prior pelvic/abdominal radiotherapy, performance status of 2, or
increased bilirubin (dosing for patients with a bilirubin >2 mg/dL
cannot be recommended based on lack of data per
manufacturer)
Depending on the patient's ability to tolerate therapy, doses
should be adjusted in increments of 25-50 mg/m2. Irinotecan
doses may range 50-150 mg/m2.
Combination therapy with 5-FU and leucovorin: Six-week
(42-day) cycle (next cycle beginning on day 45):
125 mg/m2 over 90 minutes on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; to be
given in combination with bolus leucovorin and 5-FU (leucovorin
administered immediately following irinotecan; 5-FU
immediately following leucovorin)
180 mg/m2 over 90 minutes on days 1, 15, and 22; to be given
in combination with infusional leucovorin and bolus/infusion 5-
FU (leucovorin administered immediately following irinotecan; 5-
FU immediately following leucovorin)
Note: For all regimens: It is recommended that new courses
begin only after the granulocyte count recovers to greater than
or equal to 1500/mm3, the platelet count recovers to greater
than or equal to 100,000/mm3, and treatment-related diarrhea
has fully resolved. Treatment should be delayed 1-2 weeks to
allow for recovery from treatment-related toxicities. If the patient
has not recovered after a 2-week delay, consideration should
be given to discontinuing irinotecan.
Dosing adjustment for toxicities: A decrease in dose level
corresponds to a decrease in irinotecan dosage by 25-50 mg/

m2; specific dose levels corresponding to individual protocols
should be consulted.
KI: Children, bowel obstruction, Chronic inflammatory bowel
disease such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease,
hiperbilirubinemia, Severe reduction in blood cell production in
the bone marrow, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding.
P: Elderly people, hyperbilirubinaemia, Campto infusion
contains sorbitol and may be unsuitable for people with
hereditary fructose intolerance.
ES: Diarrhoea, Nausea and vomiting, Dehydration, Abdominal
pain, Constipation, Loss of appetite, stomatitis, Reversible hair
loss, neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, Increased
susceptibility to infections, Fever, asthenia, Fatigue, Acute
cholinergic syndrome, Muscle cramps, Skin reactions such as
rash and itch
IO:
Preg: D
Nama Dagang: Campto

Imatinib
I: cancer called Philadelphia chromosome + chronic myeloid
leukemia (Ph+ CML) or gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)
BSO: Kaps/ Tab 100 mg
D: ASM, HES or CEL, MDS or MPD: 400 mg 1x/d
CML & GIST: 400-600 mg1x/d
ALL: 600 mg 1x/d
DFSP: 800 mg 1x/d
KI:
P:
ES:
IO: not recommended with: Aprepitant, Carbamazepine,
Dexamethasone, Fosaprepitant, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin,
Rifampin, St John's Wort, Warfarin
Preg:D
Nama Dagang: Glivec

Gefitinib
I: non-small cell lung cancer after the failure of other
chemotherapy treatment.
BSO: Tab 250 mg
D: 250 mg 1x/d
KI:
P: Check if diarrhea, nausea or anorexia, problems breathing,
new eye problems.
ES: Bloating/swelling of face, arms, hands, lower legs or feet,
Burning, dry or itching eyes, Change in vision, Difficult/ labored
breathing, Eye discharge or excessive tearing, Redness, pain,
swelling of eye, eyelid, or inner lining of eyelid, Shortness of
breath
IO: Combination drug is not recommended, but may be required
in some cases.
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:
Iressa

Ifosfamide
Forms DNA interstrand and intrastrand bonds that interfere with
protein synthesis.
I: Lymphoma, Other cancers
BSO: Powder for injection: 1 g, 3 g
D: 5 g/m2 IV over 24 h q3wk
I.V. (refer to individual protocols):
Adults: 50 mg/kg/day or 700-2000 mg/m2/day for 5 days
Alternatives include 2400 mg/m2/day for 3 days or 5000 mg/m2
as a single dose
Doses of 700-900 mg/m2/day for 5 days may be given IVP;
courses may be repeated every 3-4 weeks
To prevent bladder toxicity, ifosfamide should be given with
extensive hydration consisting of at least 2 L of oral or I.V. fluid
per day. A protector, such as mesna, should also be used to
prevent hemorrhagic cystitis. The dose-limiting toxicity is
hemorrhagic cystitis and ifosfamide should be used in
conjunction with a uroprotective agent.
Scr >3.0 mg/dL: Withhold drug
Scr 2.1-3.0 mg/dL: Reduce dose by 25% to 50%
KI: Hipersensitif; renal/hepatic failure; bone marrow
suppression
IO: Phenobarbital, phenytoin, chloral hydrate, and other drugs
that interfere with cytochrome P-450 activity may alter effects
Preg: D
P: May cause hemorrhagic cystitis and severe
myelosuppression; caution in renal function impairment or
compromised bone marrow reserve
Nama Dagang: Holoxan

Hydroxyurea/ Hydroxycarbamide
I: cancer and to prevent painful episodes associated with sickle
cell anemia.
D: pediatric astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and primitive
neuroectodermal tumors: 1500-3000 mg/m2 as a single dose in
combination with other agents every 4-6 weeks
CML: Initial: 10-20 mg/kg/day once daily; adjust dose according
to hematologic response
Adults: Dose should always be titrated to patient response and
WBC counts; usual oral doses range from 10-30 mg/kg/day or
500-3000 mg/day; if WBC count falls to <2500 cells/mm3, or the
platelet count to <100,000/mm3, therapy should be stopped for
at least 3 days and resumed when values rise toward normal
Solid tumors:
Intermittent therapy: 80 mg/kg 1x every third day
Continuous therapy: 20-30 mg/kg/day 1x/day

Concomitant therapy with irradiation: 80 mg/kg as a single dose
every third day starting at least 7 days before initiation of
irradiation
Resistant chronic myelocytic leukemia: 20-30 mg/kg/day divided
daily
HIV: 1000-1500 mg daily in a single dose or divided doses
Sickle cell anemia (moderate/severe disease): Initial: 15 mg/kg/
day, increased by 5 mg/kg every 12 weeks if blood counts are
in an acceptable range until the maximum tolerated dose of 35
mg/kg/day is achieved or the dose that does not produce toxic
effects
Acceptable range:
Neutrophils greater than or equal to 2500 cells/mm3
Platelets greater than or equal to 95,000/mm3
Hemoglobin >5.3 g/dL, and
Reticulocytes greater than or equal to 95,000/mm3 if the
hemoglobin concentration is <9 g/dL
Toxic range:
Neutrophils <2000 cells/mm3
Platelets <80,000/mm3
Hemoglobin <4.5 g/dL
Reticulocytes <80,000/mm3 if the hemoglobin concentration is
<9 g/dL
Monitor for toxicity every 2 weeks; if toxicity occurs, stop
treatment until the bone marrow recovers; restart at 2.5
mg/kg/day less than the dose at which toxicity occurs; if no
toxicity occurs over the next 12 weeks, then the subsequent
dose should be increased by 2.5 mg/kg/day; reduced dosage of
hydroxyurea alternating with erythropoietin may decrease
myelotoxicity and increase levels of fetal hemoglobin in patients
who have not been helped by hydroxyurea alone
KI: Severe anemia, severe bone marrow suppression; WBC
<2500/mm3 or platelet count <100,000/mm3; hypersensitivity
P: Renal impairment, in patients who have received prior
irradiation therapy, and in the elderly.
ES: >10%: Drowsiness, nausea and vomiting may occur, as
well as diarrhea, constipation, mucositis, ulceration of the GI
tract, anorexia, and stomatitis,
Hematologic: Myelosuppression: Dose-limiting toxicity, causes
a rapid drop in leukocyte count (seen in 4-5 days in
nonhematologic malignancy and more rapidly in leukemia);
thrombocytopenia and anemia occur less often; reversal of
WBC count occurs rapidly, but the platelet count may take 7-10
days to recover
WBC & Platelets: Moderate. Onset (days): 7, Nadir (days): 10
Recovery (days): 21
1-10%: Dermatologic changes (hyperpigmentation, erythema of
the hands and face, maculopapular rash, or dry skin), alopecia
Miscellaneous: Carcinogenic potential
IO: Increased effect: Zidovudine, zalcitabine, didanosine:
Synergy. Increased toxicity: Fluorouracil: The potential for
neurotoxicity may increase with concomitant administration
Cytarabine: Modulation of its metabolism and cytotoxicity
reduction of cytarabine dose
Preg: D
Nama Dagang: Hydrea

Mitoxantrone
I: Metastatic breast cancer, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Acute
non-lymphocytic leukaemia in adults, Primary liver cancer that
cannot be treated with surgery.
D: Refer to individual protocols. I.V. (may dilute in D5W or NS):
Children less than or equal to 2 years: 0.4 mg/kg/day once daily
for 3-5 days
Children >2 years and Adults: 12 mg/m2/day once daily for 3
days; acute leukemia in relapse: 8-12 mg/m2/day once daily for
4-5 days
Solid tumors:
Children: 18-20 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks OR 5-8 mg/m2 1x/wk
Adults: 12-14 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks OR 2-4 mg/m2/day for 5d
Max: 80-120 mg/m2 in patients with predisposing factor and
<160 mg in patients with no predisposing factor
Dosing adjustment in hepatic impairment: Official dosage
adjustment recommendations have not been established

Moderate dysfunction (bilirubin 1.5-3 mg/dL): Some clinicians
recommend a 50% dosage reduction
Severe dysfunction (bilirubin >3.0 mg/dL) have a lower total
body clearance and may require a dosage adjustment to 8 mg/
m2; some clinicians recommend a dosage reduction to 25% of
dose
Dose modifications based on degree of leukopenia or
thrombocytopenia:
Granulocyte count nadir >2000 cells/mm2; platelet count nadir
>150,000 cells/mm2; total bilirubin <1.5 mg/dL: Increase dose
by 1 mg/m2
Granulocyte count nadir 1000-2000 cells/mm2; platelet count
nadir 75,000-150,000 cells/mm2; total bilirubin <1.5 mg/dL:
Maintain same dose
Granulocyte count nadir <1000 cells/mm2; platelet count nadir
<75,000 cells/mm2; total bilirubin 1.5-3 mg/dL: Decrease dose
by 1 mg/m2
KI: Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, Allergy.

P: Decreased blood cell production by the bone marrow,
Decreased liver function, Heart disease, People who have
previously had radiotherapy to the chest area, People who have
had previous therapy with other anthracycline type anticancer
medicines or other medicines that can have side effects on the
heart.
ES: Blue/green coloration of urine, leucopenia, anaemia,
thrombocytopenia, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain, Loss of appetite, stomatitis, Alteration in taste,
Hair loss (reversible on stopping treatment), Fatigue and
weakness, phlebitis, Confusion, Anxiety, pyrexia, amenorrhoea
# Blue discoloration of the skin, nails or whites of the eyes (this
is temporary and due to the colour of the medicine), Rash,
Shortness of breath, Changes in liver function, Bleeding in the
stomach or intestines, Heart failure, arrhythmias
IPreg: D
Nama Dagang:
Norexan

Goserelin
I: Breast cancer, Endometriosis, Fibroids of the uterus,
Preparing the pituitary gland prior to infertility treatment,
Preparing the uterus lining (endometrium) prior to surgery,
Prostate cancer
BSO: Injection, implant: 3.6 mg single dose disposable syringe
with 16-gauge hypodermic needle; 10.8 mg single dose
disposable syringe with 14-gauge hypodermic needle
D: Breast Cancer, Cancer of the prostate, endometriosis,
Thinning the uterus before surgery of the uterus: 3.6 mg SC
(upper abdomen) per mo
KI: Allergy, Children, Pregnancy
P: Polycystic ovary syndrome, osteoporosis
ES: Headache, gynaecomastia, paraesthesia, Hot flushes,
arthralgia, Decrease in the density of bone, Changes in blood
pressure, Development of fluid filled sacks (cysts) in the ovaries
# Vaginal dryness, Decreased sex drive, pituitary apoplexy
Preg: X
Nama Dagang:
Flutamide
I: Advanced prostate cancer
D: Adults: Oral: 250 mg 3x
KI: Women
P: Decreased liver function, Heart disease
ES: insomnia, Tiredness, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea,
vomiting or abdominal pain, photosensitivity, gynaecomastia,
Increased appetite, galactorrhoea, haemolytic anaemia,
Decrease in production of sperm, Decreased sex drive, Breast
tenderness, Liver disorders
reg: D
Nama Dagang:

5-Fluorouracil/ Fluorouracil
Pyrimidine antagonist. Inhibition of thymidylate synthase and
inhibition of RNA synthesis. Also is a potent radiosensitizer.
I: Breast cancer, Colorectal cancer
BSO: Cream, topical: 5%, 1%
Injection: 50 mg/mL
Solution, topical: 2%; 5%
D: 225 mg/m2/d continuous IV for 5 wk
IV 1st : 400-500 mg/m2/day (12 mg/kg/day; max: 800 mg/day) for
4-5 days either as a single daily I.V. push or 4-day CIV
I.V.: Maintenance:
200-250 mg/m2 (6 mg/kg) every other day for 4 days repeated
in 4 weeks
500-600 mg/m2 (15 mg/kg) weekly as a CIV or I.V. push
I.V.: Concomitant with leucovorin:
370 mg/m2/day x 5 days
500-1000 mg/m2 every 2 weeks
600 mg/m2 weekly for 6 weeks
Although the manufacturer recommends no daily dose >800
mg, higher doses of up to 2 g/day are routinely administered by
CIV; higher daily doses have been successfully used
Hemodialysis: Administer dose posthemodialysis
Dosing adjustment/comments in hepatic impairment:
Bilirubin >5 mg/dL: Omit use
Topical:
Actinic or solar keratosis: Apply twice daily for 2-6 weeks
Superficial basal cell carcinomas: Apply 5% twice daily for at
least 3-6 weeks and up to 10-12 weeks
KI: Hipersensitif; myelosuppression; acute active infection
IO: Increase effects of anticoagulants, immunosuppressives,
NSAIDs, platelet inhibitors, and thrombolytics
Preg: X
P: Inflammatory reactions may occur with occlusive dressings;
porous gauze dressing may be applied for cosmetic reasons,
without increase in reaction
Nama Dagang:

Asparaginase
I: acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma; used for induction
therapy
BSO: Injection: 10,000 U/vial
D: Refer to individual protocols;
Asparaginase is available from two different microbiological
sources: One is from Escherichia coli and the other is from
Erwinia carotovora; the Erwinia is restricted to patients who
have sustained allergic reactions to the E. coli preparation
I.M., I.V.: 6000 U/m2 every other day for 3-4 weeks or daily
doses of 1000-20,000 U/m2 for 10-20 days; other induction
regimens have been utilized
Hemodialysis: Significant drug removal is unlikely based on
Desensitization should be performed before administering the
first dose of asparaginase to patients who developed a +
reaction to the intradermal skin test or who are being retreated;
one schedule begins with a total of 1 unit given I.V. and doubles
the dose every 10 minutes until the total amount given in the
planned dose for that day
Asparaginase Desensitization:
Inj No. 1: 1 IU; Accumulated total dose = 1
Inj No.14 8192 IU; Accumulated total dose= 16,383
Inj No15: 16,384 IU;Accumulated total dose= 32,767
Injection No.16: 32,768 IU; Accumulated total dose = 65,535
Injection No. 17: 65,536 IU; Accumulated total dose = 131,071
Injection No. 18: 131,072 IU; Accumulated total dose = 262,143
For example, if a patient was to receive a total dose of 4000 U,
he/she would receive injections 1-12 during the desensitization
KI: Pancreatitis (active or any history of), hypersensitivity;
P:
ES: Joint pain, Puffy face, Skin rash or itching, Stomach pain
(severe) with nausea and vomiting, Trouble in breathing
Less: Confusion, Convulsions, Frequent urination, Headache,
Loss of bladder control, Muscle spasm or jerking of all
extremities, Numbness or tingling in hands, arms, or legs,
Severe weakness, Sudden loss of consciousness, Swelling of
feet or lower legs, Unusual bleeding or bruising, Unusual thirst
IO: Decreased effect: Methotrexate: Asparaginase terminates
methotrexate action by inhibition of protein synthesis and
prevention of cell entry into the S phase
Increased toxicity:

Vincristine and prednisone: An increase in toxicity has been
noticed when asparaginase is administered with VCR and
prednisone
Cyclophosphamide (decreases metabolism)
Mercaptopurine (increases hepatotoxicity)
Vincristine (increases neuropathy)
Prednisone (increases hyperglycemia)
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Leunase

VII. SALURAN KEMIH
A. ANTISEPTIK SALURAN KEMIH
B. HIPERTROFI PROSTAT
C. PREPARAT VAGINA
D. BEKERJA PADA UTERUS
E. INKONTINENSIA & FREKUEN
F. DISFUNGSI EREKSI

A. Antiseptik saluran Kemih
Pipemidic Acid
Phenazopyridine

Pipemidic Acid
I: ISK
BSO: Kaps 400 mg
D: 400 mg 2x/hr selama min 10 hari
KI: Hipersensitif, bayi
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Phenazopyridine
I: to relieve the pain, burning, and discomfort caused by
infection or irritation of the urinary tract. It is not an antibiotic
and will not cure the infection itself.
BSO: Tab: 100 mg, 200 mg
D: 200 mg 3x/hari. Children= 4 mg/kg 3x/hari.
KI: Hypersensitivity; kidney or liver disease
P: Does not treat infection, acts only as an analgesic; drug
should be discontinued if skin or sclera develop a yellow color;
use with caution in patients with renal impairment. Use of this
agent in the elderly is limited since accumulation of
phenazopyridine can occur in patients with renal insufficiency. It
should not be used in patients with a Clcr <50 mL/minute.
ES: 1-10%: Headache, dizziness, Stomach cramps
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:

B. Hipertrofi Prostat
Doxazosin
Terazosin
Finasteride
Dutasteride
Alfuzosin

Tamsulosin
I: Benign prostatic hyperplasia.
BSO: Kaps 0.2 mg
D: Adults= 0.4 mg ax/hari

KI: postural hypotension, Severely decreased liver function.
P: Severely decreased kidney function.
ES: Dizziness, Headache, asthenia, Abnormal ejaculation,
postural hypotension, syncope, palpitations, diarrhoea,
constipation, nausea or vomiting, rhinitis, Drowsiness, Blurred
vision, Dry mouth, oedema, Persistent painful erection of the
penis (priapism)
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Harnal

Finasteride
Blocks conversion of testosterone to its more active metabolite,
dihydrotestosterone. More effective when used in combination
with OCPs.
I: Enlarged prostate gland (benign prostatic hyperplasia).
BSO: Tablet, film coated: 1 mg, 5 mg
D: BPH: Adults= 5 mg 1x/hari.
Hair growth: Adults—1 mg 1x/hari.
KI: Hipersensitif; lactation; childhood
IO: -
ES: Impotence, Allergy to active ingredients (hypersensitivity),
Rash (allergic reaction), Breast tenderness/swelling,
Ejaculation disorders, Decreased sex drive.
Preg: X
P: Minimum of 6 mo treatment necessary to determine
response; caution in liver function abnormalities; monitor
patients with severely diminished urinary flow for obstructive
uropathy (may not be candidates for this therapy)
Nama Dagang:
Dutasteride
I: Enlarged prostate gland (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
BSO: Kaps 0.5 mg
D: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): 0.5 mg 1x/hari.
KI: # Women
# Children or adolescents under 18 years of age
# Allergy to other 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, eg finasteride
# Severely decreased liver function
P: Mild to moderately decreased liver function
ES: Impotence, Decreased sex drive
# Ejaculation disorders, such as decreased amount of semen
produced or decreased sperm count
# Breast enlargement or tenderness
# Allergic reactions such as rash, itching or localised swelling
IO:
Preg: X
Nama Dagang: Avodart

Alfuzosin
I: Benign prostatic hyperplasia in men > 65 years of age. This
medicine is taken for 2-3 days while a catheter is in place and
for one day after the catheter has been removed.
BSO: Tab 10 mg
D: Adults—10 mg 1x/hari
KI: People taking other alpha-blocker medicines, Decreased
liver function, postural hypotension, micturition syncope.
P: Elderly people, Decreased kidney function, Allergy to alpha-
blocker medicines, Coronary artery disease or angina pectoris.
# People taking blood pressure lowering medication.
ES: Feeling faint, Dizziness, Headache, Nausea, Abdominal
pain, asthenia, malaise, vertigo, Drowsiness, Dry mouth,
Diarrhoea, postural hypotension, syncope, tachycardia,
palpitations, Chest pain, Flushing, oedema, Rash or itching.
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Xatral
C. Preparat Vagina
Povidone Iodine
Clotrimazole
Tinidazole
Metronidazole
Nystatin
Estriol

Povidone Iodine
I: External antiseptic with broad microbicidal spectrum against
bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and yeasts
BSO: Aerosol, Lubricating gel, Cream & Ophthalmic sterile
prep: 5%
Antiseptic gauze pads, Douche, Foam, Vaginal & Ointment,
topical, vaginal(Topical & Suppositories): 10%
Scrub, surgical, Shampoo, Cleanser Skin & Skin foam: 7.5%
Mouthwash (0.5%)
Swab aid & Perineal wash concentrate: 1%
Swabsticks: 4"
D: Shampoo: Apply 2 Cth, 2x/week, then shampoo weekly.
Topical: Apply as needed
KI: Hypersensitivity, pre-pubertal children, taking lithium,
Thyroid disorders (do not use regularly)
ES: Irritation in area of use, Interference with thyroid function.
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

D. Bekerja Pada Uterus
Oxytocin
Methylergometrine/ Methylergonovine
Isoxsuprine
Ritodrine
Dinoprostone

Oxytocin
-- Nine–amino acid peptide produced in hypothalamus and
secreted by posterior pituitary in pulsatile fashion. Uterine
receptors for oxytocin increase during the weeks before onset
of labor, with sharpest increase just before labor.
I: Inducing) labour, Stimulating labour when the contractions are
considered too weak, post-partum haemorrhage, During
caesarian section, Management of certain types of miscarriage
BSO: Injection: 10 U/mL
Solution, nasal: 40 U/mL
D: Injection: Start or continue labor:
0.5-2 miu/ menit IV pelan. Titrasi dosis tiap 15-60 menit.
Incomplete abortion, causing abortion, or controlling bleeding
after an abortion: 10 U IV pelan.
Control bleeding after delivery: 10 U IV pelan/ IM
KI: Hipersensitif; unfavorable fetal position and a contracting
uterus with hypertonic or hyperactive patterns; nonreassuring
fetal status and remote from delivery; labor in which vaginal
delivery should be avoided (eg, invasive cervical carcinoma,
cord presentation or prolapse, active herpes genitalis, total
placenta previa, vasa previa)
IO: Pressor effect of sympathomimetics may increase when
used concomitantly, causing postpartum hypertension
ES: Nausea and vomiting, Spasms of the uterus, Bleeding,
arrhythmias, Skin rashes, Fall in blood pressure (causing
dizziness, lightheadedness, feeling faint), Difficulty in breathing,
Shock, High doses may cause very strong contractions of the
womb, resulting in tearing of the womb, tissue damage or
distress to the baby, Water intoxication and hiponatremia.
Preg: X
P: An overstimulated uterus can be hazardous to mother and
fetus; hypertonic contractions can occur in patients with
uteruses hypersensitive to oxytocin, regardless of whether
administered appropriately; has intrinsic antidiuretic effect that
can cause water intoxication when administered by continuous
infusion and patient is receiving fluids PO

Methylergometrine/ Methylergonovine
I: Prevention and treatment of postpartum and postabortion
hemorrhage caused by uterine atony or subinvolution
BSO: Injection: 0.2 mg/mL, Tablet: 0.2 mg
D: Dosis
KI: Induction of labor, threatened spontaneous abortion,
hypertension, toxemia, hypersensitivity to methylergonovine or
any component, pregnancy
P: Use caution in patients with sepsis, obliterative vascular
disease, hepatic, or renal involvement, hypertension; administer
with extreme caution if using I.V.
ES: >10%: Cardiovascular: Hypertension
1% to 10%: Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting
IO: Augmented effects may occur with concurrent use of
methylergonovine and vasoconstrictors or ergot alkaloids
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Ritodrine
I: The management of pre-term labour
BSO: Infusion, in D5W: 0.3 mL. Amp: 10 mg/mL. Tab 10 mg
D: Extended-release capsules: 1st 40 mg/8 hours
until 37th week of pregnancy.
Tablets: 10 mg/2 hours after stops IV ritodrine. After that, 10- 20
mg/ 4-6 hours. until your 37th week of pregnancy.
For injection: 50-350 mcg/ minute IV
KI: Antepartum haemorrhage, Chorioamnionitis, Cord
compression, IUFD, Maternal cardiac disease, eclampsia
P: pulmonary oedema, hypertension, Hyperthyroidism, Mild-
moderate pre-eclampsia
ES: Antepartum haemorrhage, Chorioamnionitis, Cord
compression, Intra uterine foetal death, Maternal cardiac
disease, eclampsia, tremor, Sweating, pulmonary oedema,
palpitations, Nausea and vomiting, Flushing, Inflammation of
parotid glands, tachycardia, Wheezing
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Yutopar
Dinoprostone
I: Starting (inducing) labour (childbirth)
BSO: Insert, vaginal: 10 mg
Gel, endocervical: 0.5 mg in 3 g syringes
Suppository, vaginal: 20 mg
D: To thin and widen the opening of the cervix just before labor:
* Cervical Gel: 0.5 mg into the canal of cervix.
* Vaginal gel: 1 mg into vagina. 1-2 mg 6hours after first dose.
* Supp: 20 mg into vagina q3-5 hours as needed.
* System: 10 mg into vagina.
KI: Current heart, lung, liver or kidney disease, labour has
already started, history of major surgery on the uterus & cervix.
had more than three full term pregnancies, pelvic inflammatory
disease, IUFD, there may be a problem in delivery, placenta
praevia, unexplained vaginal bleeding
P: more than one baby, KPD, abnormally strong contractions of
the womb in a previous pregnancy, History of asthma &
glaucoma, hypertension, Gestational diabetes, hypothyroidism,
Women > 35 years, over 40 weeks pregnant
ES: Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhoea, Abnormally strong
contractions of the womb, Problems with the baby's heart rate,
Foetal distress, Tearing of the womb wall if the contractions are
very strong or prolonged, disseminated intravascular
coagulation – DIC, Vaginal swelling (oedema)
IO: Increased effect of oxytocics
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Prostin E2

E. Inkontinensia & Frekuen
Flavoxate
Tolterodine

Flavoxate
I: Incontinence, nocturia, Pain in the bladder/above the pubic
bone, dysuria, urinary frequency, Spasms of the bladder or
urethra due to catheters, cystoscopy or urinary tract surgery,
urinary urgency
BSO: Tablet, film coated: 100 mg
D: Adults and > 12 years= 100-200 mg 3-4x/hr.
KI: Bleeding from the stomach or intestines, intestinal
obstruction, achalasia, ileus, Obstruction of the urinary tract
P: Elderly people, Glaucoma
ES: Headache, tachycardia, Diarrhoea, Drowsiness, Confusion,
vertigo, palpitations, Nausea and vomiting, dysuria,
Nervousness, urticaria, hyperpyrexia, Blurred vision, Dry mouth
IO: -
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Uroxal

Tolterodine
I: Urinary frequency, urinary urgency, urinary incontinence
D: 2 mg 2x/hari. Extended-release capsules: 4 mg 1x/hr.
KI: Urinary retention, Closed angle glaucoma, myasthenia
gravis, ulcerative colitis, toxic megacolon, Pregnancy,
Breastfeeding, glucose-galactose malabsorption
Obstruction of the outflow of urine from the bladder, autonomic
neuropathy, Hiatus hernia, 'prolonged QT interval', Heart
diseases, bradycardia, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia,
hypocalcaemia
ES: Dry mouth, Dryness of the skin and eyes, dyspepsia, Cons-
tipation, Vomiting, Blurred vision, Nervousness, somnolence,
paraesthesia, Fatigue, Headache, urinary retention, peripheral
oedema, tachycardia, Hallucinations, arrhythmias
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Detrusitol

F. Disfungsi Ereksi
Sildenafil
Vardenafil
Tadalafil

Sildenafil
I: Impotence (erectile dysfunction)
D: Erectile dysfunction:
Adults-< 65 = 50 mg single dose, 1 h before coitus. Alternatively
30'-4 hours before coitus. daily dose 25-100 mg.
Adults > 65 = 25 mg
If taking protease inhibitors, such as for the treatment of HIV: 25
mg dose, max single dose of 25 mg of Viagra in a 48 hour
period.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension: 20 mg 3x/hari.

KI: Women, Children < 18 years of age, severe heart disorders,
hypotension, taking any form of nitrate medications, eg glyceryl
trinitrate, Severely decreased liver function, Hereditary
degeneration of the back of the eyeball (retina), such as retinitis
pigmentosa, Rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance,
Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption.

# This medicine is not recommended for people who have ever
experienced an eye condition called non-arteritic anterior
ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). This condition causes a
sudden, partial decrease or loss of vision in one or both eyes
due to damage to the optic nerve. It can be temporary or
permanent.
cardiovascular disease, aortic stenosis, Bleeding disorders, eg
haemophilia, Active peptic ulcer, Physical abnormality of the
penis, such as severe curvature, scarring or Peyronie's disease
ES: Headache, Flushing, Dizziness, Visual disturbances, Nasal
congestion, palpitations, Indigestion, Eye pain, Red eyes,
arrhythmias, hypotension, hypertension, Fainting, Nosebleeds,
Rash, Persistent painful erection of the penis (priapism), angina
pectoris, cerebrovascular haemorrhage, transient ischaemic
attack
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Viagra

Vardenafil
BSO: Tab 5 mg. 10 mg. 20 mg
D: Erectile dysfunction:
< 65 years: 10 mg as a single dose. 1 hour before coitus.
> 65 years: 5 mg.
KI: Women, Children < 18 years, heart disorders, unstable
angina, history of stroke & stroke, hypotension, Hereditary
degeneration of retina, such as retinitis pigmentosa, Severe
kidney & liver failure, taking any form of nitrate medications, eg
glyceryl trinitrate, taking protease inhibitors to treat HIV
infection, eg ritonavir, indinavir.
permanent.

P: Elderly men, cardiovascular disease, aortic stenosis,
'prolonged QT interval', hypokalaemia, Bleeding disorders, eg
haemophilia, Active peptic ulcer, Physical abnormality of the
penis, such as severe curvature, scarring or Peyronie's disease
Conditions such as sickle cell disease, bone cancer or
leukaemia in which there is an increased risk of prolonged
erections (priapism), Decreased kidney & liver function
ES: Headache, Flushing, Dizziness, rhinitis, dyspepsia,
Nausea, Visual disturbances, such as blurred vision, blue/green
tinge to vision, watery eyes, Sleepiness, Increased heart rate,
palpitations, hypertension, hypotension, syncope, Shortness of
breath, Nosebleeds, photosensitivity, Pain or increased tension
in the muscles, Prolonged or painful erections, Anxiety.
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Levitra

Tadalafil
D: Erectile dysfunction: 10 mg single dose, 30 minutes before
coitus.
Erectile dysfunction (daily use): 2.5 mg 1x/day, without coitus.
KI: Women, Children < 18 years, heart disorders, heart attack
or stroke in the last three months, arrhythmias, hypertension,
hypotension, glucose-galactose malabsorption, taking any form
of nitrate medications, eg glyceryl trinitrate.
permanent.
P: Decreased liver & kidney function, cardiovascular disease,
Conditions such as sickle cell disease, bone cancer or
leukaemia in which there is an increased risk of prolonged
erections (priapism), Physical abnormality of the penis, such as
severe curvature, scarring or Peyronie's disease
ES: Headache, dyspepsia, Dizziness, Flushing, Nasal
congestion, Back pain, myalgia, Eye pain, hyperaemia, Swelling
of the eyelids, Visual disturbances, hypertension, hypotension,
syncope, Chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia, Sweating,
Prolonged or painful erections
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
1. Cialis

VIII. METABOLIK
A. INSULIN
B. ORAL DIABETIK AGENT
C. ANTI HIPERLIPIDEMIA
D. PREPARAT TIROID
E. ANTI TIROID
F. ANTI OSTEOPOROSIS & METABOLISME TULANG

A. Insulin
Insulin

Insulin
Stimulates cellular uptake of potassium within 20-30 min.
Administer glucose along with insulin to prevent hypoglycemia.
Monitor blood sugar levels frequently.
I: IDDM
BSO: Vial 40 mg/cc, 100 mg/cc
Penfill 100 U/mL
D: Inj SC 15-30 menit sblm makan &atau sblm tidur.

10 U IV and either 50 mL D50W bolus or 500 mL D10W >1 h
Paed.
0.5-1 g/kg IV followed by 1 U of regular insulin per 3 g glucose
KI: Hipersensitif; hypoglycemia
ES: hypoglycaemia, Cough, Shortness of breath, Throat
irritation, Dry throat, Nosebleeds, pharyngitis, Wheezing,
bronchospasm, Alteration in your voice, Pain at the back of the
throat, Dry mouth, Tonsil disorder, Chest pain, Allergy.
IO: Medications that may decrease hypoglycemic effects of
insulin include acetazolamide, AIDS antivirals, asparaginase,
phenytoin, nicotine isoniazid, diltiazem, diuretics,
corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, thyroid estrogens, ethacrynic
acid, calcitonin, oral contraceptives, diazoxide, dobutamine,
phenothiazines, cyclophosphamide, dextrothyroxine, lithium
carbonate, epinephrine, morphine sulfate, and niacin;
medications that may increase hypoglycemic effects of insulin
include calcium, ACE inhibitors, alcohol, tetracyclines, beta-
blockers, lithium carbonate, anabolic steroids, pyridoxine,
salicylates, MAOIs, mebendazole, sulfonamides,
phenylbutazone, chloroquine, clofibrate, fenfluramine,
guanethidine, octreotide, pentamidine, and sulfinpyrazone
Preg: B
P: Hyperthyroidism may increase renal clearance of insulin and
may need more insulin to treat hyperkalemia; hypothyroidism
may delay insulin turnover, requiring less insulin to treat
hyperkalemia; monitor glucose carefully; dose adjustments of
insulin may be necessary in patients diagnosed with renal and
hepatic dysfunction
Nama Dagang: Lantus
B. Oral Diabetik agent
Glibenclamide
Metformin
Gliclazide
Glipizide
Glimepiride
Chlorpropamide
Nateglinide
Acarbose
Rosiglitazone
Gliquidone
Pioglitazone

Glibenclamide
I: Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes, when diet has failed
to fully control blood sugar
BSO: Tab 2.5 mg. 5 mg
D: 2.5-5 mg 1x/hari pagi sebelum makan

KI: IDDM, Diabetic keto-acidosis, coma or precoma, Severely
decreased liver & kidney function, Severe problems with the
production of natural steroid hormones by the adrenal glands
# Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, porphyrias
P: Elderly people, Decreased kliver & idney function
pain, hypoglycaemia, Temporary visual disturbances at start of
treatment, Weight gain, Allergic skin rashes, Disturbance in liver
function, hepatitis, Cholestatic jaundice, Disturbances in the
normal numbers of blood cells in the blood
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Metformin
Reduces hepatic glucose output, decreases intestinal
absorption of glucose, and increases glucose uptake in the
peripheral tissues (muscle and adipocytes). Major drug used in
obese patients who have type 2 DM.
I: NIDDM, Polycystic ovary syndrome (unlicensed use).
BSO: Tablet: 500 mg, 625 mg, 750 mg, 850 mg, 1000 mg
D: Tab: Metformin alone: Dws: 500 mg 2-3x/hari,or 850 mg 1x
pagi d.c . Increase per week, max 2550 mg/hari.

Metformin with insulin: 500 mg/hari, increase 500 mg/mgg
Anak max 2 g/hari.
Extended-release tab:
Dws: Metformin alone: 500 mg 1x/hari sore, max 2 g/hr.
Metformin with insulin: 500 mg/hari, increase 500 mg/mgg
KI: Hipersensitif; acute myocardial infarction; septicemia; renal
disease

IO: Diuretics, thyroid products, PO contraceptives, phenytoin,
calcium channel–blocking drugs; phenothiazines may decrease
effects; cimetidine may increase levels
Preg: B
P: Caution in renal insufficiency; discontinue therapy before
performing any surgical procedures; impaired liver function
Nama Dagang:

Gliclazide
I: NIDDM
BSO: Tab 30 mg
D: 30-120 mg dosis tunggal
KI: Children < 12 years, Allergy, IDDM, Diabetic ketoacidosis,
Coma or pre-coma, Severely decreased liver & kidney function,
porphyrias, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding.
hypothyroidism, pituitary insufficiency, adrenal insufficiency,
Malnutrition, Severe vascular disease (coronary heart dis).
ES: Diarrhoea, constipation, indigestion, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain, Temporary visual disturbances at start of
treatment, hypoglycaemia, Skin reactions, Disturbances in the
normal levels of blood cells in the blood, jaundice, hepatitis
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Glipizide
I: Diabetes
Tablet, extended release: 5 mg, 10 mg
D: 1st line: Dws: glipizide 2.5 mg (+ Metformin 250 mg) 1x/hr
. 2nd line: glipizide 2.5 mg (+ Metformin 500 mg) 2x/hr

KI: Life long inherited blood diseases which can cause a variety
of symptoms, including mental health problems (porphyrias)
P: Elderly people, Kidney & liver disease
ES: Drowsiness, Diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain, hypoglycaemia, Dizziness, Weight gain, Skin
rashes
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Glimepiride
I: NIDDM
D: Dws Rosiglitazone 4 mg (glimepiride 1 mg), or Rosiglitazone
4 mg (glimepiride 2 mg) 1x/hari.
KI: IDDM, Diabetic keto-acidosis, coma or precoma, Severely
decreased liver & kidney function, porphyrias, Pregnancy,
Breastfeeding, Allergy.
P: Elderly people, Decreased kidney & liver function, Problems
with the adrenal glands production
pain, Temporary visual disturbances at start of treatment,
Weight gain, hypoglycaemia, Allergic, Disturbance in liver
function, hepatitis, Cholestatic jaundice
O:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Chlorpropamide
Sulfonylurea
I: NIDDM
D: Adults: 250 mg/day in, 100-125 mg/day in older patients
Increased/ decreased by 50-125 mg/day at 3- to 5-day intervals
Maintenance dose: 100-250 mg/day; avoid doses >750 mg/day
At higher dosages, sulfonylureas may block the ATP-sensitive
potassium channels, which may correspond to an increased risk
of cardiovascular events. In May, 2000, the National Diabetes
Center issued a warning to avoid the use of sulfonylureas at
higher dosages (chlorpropamide daily doses >100 mg).
KI: Porphyrias
P: Elderly people, Liver & Kidney disease, hypoglycaemia
ES: Allergic, hypoglycaemia, facial flushing, Weight gain,
Headache, Increased sensitivity to sunlight, Blood disorders,
Skin rashes, Diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain

IO: Decreased effect: Thiazides and hydantoins (eg, phenytoin)
decrease chlorpropamide effectiveness may increase blood
glucose
Increased toxicity:
Increases alcohol-associated disulfiram reactions
Increases oral anticoagulant effects
Salicylates may increase chlorpropamide effects may decrease
blood glucose
Sulfonamides may decrease sulfonylureas clearance
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Nateglinide
I: Additional treatment of type 2 diabetes that is poorly
controlled by metformin alone
D: Dws: 60-120 mg 3x/hari

KI: Breastfeeding, Diabetic keto-acidosis, Pregnancy, Severely
decreased liver function, Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes
P: Elderly people, pituitary insufficiency, adrenal insufficiency,
Malnutrition, Moderate to severely decreased kidney function,
Moderately decreased liver function, Weak or debilitated people
ES: Headache, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Hypoglycaemia,
Indigestion (dyspepsia), Alteration in results of liver function
tests, Allergic skin reactions
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Starlix

Acarbose
I: NIDDM
BSO: Tablet: 50 mg, 100 mg.
D: Dws: 25 mg 3x/hari.
KI: Breastfeeding, Children < 12 years
P: Increased gas formation in the gut, Decreased liver function,
Inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's
disease, decreased kidney function, partial intestinal
obstruction, Pregnancy, Ulceration of the colon
ES: Abdominal distension, hepatitis, borborygmi, flatulence,
Rash, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Alteration in results of liver
function tests
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Glucobay 50/ Glucobay 100

Rosiglitazone
I: NIDDM
D: Dws: 4 mg 1x/hari, or 2 mg 2x/hr. increase setelah 2-3 bln, 8
mg 1x/hari atau 4 mg 2x/hari.
KI: Heart failure, Decreased liver function, Diabetic ketoacidosis
& pre-coma, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, glucose-galactose
malabsorption, children < 18 years of age.
P: Elderly people, Decreased kidney function, Heart disease,
low haemoglobin levels, macular oedema.
ES: Hypoglycaemia, oedema, Constipation, anaemia,
hyperlipidaemia, Weight gain, Increased appetite, Headache,
Fatigue, Dizziness, Pain in the muscles, paraesthesia,
dyspnoea, Heart failure, thrombocytopenia, Abnormal liver
function, pulmonary oedema, macular oedema.
IO: Substrate for cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme 2C8 (CYP2C8);
minor metabolism by CYP2C9
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Avandia
Gliquidone
I: NIDDM
BSO: Tab 30 mg
D: Awal 15 mg 1x/hr pagi sebelum makan pagi.

Titrasi sampai 45-60 mg/hari 2-3x/hr. Maks dosis tunggal 60
mg. Maks dosis harian 120 mg,
KI: Porphyrias
P: Elderly people, Liver disease
ES: Headache, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain, hypoglycaemia, Weight gain, Blood disorders,
Skin rashes
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Pioglitazone
I: NIDDM
D: 15-30 mg 1x/hari.
KI: Heart failure, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Decreased liver function
# People having kidney dialysis, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding,
glucose-galactose malabsorption, children < 18 years of age.
P: People > 75 years of age, Heart disease, low haemoglobin
levels, macular oedema.
ES: Visual disturbances, Weight gain, Decreased sense of
touch, Upper airway infections, anaemia, arthralgia, Headache,
oedema, haematuria, Impotence, Dizziness, flatulence,
insomnia, hypoglycaemia (particularly if taken in combination
with a sulphonylurea medicine, eg gliclazide, or insulin),
glycosuria, proteinuria, Sweating
IO:
Nama Dagang:

C. Anti Hiperlipidemia
Simvastatin
Pravastatin
Fluvastatin
Lovastatin
Atorvastatin
Rosuvastatin
Colestyramine
Fenofibrate
Gemfibrozil
Ciprofibrate
Ezetimibe

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors:
Simvastatin
Inhibits cholesterol synthesis and increases cholesterol
metabolism.
I: Hypercholesterolaemia, High levels of triglycerides and
lipoproteins.
BSO: Tablet: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg
D: Dws: 20-40 mg 1x/hari.
Anak 10-17 thn: 10 mg 1x/hari, max 40 mg/hari
KI:
Hipersensitif; active liver disease; unexplained elevation of liver
enzymes; Preg:; breastfeeding
IO:
Mibefradil, cyclosporine, itraconazole, ketoconazole,
gemfibrozil, niacin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and
nefazodone increase toxicity; coadministration with warfarin
may increase PT; rifampin and nicotinic acid may decrease
effects; coadministration with either niacin or erythromycin has
been associated with rhabdomyolysis
ES: abdominal pain, constipation, flatulence, feeling of
weakness, headache, dizziness, paraesthesia, indigestion,
nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, anaemia, liver disorders, rash
or itching, hair loss, muscle disorders, depression, sleep
disturbances, memory loss, sexual problems.
Preg: X
P:
May elevate creatine kinase and transaminase levels;
discontinue therapy if symptoms of myopathy or renal failure
develop; caution in patients with a history of liver disease and in
those who consume excessive amounts of alcohol
Nama Dagang:

Pravastatin
lipoproteins.
D: Dws: 40 mg 1x/hari.
Anak 8-13 thn: 20 mg 1x/hari.
KI:
Hipersensitif; active liver disease; unexplained elevations in
liver function tests; Preg:; breast-feeding
IO:
Immunosuppressive agents, gemfibrozil, clofibrate,
cholestyramine, niacin, and erythromycin increase toxicity; may
increase the PT when coadministered with warfarin;
coadministration with either niacin or erythromycin has been
associated with rhabdomyolysis
ES: Dizziness, Headache, Visual disturbances, indigestion,
nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain,
flatulence, Skin reactions such as rash and itch, Increased
urination, Fatigue, myalgia or arthralgia, Muscle weakness &
cramps, Alteration in results of liver function tests, paraesthesia,
Liver disorders, rhabdomyolysis, Depression, insomniac,
Memory loss, Sexual problems.
Preg: X
P:
May elevate creatine kinase and transaminase levels; caution in
liver disease and ethanol abuse
Nama Dagang:

Fluvastatin
lipoproteins.
D: Dws: Tab: 20-40 mg 1x sore hari.
Extended-release tab: 80 mg 1x/hari
KI:
liver function tests; Preg:; breastfeeding
IO:
Toxicity increases when coadministered with triazole
antifungals, CNS depressants, macrolide antibiotics, mibefradil,
immunosuppressive agents, gemfibrozil, and niacin;
coadministration with warfarin may increase PT; rifampin,
nicotinic acid, bile acid sequestrants, and propranolol may
decrease effects
Preg: X
P:

photosensitivity may occur with prolonged exposure to sunlight
or tanning equipment
Nama Dagang:
Lescol/ Lescol XL

Lovastatin
I: Adjunct to dietary therapy to decrease elevated serum total
and LDL cholesterol concentrations in primary
hypercholesterolemia; primary prevention of coronary artery
disease (patients without symptomatic disease with average to
moderately elevated total and LDL cholesterol and below
average HDL cholesterol)
D: Tab: Dws: 20 mg 1x/hari sore hari , increase dose

q4wk, max 80 mg/hari. Anak: setengah dosis dewasa.
Extended-release tab: max 60 mg/hr.
KI:
liver function tests; Preg:; breastfeeding
IO:
Mibefradil, cyclosporine, itraconazole, ketoconazole,
gemfibrozil, niacin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and
nefazodone increase toxicity; coadministration with warfarin
may increase PT; increases effects of levothyroxine; rifampin,
nicotinic acid, bile acid sequestrants, and propranolol may
decrease effects
Preg: X
P:
Nama Dagang:

Atorvastatin
lipoproteins. Reducing the risk of cardiovascular events.
D: 10-20 mg 1x/hari, titrate to max 80 mg/hari
KI:
Hipersensitif; significant hepatic impairment; Preg:;
breastfeeding
IO:
Toxicity increases when coadministered with triazole
antifungals, CNS depressants, macrolide antibiotics, mibefradil,
cyclosporine, fibric acid derivatives, and niacin; increases
toxicity of levothyroxine; coadministration with warfarin may
increase the PT
ES: Headache, insomnia, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea,
vomiting or abdominal pain, flatulence, Muscle pain, .Feeling of
weakness, Dizziness, angina, Back pain, joint pain, alopecia,
Loss of appetite, Muscle cramps, Skin reactions,
thrombocytopenia, Weight gain, Memory loss, Depression,
Sexual problems, Liver disorders, .Muscle disorders, Changes
in blood sugar levels.
Preg: X
P:
May elevate creatine kinase and transaminase levels; caution in
patients receiving drugs that prolong QRS or QT interval;
Nama Dagang: Lipitor

Rosuvastatin
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that in turn decreases cholesterol
synthesis and increases cholesterol metabolism. Reduces total-
C, LDL-C, and TG levels and increases HDL-C level. Used
adjunctively with diet and exercise to treat
hypercholesterolemia.
I: Primary, familial & mixed hyperlipidaemia
BSO: Tab salut selaput 10 mg. 20 mg
D: 5-10 mg PO qd initially; may increase dose if needed, max
40 mg/d; for marked hypercholesterolemia (ie, LDL-C >190 mg/
dL), initiate with 20 mg/d PO
KI:
Hipersensitif; active liver disease; unexplained serum
transaminase elevation
IO:
Cyclosporine or gemfibrozil significantly increase Cmax and AUC,
thereby increasing myopathy and rhabdomyolysis risk; limit
dose to 5 mg/d when coadministered with cyclosporine and 10
mg/d when coadministered with gemfibrozil; coadministration
with aluminum and magnesium hydroxide antacids decreases
plasma concentrations (administer antacids 2 h after
rosuvastatin); may increase oral contraceptive plasma
concentrations; alcohol may increase hepatotoxic risk
ES: Headache, Dizziness, Abdominal pain, Constipation,
Nausea, myalgia, asthenia, Skin reactions, myopathy,
rhabdomyolysis, arthralgia, Alteration in results of liver function
tests, proteinuria, hepatitis, Depression, Sleep disturbances,
Memory loss, Sexual problems.
Preg: X
P: Common adverse effects include muscle aches, stomach
pain, constipation, nausea, and weakness; may cause
myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and kidney failure; monitor LFTs (ie,
baseline, 12 wk after drug initiation and any dose elevation, and
semiannually), discontinue if elevation persists; decrease dose
with CrCl <30 mL/min; doses 40 mg or greater associated with
hematuria and proteinuria
Nama Dagang: Crestor

Colestyramine
I: Adjunct in the management of primary hypercholesterolemia;
pruritus associated with elevated levels of bile acids; diarrhea
associated with excess fecal bile acids; binding toxicologic
agents; pseudomembraneous colitis
BSO: Bubuk 4 g
D: High cholesterol or pruritus (itching) related to biliary
obstruction: 4 g 1-2x/hari , increase to 8-24 g 2-6x/hari

Paed. Not established; suggested dosing is 240 mg/kg/d PO
divided bid/tid; max 8 g/d
KI: Hipersensitif; biliary obstruction
IO:
Inhibits absorption of many drugs, including warfarin, thyroid
hormone, amiodarone, NSAIDs, methotrexate, digitalis
glycosides, glipizide, phenytoin, imipramine, niacin, methyldopa,
tetracyclines, clofibrate, hydrocortisone, and penicillin G
ES: >10%: Constipation, heartburn, nausea, vomiting
1% to 10%: Headache, Belching, bloating, diarrhea
Preg: C
P:
Patients may require fat-soluble vitamins and folic acid
replacement with long-term therapy; caution in constipation and
phenylketonuria; administer 1-2 h before or 4-6 h after bile acid
sequestrant
Nama Dagang:
Questran

Fibric acid derivatives
Fenofibrate
Adjunct to dietary therapy in treating hyperlipidemias associated
with hypertriglyceridemia, including type IV and type V. Not
proven to be of use in prevention of coronary artery disease.
I: High levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
(hyperlipidaemia).
D: Hypertriglyceridemia 43 mg 1x/hari
Hypercholesteremia: 130-200 mg 1x/hari.
Tablets:
Hypertriglyceridemia 48-160 mg 1x/hari
Hypercholesteremia: 130-200 mg 1x/hari.
KI: Hipersensitif; hepatic or renal dysfunction, including primary
biliary cirrhosis; unexplained persistent liver function
abnormalities; gallbladder disease; caution in hypothyroidism
IO: May increase effects of warfarin; the benefits and risks of
administration with immunosuppressants and other nephrotoxic
drugs should be considered carefully and the lowest possible
dose used; a theoretical risk of severe myositis,
rhabdomyolysis, and renal failure exists if combined with the
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and close monitoring of serum
creatine kinase is appropriate
ES: Diarrhoea, flatulence, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain,
Headache, Fatigue, vertigo, Skin reactions, photosensitivity,
pancreatitis, deep vein thrombosism, pulmonary embolism,
alopecia, Sexual problems, Alteration in results of liver function
tests, Gallstones, Muscle pain, inflammation, cramps or
weakness, rhabdomyolysis, hepatitis.
Preg: C
P: May cause cholelithiasis or cholecystitis; associated with
myositis and elevated creatine kinase levels, particularly when
used with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; increased incidence
of malignancy
Nama Dagang:

Gemfibrozil
Adjunct to dietary therapy in adult patients with type IV and V
hyperlipidemias presenting at risk for pancreatitis. Adjunctive
therapy in coronary heart disease prevention in patients with
type IIb hyperlipidemia (low HDL, elevated LDL and
triglycerides) not responding to other agents or diet
modifications.
I: Hyperlipidaemia, Prevention of coronary heart disease.
Tablet, film coated: 600 mg
D:
Adults: 600 mg 2x/hari

KI:
Hipersensitif; gallbladder disease; renal or hepatic
insufficiencies
IO:
May potentiate effects of warfarin; closely monitor if
coadministered with lovastatin
ES: Headache, Rash, pruritus, Blurred vision, flatulence,
Impotence, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain, pancreatitis, photosensitivity, jaundice,
angioedema, Dizziness, atrial fibrillation, rhabdomyolysis,
myalgia, myasthenia
Preg: B
P:
Discontinue if reduction in triglyceride levels is not observed
after 3 mo of therapy; monitor for abnormal elevation of ALT,
AST, LDH, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase serum levels;
may increase cholesterol excretion into bile, leading to
cholelithiasis; incidence of myositis is higher among patients
with renal impairment; caution in diabetes and hypothyroidism
Nama Dagang:

Ciprofibrate
I: Primary dyslipoproteinaemias
BSO: Kapl 100 mg
D: Dws 100 mg/hr
KI: Severely decreased kidney & liver function, Pregnancy,
Breastfeeding, glucose-galactose malabsorption, children.
P: Elderly people, Decreased liver & kidney function
nephrotic syndrome, hypoalbuminaemia, hypothyroidism,
alcoholism.
ES: Headache, vertigo, Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhoea,
dyspepsia, Abdominal pain, Alteration in results of liver function
tests, Skin reactions, myalgia, myositis, alopecia, Dizziness,
Drowsiness, Impotence, rhabdomyolysis
IO:
Preg: A, B, C, D, X
Nama Dagang:
Modalim

Ezetimibe
I: Primary, familial hypercholesterolaemia
# A rare inherited disease with raised levels of plant sterols
similar to cholesterol in the blood (homozygous sitosterolaemia
or phytosterolaemia)
BSO: Tab 10 mg
D: High cholesterol: Adults & >10 tahun: 10 mg 1x/hr.

KI: Active liver disease & unexplained raised results in liver
function tests, Pregnancy (if taken with a statin)
# Breastfeeding, glucose-galactose malabsorption
P:
ES: Headache, Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea, Constipation,
flatulence, Nausea, Fatigue, Allergic skin rash, Liver disorders,
myalgia or arthralgia, myopathy or rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Ezetrol

D. Preparat Tiroid
Levothyroxine

Levothyroxine
I: Hypothyroidism.
BSO: Powder for injection, lyophilized: 200 mcg/vial; 500
mcg/vial
Tablet: 25 mcg, 50 mcg, 75 mcg, 88 mcg, 100 mcg, 112 mcg,
125 mcg, 150 mcg, 175 mcg, 200 mcg, 300 mcg
D: Children: Congenital hypothyroidism:
Oral:
0-6 months: 8-10 mcg/kg/day or 25-50 mcg/day
6-12 months: 6-8 mcg/kg/day or 50-75 mcg/day
1-5 years: 5-6 mcg/kg/day or 75-100 mcg/day
6-12 years: 4-5 mcg/kg/day or 100-150 mcg/day
>12 years: 2-3 mcg/kg/day or greater than or equal to 150 mcg/
day
I.M., I.V.: 50% to 75% of the oral dose
Adults:
Oral: Initial: 0.05 mg/day, then increase by increments of 25
mcg/day at intervals of 2-3 weeks; average adult dose: 100-200
mcg/day; maximum dose: 200 mcg/day
I.M., I.V.: 50% of the oral dose
Myxedema coma or stupor: I.V.: 200-500 mcg one time, then
100-300 mcg the next day if necessary
Thyroid suppression therapy: Oral: 2-6 mcg/kg/day for 7-10
days
KI: Thyrotoxicosis.
P: Elderly people, Heart disease decreased function of the
adrenal glands, panhypopituitarism, DM, diabetes insipidus.
ES: Angina, heart palpitations, arrhythmias, tachycardia, muscle
cramps, diarrhoea, vomiting, tremor, restlessness, excitability,
insomnia, headache, flushing, sweating, fever, intolerance to
heat, muscle weakness, weight loss.
IO:
Preg: A
Nama Dagang:

E. Anti Tiroid
Propylthiouracil

Propylthiouracil (PTU)
I: Hyperthyroidism
BSO: Tablet: 50 mg
D: 3x 1 tab. Adjust dosage to maintain T3, T4, and TSH levels in
normal range; elevated T3 may be sole indicator of inadequate
treatment. Elevated TSH indicates excessive antithyroid
treatment.
or
6-10 years: 50-150 mg/day
>10 years: 150-300 mg/day
Maintenance: Determined by patient response or1/3 to 2/3 of
the initial dose in divided doses every 8-12 hours. This usually
begins after 2 months on an effective initial dose.
Adults: Initial: 300 mg/day in divided doses every 8 hours. In
patients with severe hyperthyroidism, very large goiters, or both,
the initial dosage is usually 450 mg/day; an occasional patient
will require 600-900 mg/day; maintenance: 100-150 mg/day in
divided doses every 8-12 hours

Elderly: Use lower dose recommendations; Initial: 150-300
mg/day
Withdrawal of therapy: Therapy should be withdrawn gradually
with evaluation of the patient every 4-6 weeks for the first 3
months then every 3 months for the first year after
discontinuation of therapy to detect any reoccurrence of a
hyperthyroid state.
KI: Children < 6 years, severe allergic reaction.
P: Kidney & liver disease
ES: Blood disorders, Skin rashes, arthralgia, jaundice, alopecia,
pyrexia, hepatitis, pruritis, urticaria, Allergic skin reactions
IO:
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

F. Anti Osteoporosis & Metabolisme Tulang
Alendronate/ Sodium alendronate
Risedronate
Zoledronic acid
Disodium clodronate
Raloxifene
Calcitriol
Calcitonin
Alfacalcidol
Pamidronate

Alendronic acid/ Sodium alendronate
I: # Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in women who
have passed the menopause, men & caused by long-term
treatment with corticosteroids such as prednisolone.
D: Prevention: 5 mg PO qd or 35 mg/wk.
Treatment: 10 mg PO qd or 70 mg PO qwk
Treatment of osteoporosis caused by glucocorticoid treatment:
5 mg 1x/hr, In postmenopausal women not receiving estrogen,
the dose is 10 mg/d.
Paget's disease of bone: 40 mg 1x/hari for 6 bln.
KI:
Hipersensitif; inability to stand or sit upright for at least 30 min;
hypocalcemia; esophageal abnormalities (eg, stricture,
achalasia) that might delay esophageal emptying
IO:
Coadministration with calcium-containing products and other
multivalent cations decreases absorption (separate dosing by

30 min); increased GI distress with aspirin, NSAIDs, or other GI
irritants
Preg: C
P:
Upper GI disease; renal insufficiency (CrCl <35 mL/min); treat
disturbances of mineral metabolism; ensure adequate vitamin D
and calcium intake; discontinue if esophageal reaction (eg,
dysphagia, odynophagia, retrosternal pain, worsening
heartburn) occurs; not for use in women who breastfeed
Nama Dagang:

Risedronate
I: Paget's disease, in which there is excessive breakdown of
bone and increased and irregular formation of bone, causing
the bones to become enlarged, deformed, painful, weak and
prone to breaking.
D: 5 mg/ hr or 35 mg/wk
Paget's disease: 30 mg/d for 2 months
KI:
Hipersensitif; hypocalcemia; inability to stand or sit upright for at
least 30 min
IO:
Coadministration with calcium-containing products and other
multivalent cations decreases absorption (separate dosing by
30 min); caution with aspirin, NSAIDs, or other GI irritants
ES: Diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, indigestion or abdominal
pain, Headache, musculoskeletal pain, dysphagia, gastritis,
duodenitis, oesophagitis, Ulceration of oesophagus, iritis,
glossitis, Leg cramps, Dizziness, Flu-like symptoms, Dry eyes,
hypocalcaemia, peripheral oedema, Weight loss, tinnitus,
Muscle weakness, Skin reactions, eg rash
Preg: C
P:
Upper GI disease; renal insufficiency (CrCl <30 mL/min); correct
any preexisting hypocalcemia or other mineral or bone
disturbances prior to starting therapy; ensure adequate vitamin
D and calcium intake; discontinue if esophageal reaction (eg,
dysphagia, odynophagia, retrosternal pain, worsening
heartburn) occurs; not for use in women who breastfeed
Nama Dagang:

Zoledronic acid
I: Managing bone complications (such as bone pain, bone
damage or hypercalcaemia) in multiple myeloma or breast
cancer that has spread to the bone
# Reducing hypercalcaemia caused by tumours.
BSO: Vial 4 mg/5cc
D: 4 mg infuse iv tiap 3-4 mgg
KI: Hypocalcaemia, Allergy, Children, Pregnancy,
Breastfeeding, decreased kidney function.
P: Decreased kidney function, Dehydration.
ES: Flu-like symptoms, fever, Fatigue, Headache, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, Loss of appetite,
conjunctivitis, Anaemia, Bone pain, hypocalcaemia or
hypophosphataemia, Dizziness, Blurred vision, insomnia,
Shortness of breath, Kidney problems, Rash or itching.
Preg: D
Nama Dagang: Zometa

Disodium Clodronate/ Clodronic acid
I: Managing bone complications (such as bone pain, bone
damage or hypercalcaemia) in multiple myeloma or breast
cancer that has spread to the bone
# Reducing hypercalcaemia caused by tumours.
BSO: Kaps 400 mg. Kons Infus 60 mg/cc
D: 1.6-3.2 g/hr . Konsentrat infuse
KI: Children, Allergy, taking other bisphosphonate medicines,
Severely decreased kidney function, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding.
P: Decreased kidney function.
ES: Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhoea, Skin reactions such as
rash or itching, Kidney problems, bronchospasm
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Bonefos

Raloxifene
Nonsteroidal benzothiophene that acts as estrogen agonist on
bone, decreasing bone resorption. Shown to increase BMD at
spine and hip but to a lesser extent than estrogen therapy.
Recommended for use in women at moderate risk for
osteoporosis who are unwilling or unable to take estrogen, who
have infrequent vasomotor symptoms of menopause (eg, hot
flashes), and who are at low risk for cardiovascular disease and
moderate-to-high risk for breast cancer.
Studies demonstrate 40-50% risk reduction in vertebral fracture.
I: Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal
BSO: Tablet: 60 mg
D: 60 mg 1x/d,
KI: Hipersensitif; thrombophlebitis
IO: May antagonize warfarin; avoid with anion exchange resins
(eg, cholestyramine); caution with other drugs that are highly
protein bound (eg, diazepam, diazoxide, lidocaine)

ES: Hot flushes, Flu-like symptoms, Leg cramps, peripheral
oedema, DVT, trombocytopenia, dyspepsia, Nausea and
vomiting, Migraine, Headache, Rash, hypertension, Breast pain,
englargement or tenderness, SNH
Preg: X
P:
Not for use in premenopausal women; not recommended for
use with concomitant estrogen replacement therapy;
discontinue 72 h before prolonged immobilization or surgery
associated with thromboembolism and resume once fully
ambulatory; hepatic dysfunction; not recommended for use in
women who breastfeed
Nama Dagang:
Evista

Calcitriol
I: # Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
# The correction of abnormalities of calcium and phosphate
metabolism in renal osteodystrophy.
BSO: Capsule: 0.25 mcg, 0.5 mcg
Injection: 1 mcg/mL; 2 mcg/mL
Solution, oral: 1 mcg/mL
D: Maintain calcium levels of 9-10 mg/dL
Children:
Oral: 0.25-2 mcg/day have been used (with hemodialysis);
0.014-0.041 mcg/kg/day (not receiving hemodialysis); increases
should be made at 4- to 8-week intervals
I.V.: 0.01-0.05 mcg/kg 3 times/week if undergoing hemodialysis
Adults:
Oral: 0.25 mcg/day or every other day (may require 0.5-1
mcg/day); increases should be made at 4- to 8-week intervals
I.V.: 0.5 mcg/day 3 times/week (may require from 0.5-3
mcg/day given 3 times/week) if undergoing hemodialysis

Hypoparathyroidism/pseudohypoparathyroidism: Oral
(evaluate dosage at 2- to 4-week intervals):
Children:
<1 year: 0.04-0.08 mcg/kg once daily
1-5 years: 0.25-0.75 mcg once daily
Children >6 years and Adults: 0.5-2 mcg once daily
Vitamin D-dependent rickets: Children and Adults: Oral: 1 mcg
once daily
Vitamin D-resistant rickets (familial hypophosphatemia):
Children and Adults: Oral: Initial: 0.015-0.02 mcg/kg once daily;
maintenance: 0.03-0.06 mcg/kg once daily; maximum dose: 2
mcg once daily
Hypocalcemia in premature infants: Oral: 1 mcg once daily for 5
days
Hypocalcemic tetany in premature infants: I.V.: 0.05 mcg/kg
once daily for 5-12 days
KI: Hypercalcaemia, allergy, Vitamin D toxicity
P: Children, Decreased kidney function, Monitor blood Ca levels

ES: Headache, Abdominal pain, Thirst, hypersensitivity,
Sweating, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or
abdominal pain, Weakness, arrhythmias, vertigo,
hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphateaemia, Loss of appetite,
somnolence, paralytic ileus, Dehydration, polyuria, Indifference/
apathy, High calcium levels in the urine
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Calcitonin
Inhibits osteoclast activity, thereby slowing bone loss.
I: Preventing bone loss due to sudden immobilisation, for
example as a result of fractures in people with osteoporosis
Paget's disease, hypercalcaemia caused by tumours
BSO: Parenteral and intranasal forms; however, intranasal form
is more convenient and better tolerated. Diminution of benefit
may occur after 20 mo with parenteral form.
Injection: Human: 0.5 mg/vial
Salmon: 200 U/mL
Spray, nasal: Salmon: 200 U/activation (0.09 mL/dose) (2 mL
glass bottle with pump)
D: Injection: Paget's disease, postmenopausal osteoporosis:
100 u IM/SC 1x/d or 3x/wk
Hypercalcemia: 4 U/kg IM/SC tiap 12 jam.
200 IU (1 puff) into 1 nostril 1x/d. It is best to spray into the
nostril on one side one day and the other side the next day.
KI: Hipersensitif
IO:
May potentiate oral anticoagulants and oxyphenbutazone; may
alter insulin effects
ES: Nausea and vomiting, Flushing, Diarrhoea, Inflammation at
site of injection, Dizziness, Skin rash, Metallic taste in mouth
# Increased production of urine
Preg: B
P:
Perform periodic nasal examinations and discontinue if severe
ulceration occurs with nasal spray use; monitor for
hypocalcemic tetany initially and urine sediments over long term
with injectable use; hypocalcemia may occur (supplement with
calcium and vitamin D); examine urine sediment during
prolonged therapy; caution in women who breastfeed
Nama Dagang:

Alfacalcidol
I: # Hypocalcaemia in the neonate, hypoparathyroidism,
hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia, correction of abnormalities
of calcium and phosphate metabolism in renal osteodystrophy.
BSO: Tab 0.25 mcg. 0.5 mcg. 1 mcg
D: 0.5-1 mcg 1x/hr. anak 0.01-0.03 mcg/kg/hr
KI:
P:
ES: Thirst, Sweating, Diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting
or abdominal pain, Hypercalcaemia, Hyperphosphateaemia,
Loss of appetitea
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Pamidronate
I: Hypercalcemia +malignancy; osteolytic bone lesions+multiple
myeloma or metastatic breast cancer; Paget's disease of bone
BSO: Vial 30 mg
D: Hypercalcemia: 60-90 mg IV infuse over 2-24 hours for 3d
Paget's disease: 30 mg IV infuse over 2-24 hours for 3d
Bone metast.: 90 mg IV infuse over 2-24 hours, per 3-4wk or
1x/month.
KI: Previous hypersensitivity to pamidronate or other
biphosphonates
P: Use caution in patients with renal impairment as nephropathy
was seen in animal studies. However, in contrast to reports of
renal failure with other biphosphonates, impairment of renal
function has not been reported with pamidronate in studies to
date. However, further experience is needed to assess the
nephrotoxic potential with higher doses and prolonged
administration. Use caution in patients who are pregnant or in
the breast-feeding period; leukopenia has been observed with
oral pamidronate and monitoring of white blood cell counts is
suggested. Vein irritation and thrombophlebitis may occur with
infusions. Has not been studied exclusively in the elderly;
monitor serum electrolytes periodically since elderly are often
receiving diuretics which can result in decreases in serum
calcium, potassium, and magnesium.
ES: 1% to 10%:
Central nervous system: Malaise, fever, convulsions
Endocrine & metabolic: Hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia,
hypokalemia, fluid overload, hypophosphatemia
Gastrointestinal: GI symptoms, nausea, diarrhea, constipation,
anorexia
Hepatic: Abnormal hepatic function
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Bone pain
Respiratory: Dyspnea
IO: -
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Aredia

IX. VITAMIN & MINERAL
A. VITAMIN
B ANTI OBESITAS

A. Vitamin
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Vitamin B1(Thiamine)
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B Complex
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
Vitamin E
Vitamin H (Biotin)
Vitamin K
Niacin (Nicotinic acid)

Vitamin A (Retinol)
I: Some conditions may increase your need for vitamin A. These
include: Diarrhea, Eye diseases, Intestine diseases, Infections,
Measles, Pancreas disease, Stomach removal, Stress
BSO: Capsule: 10,000 U [OTC], 25,000 U, 50,000 U
Drops, oral (water miscible) [OTC]: 5000 U/0.1 mL
Injection: 50,000 U/mL
Tablet [OTC]: 5000 U
D: * To treat deficiency: 25,000- 50,000 U/d
+ Measles=
Anak 6-12bln= 100,000 U as a single dose.
Anak > 1 thn= 200,000 U as a single dose.
RDA:
<1 year: 375 mcg
1-3 years: 400 mcg
4-6 years: 500 mcg*
7-10 years: 700 mcg*
>10 years: 800-1000 mcg*
Male: 1000 mcg
Female: 800 mcg
* mcg retinol equivalent (0.3 mcg retinol = 1 unit vitamin A)
Note: Use of vitamin A in measles is recommended only for
patients 6 months to 2 years of age hospitalized with measles
and its complications or patients >6 months of age who have
any of the following risk factors and who are not already
receiving vitamin A: immunodeficiency, ophthalmologic
evidence of vitamin A deficiency including night blindness,
Bitot's spots or evidence of xerophthalmia, impaired intestinal
absorption, moderate to severe malnutrition including that
associated with eating disorders, or recent immigration from
areas where high mortality rates from measles have been
observed
Note: Monitor patients closely; dosages >25,000 U/kg have
been associated with toxicity
+ Xerophthalmia (eye disease)
Anak 6-12bln= 100,000 U as a single dose.
Hari ke 1, II dan 4 minggu kemudian.
Anak > 1 thn= 200,000 U as a single dose.
Hari ke 1, II dan 4 minggu kemudian.
Severe deficiency with xerophthalmia: Oral:
Anak 1-8thn= 5000-10,000 U/kg/day for 5 days/until recovery.
Dws & Anak >8thn:
500,000 U/day for 3 days, then
50,000 U/day for 14 days, then
10,000-20,000 U/day for 2 months
Deficiency (without corneal changes): Oral:
Infants <1 year: 100,000 U every 4-6 months
Children 1-8 years: 200,000 U every 4-6 months
Children >8 years and Adults: 100,000 U/day for 3 days then
50,000 U/day for 14 days
Malabsorption syndrome (prophylaxis):
Children >8 years and Adults: Oral:
10,000-50,000 U/day of water miscible product
Dietary supplement: Oral:
Infants up to 6 months: 1500 U/day
Children:
6 months to 3 years: 1500-2000 U/day
4-6 years: 2500 U/day
7-10 years: 3300-3500 U/day
Children >10 years and Adults: 4000-5000 U/day
KI: Hypervitaminosis A, hypersensitivity to vitamin A or any
component; pregnancy if dose exceeds RDA recommendations
P: Evaluate other sources of vitamin A while receiving this
product; patients receiving >25,000 U/day should be closely
monitored for toxicity
ES: 1-10%: Drying or cracking of skin, Hypercalcemia, Weight
loss , Visual changes, Hypervitaminosis A
IO: Decreased effect: Cholestyramine decreases absorption of
vitamin A; neomycin and mineral oil may also interfere with
vitamin A absorption
Increased toxicity: Retinoids may have additive adverse effects
Preg: A, X (if dose exceeds RDA recommendation)
Nama Dagang:

Vitamin B complex
I: Supportive nutritional supplementation in conditions in which
water-soluble vitamins are required like GI disorders, chronic
alcoholism, pregnancy, severe burns, and recovery from
surgery
BSO: Capsule
Solution: 5 mL, 360 mL
D: 1 tab/caps per day
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
I: Beriberi, Wernicke's encephalopathy syndrome, and
peripheral neuritis associated with pellagra, alcoholic patients
with altered sensorium; various genetic metabolic disorders
Tablet: 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg
Tablet, enteric coated: 20 mg
D: US normal daily recommended intakes:
Dws L=1.2-1.5 mg/d. P= 1-1.1 mg/d.
Hamil= 1.5 mg/d
Laktasi= 1.6 mg/d
Anak 7-10 thn= 1 mg/d
Anak 4-6 thn= 0.9 mg/d
Anak < 3 thn= 0.3-0.7 mg/d
Deficiency: Beriberi Dws:Oral, 5-10 mg 3x/d. Anak: 10 mg/d.
KI: Hypersensitivity to thiamine or any component
P: Use with caution with parenteral route (especially I.V.) of
administration

ES: <1%: Cardiovascular collapse and death, warmth, rash,
angioedema, paresthesia
IO: Neuromuscular blocking agents; high carbohydrate diets or
I.V. dextrose solutions increase thiamine requirement
Preg:: A, C (if dose exceeds RDA recommendation)
Nama Dagang:

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
I: Prevent riboflavin deficiency and treat ariboflavinosis
Dws L=1.4-1.8 mg/d. P= 1.2-1.3 mg/d.
Hamil= 1.6 mg/d
Laktasi= 1.7-1.8 mg/d
Anak < 3 thn= 0.4-0.8 mg/d
KI:
P: Riboflavin deficiency often occurs in the presence of other B
vitamin deficiencies
ES: Genitourinary: Discoloration of urine (yellow-orange)
IO: Decreased absorption with probenecid
Preg:: A, B, C, D, X A/C (if dose exceeds RDA
recommendation)
Nama Dagang:

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
I: Vitamin B6 deficiency, pyridoxine-dependent seizures in
infants, adjunct to treatment of acute toxicity from isoniazid,
cycloserine, or hydralazine overdose
Dws L=1.7-2 mg/d. P= 1.4-1.6 mg/d.
Hamil= 2.2 mg/d
Laktasi= 2.1 mg/d
Anak < 3 thn= 0.3-1 mg/d
Deficiency:
10-50 mg PO bid/qid (often 30-100 mg/d)
KI:
Hipersensitif
IO:
May decrease levodopa, phenytoin, and phenobarbital serum
levels
ES: <1%: Sensory neuropathy, seizures have occurred
following I.V. administration of very large doses, headache,
nausea, decreased serum folic acid secretions, increased AST,
paresthesia, allergic reactions have been reported
Preg: A
P:
>200 mg/d may precipitate withdrawal effects when medication
is discontinued
Nama Dagang:

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
I: Alcoholism, hemolytic Anemia, Fever (continuing), Genetic
disorders such as homocystinuria and/or methylmalonic
aciduria, Intestine diseases, Infections (continuing or chronic),
Kidney, Liver, Pancreas, Stomach & Thyroid disease
* Worm infections
BSO:
D: Intranasal gel: Dws 500 mcg 1 nostril per wk.
Tablets or extended-release tab.
US normal daily recommended intakes:
Dws L=2 mcg/d.
Hamil= 2.2 mcg/d
Laktasi= 2.6 mcg/d
Anak 7-10 thn= 1.4 mcg/d
Anak 4-6 thn= 1 mcg/d
Anak < 3 thn= 0.3-0.7 mcg/d
Nama Dagang:

Folic acid
I: Megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folate
deficiency; dietary supplement to prevent neural tube defects
Tablet: 0.1 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.8 mg, 1 mg
D: Infants: 0.1 mg/day
Children <4 years: Up to 0.3 mg/day
Children >4 years and Adults: 0.4 mg/day
Pregnant and lactating women: 0.8 mg/day
RDA:
Adult male: 0.15-0.2 mg/day
Adult female: 0.15-0.18 mg/day
KI: Pernicious, aplastic, or normocytic anemias
P: Doses >0.1 mg/day may obscure pernicious anemia with
continuing irreversible nerve damage progression. Resistance
to treatment may occur with depressed hematopoiesis,
alcoholism, deficiencies of other vitamins. Injection contains
benzyl alcohol (1.5%) as preservative (use care in
administration to neonates).
ES: <1%: Slight flushing, general malaise, pruritus, rash,
bronchospasm, allergic reaction
IO: Decreased effect: In folate-deficient patients, folic acid
therapy may increase phenytoin metabolism. Phenytoin,
primidone, para-aminosalicylic acid, and sulfasalazine may
decrease serum folate concentrations and cause deficiency.
Oral contraceptives may also impair folate metabolism
producing depletion, but the effect is unlikely to cause anemia
or megaloblastic changes. Concurrent administration of
chloramphenicol and folic acid may result in antagonism of the
hematopoietic response to folic acid; dihydrofolate reductase
inhibitors (eg, methotrexate, trimethoprim) may interfere with
folic acid utilization.
Preg: A, C (if dose exceeds RDA recommendation)
Nama Dagang:

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
I: Scurvy =muscle weakness, swollen and bleeding gums, loss
of teeth, and bleeding under the skin, as well as tiredness and
depression. Wounds also do not heal easily.
BSO: Crystals & Powder: 4 g/teaspoonful; 5 g/teaspoonful
Liquid, oral: 35 mg/0.6 mL
Lozenges: 60 mg
Solution & Syrup, oral: 100 mg/mL
I: Oral, I.M., I.V., S.C.: <6 months: 30 mg
6 bln-1 thn= 35 mg
1-3 years: 15 mg; max 400 mg/day
14-18 years: max 1800 mg/day
Males: 75 mg
Females: 65 mg
Adults: max 2000 mg/day
Males: 90 mg
Females: 75 mg;
Pregnant female:
less than or equal to 18 years: 80 mg; max 1800 mg/day
Lactating female:
less than or equal to 18 years: 15 mg; max 1800 mg/day
Adult smoker: Add an additional 35 mg/day
Children:
Scurvy: 100-300 mg/day in divided doses for at least 2 weeks
Urinary acidification: 500 mg every 6-8 hours
Dietary supplement: 35-100 mg/day
Adults:
Scurvy: 100-250 mg 1-2 times/day for at least 2 weeks
Urinary acidification: 4-12 g/day in 3-4 divided doses
Prevention and treatment of colds: 1-3 g/day
Dietary supplement: 50-200 mg/day
Dws L/P= 50-60 mg/d.
Hamil= 70 mg/d
Laktasi= 90-95 mg/d
Smoker= 100 mg/d
Anak 4-10 thn= 45 mg/d
Anak < 3 thn= 30-40 mg/d
Deficiency: Dws: Scurvy: 100-300 mg/d for 2 weeks.
KI: Large doses during pregnancy
P: Diabetics and patients prone to recurrent renal calculi (eg,
dialysis patients) should not take excessive doses for extended
periods of time
ES: 1% to 10%: Renal: Hyperoxaluria with large doses
<1%: Flushing, faintness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, nausea,
vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, flank pain
IO: Aspirin (decreases ascorbate levels, increases aspirin)
Fluphenazine (decreases fluphenazine levels)
Warfarin (decreased effect), Iron (absorption enhanced)
Oral contraceptives (increased contraceptive effect)
Preg: C
Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)
I: Refractory rickets, hypophosphatemia, hypoparathyroidism
BSO: Capsule: 50,000 U [1.25 mg]
Injection: 500,000 U/mL [12.5 mg/mL]
Liquid: 8000 U/mL [200 mcg/mL]
Tablet: 50,000 U [1.25 mg]
D: Oral dosing is preferred; I.M. therapy required with GI, liver,
or biliary disease associated with malabsorption
Premature infants: 10-20 mcg/day (400-800 U), up to 750 mcg/
day (30,000 U)
Infants and healthy Children: 10 mcg/day (400 U)
Adults: 10 mcg/day (400 U)
Renal failure:
Children: 100-1000 mcg/day (4000-40,000 U)
Adults: 500 mcg/day (20,000 U)
Hypoparathyroidism:
Children: 1.25-5 mg/day (50,000-200,000 U) & Ca supplements
Adults: 625 mcg to 5 mg/day (25,000-200,000 U) + Ca
Vitamin D-dependent rickets:
Children: 75-125 mcg/day (3000-5000 U); max: 1500 mcg/day
Adults: 250 mcg to 1.5 mg/day (10,000-60,000 U)
Nutritional rickets and osteomalacia:
Children and Adults (with normal absorption): 25-125 mcg/day
(1000-5000 U)
Children +malabsorption: 250-625 mcg/day (10,000-25,000 U)
Adults +malabsorption: 250-7500 mcg (10,000-300,000 U)
Vitamin D-resistant rickets:
Children: Initial: 1000-2000 mcg/day (40,000-80,000 U) with
phosphate supplements; daily dosage is increased at 3- to 4-
month intervals in 250-500 mcg (10,000-20,000 U) increments
Adults: 250-1500 mcg/day (10,000-60,000 U) with phosphate
supplements
Familial hypophosphatemia: 10,000-80,000 U daily plus 1-2
g/day elemental phosphorus
Osteoporosis prophylaxis: Adults:
51-70 years of age: 400 U/day
>70 years of age: 600 U/day
Maximum daily dose: 2000 U/day
KI: Hypercalcemia, hypersensitivity to ergocalciferol or any
component; malabsorption syndrome; evidence of vitamin D
toxicity
P: Administer with extreme caution in patients with impaired
renal function, heart disease, renal stones, or arteriosclerosis;
must administer concomitant calcium supplementation; maintain
adequate fluid intake; avoid hypercalcemia; renal function
impairment with secondary hyperparathyroidism
ES: Generally well tolerated
IO: Decreased effect: Cholestyramine, colestipol, mineral oil
may decrease oral absorption
Increased effect: Thiazide diuretics may increase vitamin D
effects
Increased toxicity: Cardiac glycosides may increase toxicity
Preg: A, C (if dose exceeds RDA recommendation)
Nama Dagang:

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
I: Dietary supplement, treatment of vitamin D deficiency or
prophylaxis of deficiency
BSO: Tablet: 400 U, 1000 U
D: Adults: Oral: 400-1000 U/day
KI: Hypercalcemia; hypersensitivity to cholecalciferol or any
component; malabsorption syndrome; evidence of vitamin D
toxicity
P:
ES: 1-10%: Irritability, headache, Pruritus, Polydipsia, Nausea,
vomiting, anorexia, pancreatitis, metallic taste, Bone pain,
myalgia, Conjunctivitis, photophobia, Polyuria
IO: Thiazide diuretics, cholestyramine, colestipol,
corticosteroids, mineral oil, phenytoin, barbiturates, digitalis
glycosides, antacids (magnesium)
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Vitamin H (Biotin)
I: Genetic disorder of biotin deficiency, Seborrheic dermatitis in
infants, Surgical removal of the stomach
BSO:
D: Prevent deficiency:
o Adults: 30-100 mcg/day.
o Children 7-10 years of age: 30 mcg/day.
o Children 4-6 years of age—25 mcg/ day.
o Children < 3 years of age—10 -20 mcg/day.
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Vitamin E
Protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in membranes from attack
by free radicals.
I: Hemolytic anemia secondary to vitamin E deficiency, dietary
supplement
BSO: Tab & Caps: 100U, 200U, 400U, 500 U, 600 U, 1000 U
Caps, water miscible: 73.5 mg, 147 mg, 165 mg, 330 mg, 400 U
Cream: 50 mg/g
Drops, oral: 50 mg/mL
Oil & Liquid, topical: 10 mL, 15 mL, 30 mL, 60 mL
Lotion: 120 mL
Ointment, topical: 30 mg/g
D: 1 U vitamin E = 1 mg dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate.
60-75 IU/d PO/IM; study doses for the prevention of coronary
artery disease have ranged from 400-800 IU/d PO
=====
Premature infants <3 months: 17 mg (25 U)
Infants < 6 months: 3 mg (4.5 U)
7-12 months: 4 mg (6 U)
Children:
1-3 years: 6 mg (9 U); max 200 mg/day
4-8 years: 7 mg (10.5 U); max 300 mg/day
Adults: 15 mg (22.5 U); max 1 g/day
Pregnant female:
<18 years: 15 mg (22.5 U); max 800 mg/day
19-50 years: 15 mg (22.5 U); max 1 g/day
Lactating female:
<18 years: 19 mg (28.5 U); max 800 mg/day
19-50 years: 19 mg (28.5 U); max 1 g/day
Vitamin E deficiency:
Children (with malabsorption syndrome): 1 unit/kg/day of water
miscible vitamin E (to raise plasma tocopherol concentrations to
the normal range within 2 months and to maintain normal
plasma concentrations)
Adults: 60-75 U/day
Prevention of vitamin E deficiency: Adults: 30 U/day
Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity or BPD secondary to
O2 therapy: (American Academy of Pediatrics considers this use
investigational and routine use is not recommended):
Retinopathy prophylaxis: 15-30 U/kg/day to maintain plasma
levels between 1.5-2 g/mL (may need as high as 100 U/kg/day)
Cystic fibrosis, beta-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia may require
higher daily maintenance doses:
Cystic fibrosis: 100-400 U/day
Beta-thalassemia: 750 U/day
Sickle cell: 450 U/day
Alzheimer's disease: 1000 U twice daily
Tardive dyskinesia: 1600 U/day
Topical: Apply a thin layer over affected area
KI: Hipersensitif; iron deficiency anemia
IO: Mineral oil decreases absorption of vitamin E; vitamin E
delays absorption of iron and increases effects of
anticoagulants

ES: <1%: Headache, fatigue, contact dermatitis with topical
preparation, nausea, diarrhea, intestinal cramps, weakness,
blurred vision, gonadal dysfunction
Preg: B
P: Large doses of vitamin E may result in vitamin K deficiency,
enhancing the anticoagulant activity of warfarin and increasing
the risk of major and minor bleeding complications, especially in
patients who are also taking antiplatelet medication; necrotizing
enterocolitis may occur

Vitamin K
I: As an antidote to coumarin-type anticoagulants, eg warfarin
Prevention &treatment of bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency
BSO: Inj:Aqueous colloidal & IM only: 2 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL
Tablet: 5 mg
D: Blood clotting, increased bleeding, dietary supplementation:
Menadiol oral: 5-10 mg/day
injection: 5-15 mg IM/SC 1-2x/day
Phytonadione PO/IM/SC: 2.5-25 mg, rarely up to 50 mg.
Prevention of bleeding in newborns: 0.5-1 mg IM/SC, right after
delivery. q6-8 hours, if needed.
KI: Allergy, glucose-galactose malabsorption
P: Elderly people
ES: Decreased appetite, Decreased movement, Difficulty in
breathing, hepatomegali, General body swelling, Irritability,
Muscle stiffness, Paleness, Yellow eyes or skin
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Vit K Kimia Farma

Niacin (Nicotinic acid)
Used in tissue respiration, lipid metabolism, and glycogenolysis.
I: Some conditions: Cancer, DM, Diarrhea (prolonged), Fever
(prolonged), Hartnup disease, Infection (prolonged), Intestinal
problems, Liver disease, Mouth or throat sores, Overactive
thyroid, Pancreas disease, Stomach ulcer, Stress (prolonged),
Surgical removal of stomach
BSO: Extended-release formulation may reduce flushing, an
unpleasant adverse effect that causes 30-40% of patients to
discontinue therapy.
D: Niacin oral: Prevent deficiency: 15-20 mg/day
Adult males: 15-20 mg/ day. females: 13-15 mg/ day.
Pregnant: 17 mg/day, Breast-feeding: 20 mg/day
Children 7 -10 years of age: 13 mg/day
Children 4-6 years of age: 12 mg/day
Infants birth <3 years of age—5-9 mg/ day.
KI: Hipersensitif; active liver disease or unexplained significant
increases in AST and ALT; substantial alcohol consumption;
active peptic ulcer disease; active gout; hyperuricemia
IO: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors increase the risk of
rhabdomyolysis; cutaneous vasodilation may be a problem if
high dose is used with peripheral dilators such as nitroglycerine;
taking aspirin 30-60 min before first dose of the day may help
alleviate prostaglandin-mediated adverse effects (eg, flushing,
itching); clonidine may inhibit niacin-induced flushing; separate
dosing of bile acid sequestrants by at least 4-6 h; may increase
PT when coadministered with warfarin
ES: Injection: Skin rash or itching, Wheezing
Prolonged use of extended-release niacin: Darkening of urine,
Light gray-colored stools, Loss of appetite, stomach pain
Preg: A
P: Caution in patients with gallbladder disease or diabetes in
those predisposed to gout; monitor blood glucose; may elevate
uric acid levels and lower blood phosphate levels; Preg:
category C when used at doses greater than RDA
Nama Dagang:

B. Anti Obesitas
Diethylpropion HCl
Phaseolus vulgaris
Sibutramine
Orlistat
Mazindol

Diethylpropion HCl
Anorexiant, Mengontrol BB dg menurunkan nafsu makan
BSO: Tablet: 25 mg. Tablet, controlled release: 75 mg
D: 1 tab/hr
KI: Hipersensitif, arteriosklerosis lanjut, hipertensi berat,
hipertiroidisme, glaukoma, agitasi/ psikosis akut, riwayat
penylahgunaan obat, ggn afektif & psikiatrik, terapi MAOI. Anak
< 12 th.
P: Hipertensi, pnykt KV, epilepsi, DM, dpt menyebabkan
ketergantungan.
ES: Palpitasi, takikardi, peningkatan TD, nyeri prekordial,
aritmia, stimulasi SSP, pusing, mengantuk, depresi, diskrasia
darah, ggn GI
IO: Antagonisme dg guanetidin & bretilium. Potensiasi dg zat yg
mempengaruhi TD. Meningkatkan insiden aritmia jika
digunakan dg anestesia umum.
Preg::
Nama Dagang: Apisate (diethylpropion HCl 75 mg, Vit B1 5
mg, B2 4 mg, B6 2 mg, nicotinamide 30 mg)
Phaseolus vulgaris
I: Menurunkan BB
BSO: Tab 30
D: 1-2 tab 2x/hr, 10-20 mnt sebelum mengonsumsi karbohidrat.
Ditelan bersama segelas air.
P: Hipersensitif thd kromium & Tanin. Kerusakan hati & ginjal
berat. Hamil & Laktasi
ES: Mual, kembung, konstipasi, diare,. Dpt menyebabkan rasa
tidak nyaman pd GI jika dikonsumsi pd saat perut kosong
IO: Kodein, Efedrin, ß-blocker. Kolkisin sebaiknya diberikan
sesudah 2 jam.Simetidin, kuinolon, Ca karbonat, antasid,
kortikosteroid menurunkan absorbsi kromium. Aspirin & Vit C
meningkatkan absorbsi Kromium.
Preg::
Nama Dagang:
F-Slim (Phaseolus vulgaris 500 mg green tea extr (setara dg
EGCG) 90 mg, chromium polynicotinate 100mcg)

Sibutramine
I: Pasien obesitas dg Indeks Massa Tubuh ≥ 30 kg/m2, atau >
27 kg/m2 pd psien dg factor resiko lai yg berhub. Dg obesitas
(DM, dislipidemia, hipertensi) yg tdk mencapai penurunan BB
scr adekuat hanya melalui diet & atau olahraga saja.
D: 10 mg 1x/hr . Jika tdk tercapai penurunan BB ≥ 2 kg/ 4

mgg. Dosis dinaikkan 15 mg 1x/hr.
KI: Hipersensitif thd Sibutramine HCl, obesitas organic, riwayat
ggn makan, ggn psikiatrik, sindr. Gilles de la tourette,
penggunaan MAOI atau triptofan atau obat yg bekerja scr
sentral, riw pnykt arteri koroner, ggl jntung kongestif, takikardia,
pnykt oklusi arteri perifer, aritmia, pnykt serebrovaskuler,
hipertensi tdk terkontrol (>145/90 mmHg), hipertiroidisme, ggn
hati/ginjal berat, hiperplasia prostate jinak, feokromositoma,
glaucoma sudut sempit, riw penyalahgunaan obat, narkoba
atau alcohol, hamilo, laktasi, anak < 18 th, usia lanjut > 65 th.

P: Cek TD & Denyut nadi selama 3 bln pertama terapi. Ggn
hati/ ginjal, kejang, batu empedu. Dpt mengganggu
kemampuan mengemudi atau menjalankan mesin. Pasien dg
kecenderungan pendarahan & mendapat obat yg
mempengaruhi hemostasis atau fungsi trombosit. Glaukoma
sudut terbuka, punya risiko peningkatan TIO
ES: Kehilangan nafsu makan, konstipasi, mulut kering,
insomnia
IO: MAOI, obat SSP & serotonergik. Obat yg meningkatkan TD
atau denyut jantung atau mempengaruhi metabolisme sitokrom
P450.
Preg:: C
Nama Dagang:
Reductil

Orlistat
I: Obesity
BSO: Kaps 120 mg
D: Dws 120 mg 3x/d .

KI: Chronic malabsorption syndrome, cholestasis, laktasi
P: Diabetes
ES: Headache, Oily spotting from the rectum, Abdominal pain
or discomfort, Flatulence (wind) with discharge, Oily or fatty
stools, Urgent or increased need to open the bowels, Diarrhoea
Infections of the airways, hypoglycaemia in diabetes, Faecal
incontinence, Fatigue, Urinary tract infection, Irregular
menstrual cycle, Anxiety, Tooth or gum disorders, Diverticulitis,
Gall stones, Raised liver enzymes, hepatitis
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:Xenical

Mazindol
I: Short-term adjunct in exogenous obesity
D: 1st: 1 mg 1x/d; usual dose= 1 mg 3x/d or 2 mg 1x/d 1 h a.c ,
take with meals to avoid GI discomfort
KI: Hypersensitivity, severe hypertension/cardiovascular dis.
P: discontinue drug if Tolerance
ES: Palpitation, tachycardia, edema, Insomnia, dizziness,
dysphoria, drowsiness, depression, headache, restlessness,
Rash, clamminess, Changes in libido, Nausea, constipation,
vomiting, xerostomia, polyuria, impotence, Tremor, weakness,
Blurred vision, corneal opacities, Diaphoresis (excessive)
IO: Mazindol may decrease the hypotensive effect of
guanethidine; monitor. Mazindol enhances the pressor effect of
exogenous catecholamines (norepinephrine) and potential
blood pressure increases in patients taking sympathomimetic
medications
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Teronac
X. PREPARAT MATA
A. ANTIINFEKSI & ANTISEPTIK
B. ANTI INFLAMASI
C. ANTIBIOTIK & ANTIINFLAMASI
D. ANTI ALERGI
E. OKULAR DEKONGESTAN
F. MIDRIATIKUM
G. MIOTIKUM
H. GLUKOMA SUDUT TERBUKA & TERTUTUP KRONIK
I. KATARAK
J. KESEHATAN MATA
K. PREPARAT MATA LAIN

A. Antiinfeksi & Antiseptik
Sulfacetamide
Ciprofloxacin
Ofloxacin
Chloramphenicol
Levofloxacin
Dibekacin
Fusidic acid
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Tetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Neomycin
Neomycin, Polymyxin B, and Gramicidin
Aciclovir
Idoxuridine

Sulfacetamide
I: Treatment and prophylaxis of conjunctivitis due to susceptible
organisms; corneal ulcers; adjunctive treatment with systemic
sulfonamides for therapy of trachoma; topical application in
scaling dermatosis (seborrheic); bacterial infections of the skin
BSO: Lotion & Ointment, ophthalmic: 10%
Solution, ophthalmic: 10%; 15%
D: Children >2 months and Adults: Ophthalmic:
Ointment: Apply 1-4 x/day and at bedtime
Solution: Instill 1-3 drops several times daily up to every 2-3
hours in lower conjunctival sac during waking hours and less
frequently at night
Children >12 years and Adults: Topical:
Seborrheic dermatitis: Apply at bedtime and allow to remain
overnight; in severe cases, may apply twice daily
Secondary cutaneous bacterial infections: Apply 2-4 times/day
until infection clears
KI: Hypersensitivity to sulfacetamide or any component,
sulfonamides; infants <2 months of age
P: Inactivated by purulent exudates containing PABA; use with
caution in severe dry eye; ointment may retard corneal epithelial
healing; sulfite in some products may cause hypersensitivity
reactions; cross-sensitivity may occur with previous exposure to
other sulfonamides given by other routes
ES: 1% to 10%: Local: Irritation, stinging, burning
IO: Decreased effect: Silver, gentamicin (antagonism)
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Fusidic acid
I: Konjungtivitis, Impetigo kontagiosum, folikulitis superfisialis,
furunkolosis, sikosis barbae, hidradenitis aksilaris, abses,
paronikia, eritrasma.
BSO: Tetes mata 1%
Krim, salep 2%
D: 1 tts tiap 4 jam, kemudian
Krim/ Salep: tanpa pembalut/ kasa steril: 3-4x/hr. Dg pembalut
gunakan lebih sering. Lama terapi 7 hari
KI: allergy
P:
ES: # Skin rashes
# Skin irritation
# Stinging on application
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Neomycin
I: Orally to prepare GI tract for surgery; topically to treat minor
skin infections; treat diarrhea caused by E. coli; adjunct in the
treatment of hepatic encephalopathy
BSO: Cream & Ointment, topical: 0.5%
Injection: 500 mg
Solution, oral, as sulfate: 125 mg/5 mL
Tablet, as sulfate: 500 mg [base 300 mg]
D: Topical: Use in the eye every eight to twenty-four hours.
P: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment, pre-
existing hearing impairment, neuromuscular disorders;
neomycin is more toxic than other aminoglycosides when given
parenterally; do not administer parenterally; topical neomycin
is a contact sensitizer with sensitivity occurring in 5% to 15% of
patients treated with the drug; symptoms include itching,
reddening, edema, and failure to heal; do not use as
peritoneal lavage due to significant systemic adsorption of the
drug
ES: 1% to 10%:
Dermatologic: Dermatitis, rash, urticaria, erythema
Local: Burning
Ocular: Contact conjunctivitis
IO: Decreased effect: May decrease GI absorption of digoxin
and methotrexate
Increased effect: Synergistic effects with penicillins
Increased toxicity:
Oral neomycin may potentiate the effects of oral anticoagulants
Increased adverse effects with other neurotoxic, ototoxic, or
nephrotoxic drugs
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Neomycin, Polymyxin B, and Gramicidin
I: infections of the eye
BSO: Solution, ophthalmic: Neomycin sulfate 1.75 mg,
polymyxin B sulfate 10,000 U, and gramicidin 0.025 mg per mL
D: 1 drop in the eye 2-4x/day for 7-10 days
serious infection: 1 drop every 15-30 minutes at first.
P: Symptoms of neomycin sensitization include itching,
reddening, edema, failure to heal; prolonged use may result in
glaucoma, defects in visual acuity, posterior subcapsular
cataract formation, and secondary ocular infections
ES: 1-10%: Dermatologic: Itching
Local: Reddening, failure to heal
Ocular: Low grade conjunctivitis
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Idoxuridine
-- Analog of thymidine. Blocks reproduction of herpes simplex
virus by producing incorrect DNA copies that prevent the virus
from infecting or destroying tissue. A 15-40% resistance rate
has been reported. Has not been studied for smallpox infections
and for treatment of orthopoxviruses in humans. Benefit is
theoretical.
I: virus infections of the eye
BSO: Tetes mata 0.1%
D: 1 gtt q1h during the day and q2h at night initially for 7 d;
then, reduce 1 gtt q2h during the day and q4h at night; for 3-7 d
maximum treatment period is approximately 21 d
Alternatively, instill 1 gtt q1min for 5 min and repeat q4h (day
and night);
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Coadministration with solutions that contain boric acid may
result in precipitate formation, which may cause irritation
Preg: C
P:
May cause clouding of the cornea, blurred vision, or lacrimal
punctal occlusions; some strains of herpes simplex appear to
be resistant; use alternate therapy if no lessening of fluorescein
staining in 14 d; do not exceed recommended frequency and
duration of administration
Nama Dagang: Isotic Ixodine

B. Anti Inflamasi
Fluorometholone
Betamethasone
Diclofenac

Fluorometholone
I: Inflammation of the eye and conjunctiva
BSO: Ophthalmic Suspension: 0.1%
D: Ophthalmic ointment: 1-3x/hari
Ophthalmic suspension (eye drops): 1-2 drops 2-4x/d
KI: Fungal eye infection, ocular tuberculosis, Untreated
bacterial eye infection, Viral infections of the eye
P: Any disease causing thinning of the outer layers of the eye
(cornea and sclera), Inflammation of the front of the eye
(cornea) caused by infection with the herpes simplex virus
(herpes simplex keratitis), Recent cataract surgery
ES: cataracts, Visual disturbances, Perforation of the eye ball,
Skin thinning and development of visible veins and/or skin
stripes around the eye, Spreading and worsening of infection,
glaucoma
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Flumetholon
Betamethasone
Medium-strength topical corticosteroid
Suppressing migration of PMN, leukocytes and reversing
capillary permeability. Affects production of lymphokines and
has inhibitory effect on Langerhans cells.
I: Seborrheic or atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, anogenital
pruritus, psoriasis, inflammatory phase of xerosis
BSO: 0.05-0.1% oint for adults and 0.05% for pediatrics.Tetes
mata 0.1%. Krim 0.1%
D: 1-2 tetes 12x/hr
KI: Glaucoma, Herpes simplex virus infection of the eye,
allergy, Perforated ear drum, Red eye due to unknown causes,
Tuberculosis, Viral, bacterial or fungal infections in the area
P:
ES: Spreading of infection, glaucoma, Visual disturbances,
bronchospasm, epistaxis, Local sensitivity reactions,
IO:
Preg: C, D pada trim 1
Nama Dagang: Celestone
C. Antibiotik & Antiinflamasi

D. Anti Alergi
Lodoxamide
Pemirolast

Lodoxamide 0,1%
I: Allergic conjunctivitis
BSO: Solution, ophthalmic: 0.1%
D: 1 drop 4x/day for 3 mo
KI: Known sensitivity or allergy to any ingredient
P: Safety and efficacy in children <2 years of age have not been
established; not for injection; not for use in patients wearing soft
contact lenses during treatment
ES: Headache, Blurred vision, Flushing, Itchiness of the eye,
Dry eyes, lacrimation, Dizziness and nausea, Formation of crust
on the margin of eyelid, Red eye due to excess blood supply
(hyperaemia), Burning and stinging on instillation
IO: -
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Alomide

Pemirolast K
I: Prevent itching of the eye due to allergic conjunctivitis
D: 1-2 drops 4x/day
established; not for injection or oral use; ophthalmic use only;
not indicated to treat contact lens irritation; do not wear contact
lens if eye is red. In non-red eyes, soft contact lenses should
not be applied for 10 minutes after the instillation of pemirolast
potassium to avoid absorption of lauralkonium chloride (a
preservative in Alamast™).
ES: >10%: Headache, Rhinitis, Cold/flu symptoms,
<5%: Fever, Dysmenorrhea, Burning eyes, dry eyes, foreign
body sensation, ocular discomfort, Back pain, Bronchitis, cough,
sinusitis, sneezing/nasal congestion
IO: -
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Alegysal
E. OKULAR DEKONGESTAN
Naphazoline
Tetrahydrozoline
Olopatadine

Naphazoline HCl
I: Topical ocular vasoconstrictor; will temporarily relieve
congestion, itching, and minor irritation, and to control
hyperemia in patients with superficial corneal vascularity;
treatment of nasal congestion; adjunct for sinusitis
BSO: Solution: Drops & Spray: 0.05%
Ophthalmic: 0.012%; 0.02%; 0.03%; 0.1%
D: 1 drop 3x/day
Rebound congestion may occur with extended use; use with
caution in the presence of hypertension, diabetes,
hyperthyroidism, heart disease, coronary artery disease,
cerebral arteriosclerosis, or long-standing bronchial asthma
KI: Hypersensitivity to naphazoline or any component, narrow-
angle glaucoma, prior to peripheral iridectomy (in patients
susceptible to angle block)
P: Rebound congestion may occur with extended use; use with
caution in the presence of hypertension, diabetes,
hyperthyroidism, heart disease, coronary artery disease,
cerebral arteriosclerosis, or long-standing bronchial asthma
ES: 1% to 10%:
Central nervous system: Dizziness, headache, nervousness
Gastrointestinal: Nausea
Local: Transient stinging, nasal mucosa irritation, dryness,
rebound congestion
Ocular: Mydriasis, increased intraocular pressure, blurring of
vision
Respiratory: Sneezing
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Tetrahidrozoline HCl 0,5%
Adrenergic Agonist Agent; Ophthalmic Agent, Vasoconstrictor
I: Nasal congestion and conjunctival congestion
BSO: Ophthalmic: 0.05%
D: Nasal congestion: Intranasal:
Children 2-6 years: 2-3 drops of 0.05% solution q4-6 hours.
Adults: 2-4 drops 0.1% sol q3-4 hours.
no more frequent than every 3 hours
Conjunctival congestion: Ophthalmic: 1-2 drops 2-4 times/day
ES: >10%: Transient stinging, Sneezing
1% to 10%: Tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, heart rate,
Headache, Tremor, Blurred vision
IO: Increased toxicity: MAO inhibitors can cause an
exaggerated adrenergic response if taken concurrently or within
21 days of discontinuing MAO inhibitor; beta-blockers can
cause hypertensive episodes and increased risk of intracranial
hemorrhage; anesthetics
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Phenylephrine hydrochloride
Alpha/Beta Agonist; Ophthalmic Agent, Antiglaucoma;
Ophthalmic Agent, Mydriatic
I: Hypotension, vascular failure in shock; as a vasoconstrictor in
regional analgesia; symptomatic relief of nasal and
nasopharyngeal mucosal congestion; as a mydriatic in
ophthalmic procedures and treatment of wide-angle glaucoma;
supraventricular tachycardia
BSO: Injection: 1% [10 mg/mL]
Nasal solution: Drops: 0.125%: 0.16%: 0.25%: 0.5%
Spray: 0.25%: 0.5% , 1%
Ophthalmic solution: 0.12%: 2.5%: 10%
D: Ophthalmic procedures:
Infants <1 year: 1 drop of 2.5% 15-30 minutes pre-op
Adults: 1 drop of 2.5-10% solution, q10-60 minutes.
Nasal decongestant: (should not exceed 5 continuous days)
2-6 years: 1 drop q2-4 hours of 0.125% solution
6-12 years: 1-2 sprays/ drops q4 hours of 0.25% solution
Adults: 1-2 sprays/ drops q4 hours of 0.25% to 0.5%
; 1% solution may be used in adult in cases of extreme nasal
congestion; do not use nasal solutions more than 3 days
Hypotension/shock:
Children:
I.M., S.C.: 0.1 mg/kg/dose q1-2 hours (max 5 mg)
I.V. bolus: 5-20 mcg/kg/dose q10-15 minutes
I.V. infusion: 0.1-0.5 mcg/kg/minute
Adults:
I.M., S.C.: 2-5 mg/dose q1-2 hours (max 5 mg)
I.V. bolus: 0.1-0.5 mg/dose q10-15 minutes (max 0.5 mg)
I.V. infusion: 10 mg in 250 mL D5W or NS (1:25,000 dilution)
(40 mcg/mL); start at 100-180 mcg/minute (2-5 mL/minute;
50-90 drops/minute) initially; when blood pressure is stabilized,
maintenance rate: 40-60 mcg/minute (20-30 drops/minute)
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: I.V.:
Children: 5-10 mcg/kg/dose over 20-30 seconds
Adults: 0.25-0.5 mg/dose over 20-30 seconds

KI: Hypersensitivity to phenylephrine, bisulfite (some products
contain metabisulfite), or any component; hypertension;
ventricular tachycardia
P: Use with caution in the elderly, patients with hyperthyroidism,
bradycardia, partial heart block, myocardial disease, or severe
CAD. Not a substitute for volume replacement. Avoid
hypertension; monitor blood pressure closely and adjust
infusion rate. Infuse into a large vein if possible. Watch I.V. site
closely. Avoid extravasation. The elderly can be more sensitive
to side effects from the nasal decongestant form. Rebound
congestion can occur when the drug is discontinued after
chronic use.
ES: Headache, anxiety, weakness, dizziness, tremor,
paresthesia, Metabolic acidosis, blanching of skin, Pilomotor
response, Decreased renal perfusion, reduced urine output,
reduced urine output, Respiratory distress
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Olopatadine
Antihistamine; Ophthalmic Agent, Miscellaneous
I: Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis
D: 0.1% solution: 1 drop 2x/day. 0.2% solution: 1x/day
KI: Allergy to any ingredient
P: Disorders of the back of the eye (cornea), Dry eyes
ES: Headache, Blurred vision, Dry mouth, photophobia,
Dizziness, Itchiness of the eye, Dry eyes, asthenia, Dry nose,
keratitis, hyperaemia, Sensation of something in the eye,
Discharge from the eye, Fluid retention and swelling of the
eyelid, Eye discomfort
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Patanol

F. MIDRIATIKUM
Atropine

Atropine sulfate 0,5-1%
Anticholinergic; Antidote; Antispasmodic; Mydriatic
I: Preoperative medication to inhibit salivation and secretions;
treatment of sinus bradycardia; treatment of exercise-induced
bronchospasm; antidote for organophosphate pesticide
poisoning; to produce mydriasis and cycloplegia for examination
of the retina and optic disc and accurate measurement of
refractive errors; uveitis
==
Topical: Dilating the pupil, uveitis
BSO: Injection: 0.1 mg/mL; 0.3 mg/mL; 0.4 mg/mL; 0.5 mg/mL;
0.8 mg/mL; 1 mg/mL
Ointment & Solution, ophthalmic: 0.5%, 1%
Tablet: 0.4 mg
D: Note: Doses <0.1 mg have been associated with paradoxical
bradycardia.
Preanesthetic: Oral, I.M., I.V., S.C.:
<5 kg: 0.02 mg/kg/dose 30-60 minutes preop then every 4-6
hours as needed. Use of a minimum dosage of 0.1 mg in
neonates <5 kg will result in dosages >0.02 mg/kg. There is no
documented minimum dosage in this age group.
>5 kg: 0.01-0.02 mg/kg/dose to a maximum 0.4 mg/dose 30-60
minutes preop; minimum dose: 0.1 mg
Bradycardia: I.V., intratracheal: 0.02 mg/kg, minimum dose 0.1
mg, maximum single dose: 0.5 mg in children and 1 mg in
adolescents; may repeat in 5-minute intervals to a maximum
total dose of 1 mg in children or 2 mg in adolescents. ( Note:
For intratracheal administration, the dosage must be diluted
with normal saline to a total volume of 1-2 mL). When treating
bradycardia in neonates, reserve use for those patients
unresponsive to improved oxygenation and epinephrine.
Children:
Bronchospasm: Inhalation: 0.03-0.05 mg/kg/dose 3-4 times/day
Preprocedure: Ophthalmic: 0.5% solution: Instill 1-2 drops twice
daily for 1-3 days before the procedure
Uveitis: Ophthalmic: 0.5% solution: Instill 1-2 drops up to 3
times/day

Adults (doses <0.5 mg have been associated with paradoxical
bradycardia):
Asystole: I.V.: 1 mg; may repeat every 3-5 minutes as needed
Preanesthetic: I.M., I.V., S.C.: 0.4-0.6 mg 30-60 minutes preop
and repeat every 4-6 hours as needed
Bradycardia: I.V.: 0.5-1 mg every 5 minutes, max a total of 2 mg
or 0.04 mg/kg; may give intratracheal in 1 mg/10 mL dilution
only, intratracheal dose should be 2-2.5 times the I.V. dose
Neuromuscular blockade reversal: I.V.: 25-30 mcg/kg 30
seconds before neostigmine or 10 mcg/kg 30 seconds before
edrophonium
Organophosphate or carbamate poisoning: I.V.: 1-2 mg/dose
every 10-20 minutes until atropine effect (dry flushed skin,
tachycardia, mydriasis, fever) is observed, then every 1-4 hours
for at least 24 hours; up to 50 mg in first 24 hours and 2 g over
several days may be given in cases of severe intoxication
Bronchospasm: Inhalation: 0.025-0.05 mg/kg/dose every 4-6
hours as needed (maximum: 5 mg/dose)
Ophthalmic solution: 1%:
Preprocedure: Instill 1-2 drops 1 hour before the procedure.
Uveitis: Instill 1-2 drops 4 times/day.
Ophthalmic ointment: Apply a small amount in the
conjunctival sac up to 3 times/day. Compress the lacrimal sac
by digital pressure for 1-3 minutes after instillation.
KI: Hypersensitivity; narrow-angle glaucoma; adhesions
between the iris and lens; tachycardia; unstable cardiovascular
status in acute hemorrhage; obstructive GI disease; paralytic
ileus; intestinal atony of the elderly or debilitated patient; severe
UC; toxic megacolon complicating UC; hepatic disease;
obstructive uropathy; renal disease; myasthenia gravis; asthma;
thyrotoxicosis
P: Heat prostration can occur in the presence of a high
environmental temperature. Rule out intestinal obstruction
before treating diarrhea. Psychosis can occur in sensitive
individuals. The elderly may be sensitive to side effects. Use
caution in patients with myocardial ischemia. Use caution in
hyperthyroidism, autonomic neuropathy, BPH, CHF,
tachyarrhythmias, hypertension, and hiatal hernia associated
with reflux esophagitis. Use with caution in children with spastic
paralysis.
ES: >10%: Dry, hot skin, Impaired GI motility, constipation, dry
throat, dry mouth, Irritation at injection site, Dry nose, Sweating
(decreased)
1% to 10%: Increased sensitivity to light, Decreased flow of
breast milk, Dysphagia
IO: Phenothiazine and TCAs may increase anticholinergic
effects when used concurrently.
Sympathomimetic amines may cause tachyarrhythmias; avoid
concurrent use.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Isotic cycloma Tetes mata 10 mg/cc

G. MIOTIKUM
Betaxolol
Acetylcholine

Betaxolol
I: Treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma and ocular
hypertension; management of hypertension
D: Adults: Oral: 10 mg/day; increase 20 mg/day after 7-14d.
Initial dose in elderly & renal impairment: 5 mg/day.
Can increase every 2 weeks up to a maximum of 20 mg/day.
Clcr <10 mL/minute: Administer 50% of usual dose.
KI: Hypersensitivity to betaxolol or any component; sinus
bradycardia; heart block greater than first-degree (except in
patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker); cardiogenic
shock; uncompensated cardiac failure; pulmonary edema;
pregnancy (2nd and 3rd trimester)
P: Administer cautiously in compensated heart failure and
monitor for a worsening of the condition. Avoid abrupt
discontinuation in patients with a history of CAD; slowly wean
while monitoring for signs and symptoms of ischemia. Use
caution with concurrent use of beta-blockers and either
verapamil or diltiazem; bradycardia or heart block can occur.
Use caution in patients with PVD (can aggravate arterial
insufficiency). In general, beta-blockers should be avoided in
patients with bronchospastic disease. Betaxolol, with B1
selectivity, should be used cautiously in bronchospastic disease
with close monitoring. Use cautiously in diabetics because it
can mask prominent hypoglycemic symptoms. Can mask signs
of thyrotoxicosis. Can cause fetal harm when administered in
pregnancy. Dosage adjustment required in severe renal
impairment and those on dialysis. Use care with anesthetic
agents which decreases myocardial function.
ES: Ophthalmic:
>10%: Ocular: Conjunctival hyperemia
1% to 10%: Ocular: Anisocoria, corneal punctate keratitis,
keratitis, corneal staining, decreased corneal sensitivity, eye
pain, vision disturbances
Systemic:>10%:
Central nervous system: Drowsiness, insomnia
Endocrine & metabolic: Decreased sexual ability
1% to 10%:
Cardiovascular: Bradycardia, palpitations, edema, congestive
heart failure, reduced peripheral circulation
Central nervous system: Mental depression
Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea or constipation, nausea, vomiting,
stomach discomfort
Respiratory: Bronchospasm
Miscellaneous: Cold extremities
IO: CYP1A2 and 2D6 enzyme substrate
Clonidine; Hypertensive crisis after or during withdrawal of
either agent.
Drugs which slow AV conduction (digoxin): Effects may be
additive with beta-blockers.
Glucagon: Betaxolol may blunt the hyperglycemic action of
glucagon.
Insulin and oral hypoglycemics: May mask tachycardia from
hypoglycemia.
NSAIDs (ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, piroxicam) may
reduce the antihypertensive effects of beta-blockers.

Salicylates may reduce the antihypertensive effects of beta-
blockers.
Sulfonylureas: Beta-blockers may alter response to
hypoglycemic agents.
Verapamil or diltiazem may have synergistic or additive
pharmacological effects when taken concurrently with beta-
blockers.
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:Betoptima

Acetylcholine
I: To obtain rapid and complete constriction of the pupil during
eye surgery (lens delivery in cataract surgery, corneal
transplant (keratoplasty), removal of part of the iris (iridectomy)
or other surgery on the front of the eye).
BSO: Powder, intraocular: 1:100 [10 mg/mL]
D: Adults: Intraocular: 0.5-2 mL of 1% injection
instilled into anterior chamber before or after securing one or
more sutures
KI: Breastfeeding, Pregnancy
P:
ES: Difficulties with breathing, Sweating, hypotension, Flushing,
bradycardia
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Miochol-E

H. GLUKOMA Sudut Terbuka & Tertutup Kronik
Acetazolamide
Latanoprost
Timolol
Betaxolol
Brinzolamide
Travoprost
Pilocarpine

Acetazolamide
I: Epilepsy, oedema, secondary glaucoma, Open angle
glaucoma, Prior to surgery for suddenly severe closed angle
glaucoma
BSO: Capsule, sustained release: 500 mg (not recommended
for treatment of epilepsy)
Injection: 500 mg
D: Note: I.M. administration is not recommended because of
pain secondary to the alkaline pH
Children:
Glaucoma:
Oral: 8-30 mg/kg/day or 300-900 mg/m2/day q8 hours
I.M., I.V.: 20-40 mg/kg/24 hours q6 hours, max 1 g/day
Edema: Oral, I.M., I.V.: 5 mg/kg or 150 mg/m2 once every day
Epilepsy: Oral: 8-30 mg/kg/day in 1-4 divided doses, max 1
g/day
Adults:
Glaucoma:
Chronic simple (open-angle): Oral: 250 mg 1-4 x/day or 500 mg
sustained release capsule 2x/daily
Secondary, acute (closed-angle): I.M., I.V.: 250-500 mg, may
repeat in 2-4 hours to a max of 1 g/day
Edema: Oral, I.M., I.V.: 250-375 mg once daily
Epilepsy: Oral: 8-30 mg/kg/day in 1-4 divided doses
Altitude sickness: Oral: 250 mg every 8-12 hours (or 500 mg
extended release capsules q12-24 hours)
Therapy should begin 24-48 hours before and continue during
ascent and for at least 48 hours after arrival at the high altitude
Urine alkalinization: Oral: 5 mg/kg/dose repeated 2-3 times over
24 hours
Elderly: Oral: Initial: 250 mg 2x/day; use lowest effective dose
Clcr <10 mL/minute: Avoid use ineffective
Hemodialysis: Moderately dialyzable (20% to 50%)

KI: Allergy, Chronic non-congestive glaucoma, Failure of the
adrenal glands, hyperchloraemic acidosis, hypokalaemia,
hyponatraemia, Severe kidney & liver disease
P: Pulmonary obstruction, Decreased liver function, Elderly
people, Emphysema, nephrolithiasis, Potential blockage of the
urinary tract, Unstable balance of salts in the body
ES: Headache, Thirst, Changes in mood, Fatigue, Decreased
appetite, paraesthesia, Dizziness, Flushing, polyuria
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Diamox

Latanoprost
I: Open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension
D: 1 drop 1x/d in the evening.
KI: Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, children.
P: Closed angle glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, inflammatory
glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, congenital glaucoma,
conjunctivitis, pseudophakia, aphakia, Closed or blocked retinal
vein, diabetic retinopathy, Asthma.
ES: Temporary blurred vision, Change in colour of the iris, Eye
irritation, hyperaemia, blepharitis, Eye pain, Rash, oedema,
iritis, uveitis, macular oedema, Swelling or erosions of the
cornea, Darkening of the eyelid(s), dyspnoea, Worsening of
asthma, Chest pain, Headache, Dizziness.
IO: Decreased effect: In vitro studies have shown that
precipitation occurs when eye drops containing thimerosal are
mixed with latanoprost. If such drugs are used, administer with
an interval of at least 5 minutes between applications
Preg: C
Timolol
I: Ocular hypertension, Open angle glaucoma, 2nd glaucoma
BSO: Solution, ophthalmic: 0.25%; 0.5%
D: 1 drop 2x/d
KI: Allergy, asthma, COPD, sinus bradycardia, 2nd or 3rd
degree heart block, Heart failure, cardiogenic shock,
Prinzmetal's angina, hypotension, Raynaud's disease,
phaeochromocytoma, children.
P: Sick sinus syndrome, 1st degree heart block, History of
severe heart disease, metabolic acidosis, Hyperthyroidism,
Diabetes, History of allergies, anaphylaxis, Psoriasis,
myaesthenia gravis
ES: Blurred vision, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, Dry eyes,
Double vision, ptosis, Headache, Fatigue, Chest pain, Allergic
skin reactions, Disturbed sleep, Depression, hypotension,
Dizziness, Cold hands and feet, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhoea, indigestion, Heart block or heart failure, dyspnoea
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Brinzolamide
I: Open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension
BSO: Suspension, ophthalmic: 1%
D: 1drop 3x/day
KI: Allergy, hyperchloraemic acidosis, Severely decreased
kidney function
P: Closed angle glaucoma, Contact lens wearers, Diabetes, Dry
eyes, Elderly people, ciliary body, pigmentary glaucoma
ES: Headache, Blurred vision, Bitter taste, conjunctivitis,
Itchiness of the eye, blepharitis, Disorders of the front layer of
the eye (cornea), keratitis, Dry eyes, Formation of crust on the
margin of eyelid, hyperaemia, Temporary burning and stinging
on application, Sensation of something in the eye, Tiredness of
the eye, Discharge from the eye
IO: Concurrent use of oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs)
- additive effects and toxicity. High-dose salicylates may result
in toxicity from CAIs
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Azopt
Travoprost
I: Open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension.
BSO: Lar mata 0.004%
D: 1 drop 1x in the evening.
KI: Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, children < 18 years,
P: Closed angle glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, pigmentary
glaucoma, pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, congenital glaucoma,
Thyroid eye disease, conjunctivitis, pseudophakia, aphakia,
Closed or blocked retinal vein, diabetic retinopathy, Disorders of
cornea, Dry eyes, Severe or poorly controlled asthma.
ES: Conjunctival Hyperaemia, Darkening, thickening and
lengthening of the eyelashes, Change in colour of the iris,
sensation, Itchiness, dry & pain of the eye(s), photophobia,
conjunctivitis, oedema, blepharitis, iritis, uveitis, Headache,
Darkening of the eyelid(s) or skin around the eye(s),
hypotension, bradycardia, Worsening of asthma, macular
oedema
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Travatan
Pilocarpine
Cholinergic Agonist, Antiglaucoma, Miotic
I: glaucoma
BSO: Gel: 4%, Tablet: 5 mg
Solution: 0.25%; 0.5%; 1%; 2%; 3%; 4%; 6%; 8%; 10%
D: Solution: Chronic glaucoma: 1 drop 4x/day
Acute angle-closure glaucoma: 1 drop q5-10’ for 3-6 doses
Then 1 drop q1-3h
Gel: 1x bedtime, Eye insert: 1x q1wk
KI: Children, secondary glaucoma, allergy, acute iritis
P: Asthma, Certain diseases of the eye, Dark coloured eyes
Heart disease, hypertension, Obstruction of the urinary tract,
Parkinson's disease, Peptic ulcer
ES: Headache, Blurred vision, browache, Congestion of
conjunctiva, myopia, vitreous haemorrhage, pupillary block,
Burning, itching and painful sensations in the eye, Constriction
of the pupils, Retinal detachment
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
I. KATARAK
Pirenoxine
Azapentacene

Pirenoxine
I: Permulaan katarak senilis
BSO: Tetes 0.05 mg/cc. Larutan mata 750 mcg/tab
D: 1-2 tts 3-5x/hr
KI:
P:
ES: keratitis superfisialis, blefaritis marginalis, gatal, pruritus
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Azapentacene
I: Katarak senilis, traumatic, congenital & katarak sekunder
BSO: Tetes mata 0.15 mg/cc
D: 2 tts 3-5x/hr
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang: Pentacin

J. KESEHATAN MATA
Billberry dry extract

Bilberry dry extract
I: Memelihara kesehatan mata
BSO: Kaps 80 mg
D: 80 mg/hr
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

K. Preparat Mata Lain
Verteporfin
Polyvinyl alcohol
Pemirolast

Verteporfin
I: Predominantly classical subfoveal choroidal
neovascularisation OR occult subfoveal choroidal
neovascularisation with disease progression due to wet age-
related macular degeneration
Subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation secondary to
progessive short-sightedness (pathological myopia)
Pathologic myopia, Ocular histoplasmosis
BSO:
D:
KI: Breastfeeding, porphyrias, Severely decreased liver function
P: Biliary obstruction, Moderately decreased liver function
ES: Blurred vision, Nausea, Sweating, photosensitivity, Back
pain, Dizziness, vitreous haemorrhage, pruritis, asthenia, Chest
pain, Retinal detachment, syncope, sub-retinal haemorrhage,
hypercholesterolemia, Abnormal vision such as dark haloes,
flashes of light, black spots, decreased vision
Nama Dagang: Visudyne

Polyvinyl alcohol
I: Dry eye conditions
BSO: Tetes Mata 1.4%
D: 1-2 tts
KI: # Known sensitivity or allergy to any ingredient
# Soft contact lens wearers
P:
ES: # Blurred vision after application
# Eye burning/stinging
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Optifresh

Pemirolast
Mast Cell Stabilizer; Ophthalmic Agent, Miscellaneous
I: Prevent itching of the eye due to allergic conjunctivitis
D: Children >3 years and Adults: 1-2 drops 4 times/day
established; not for injection or oral use; not indicated to treat
contact lens irritation; do not wear contact lens if eye is red. In
non-red eyes, soft contact lenses should not be applied for 10
minutes after the instillation of pemirolast potassium to avoid
absorption of lauralkonium chloride.
ES: >10%: Headache, Rhinitis, Cold/flu symptoms
<5%: Fever, Dysmenorrhea, Burning eyes, dry eyes, foreign
body sensation, ocular discomfort, Back pain, Bronchitis, cough,
sinusitis, sneezing/nasal congestion
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:Alegysal
XI. PREPARAT KULIT
A. ANTISEPTIK & DESINFEKTAN
B. KORTIKOSTEROID
C. ANTIBIOTIKA
D. FUNGISIDA
E. SCABICID
E. ANTIVIRUS
F. ANALGESIC & ANTI INFLAMASI
G. PELINDUNG KULIT
H. ANTIHISTAMIN & PRURITUS
I. ANTI AKNE
J. PEMUTIH
K. KERATOLITIK
L. SUN BLOCK/ TABIR SURYA
M. ANTI ALOPESIA
N. PREPARAT PSORIASIS, SEBOROIK & IKTIOSIS
O. LAIN

A. Antiseptik & Desinfektan
Povidone Iodine
Chlorhexidine gluconate
Policresulen
Feracrylum

Chlorhexidine Gluconate
I: active against gram-+ and gram-- organisms, facultative
anaerobes, aerobes, and yeast
BSO: Chip, for periodontal pocket insertion: 2.5 mg
Foam & Liquid, topical, with isopropyl alcohol 4%: 2%; 4%
Skin Cleanser: 4%
Rinse:
Oral : 0.12% with alcohol 11.6%
Topical: 0.5% with isopropyl alcohol 70%
Sponge/Brush: 4% with isopropyl alcohol 4%
Wipes : 0.5%
D: Adults:
Precede use of solution by flossing and brushing teeth;
completely rinse toothpaste from mouth. Swish 15 mL undiluted
oral rinse around in mouth for 30 seconds, then expectorate.
Avoid eating for 2-3 hours after treatment.
Ginggivitis: 2x q6 months.
Cleanser: Wash for 15 seconds and rinse
Hand rinse: Rub 15 seconds and rinse
Periodontal chip: Adults: inserted into a periodontal pocket with
a probing pocket depth greater than or equal to 5 mm. Up to 8
chips may be inserted in a single visit q3 months in pockets with
a remaining depth greater than or equal to 5 mm. If dislodgment
occurs 7 days or more after placement, the subject is
considered to have had the full course of treatment. If
dislodgment occurs within 48 hours, a new chip should be
inserted.
P: Staining of oral surfaces, tooth restorations, and dorsum of
tongue may occur; keep out of eyes and ears; for topical use
only; there have been case reports of anaphylaxis following
chlorhexidine disinfection
ES: >10%: Increase of tartar on teeth, changes in taste.
Staining of oral surfaces, Stain does not have a clinically
adverse effect but because removal may not be possible,
patient with frontal restoration should be advised of the potential
permanency of the stain.
Preg: B
Policresulen
I: Hemostatik. Pembersihan & regenerasi jaringan pd luka
baker, luka,proses inflamasi kronik, lesi dekubitus, ulkus kruris,
kondiloma akuminata, stomatitis aftosa, vaginosis bacterial,
kandidiasis vaginal, trikomoniasis
D:
Hemostasis local: gunakan langsung
Luka bakar: larutan 1:3 s/d 1:8
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
BSO:
Nama Dagang:
Albothyl

Feracrylum
I: Mengurangi perdrahan pada luka, membersihkan luka luar &
luka sesuadh operasi. Antiseptik pd luka bakar
BSO: Lar 1 %
D: Kompres 1-3 menit
KI: Tidak boleh digunakan bersama asam aminokaproat
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Hemolok

B. Kortikosteroid
Hydrocortisone
Beclomethasone
Desonide
Alclometasone
Fluticasone
Fluprednidene
Mometasone furoate
Prednicarbate
Fluocinolone acetonide
Diflucortolone
Desoximetasone
Betamethasone
Methylprednisolone
Clobetasol propionate
Halcinonide

Desonide
Potensi Sedang (low potency corticosteroid)
I: Dermatitisatopik & kontak, ekzema terutama pd anak,
psoriasis, pruritus pd anus & vulva, eritema akibat terbakar
sinar matahari & dermatitislain
BSO: Krim 0.5 mg/g
D: Oles 2-3x/hr
KI: Known hypersensitivity to desonide, fungal infections,
tuberculosis of skin, herpes simplex
P: Use with caution in patients with impaired circulation, skin
infections
ES: <1%: Itching, dry skin, folliculitis, hypertrichosis, acneiform
eruptions, hypopigmentation, perioral dermatitis, allergic contact
dermatitis, skin maceration, skin atrophy, striae; local burning,
irritation, miliaria; secondary infection
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Alclometasone
Potensi Sedang (low potency topical corticosteroid)
I: Eczema, Inflammation of the skin (dermatitis), Inflammatory
skin disorders
BSO: Cream, Ointment, topical: 0.05%
D: Topical: Apply a thin film to the affected area 2-3 times/day.
KI: Acne vulgaris, acne rosacea, Herpes simplex, chickenpox,
fungi (eg thrush, ringworm, athlete's foot) or bacteria (eg
impetigo), perioral dermatitis, Tuberculosis infection of the skin
P: Children
ES: Changes in skin pigmentation, Stretch marks (striae),
Groupings of fine blood vessels becoming prominent under the
skin (telangiectasia), Thinning of the skin
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Fluprednidene
Potensi Sedang
I:
BSO: Krim 0.1%
D: 1x/hr sesudah mandi
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Prednicarbate
Potensi Kuat, medium potency topical corticosteroid
I: Relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of
corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses
BSO: Krim 2.5 mg/g
D: Oles 1-2x/hr selama 4 mggu
KI: Hypersensitivity to prednicarbate or any component; fungal,
viral, or tubercular skin lesions, herpes simplex or zoster
P: Systemic absorption of topical corticosteroids has produced
reversible HPA axis suppression. This is more likely to occur
when the preparation is used on large surface or denuded
areas for prolonged periods of time or with an occlusive
dressing.
ES: <1%: Pruritus, edema, urticaria, burning, allergic contact
dermatitis and rash, folliculitis, acneiform eruptions,
hypopigmentation, perioral dermatitis
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Dermatop
Fluocinolone acetonide
Potensi Kuat [low, medium, high potency topical corticosteroid]
I: prurigo, Eczema, otitis externa, contact dermatitis,
seborrhoeic dermatitis, discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE),
Inflammatory skin disorders, Psoriasis, lichen planus,
neurodermatitis
BSO: Krim 0.25 mg/g.Salep 0.25 mg/g. Gel 0.025%
D: 3-4x/hr. Gel: malam hari
KI: Acne vulgaris, Children less than 1 year of age, acne
rosacea, Herpes simplex, chickenpox, fungi (eg thrush,
ringworm, athlete's foot) or bacteria (eg impetigo), perioral
dermatitis, Itching around the back passage and genitals,
Nappy rash, Widespread plaque psoriasis
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Diflucortolone
Potensi Kuat
I: Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), Psoriasis, Severe
eczema, Severe inflammatory skin disorders, lichen planus,
neurodermatitis
BSO: Krim 0.1%
D: Oles 2-3x/hr
KI Acne rosacea, Acne vulgaris, Children under four years of
age, Infections of the skin, perioral dermatitis, Itching around
the back passage and genitals, Nappy rash:
P: Children, Psoriasis
ES: Thinning of the skin, Acne, Stretch marks (striae),
telangiectasia, hypertrichosis)
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Desoximetasone
Potensi Kuat [medium to high potency topical corticosteroid]
I:
BSO: Krim 0.25%
D: Oles 1-2x/hr
KI: Known hypersensitivity to desoximetasone, topical fungal
infections, tuberculosis of skin herpes simplex
P: Use with caution in patients with impaired circulation; skin
infections
eruptions, allergic contact dermatitis, skin maceration, skin
atrophy, striae, perioral dermatitis, hypopigmentation; local
burning, irritation, miliaria; secondary infection
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Clobetasol propionate
Potensi sangat Tinggi (very high potency topical corticosteroid)
I: Eczema unresponsive to weak steroid creams, Psoriasis,
Severe inflammatory skin disorders
D: 1-2x/hr
KI: Acne vulgaris, Children less than 1 year of age, acne
rosacea, Infections of the skin, perioral dermatitis, Itching
around the back passage and genitals, Widespread plaque
psoriasis
P: Children, Psoriasis
ES: Thinning of the skin, Changes in skin pigmentation, Stretch
marks (striae), telangiectasia, hypertrichosis
IO:
Preg: C
BSO: 0,05% krim, salep, aplikasi kulit kepala
Nama Dagang:

Halcinonide
Potensi Kuat [high potency topical corticosteroid]
I: Inflammation of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses
BSO: 0,1% krim, solution, Tinkt
D: Oles 2-3x/hr
KI: Viral, fungal, or tubercular skin lesions, known
hypersensitivity to halcinonide or any component
P: Adverse systemic effects may occur when used on large
areas of the body, denuded areas, for prolonged periods of
time, with an occlusive dressing, and/or in infants or small
children
eruptions, hypopigmentation, perioral dermatitis, allergic contact
dermatitis, skin maceration, skin atrophy, striae; local burning,
irritation, miliaria; secondary infectionroid]
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Halog
C. Antibiotika
Silver Sulfadiazine
Gentamicin
Chloramphenicol
Neomycin
Tetracycline
Erythromycin
Mupirocin
Fusidic acid
Framycetin

Silver sulfadiazine
I: Abrasions, burns, leg ulcers and pressure sores
BSO: Cream, topical: 1% [10 mg/g]
D: Apply 1-2x/d
KI: neonates, Heavily weeping (exudative) leg or pressure
ulcers, Premature infants, Term or near term pregnancy
P: # Allergy, Decreased kidney & liver function
# Lack of the enzyme G6PD in the blood (G6PD deficiency)
ES: # Itching (pruritus)
# Burning sensation
# Rash
# hypersensitivity
# leucopenia
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:

Mupirocin
I: Bacterial skin infections, Eradication of Staphylococcal
bacteria from the nostrils to prevent and treat infection
BSO: Salep 2%. Krim 20 mg/g
D: apply 3x/day
P:
ES: Skin irritation, Stinging on application, Itching (pruritis)
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Framycetin
I: Luka bakar, laserasi, abrasi. Luka gigit, luka tusuk, koyak.
Ulkus: varikosa, diabetik, decubitus.
BSO: Kasa balut
D: Tutup luka
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

D. Fungisida
Clotrimazole
Miconazole
Tioconazole
Sertaconazole
Undecylenic acid
Terbinafin
Nystatin
Naftifine
Ketoconazole
Isoconazole
Bifonazole
Ciclopirox Olamin
Selenium sulfide

Sertaconazole
I: Mikosis superfisial: dermatofitosis, tinea pedis, tinea cruris,
tinea corporis, tinea manus, kandidiasis, ptiriasis versikolor
BSO: Krim 2 %
D: Apply to cover the affected and surrounding skin areas and
rub in gently
KI:
P: Hamil, laktasi
ES: Reaksi lokal
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Dermofix

Undecylenic Acid
I: Treatment of athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (except
nails and scalp), prickly heat, jock itch (tinea cruris), diaper rash
and other minor skin irritations due to superficial dermatophytes
BSO: Cream: 20%
Foam & Liquid, topical: 10%
Ointment, topical: 22%; 25%
Powder, topical: 10%; 22%
Solution, topical: 25%
D: apply 2x/d
KI:
P:
ES: 1% to 10%: Dermatologic: Skin irritation, sensitization
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Naftifine
I: athlete's foot (ringworm of the foot; tinea pedis); jock itch
(ringworm of the groin; tinea cruris); and, tinea corporis.
BSO: Cream & Gel: 1%
D: apply 1-2x/day
KI:
P:
ES: Burning or stinging feeling on treated area(s)
Less common: Dry skin, Itching, redness, or other sign of skin
irritation not present before use of this medicine
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Exoderil

Isoconazole
I: Jamur superfisial
BSO: Krim 1 %
D: Oles 2x/hr
KI:
P: Hindari kontak dg mata
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Travogen

Bifonazole
I: Dermatomikosis krn dermatofita, ragi, lumu & jamur lain
BSO: Krim 1 %
D: Oles 1x/hr
KI:
P:
ES: reaksi kulit (jarang)
IO:
Nama Dagang: Mycospor

Ciclopirox Olamin
I: Tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea
corporis, cutaneous candidiasis, and tinea versicolor (pityriasis)
BSO: Cream & Lotion topical: 1%
Lacquer, nail, topical solution: 8%
D: Apply 2x/d
For shampoo dosage form: 2x/wk for 4wk
For topical solution dosage form:
KI: Known hypersensitivity to ciclopirox or any of its
components; avoid occlusive wrappings or dressings
P: For external use only; avoid contact with eyes
ES: 1% to 10%:
Local: Irritation, redness, burning, or pain
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:

Selenium Sulfide
I: Dandruff, seborrhoeic dermatitis
BSO: Lot 2.5 %
Shampoo: 1%; 2.5%
D: Dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis: 2x/wk
Tinea versicolor: 1x/d for 1wk
KI: Broken skin or open wounds, Children under 5 years of age,
Inflamed skin
P:
ES: Hair loss (alopecia), Irritation in area of use, Sensitisation or
allergic reaction, Hair discolouration, Oiliness or dryness of
scalp and hair
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

E. Scabicid
Lindane
Permethrin

E. Antivirus
Aciclovir
Tromantadine HCl

Tromantadine HCl
I: Herpes simpleks & zooster di kulit & mukosa
BSO: Gel 1 %
D: 3x/hr
KI:
P:
ES: Hipersensitif
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Viru-Merz

F. Analgesic & Anti Inflamasi
Methylsalicylate
Capsaicin
Piroxicam
Diclofenac
Ketoprofen
Naproxen
lidocaine
Glucosamine
Benzydamine

Methylsalicylate
I: Nyeri otot, nyeri sendi, Terkilir. Tidak untuk luka terbuka
BSO: Krim, balsam, Gel 1 %
D: 1-3x/hr
KI:
P:
ES: Hipersensitif
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Capsaicin
May render skin and joints insensitive to pain by depleting
substance P in peripheral sensory neurons.
I:
BSO: Krim 0.075 %
D: Oles 3-4x/hr.
KI: Hipersensitif; broken or irritated skin
IO: -
Preg: C
P: For external use only; avoid contact with eyes, mucous
membranes, wounds, or damaged skin; do not use tight
bandage; discontinue use if condition worsens or symptoms
persist for 14-28 d
Nama Dagang: Capzacin cream

G. Pelindung Kulit
Panthenol
Collagenase
Urea
Vitamin E
Oilatum

Panthenol
I: Penyembuhan luka & epitelisasi setiap tjd luka
BSO: Salep, Krim 5 %
D: 1-3x/hr
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Bepanthen

Collagenase
Enzyme, Topical Debridement
I: Promotes debridement of necrotic tissue in dermal ulcers and
severe burns
BSO: Ointment, topical: 250 U/g
D: Apply 1x/d
KI: Known hypersensitivity to collagenase
P: For external use only; avoid contact with eyes; monitor
debilitated patients for systemic bacterial infections because
debriding enzymes may increase the risk of bacteremia
ES: 1% to 10%: Local: Irritation
IO: Decreased effect: Enzymatic activity is inhibited by
detergents, benzalkonium chloride, hexachlorophene,
nitrofurazone, tincture of iodine, and heavy metal ions (silver
and mercury)
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Oilatum
Sabun

H. Antihistamin & Pruritus
Doxepin
Tripelennamine

Doxepin hydrochloride
Antidepressant, Tricyclic (Tertiary Amine); Topical Skin Product
I: Pruritus pd exzema
BSO: Capsule: 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg
Concentrate, oral: 10 mg/mL
Cream: 5%
D: 4x/day
P: Children under 12 years of age, urinary retention, Glaucoma,
Mania, Severe liver disease
ES: Rash, Dry mouth, Drowsiness, Stinging and redness,
Burning sensation, Irritation of the skin
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:
Sagalon

Tripelennamine
Antihistamine
I: Perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis and other allergic
symptoms including urticaria
BSO: Krim 2 %
D: Bila perlu
KI: Hypersensitivity to tripelennamine or any component
P: Use with caution in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma,
bladder neck obstruction, symptomatic prostate hypertrophy,
asthmatic attacks, and stenosing peptic ulcer
ES: >10%: Central nervous system: Slight to moderate
drowsiness, Respiratory: Thickening of bronchial secretions
1% to 10%: Headache, fatigue, nervousness, dizziness,
Appetite increase, weight gain, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, xerostomia, Arthralgia, Pharyngitis
IO: Increased effect/toxicity with alcohol, CNS depressants,
MAO inhibitors
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Tripel
I. Anti Akne
Sulfur
Tretinoin
Benzoyl peroxide
Clindamycin
Erythromycin
Azelaic acid
Nicotinamide
Retinoic Acid

Sulfur
I: Acne, seborrheic dermatitis and scabies. (hypertrichosis)
BSO: Lot 6.6%
D: Acne: 2-3x/d
Seborrheic dermatitis: ointment 5-10%: 1-2x/d.
Scabies: ointment 6% each night for three nights.
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Tretinoin
-- Inhibits microcomedo formation and eliminates lesions.
Makes keratinocytes in sebaceous follicles less adherent and
easier to remove.
I: Acne vulgaris
BSO: Cream: 0.025%; 0.05%; 0.1%
Gel, topical: 0.01% ; 0.025%, 0.1%. Liquid, topical: 0.05%
D: Acne, fine wrinkles, dark spots, or rough skin caused by the
sun: 1x/d at bedtime
KI: Pregnancy, cutaneous epithelioma, Areas of skin affected
by eczema, Acne rosacea, perioral dermatitis.
P: Sensitive areas of skin such as the neck.
ES: Dry skin, Skin peeling, Burning/stinging/warmth on
application, Skin redness, Itching, Rash, Temporary changes in
skin pigmentation, photosensitivity, Skin blistering/crusting, Eye
irritation, Oedema
IO:
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:
Benzoyl peroxide
I: Mild to moderate acne vulgaris and acne rosacea
BSO: Bar & Cream: 5%; 10%
Gel: 2.5%; 5%; 10%; 20%
Liquid: 5%; 10%
Lotion: 5%; 5.5%; 10%
Mask: 5%
D: For acne: 1-4x/d
Facial mask: 1x/wk
KI:
P:
ES: Less common or rare: Painful irritation of skin, including
burning, blistering, crusting, itching, severe redness, or swelling,
Skin rash
IO: Increased toxicity: Benzoyl peroxide potentiates adverse
reactions seen with tretinoin
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Azelaic acid
I: Acne vulgaris: Topical treatment of mild to moderate
inflammatory acne vulgaris
BSO: Krim 20 %
D: 2x/hr
KI: Known hypersensitivity to any of components
P: For external use only; not for ophthalmic use; there have
been isolated reports of hypopigmentation after use. If
sensitivity or severe irritation develops, discontinue treatment
and institute appropriate therapy.
ES: 1% to 10%: Dermatologic: Pruritus, stinging
Local: Burning
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Paresthesia
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:

Nicotinamide
I: Mild to moderate inflammatory acne.
BSO: Gel 4 %
D: 2x/hr
KI: Allergy to any ingredient.
P:
ES: Skin dryness, Itching, Redness, Burning sensation, Skin
irritation
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Retinoic acid
I:
BSO:
Krim 0.025 %. 0.05 %. 0.1 %.
Gel 0.025 %.
Lar 0.05 %
D: Oles 1x/hr sebelum tidur
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

J. Pemutih
Urea
Hydroquinone

Urea/ Carbamide
Diuretic, Osmotic; Keratolytic Agent; Topical Skin Product
I: Reduces intracranial pressure and intraocular pressure;
topically promotes hydration and removal of excess keratin in
hyperkeratotic conditions and dry skin; mild cervicitis
Chronic dry skin conditions such as eczema.
Inherited, non-inflammatory dryness and scaling of the skin
(ichthyosis, xeroderma).
Overgrowth of the outer layer of skin causing it to become
thickened and scaly (hyperkeratosis).
BSO: Cream: Topical: 2% [20 mg/mL]; 10%; 20%; 30%; 40%
Vaginal: 8.34% [83.4 mg/g]
Injection: 40 g/150 mL
Lotion: 2%; 10%; 15%; 25%
D: Children: I.V. slow infusion:
<2 years: 0.1-0.5 g/kg
>2 years: 0.5-1.5 g/kg
Adults:

I.V. infusion: 1-1.5 g/kg by slow infusion (1-21/2 hours);
maximum: 120 g/24 hours
Topical: Apply 1-3 times/day
Vaginal: Insert in vagina at bedtime for 2-4 weeks
KI: Severely impaired renal function, hepatic failure; active
intracranial bleeding, sickle cell anemia, topical use in viral skin
disease
P: Urea should not be used near the eyes; use with caution if
applied to face, broken, or inflamed skin; use with caution in
patients with mild hepatic or renal impairment
ES: 1% to 10%: Electrolyte imbalance, Nausea, vomiting, Local:
Transient stinging, local irritation, tissue necrosis from
extravasation of I.V. preparation, Skin irritation, Stinging
IO: Decreased effect/toxicity/levels of lithium
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Hydroquinone
Depigmenting Agent
I: Gradual bleaching of hyperpigmented skin conditions
BSO: Cream, topical:: 1.5%: 2%: 4%
Cream & Gel, topical, with sunscreen: 2%: 4%
Solution, topical: 3%
D: apply 2x/d
KI: Sunburn, depilatory usage, known hypersensitivity to
hydroquinone
P: Limit application to area no larger than face and neck or
hands and arms
ES: 1% to 10%: Local: Irritation
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

K. Keratolitik
Salicylic acid
Tretinoin

Salicylic acid
By dissolving the intercellular cement substance, salicylic acid
produces desquamation of the horny layer of skin, while not
affecting structure of viable epidermis. For removal of
nongenital cutaneous warts, particularly common or plantar
warts. Prior to application, wash affected area. May soak wart in
warm water for 5 min. Dry area thoroughly.
BSO:
D: 17% by weight solution or gel: Apply to wart and let dry
bid/tid prn until wart removed for up to 12 wk
40% by weight solution adsorbed to medicated discs: Apply
over wart and cover for 48 h, replace prn until wart removed for
up to 12 wk
KI: Hipersensitif
IO: Use of this medication with other topical drying agents (eg,
tretinoin, sulfur, resorcinol, benzoyl peroxide) or topical
medicated or alcohol-containing preparations (eg, aftershave,
toiletries, skin cleansers, cosmetics) may have a cumulative

drying or irritating effect, leading to desquamation and skin
erosion
Preg: C
P:
Avoid contact with mucous membranes, normal skin
surrounding warts, and eyes; immediately flush with water for
15 min if contact with eyes or mucous membranes occurs;
avoid inhaling vapors; prolonged use in infants, people with
diabetes, and patients with impaired circulation is
contraindicated; not for use on moles, birthmarks, warts with
hair growing from them, genital or facial warts, warts on mucous
membranes, irritated skin, or any area that is infected or
reddened
Nama Dagang:

L. Sun block/ Tabir Surya

M. Anti alopesia
Minoxidil

Minoxidil
Topical Skin Product; Vasodilator
I: Management of severe hypertension (usually in combination
with a diuretic and beta-blocker); treatment of male pattern
baldness (alopecia androgenetica)
BSO: Solution, topical: 2% [20 mg/metered dose]; 5%
Tablet: 2.5 mg, 10 mg
D: Topical: 2x/day
KI: Women (a lower strength product is available for women -
see end of factsheet), Allergy to minoxidil, ethanol or propylene
glycol, Treated or untreated high blood pressure (hypertension),
Any scalp abnormality, eg psoriasis, eczema, sunburn or
broken skin, Men with a shaved scalp, Men who are using other
medicines or occlusive dressings applied to the scalp, This
medicine is not recommended for men under 18 or over 65
years of age, as there is no information available regarding its
safety in these age groups.

P: Heart disease or an irregular heart beat. If you have a heart
condition you should consult your doctor before using this
medicine.
ES: Itching, Skin irritation, Dry skin, Flushing of the scalp skin
due to widening of the small blood vessels (erythema), Flaking
scalp, Unwanted growth of hair on other parts of the body,
Worsening of hair loss
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

N. Preparat Psoriasis, Seboroik & Iktiosis
Povidone Iodine
Selenium sulfide
Dithranol
Calcipotriol/ Calcipotriene
Urea

Dithranol
I: Psoriasis
BSO: Krim 0.02 %
D: Oles 2x/hr
KI: Infants and young children, Pustular psoriasis, Inflamed,
broken, blistered, raw or oozing areas of skin, Skin on the face,
genitals, flexures or in skin folds.
P:
ES: Redness or burning sensation of the treated skin or the
surrounding skin, Brownish staining of the treated skin or the
surrounding skin (this will disappear within one to two weeks
after finishing treatment), Temporary staining of fingernails or
hair, Allergic skin rash.
IO:
Nama Dagang: Anthramed

Calcipotriol/ Calcipotriene
I: Plaque psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris)dtime for 2-4 weeks
BSO: Cream, Solution & Ointment: 0.005%
D: Psoriasis: 2x/day for 6-8wk
KI: Hypersensitivity to any components of the preparation;
patients with demonstrated hypercalcemia or evidence of
vitamin D toxicity; use on the face
P: Use may cause irritations of lesions and surrounding
uninvolved skin. If irritation develops, discontinue use.
Transient, rapidly reversible elevation of serum calcium has
occurred during use. If elevation in serum calcium occurs above
the normal range, discontinue treatment until calcium levels are
normal. For external use only; not for ophthalmic, oral or
intravaginal use.
ES: Itching (pruritus), photosensitivity, erythema, Worsening of
the skin condition psoriasis, dermatitis, Irritation in area of use
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
O. Lain
Methoxalen
Tacrolimus
Pimecrolimus

Methoxalen
I: vitiligo, a disease in which skin color is lost.
Oral: Symptomatic control of severe, recalcitrant disabling
psoriasis, not responsive to other therapy when diagnosis has
been supported by biopsy. Administer only in conjunction with a
schedule of controlled doses of long wave ultraviolet (UV)
radiation; also used with long wave ultraviolet (UV) radiation for
repigmentation of idiopathic vitiligo.
Topical: Repigmenting agent in vitiligo, used in conjunction with
controlled doses of UVA or sunlight
BSO: Capsule: 10 mg
Lotion: 1%
Solution: 20 mcg/mL
D: Psoriasis: Adults: Oral: 10-70 mg 11/2 -2 hours before
exposure to ultraviolet light, 2-3 times at least 48 hours apart;
dosage is based upon patient's body weight and skin type
Vitiligo: Children >12 years and Adults:

Oral: 20 mg 2-4 hours before exposure to UVA light or sunlight;
limit exposure to 15-40 minutes based on skin basic color and
exposure
Topical: Apply lotion 1-2 hours before exposure to UVA light, no
more than once weekly
KI: Diseases associated with photosensitivity, cataract, invasive
squamous cell cancer, known hypersensitivity to methoxsalen
(psoralens), and children <12 years of age
P: Family history of sunlight allergy or chronic infections; lotion
should only be applied under direct supervision of a physician
and should not be dispensed to the patient; for use only if
inadequate response to other forms of therapy, serious burns
may occur from UVA or sunlight even through glass if dose and
or exposure schedule is not maintained; some products may
contain tartrazine; use caution in patients with hepatic or
cardiac disease
ES: >10%: Itching, Nausea
1% to 10%: Severe edema, hypotension, Nervousness, vertigo,
depression, Painful blistering, burning, and peeling of skin;
pruritus, freckling, hypopigmentation, rash, cheilitis, erythema,
Loss of muscle coordination
IO: Increased toxicity: Concomitant therapy with other
photosensitizing agents such as anthralin, coal tar, griseofulvin,
phenothiazines, nalidixic acid, sulfanilamides, tetracyclines,
thiazides
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Oxsoralen

Tacrolimus
I: Atopic dermatitis
BSO: salep 0.03% (children), 0.1% (adult)
Capsule: 1 mg, 5 mg
Injection, with alcohol and surfactant: 5 mg/mL (1 mL)
D: Topikal: apply 2x/day Do not cover the area
KI: Allergy, Atopic dermatitis that is infected, Areas of skin
affected by cancerous or potentially cancerous growths, People
with an underactive immune system, for example due to a
condition present from birth, certain diseases, or treatment with
certain medicines (eg immunosuppressants, chemotherapy),
genetic skin defects such as Netherton's syndrome, or people
with intense widespread reddening of the skin (erythroderma),
where there may be increased absorption of the medicine into
the bloodstream.
P: People with enlarged lymph glands, Liver failure.
ES: Burning sensation at application site, Redness, itching or
irritation at application site, Sensation of warmth, pins and
needles or pain at application site, Rash, folliculitis, Herpes
simplex infections, such as cold sores, eczema herpeticum,
Facial flushing or skin irritation after drinking alcohol, Increased
skin sensitivity, especially to hot and cold, Acne, Cases of
malignancies, including cases of skin cancer and lymphoma
have been reported in a very small number of people using this
medicine.
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
1. Protopic salep

Pimecrolimus
I: Atopic dermatitis in adults and children aged two years and
over, who are not responsive to, or intolerant of, conventional
treatments such as topical corticosteroids.
BSO: Krim 1 %
D: 2x/day
KI: Children <2 years of age, Allergy, Infected eczema or
dermatitis, Areas of skin affected by viral infections, such as
cold sores (herpes simplex) or chicken pox (herpes zoster),
Areas of skin affected by cancerous or potentially cancerous
growths, underactive immune system, Pregnancy, genetic skin
defects such as Netherton's syndrome, or people with intense
widespread reddening of the skin (erythroderma), where there
may be increased absorption of the medicine into the
bloodstream.
P:
ES: Burning sensation at application site, Redness, itching or
irritation at application site, Inflammation of the hair follicles
(folliculitis), Skin infections, eg impetigo, herpes simplex, herpes
zoster, molluscum contagiosum, warts, eczema herpeticum,
Boils (furuncles), Worsening of symptoms, Rash, pain, pins and
needles, swelling, dryness, or shedding of surface skin at
application site, Skin flushing, rash, burning, itching or swelling
after drinking alcohol.
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Elidel

XII. PREPARAT TELINGA
Docusate sodium

XIII. PREPARAT MULUT
Hexetidine
Povidone Iodine
Miconazole
Dequalinium
Fradiomycin & Gramicidin
Benzydamine

Hexetidine
I: Ginggivitis, stomatitis, periodontitis, sariawan, angina vincent
BSO: Lar 0.1%
D: 15cc dikumur selama 30 detik, 2x/hari
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Povidon iodine
I: Faringitis, moniliasis oral, Ginggivitis, stomatitis, periodontitis,
sariawan, angina vincent
BSO: Obat kumur 1%
D: 15cc dikumur selama 30 detik, ulangi tiap 2-4 jam
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Dequalinium
I: Sakit tenggorokan, faringitis, tonsillitis, infeksi gusi & selaput
lender rongga mulut
BSO: Tab/ Loz 250 mcg.
D: Tab: Awal 250 mcg/ 2 jam. Setelah gejala reda 250 mcg/
4-5jam
Loz: 250 mcg di atas lidah, 3-4x/hr. max 8 tab/hr
KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Fradiomycin sulfate & Gramicidin
I: Ginggivitis, stomatitis, periodontitis, sariawan, angina vincent
BSO: Tab hisap Fradiomycin sulfate 2.5 mg, Gramicidin 1mg
D: Dws 1-2 tab. Anak 1 tab. 4-5x/hr
KI:
P:
ES: Anoreksia, mual & ggn GI
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Benzydamine
I: Inflammation and pain following dental surgery, Mouth ulcers
BSO: Obat kumur 1.5mg/cc. Loz 3 mg
Gel 5 %
D: Kumur 2-3x/hr dg interval 3-4 jam. Bila perlu s/d 5x/hr.
Loz: 1 loz tiap 3 jam. Max 12 loz/hr, tidak lebih dari 7 hari.
Jangan dikunyah.
KI: Children aged 12 years and under
P: Hamil, gangguan hati/ ginjal berat. Topikal: jangan digunakan
pd daerah basah, sekitar mata/ permukaan mukosa
ES: Stinging or numbness of the throat and mouth
IO:
Nama Dagang:

XIV. IMUNOLOGI
A. ANTI HISTAMIN & ANTI ALERGI
B. VAKSIN, ANTI SERUM & IMUNOLOGIKAL
C. IMUNOSUPRESAN

A. Anti Histamin & Anti Alergi
Chlorphenamine
Diphenhydramine
Doxepin
Cyproheptadine
Hydroxyzine
Dimethindene
Clemastine
Astemizole
Terfenadine
Oxatomide
Mebhydrolin
Homochlorcyclizine
Fexofenadine HCl
Loratadine
Desloratadine
Cetirizine
Levocetirizine
Chlorpheniramine
I: Perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis and other allergic
symptoms including urticaria
BSO: Capsule: 12 mg
Capsule, timed release: 8 mg, 12 mg
Syrup: 2 mg/5 mL
Tablet:
Chewable: 2 mg
Timed release: 8 mg, 12 mg
D: 4 mg PO q4-6h
10-20 mg per dose IV/IM/SC; max 40 mg/d
Paed.
2-6 years: 1 mg PO q4-6h; max 4 mg/d
6-12 years: 2 mg PO q4-6h; max 12 mg/d
KI:

Hipersensitif; asthma attacks; narrow-angle glaucoma;
symptomatic prostate hypertrophy; bladder neck obstruction;
pyloroduodenal obstruction
ES: Urinary retention, Diplopia, Polyuria
>10%: drowsiness, Thickening of bronchial secretions
1-10%: Headache, excitability, fatigue, nervousness, dizziness,
Nausea, xerostomia, diarrhea, abdominal pain, appetite
increase, weight increase, Arthralgia, weakness, Pharyngitis
IO: CNS toxicity increases with coadministration of other CNS
depressants, tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs, and
phenothiazines
Preg: B
P: May cause significant confusional symptoms; not for
administration to premature or full-term neonates
Nama Dagang:

Cyproheptadine
antihistamines
I: Anaphylactic reaction, Migraine, allergy (e.g. itchy rash or
nasal congestion), itch (e.g allergy or chickenpox virus)
BSO: Syrup: 2 mg/5 mL with alcohol 5%
Tablet: 4 mg
D: Oral: Paed. 0.25 mg/kg/d PO divided bid/tid
2-6 years: 2 mg 2-3x/d (max 12 mg/day)
7-14 years: 4 mg 2-3x/d (max 16 mg/day)
Adults: 4-20 mg/day 3x/d (max 0.5 mg/kg/day)
KI: Hipersensitif; glaucoma; symptomatic prostatic hypertrophy;
bladder neck obstruction; pyloroduodenal obstruction; severe
lower respiratory tract symptoms
ES: Blurred vision, urinary retention, Dry mouth, Drowsiness,
Confusion, Blood disorders, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea,
vomiting or abdominal pain, heart palpitations, hypotension,
Dizziness, somnolence, Irritability, Wheezing
IO:

Potentiates effects of CNS depressants; MAOIs may prolong
and intensify anticholinergic and sedative effects of
antihistamines
Preg: B
P:
Caution in patients with a predisposition to urinary retention,
poorly controlled asthma, increased intraocular pressure,
hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular disease, or hypertension; may
thicken bronchial secretions caused by anticholinergic
properties and may inhibit expectoration and sinus drainage
Nama Dagang:

Hydroxyzine
Antiemetic; Sedating antihistamine
A drug of choice for primary acquired cold urticaria. SC and IV
are not recommended administration routes.
I: Treatment of anxiety, as a preoperative sedative in pediatric
dentistry, Unlabeled uses: Antiemetic; alcohol withdrawal
symptoms
Syrup: 10 mg/5 mL, 25 mg/5 mL
Tablet, Capsule: 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg
D: Children: Oral: 0.6 mg/kg/dose 4x/d
I.M.: 0.5-1 mg/kg/dose 4-6x/d (q4-6h)
Adults:
Antiemetic: I.M.: 25-100 mg/dose 4-6x/day
Anxiety: Oral: 25-100 mg 4 times/day; max: 600 mg/day
Preoperative sedation:
Oral: 50-100 mg
I.M.: 25-100 mg
Management of pruritus: Oral: 25 mg 3-4 times/day
KI: Hipersensitif
ES:
Central nervous system: Drowsiness, headache, fatigue,
nervousness, dizziness
Respiratory: Thickening of bronchial secretions
Gastrointestinal: Xerostomia
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Tremor, paresthesia, seizure
Ocular: Blurred vision
IO:
CNS depression may increase with alcohol or other CNS
depressants
Preg: C
P:
Associated with clinical exacerbations of porphyria (may not be
safe for porphyric patients); ECG abnormalities (alterations in T
waves) may occur; may cause drowsiness
Nama Dagang: Bestalin

Dimethindene maleate
I: Alergi
BSO: Tetes 0.1 %
D: Dws 20-40 tts 3x/hr atau 1 tab 2x/hr
KI:
P:
ES: Kantuk
IO:
Preg: B
Nama Dagang: Fenistil

Clemastine
sedating antihistamine
I: Allergic conditions such as hayfever, nettle rash (urticaria)
and reactions to insect bites.
BSO: Syrup: 0.67 mg/5 mL with alcohol 5.5%
Tablet: 1.34 mg, 2.68 mg
D: Oral: 1.34 mg 2x/d to 2.68 mg 3x/d, max 8.04 mg/day.
KI: # Children under one year of age
# Hereditary blood disorders called porphyrias.
P: Elderly people, Liver & Kidney disease, Epilepsy, Glaucoma,
Prostatic hypertrophy, urinary retention, Obstruction of the gut.
ES: Drowsiness, Headache, Blurred vision, Dry mouth,
Diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain,
Difficulty passing urine, Dizziness, Palpitations, Confusion,
Tremor, Disturbed sleep, Depression
IO:
Nama Dagang: Tavegyl

Astemizole
I: Alergi: Rinitis, konjungtivitis, urtikaria
BSO: Tab 10 mg. syr 5 mg/cc
D: Dws 10 mg.
KI:
P: Hamil, ggn hati, sindroma QT kongenital, hipokalemia tak
terkoreksi.
ES: Peningkatan BB
IO: Derivat azol, makrolida
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Proalert

Terfenadine
I: Rinitis alergi, alergi kulit
BSO: Tab 60 mg
D: Dws 60 mg 2x/hr
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Hamil, laktasi
ES:
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Oxatomide
I: Alergi: rinitis, asma ekstrinsik, urtikaria kronik, konjungtivitis
folikuler, dermatitis atopi
BSO: Tab 30 mg
D: 30 mg 2x/hr. Anak 0.5 mg/kg dosis tunggal

KI:
P:
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Mebhydrolin
I: Alergi, Rinitis vasomotor, insect bite, urtikaria
BSO: Kaps 50 mg
D: Dws 75-100 mg 3x/hr
KI:
P: Hamil, laktasi. Jangan mengemudi
ES: agranulositosis, kantuk, mual, muntah, diare, kolik, ggn GI,
anoreksia
IO:
Nama Dagang:

Homochlorcyclizine
I:
BSO: Tab 10 mg
D: 10-20 mg 2x/hr
KI: Glaukoma, obstruksi sal. Kemih bawah
P:
ES: Kantuk
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Homoclomin

Loratadine
non-sedating antihistamine
I: Nasal and non-nasal symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis
BSO: Syrup: 1 mg/mL, Tablet: 10 mg
D: Dws & anak > 6thn: 10 mg/day

KI: Hipersensitif
ES: Drowsiness, Dizziness, Blurred vision, Difficulty
concentrating, Indigestion, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea,
vomiting or abdominal pain, Dry mouth, Urinary retention,
Headache, Loss of appetite, Palpitations, Arrhythmias,
Hepatitis, Wheezing or difficulty in breathing, Muscle weakness,
Tinnitus, Irritability, Nightmares
IO: Ketoconazole, erythromycin, procarbazine, and alcohol may
increase loratadine levels
Preg: B
P: Initiate therapy at lower dose in liver impairment; caution in
Preg: and lactation
Nama Dagang:
Desloratadine
Non-sedating antihistamine
I: Allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticaria
BSO: Tab 5 mg, Syr 2.5mg/ 5 cc
D: Dws 5 mg 1x/hr. Anak 6-11 thn: 2.5 mg 1x/day.
KI: Hipersensitif, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding
ES: Fatigue, Dry mouth, Headache, Diarrhoea, Fever (in
infants and toddlers), Difficulty sleeping, Dizziness,
Somnolence, nausea, vomiting, indigestion or abdominal pain,
Tchycardia, Palpitations, Muscle pain, Hyperactivity, Seizures
IO: Limited data exist; erythromycin and ketoconazole increase
desloratadine and 3-hydroxydesloratadine plasma
concentrations, but no increase in clinically relevant adverse
effects, including QTc, was observed
Preg: C
P: Decrease dose in hepatic impairment; rarely causes
pharyngitis or dry mouth
Nama Dagang:

Cetirizine HCl
Sedation occurs in approximately 10% of patients. Dosing qhs
may be useful if sedation is a problem. Although the standard
dose is 5-10 mg qd.
I: Hayfever, perennial allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic
urticaria.
BSO: Syrup: 5 mg/5 mL
Tablet: 5 mg, 10 mg
D: 5-10 mg 1x/day
KI: Hipersensitif
ES: Headache, Dry mouth, Dizziness, Agitation, Stomach or
intestinal discomfort, Drowsiness
IO: Increases CNS toxicity of depressants; theophylline
decreases clearance of cetirizine
Preg: B
P: Caution in hepatic or renal dysfunction; 10 mg/d may cause
drowsiness in approximately 10% of patients
Nama Dagang:
Levocetirizine
Histamine1-receptor antagonist. Active enantiomer of cetirizine.
Peak plasma levels reached within 1 h and half-life is about 8 h.
I: Seasonal allergic rhinitis & perennial allergic rhinitis, chronic
idiopathic urticaria.
BSO:
D: 5 mg 1x/day in the evening
KI: Hipersensitif; CrCl <10 mL/min or hemodialysis; children
aged 6-11 y with renal impairment
ES: Headache, Dry mouth, Fatigue, Sleepiness, asthenia,
Abdominal pain, Shortness of breath, Nausea, Weight gain.
IO: Coadministration with CNS depressants (eg, alcohol,
sedative-hypnotics) may increase somnolence; ritonavir
increased plasma AUC of measurable cetirizine by 42% and
half-life by 53%
Preg: B
P:

Common adverse effects include somnolence, nasopharyngitis,
fatigue, xerostomia, and pharyngitis in adults and children >12
y; pyrexia, somnolence, cough, and epistaxis commonly
observed in children 6-12 y; caution with activities requiring
mental alertness
Nama Dagang:
Xyzal

B. Vaksin, Anti Serum & Imunologikal
Influenza vaccine
Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids, and Acellular Pertussis Vacc
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertussis, Polio, HiB Vacc
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertussis, Hepatitis B Vacc
Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (live)
Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine
Poliovirus Vaccine Rabies immune globulin-Human
Human diploid cell vaccine Rabies vaccine
Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine; A, C, Y, and W-135
Pneumococcal Vaccine Varicella Virus Vaccine
Tetanus Immune Globulin Interferon alfa-2b
Interferon beta-1a Immunoglobulin
Hepatitis A vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine
Rho(D) Immune Globulin Thymalfasin/ Thymosin alpha-1

Influenza vaccine
Indicated for active immunization to prevent influenza A and B
viruses. Induces antibodies specific to virus strains contained in
vaccine following administration. The US Public Health Service
determines influenza vaccine contents annually. Typically, 3 live
attenuated virus strains, which antigenically represent the
influenza strains likely to circulate the next flu season, are
included in the formulation each year.
I:
BSO:
D: 0.5 mL IM for 1 dose each year prior to flu season
Paed.
<6 months: Not established
6-35mo: 0.25 mL IM then 4wk after 1st dose
3-8 y: 0.5 mL IM then 4wk after first dose
>8 y: 0.5 mL IM for 1 dose each year prior to flu season
KI: Hipersensitif to vaccine contents including thimerosal, eggs,
egg products, or chicken protein; history of Guillain-Barré
syndrome; history of neurologic symptoms following vaccination
IO: Immunosuppressive therapy (eg, high-dose corticosteroids,
chemotherapy) may reduce antibody response
Preg: C
P: Defer vaccination with acute febrile illnesses or neurological
findings until symptoms have abated; may cause soreness at
injection site, fever, malaise, and myalgia
Nama Dagang:
Vaxigrip

Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids, & Acellular Pertussis Vaccine
Toxoid
I: As fourth and fifth dose in primary immunization series
against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis from age 15 months
or 17 months through 7th birthday (recipients must have
previously received 3 doses of whole-cell DTP (DTwP))
BSO: Injection:
Diph 6.7 Lf U, tet 5 Lf U, acel. pert vacc 46.8 mcg/ 0.5 mL
Diph 25 Lf U, tet 10 Lf U, acel. pert vacc 25 mcg/ 0.5 mL
Diph 15 Lf U, tet 6 Lf U, acel. pert vacc 40 mcg/ 0.5 mL
D: Before administration, ensure that at least 3 doses of whole-
cell DTP vaccine have been given. Give the fourth dose of
DTaP at ~18 months of age, at least 6 months after the third
DTwP. Give a fifth 0.5 mL dose at 4-6 years of age. Tetanus
and diphtheria toxoids for adult use (Td) is the preferred agent
for adults and older children.
KI: Patients >7 years of age, patients with cancer,
immunodeficiencies, an acute respiratory infection, or any other
active infection; children with a history of neurologic disorders
should not receive the pertussis or any component; history of
any of the following effects from previous administration of
pertussis vaccine precludes further use: >103°F fever (39.4°C),
convulsions, focal neurologic signs, screaming episodes, shock,
collapse, sleepiness or encephalopathy; known hypersensitivity
to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids or pertussis vaccine; do not
use for treatment of actual tetanus, diphtheria, or whooping
cough infections
P: DTaP should not be used in children <15 months of age and
should not be used in children who have received fewer than 3
doses of DTP
ES: All serious adverse reactions must be reported to the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services (DDHS) Vaccine
Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) 1-800-822-7967.
IO: Decreased effect with immunosuppressive agents,
corticosteroids within 1 month
Preg: B
Nama Dagang:

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertussis, Polio, HiB Vaccine
I: # Vaccination of infants against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping
cough, polio and infection with Haemophilus influenzae type B
(Hib) bacteria, which can cause serious diseases such as
meningitis, pneumonia and blood poisoning.
BSO: Jarum suntik pra isi 0.5 cc
D: 0.5 cc IM pd bulan ke 2, 4, 6, 18 pd anterolateral paha atas
atau otot deltoid
KI: >4years, allergy, encephalopathy, Progressive or unstable
disease affecting the brain and nervous system, eg epilepsy (in
this case the vaccine should be postponed until the condition is
corrected or stable), Fever or sudden severe illness (in this
case the vaccine should be postponed until after the child has
recovered).
P: # Children who had a temperature of 40ºC or higher within 48
hours of a previous dose of whooping cough vaccine
# Children who collapsed or were unresponsive following a
previous dose of whooping cough vaccine

# Children who cried persistantly and inconsolably for more
than three hours within 48 hours of a previous dose of
whooping cough vaccine
# Children who had convulsions within three days of a previous
dose of whooping cough vaccine
# Bleeding disorders
# Reduced platelet count in the blood (thrombocytopenia).
ES: Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site, Fever
(pyrexia), Headache, malaise, Sleepiness, Irritability, Loss of
appetite, Restlessness, Unusual crying, Diarrhoea, Nausea and
vomiting, Weakness, Swelling of injected limb, Swollen glands,
Rash, Difficulty sleeping, Stuffy nose, Coughing, Stomache
ache, Backache
IO:
Preg: C
BSO:
Nama Dagang:
Pediacel

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertussis, Hepatitis B
Vaccine
I:
BSO: Vial 0.5 cc
D:
Imunisasi Primer: 0.5 cc IM dalam, tiap 4 minggu selama 3x
Booster: 1x sebelum akhir tahun ke-2
KI: Pnykit febris akut berat, ensefalopati yg tak diketahui
sebabnya
P: Trombositopenia atau ggn perdarahan
ES:
IO:
Nama Dagang:
Tritanrix HB

Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (live)
BSO: Vial 0.5 cc
Injection: 1000 TCID50 each of measles virus vaccine and
rubella virus vaccine, 5000 TCID50 mumps virus vaccine
D: > 12 mo: 1x SC
Infants <12 months of age: If there is risk of exposure to
measles, single-antigen measles vaccine should be
administered at 6-11 months of age with a second dose (of
MMR) at >12 months of age
Administer S.C. in outer aspect of the upper arm to children
greater than or equal to 15 months of age:
0.5 mL at 15 months of age and then repeated at 4-6 years* of
age
In some areas, MMR vaccine may be given at 12 months
*Many experts recommend that this dose of MMR be given at
entry to middle school or junior high school
KI: Blood dyscrasias, Active, untreated tuberculosis, impaired
immune response due to disease or treatment, Pregnancy,

anaphylaxis, Sudden feverish illness, Untreated malignant or
cancerous disease
P: Allergy, Conditions in which fever should be avoided, History
of brain damage, HIV infection, convulsions & epilepsy
ES: Headache, Rash, Diarrhoea, Allergic, Seizures, Fever,
paraesthesia, Dizziness, Nausea and vomiting, Sore throat,
Swollen glands (lymph nodes), parotitis, ataxia,
thrombocytopenia, Irritability, febrile convulsions, malaise, Pain
in the muscles and joints, Pain, swelling, redness and
hardening of the skin at the injection site
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: M-M-R® II

Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine
I: Prevent infection by Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) bact.
BSO: Vial dosis tunggal 0.5 cc
D: HbOC or PRP-T injection & PRP-OMP injection:
Children 15-59 mo: One dose IM
Children 12-14 mo: 1x, then a booster dose at 15months of age.
Children 7-11 mo: 2 doses, 2mo apart, booster at 15 mo.
Infants 2-6 mo: 3 doses, 2 months apart, booster at 15 months
PRP-D injection:
Children 15-59 mo: 1 dose IM. < 15 mo: not recommended.
ES: allergic: Hives, Itching, Reddening of skin (especially
around ears), Swelling of eyes, face, or inside of nose, Unusual
tiredness or weakness (sudden and severe)
More common: Fever of up to 102 °F (39 °C) (usually < 48h),
Irritability, Loss of appetite, Lack of interest, Redness at place of
injection, Reduced physical activity, Tenderness at place of
injection, Tiredness
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Poliovirus Vaccine
I: prevent poliomyelitis (polio).
BSO: Injection: Suspension poliovirus (1, 2 and 3) grown in
human diploid cell cultures
Solution, oral: type 1, 2, and 3 viruses in monkey kidney tissue
D: Poliovirus vaccine live oral (OPV) & Poliovirus vaccine
inactivated enhanced potency (eIPV) IM/SC:
6 wk-18 years:I: 1x, II: 6-8wk later,
III: 8-12 mo after the second dose.
A booster: at 4-6 years of age only if the 3rd dose was given
before the child's fourth birthday.
Poliovirus vaccine inactivated (IPV): injection IM/SC:
I,II,III: q4-8wk
IV: 6-12 mo after the third dose.
KI: Oral: Leukemia, lymphoma, or other generalized
malignancies; diseases in which cellular immunity is absent or
suppressed (hypogammaglobulinemia, agammaglobulinemia);
immunosuppressive therapy; diarrhea; parenteral administration

Parenteral: Hypersensitivity to any component including
neomycin, streptomycin, or polymyxin B; defer vaccination for
persons with acute febrile illness until recovery
P: Although there is no convincing evidence documenting
adverse effects of either OPV or E-IPV on the pregnant woman
or developing fetus, it is prudent on theoretical grounds to avoid
vaccinating pregnant women. However, if immediate protection
against poliomyelitis is needed, OPV is recommended. OPV
should not be given to immunocompromised individuals or to
persons with known or possibly immunocompromised family
members; E-IPV is recommended in such situations.
ES: Fever (>101.3°F), Rash, pain at injection site
IO: Decreased effect with immunosuppressive agents, immune
globulin, cholera vaccine; separate by 1 month if possible; may
temporarily suppress tuberculin skin test sensitivity (4-6 weeks);
DTP, MMR, Hib, and hepatitis B vaccines may be given
concurrently if at different sites
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Rabies immune globulin-Human (BayRab, Imogam)
-- Has been licensed since 1975, and, unlike its predecessor,
ERIG, is not associated with significant adverse reactions,
anaphylaxis, or serum sickness. Purified ERIG is still used in
some developing nations because of cost or availability and is
associated with an adverse effect rate of 0.8-6%, which usually
involves minor reactions. HRIG is not associated with
transmission of viral hepatitis or HIV. Experimentally, infiltration
of HRIG at site of exposure is more protective than IM
administration. Previously, half the dose was administered at
the site and half IM; however, current recommendation is that
the entire dose be infiltrated, if possible, in and around the site,
with any remaining solution administered IM in the gluteus.
D:
20 IU/kg; most or all of solution is infiltrated around the wound;
any remaining solution should be administered IM in the
gluteus; max 20 IU/kg
Paed.
Administer as in adults, except inject into anterolateral thigh
KI:
Hipersensitif; to prevent interference with a maximum active
immunity from rabies vaccine, do not administer in repeated
doses once rabies vaccine treatment initiated; >20 IU/kg is
associated with reduced antibody response to HDCV and
should not be used
IO:
Through an antigen-antibody antagonism, RIG may diminish
antibody response to MMR vaccine; should administer live virus
vaccines 14-30 d before or 6-12 wk after immune globulin
administration; antibody response to rabies vaccine may be
delayed if administered simultaneously with RIG
Preg: B
P:
Caution in thrombocytopenia or bleeding disorders; do not
administer immunoglobulin and vaccine using same syringe or
in same site

Human diploid cell vaccine
Inactivated forms of virus inducing an active immune response.
D: Preexposure
Primary: 1 mL IM deltoid on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28
Booster: 1 mL IM deltoid
Postexposure
No prior vaccination with HDCV or RVA: 1 mL IM deltoid on
days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28
Prior vaccination: 1 mL IM deltoid on days 0 and 3
Alternatives
2-1-1 IM regimen: 1 mL IM bid (1 dose in each deltoid) on day
0, then 1 mL IM deltoid on days 7 and 21
8-site ID regimen (WHO regimen, 1998; may be considered for
use in resource-poor areas, but not FDA approved for this use
in United States): 0.1 mL ID in each of 8 sites (each deltoid,
each lateral thigh, each suprascapular region, and right and left
lower quadrants of abdomen) on day 0, 0.1 mL ID in each of 4
sites (each deltoid, each lateral thigh) on day 7, 0.1 mL ID
deltoid (1 site only) on days 28 and 90
Paed. inject into anterolateral thigh
KI: Life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions; if reaction
occurs, carefully consider patient risk of developing rabies
before deciding to discontinue immunization
IO: High-dose corticosteroids, antimalarials, and radiation
therapy may inhibit immunization, and patients may remain
susceptible despite vaccination; use of immunosuppressants
should be avoided during postexposure therapy; persons
receiving immunosuppressive therapy should receive RIG (3
doses/mL each IM)
Preg: B
P: Administer IM only in deltoid area; vaccination may fail if
injected into gluteal area (because of higher likelihood of
injecting into fat rather than muscle)
To prevent failure with Imovax Rabies ID, inject ID and not IM;
use IM route for Imovax Rabies Vaccine; in Hipersensitif, may
pretreat with antihistamines; epinephrine injection (1:1000),
volume replacement, oxygen, and corticosteroids must be
immediately available to counteract anaphylactic reactions that
may occur
Preg: is not a contraindication to postexposure use of this
vaccine because risks of inadequately treated rabies exposure
clearly outweigh risks of fetal abnormalities based on limited
data; preexposure prophylaxis may also be indicated in Preg:;
however, if risk of rabies is substantial and removal of Preg:nant
woman from high-risk area is feasible, this may be preferred

Rabies vaccine
I: Vaccination against rabies
BSO: Injection: Rabies antigen 0.25 U/0.1 mL
D: Preexposure
Primary : 1 mL IM deltoid on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28
Booster : 1 mL IM deltoid
Postexposure
No prior vaccination with HDCV or RVA: 1 mL IM deltoid on
days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28
1st day: + Rabies immune globulin.
Prior vaccination with HDCV or RVA: 1 mL on days 0 and 3
KI: None reported for postexposure immunization; if alternative
products are not available, exercise caution in persons known
to be sensitive to neomycin, amphotericin B, chlortetracycline,
processed bovine gelatin, and chicken protein because trace
amounts of these products may be present in vaccine
IO:
High-dose corticosteroids, antimalarials, and radiation therapy
may inhibit immunization, and patients may remain susceptible
despite vaccination; use of immunosuppressants should be
avoided during postexposure therapy; persons receiving
immunosuppressive therapy should receive RIG (3 doses/mL
each IM)
ES: Cold or flu-like symptoms, Fever, malaise
Preg: C
P: Administer IM only in deltoid area; vaccination may fail if
injected into gluteal area (because of higher likelihood of
injecting into fat rather than muscle); epinephrine injection
(1:1000), volume replacement, oxygen, and corticosteroids
must be immediately available to counteract anaphylactic
reactions that may occur; Preg: is not a contraindication to
postexposure use of this vaccine because risks of inadequately
treated rabies exposure clearly outweigh risks of fetal
abnormalities based on limited data; preexposure prophylaxis
may also be indicated in Preg:; however, if risk of rabies is
substantial and removal of the Preg:nant woman from the high-
risk area is feasible, this may be preferred

Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine, Groups A, C, Y,
and W-135
quadrivalent vaccine
Visitors who are travelling to Saudi Arabia for the Hajj and
Umrah pilgrimages to Mecca will need to produce a certificate
of vaccination with this quadrivalent meningitis vaccine, before
they can be issued with a visa.
I: Against meningitis caused by groups A, C, W135 and Y
BSO: Injection: 10 dose, 50 dose. Vial 0.5 cc
D: One dose: 0.5 mL S.C; the need for booster is unknown
KI: Babies <2 mo of age, People with a severe feverish illness.
P:
ES: Pain, swelling, redness or hardening of the skin at the
injection site, Headache, Fatigue, Fever, Sleepiness
(somnolence), Very rarely, allergic reactions such as
anaphylaxis
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Pneumococcal Vaccine
I: Risk of pneumococcal disease for Children >2 years of age
and adults, including all those > 65 years of age
BSO: Injection: 25 mcg each of 23 polysaccharide isolates/0.5
mL dose
D: 1x SC/IM
KI: Sudden feverish illness, Children < 2 years of age (because
it does not stimulate sufficient numbers of antibodies to be
produced in this age group. The Prevenar pneumococcal
vaccine should be used to vaccinate children under two.)
P: Blood clotting disorders, eg haemophilia, thrombocytopenia
ES: Fever, Nausea and vomiting, Headache, asthenia, malaise,
Pain in the muscles and joints, paraesthesia, Swollen glands
(lymph nodes), urticaria
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Varicella Virus Vaccine
I: prevent infection by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
The American Association of Pediatrics recommends that the
chickenpox vaccine should be given to all healthy children 12
mo-18 years; children between 12 months and 13 years who
have not been immunized or who have not had chickenpox
should receive 1 vaccination.
While children 13-18 years of age require 2 vaccinations 4-8
weeks apart; the vaccine has been added to the childhood
immunization schedule for infants 12-28 months of age and
children 11-12 years of age who have not been vaccinated
previously or who have not had the disease; it is recommended
to be given with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)
vaccine
BSO: Powder for injection, lyophilized powder, preservative
free: 1350 plaque forming U (PFU)/0.5 mL
D: Prevention of Varicella:
> 13 years: 1 dose SC/IM, then 4-8wks later.
12 months-12 years of age: a second dose is 3 months later.
Prevention of herpes zoster: 1 dose SC
KI: Hypersensitivity, blood dyscrasias, leukemia, lymphomas, or
other malignant neoplasms affecting the bone marrow or
lymphatic systems; receiving immunosuppressive therapy;
primary and acquired immunodeficiency states; congenital or
hereditary immunodeficiency; active untreated tuberculosis;
febrile illness; pregnancy; I.V. injection
P: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission can receive the
vaccine under an investigational protocol (215-283-0897);
Immediate treatment for anaphylactoid reaction should be
available during vaccine use; defer vaccination for at least 5
months following blood or plasma transfusions, immune globulin
(IgG), or VZIG (avoid IgG or IVIG use for 2 months following
vaccination); salicylates should be avoided for 5 weeks after
vaccination; vaccinated individuals should not have close
association with susceptible high risk individuals (newborns,
pregnant women, immunocompromised persons) following
vaccination
ES: Fever over 39 °C (102 °F), Varicella-like skin rash
Tetanus Immune Globulin
I: Passive immunization against tetanus; tetanus immune
globulin is preferred over tetanus antitoxin for treatment of
active tetanus; part of the management of an unclean, wound in
a person whose history of previous receipt of tetanus toxoid is
unknown or who has received <3 doses of tetanus toxoid;
elderly may require TIG more often than younger patients with
tetanus infection due to declining antibody titers with age
BSO: Injection: 250 U/mL
D: Prevention: 250 U IM. Children: 4 U/kg; or 250 U.
Treatment of tetanus:
Children: 500-3000 U; some infiltrate locally around the wound
Adults: 3000-6000 U
KI: Hypersensitivity; patients with IgA deficiency; I.V.
administration
P: Have epinephrine 1:1000 available for anaphylactic
reactions; do not administer I.V.
ES: >10%: Pain, tenderness, erythema at injection site
1% to 10%: Fever, Urticaria, angioedema, Muscle stiffness
IO: Never administer tetanus toxoid and TIG in same syringe
(toxoid will be neutralized); toxoid may be given at a separate
site; concomitant administration with Td may decrease its
immune response, especially in individuals with low
prevaccination antibody titers
Nama Dagang:

Typhoid Vi Polysaccharide vaccine
I: Parenteral: Promotes active immunity to typhoid fever for
patients intimately exposed to a typhoid carrier or foreign travel
to a typhoid fever endemic area
Oral: For immunization of children >6 years and adults who
expect intimate exposure of or household contact with typhoid
fever, travelers to areas of world with risk of exposure to typhoid
fever, and workers in microbiology laboratories with expected
frequent contact with S. typhi
Typhoid vaccine: Live, attenuated Ty21a typhoid vaccine should
not be administered to immunocompromised persons, including
those known to be infected with HIV. Parenteral inactivated
vaccine is a theoretically safer alternative for this group.
BSO: Capsule, enteric coated:
Viable S. typhi Ty21a Colony-forming U 2-6 x 109 and
nonviable S. typhi Ty21a Colony-forming U 50 x 109 with
sucrose, ascorbic acid, amino acid mixture, lactose and
magnesium stearate

Injection, suspension (H-P): Heat- and phenol-inactivated,
killed Ty-2 strain of S. typhi organisms; provides 8 U/mL, less
than or equal to 1 billion/mL and less than or equal to 35 mcg
nitrogen/mL
Injection : Purified Vi capsular polysaccharide 25 mcg/0.5 mL
Powder for suspension (AKD): 8 U/mL < 1 billion/mL, acetone
inactivated dried (50 doses)
D: S.C. (AKD and H-P): I: 0.25 cc; II: > 4 weeks later
Booster: Children 6 mo-10 years: 0.25 mL q3 years
>10 years & adults: 0.5 mL
Oral: Adults:
Primary: 1 caps (day 1, 3, 5, and 7)
Booster : every 5 years
KI: Allergy, Sudden feverish illness
P: Bleeding disorders, Children <2 years, thrombocytopenia
ES: Headache, Fever, Pain & Redness around injection site
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Typherix

Interferon beta-1a
Immunomodulator
I: Relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis (characterised by at
least 2 relapses over the previous two years, without evidence
of progression of the disease between relapses) in people who
are able to walk unaided.
BSO: Powder for injection, lyophilized: 33 mcg [6.6 million U]
D: Multiple sclerosis (MS): Rebif: 22-44 mcg 3x/wk SC
Genital warts: Rebif: 3.67 mcg per lesion 3x/wk for 3 weeks
KI: <16 years of age, History of severe depression or thoughts
of suicide, Uncontrolled epilepsy, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding.
P: Seizure, mood disorders, arrhythmias, decreased kidney &
liver function, History of liver disease & alcohol abuse
ES: Flu-like symptoms, Flushing, Diarrhoea, insomnia,
Depression, alopecia, irregular menstrual bleeding, Dizziness,
Under or overactive thyroid, Confusion, Seizures, hepatitis
IO: Decreases clearance of zidovudine->increasing toxicity
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Rebif
Immunoglobulin
I: Primary humoral immunodeficiency (PI), ITP, and chronic
inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP).
BSO: Injection: 5% [50 mg/mL] ; 10% [100 mg/mL]
D: Children and Adults: I.V.:
Primary immunodeficiency disorders: 200-400 mg/kg q4
weeks or as per monitored serum IgG concentrations
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): 400 mg/kg/dose q3wks
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP):
Maintenance dose: 400 mg/kg/day for 2-5 consecutive days; or
1000 mg/kg every other day for 3 doses, if needed or
1000 mg/kg/day for 2 consecutive days; or up to 2000
mg/kg/day over 2-7 consecutive days
Chronic ITP: 400-2000 mg/kg/dose as needed to maintain
appropriate platelet counts
Kawasaki disease:
400 mg/kg/day for 4 days within 10 days of onset of fever
800 mg/kg/day for 1-2 days within 10 days of onset of fever
2 g/kg for one dose only
AIDS: 200-250 mg/kg/dose every 2 weeks
400-500 mg/kg/dose every month or every 4 weeks
Pediatric HIV: 400 mg/kg every 28 days
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and neutropenia: 1000
mg/kg/dose for 2-3 days
Autoimmune diseases: 400 mg/kg/day for 4 days
Bone marrow transplant: 500 mg/kg beginning on days 7 and
2 pretransplant, then 500 mg/kg/week for 90 days post-
transplant
Adjuvant to severe cytomegalovirus infections: 500 mg/kg/dose
every other day for 7 doses
Severe systemic viral and bacterial infections: Children:
500-1000 mg/kg/week
Prevention of gastroenteritis: Infants and Children: Oral: 50
mg/kg/day divided every 6 hours
Guillain-Barré syndrome:
400 mg/kg/day for 4 days
1000 mg/kg/day for 2 days
2000 mg/kg/day for one day
Refractory dermatomyositis:
2 g/kg/dose every month x 3-4 doses
Refractory polymyositis:
1 g/kg/day x 2 days every month x 4 doses
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy:
400 mg/kg/day for 5 doses once each month
800 mg/kg/day for 3 doses once each month
1000 mg/kg/day for 2 days once each month
Dosing adjustment/comments in renal impairment: Clcr <10 mL/
minute: Avoid use
P: Anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions can occur, especially
in IgA-deficient patients; studies indicate that the currently
available products have no discernible risk of transmitting HIV
or hepatitis B; aseptic meningitis may occur with high doses
( greater than or equal to 2 g/kg). Acute renal dysfunction
(increased serum creatinine, oliguria, acute renal failure) can
rarely occur; usually within 7 days of use.

ES: Fast or pounding heartbeat, Troubled breathing. Bluish
coloring of the lips or nailbeds, Burning sensation in the head,
Faintness or lightheadedness, weakness, Wheezing
IO: Increased toxicity: Live virus, vaccines (measles, mumps,
rubella); do not administer within 3 months after administration
of these vaccines
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Hepatitis A vaccine
I: Vaccination against hepatitis A in > 16 years & adults.
BSO: Injection: 360 ELISA U/0.5 mL ; 1440 ELISA U/mL
Injection, pediatric: 720 ELISA U/0.5 mL
D: I.M. deltoid:
Children 2-18 years: 720 ELISA U (2x360 ELISA U) 15-30 days
prior to travel, with a booster 6-12 months after
Adults: 1440 ELISA U
KI: <15 years, Allergy, Sudden feverish illness.
P: Liver disease, risk of bleeding or thrombocytopenia (- these
given SC rather than IM).
ES: Asthenia, myalgia, arthralgia, Headache, diarrhoea,
nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain, Loss of appetite, Fever,
Redness around injection site, Skin reactions such as rash and
itch
IO: -
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Hepatitis B vaccine
I: Prevention of hepatitis B
BSO: Injection: Hepatitis B surface antigen 20 mcg/mL
Recombinant DNA:
Pediatric: Hepatitis B surface antigen 2.5 mg/0.5 mL
Adolescent/high-risk infant/Adult: 5 mcg/0.5 mL
Dialysis , 40 mcg/mL
D: 2.5-20 mcg IM deltoid/ thigh, 3 doses: 0, 1, 6 month later.
Newborn babies: 3 doses: at birth/ within 7 days of birth, then 1
& 6 months after the first dose, OR 4 doses: 7 day, then 1, 2 &
7 later.
+ blood dialysis: 40 mcg
3 doses: 0, 1, 6 month later, OR 4 doses: 0, 1, 2, 6 months.
KI: Sudden feverish illness
ES: diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain, Headache,
Dizziness, paraesthesia, Fatigue, Fever, flu-like symptoms.
IO: Decreased effect: Immunosuppressive agents
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:
Rho(D) Immune Globulin
Immune Globulin
I: prevent from interacting with any of baby's blood that may get
into mother's blood system while pregnant or during delivery. If
mother blood type is Rh o(D) - & baby is Rh o(D) +; mother's
body may produce a defense (antibodies) against Rh o(D) +
blood. These antibodies will not cause a problem if this is your
first pregnancy, unless you have had a blood transfusion in the
past and have already developed these antibodies. However, if
you have other Rh o(D) + babies in the future, these antibodies
may try to destroy the blood of the future babies.
Rh o(D) immune globulin can be used to treat ITP, to prevent
excessive bleeding.
Rh o(D) immune globulin may also be used if you have recently
received a transfusion that contained Rh o(D) + blood and your
blood type is Rh o(D) -.
BSO: Injection: one single dose 300 mcg of Rho (D) immune
globulin

D : Prevent your body from producing antibodies against Rh
o(D) + blood: 1/> IM/IV during pregnancy, within 72 hours after
partus, at the end of an abortion, or after a transfusion.
Prevent excessive bleeding in ITP: IV
KI:
P:
ES: Bloody urine, Decreased frequency of urination or amount
of urine, hypertension, thirst, Lower back pain, Nausea or
vomiting, Pale skin, Swelling of face, fingers, or lower legs,
Troubled breathing, Unusual bleeding or bruising, weakness,
Weight gain
IO:
Preg: C
Nama Dagang:

Thymalfasin/ Thymosin alpha-1
I: primary humoral
Zadaxin

C. Imunosupresan
Mycophenolate
Ciclosporin
Azathioprine

Mycophenolate
I: Preventing the body rejecting a transplanted kidney (in
combination with ciclosporin and corticosteroids).
BSO: Capsule 250 mg
Injection: 500 mg
Tablet, film coated: 500 mg
D: PO/Injection:
Prevention of rejection of transplanted heart/ liver: 1.5 g 2x/d
Prevention of rejection of transplanted kidney: 1 g 2x/d
KI: Allergy, Breastfeeding, glucose-galactose malabsorption
P: Serious digestive system disease, Rare hereditary diseases
where there is a deficiency of an enzyme called HGPRT, eg
Lesch-Nyhan or Keelley-Seegmiller syndrome.
pain, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia or anaemia, Increased
susceptibility to infections, Disturbances in the levels of
electrolytes, Ulceration or bleeding in the stomach or intestines,
Headache, Depression, anxiety, Confusion, Seizures,
Dizziness, paraesthesia, insomnia, loss of appetite, dyspnoea,
flu-like symptoms, oedema, hepatitis, jaundice, tachycardia,
Increased risk of developing lymphomas and other cancers,
particularly skin cancer.
IO: Decreased effect: Antacids decrease Cmax and AUC, do
not administer together; cholestyramine decreases AUC, do not
administer together
Increased toxicity: Acyclovir and ganciclovir levels may increase
due to competition for tubular secretion of these drugs;
probenecid may increase mycophenolate levels due to inhibition
of tubular secretion; salicylates: high doses may increase free
fraction of mycophenolic acid
Preg: D
Nama Dagang:

Cyclosporine
I: Transplantasi organ/ sumsum tulang. Uveitis endogen.
Psoriasis, AR, sindroma Nefrotik, dermatitis atopik (eczema)
Immunosuppressant which may be used with azathioprine and/
or corticosteroids to prolong organ and patient survival in
kidney, liver, and heart transplants; used in allogeneic bone
marrow transplants for prevention and treatment of graft-versus-
host disease; also used in some cases of severe autoimmune
disease that are resistant to corticosteroids and other therapy.
BSO: Capsule : 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg
Injection : 50 mg/mL
Solution, oral : 100 mg/mL
D: Oral: Transplant rejection: 12-15 mg/kg/day
Maintenance: 5-10 mg/kg/day
Rheumatoid arthritis, Psoriasis: 2.5-4 mg/kg/day
Injection: Transplant rejection: 2-6 mg/kg/day
KI: Hipersensitif
P: Laktasi. Awasi kadar Kalium darah.
ES: Hiperkalemia, kerusakan hati & ginjal, hipertensi.
Increased toxicity:
Drugs that increase cyclosporine concentrations: Azithromycin,
clarithromycin, diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole,
itraconazole, ketoconazole, nicardipine, verapamil, grapefruit
juice
Drugs that enhance nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine:
Aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, acyclovir
Lovastatin - myositis, myalgias, rhabdomyolysis, acute renal
failure
Nifedipine - increases risk of gingival hyperplasia
Preg: C
Nama Dagang: Sandimmun/ Sandimmun Neoral

Azathioprine
Kerja: Menghambat produksi WBC
I: Active chronic autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune haemolytic
anaemia, pemphigus vulgaris, ITP, dermatomyositis,
polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis
nodosa, Preventing the body from rejecting transplanted
organs, eg heart, liver, kidney transplants, severe rheumatoid
arthritis
BSO: Tab 50 mg, Injection: 100 mg
D: Transplantasi organ awal 3-5 mg/kgBB/hr mulai saat
dilakukan transplantasi. Hepatitis kronik aktif 1-1,5 mg/kgBB/hr
KI: Bumil, Allergy to mercaptopurine, Pregnancy

P: Laktasi, Decreased kidney & liver function, Elderly people,
Inherited deficiency of an enzyme called thiopurine
methyltransferase (TPMT)
ES: Toksisitas hematology & GI. Rentan infeksi.

IO: allopurinol, oksipurinol, tiopurinol. Obat penghambat
neuromuskuler, Warfarin, obat sitotoksik/mielosupresan, Vaksin
Preg:: D
Nama Dagang:

PUSTAKA
✔ MIMS Indonesia, Petunjuk Konsultasi Edisi 6
2006/2007
✔ Http://www.netdoctor.co.uk
✔ http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/index.ht
ml
✔ Medical Drug Reference Version 2, Parson
Technology, Inc
✔ Http://www.emedicine.com
✔ Integrative Medicine Access, www.onemedicine.com.
✔ Http://www.mayoclinic.com

DAFTAR ISI
PANDUAN PENGGUNAAN
I. SALURAN PENCERNAAN
II. KARDIOVASKULER & SISTEM HEMATOPOIETIK
III. SALURAN NAFAS
IV.NEURO MUSKULER
V. HORMON
VI. ANTIBAKTERI, ANTI AMUBA & ANTI HELMINTIK
VII. SALURAN KEMIH
VIII. METABOLIK
IX. VITAMIN & MINERAL
X. PREPARAT MATA
XI. PREPARAT KULIT
XII. PREPARAT TELINGA
XIII. PREPARAT MULUT
XIV. IMUNOLOGI
PUSTAKA
INDEX

INDEX
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A
Acarbose Ambroxol HCl
Acefylline piperazine Amikacin
Acetaminophen Amino acids
Acetazolamide Aminophylline
Acetylcysteine Amiodarone
Acetylsalicyclic acid Amitriptyline
Acetylcholine Amlodipine
Aciclovir Amoxapine
Adefovir dipivoxil Amoxicillin
Adenosine Ampicillin
Alclometasone Anagrelide
Alendronate Anastrozole
Alfacalcidol Antithrombin III
Alfuzosin Aprotinin
Allopurinol Ascorbic acid
Allylestrenol Asparaginase
Alteplase Aspirin
Aluminium hydroxide Astemizole
Atazanavir Attapulgit
Atenolol Azapentacene
Atorvastatin Azathioprine
Atracurium besilate Azelaic acid
Atropine Azithromycin

B
Baclofen Biotin
Beclomethasone Bisacodyl
Benazepril Bismuth salicylate
Bencyclane Bisoprolol
Benzoyl peroxide Bleomycin
Benzydamine Botulinum Toxin type A
Benzathine Penicillin Brinzolamide
Beractant Bromhexine HCl
Betahistine Bromocriptine
Betamethasone Budesonide
Betaxolol Buflomedil
Bicalutamide Bunazosin HCl
Bifonazole Butropium Bromide
Billberry dry extract

C
Calcipotriol Cefamandole
Calcipotriene Cefazolin
Calcitonin Cefditoren
Calcitriol Cefepime
Candesartan Cefixime
Capecitabine Cefmetazole
Capsaicin Cefopherazone
Captopril Cefotaxime
Carbamazepine Cefotiam
Carbazochrome Na sulfonate Cefpirome
Carbocisteine Cefpodoxime
Carboplatin Cefprozil
Carteolol Cefradine
Carvedilol Ceftazidime
Cefaclor Ceftizoxime
Cefadroxil Ceftriaxone
Cefalexin Cefuroxime
Cefalotin Celecoxib
Cephalexin Ciclopirox Olamin
Cephalotin Ciclosporin
Cephradine Cilastatin
Cetirizine Cilostazol
Cetrorelix acetate Cimetidine
Charcoal Cinnarizine
Chenodeoxycholic acid Ciprofibrate
Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin
Chlordiazepoxide Cisapride
Chlorhexidine gluconate Cisplatin
Chloroquine Citalopram
Chlorphenamine Citicoline
Chlorpromazine Citrulline
Chlorpropamide Clarithromycin
Chlortalidone Clavulanic acid
Chlorzoxazone Clebropride Malate
Cholecalciferol Clemastine
Chondroitin sulphate Clenbuterol
Chorionic Gonadotrophin Clindamycin
Clobetasol propionate Codeine HCl
Clodronic acid Colchicine
Clofazimine Colestyramine
Clomifene citrate Colistin sulphate
Clomipramine Collagenase
Clonazepam Conjugated estrogen
Clonidine Cyanocobalamin
Clopidogrel Cyclophosphamide
Clostridium botulinum A Cyclosporine
Clotrimazole Cyproheptadine
Cloxacillin Cyproterone acetate
Co-dergocrine mesylate Cytarabine
Co-trimoxazole

D Diflucortolone
Dacarbazine Digoxin
Danazol Dihydroergotamine
Dapsone Diltiazem
Daunorubicin Dimenhydrinate
Dequalinium Dimethindene
Desloratadine Dimeticone
Desogestrel Dinoprostone
Desonide Dioctahedral smectite
Desoximetasone Diosmin
Dexamethasone Diphenhydramine
Dexketoprofen Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids,
Dextromethorphan and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine
Diacerein Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular
Diazepam Pertussis, Polio, HiB Vaccine
Dibekacin Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular
Diclofenac Pertussis, Hepatitis B Vaccine
Didanosine Dipyridamole
Diethylpropion HCl Disodium clodronate
Dithranol
Dobutamin
Docetaxel
Docusate sodium
Domperidone
Donepezil
Dopamine HCl
Doxazosin
Doxepin
Doxorubicin
Doxycycline
Duloxetine
Dutasteride
Dydrogesterone

E Estrone
Enalapril Estriol
Enoxaparin Estrone
Entecavir Estropipate
Eperisone Etanercept
Ephedrine HCl Ethambutol
Epirubicin Ethamsylate
Epoetin alfa Ethinylestradiol
Epoetin beta Etodolac
Erdosteine Etonogestrel
Ergocalciferol Etoposide
Ergotamine Etoricoxib
Erythromycin Exemestane
Erythropoietin Ezetimibe
Esomeprazole
Estazolam
Esterified estrogen
Estradiol
Estradiol valerate
F Fluoxetine
Factor VIII Fluprednidene
Famotidine Flutamide
Felodipine Fluticasone
Fenbufen Fluvastatin
Fenofibrate Fluvoxamine
Fenoterol Folic acid
Feracrylum FSH
Fexofenadine HCl Follitropin alfa
Filgrastim Follitropin beta
Finasteride Fondaparinux sodium
Flavoxate Fosfomycin
Flucloxacillin Fosinopril
Fluconazole Fradiomycin
Fludarabine Framycetin
Flunarizine Furazolidone
Fluocinolone acetonide Furosemide
Fluorometholone Fusidic acid
Fluorouracil
G Gliclazide
Gabapentin Glimepiride
Galantamine Glipizide
Ganciclovir Gliquidone
Gatifloxacin Glucosamine
Gefitinib Glyceryl Guaiacolate
Gemcitabine Glyceryl trinitrate
Gemfibrozil Goserelin
Gentamicin Gramicidin
Gestrinone Granisetron
Gingkgo Biloba Griseofulvin
Glibenclamide Guaifenesin

H Hydroquinone
Haemophilus b Conjugate Hydroxycarbamide
Vaccine Hydroxyurea
Haloperidol Hydroxyzine
Halcinonide Hyoscine butylbromide
HCT
Heparin sodium
Heparinoid
Hepatitis A vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine
Heptaminol acefyllinate
Heptaminol HCl
Hexetidine
Homochlorcyclizine
Human diploid cell vaccine
Hyaluronic acid
Hydralazine
Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrocortisone
I Insulin
Ibuprofen Interferon alfa-2b
Idoxuridine Interferon beta-1a
Ifosfamide Ipratopium bromide
Iloprost Irbesartan
Imatinib Irinotecan
Imidapril Isoaminile
Imipenem Isoconazole
Imipramine Isoniazid
Immunoglobulin Isoprenaline HC
Indapamide Isoproterenol
Indometacin Isosorbide
Infliximab Isoxsuprine
Influenza vaccine Isphagula
Inosine dimepranol acedoben Itraconazole

K
Kanamycin
Kaolin, Pectin
Ketoconazole
Ketoprofen
Ketorolac
Ketotifen

L Levonorgestrel
Lacidipine Levothyroxine
Lactobacillus lidocaine
Lactulose Linezolid
Lamivudine Lindane
Lamotrigine Lincomycin
Lansoprazole Lisinopril
Latanoprost Lithium carbonate
Leflunomide Lodoxamide
Lenograstim Loperamide HCl
Lercanidipine Loratadine
Letrozole Losartan
Leuprorelin Lovastatin
Levamisole Loxoprofen
Levetiracetam Lutropin alfa
Levocetirizine Lynestrenol
Levodopa
Levodropropizine
Levofloxacin
M Meningococcal Polysaccharide
Magnesium hydroxide Vaccine, Groups A, C, Y, and
Magnesium sulphate W-135
Magnesium trisilicate Meperidine
Malathion Meropenem
Mannitol Mesalazine
Maprotiline Mesterolone
Mazindol Metamizole sodium
Measles, mumps, rubella Metformin
vaccine (live) Methampyrone
Mebendazole Methisoprinol
Mebeverine Methotrexate
Mebhydrolin Methoxalen
Mecobalamin Methyldopa
Medroxyprogesterone Methylergometrine
Mefenamic acid Methylergonovine
Megestrol Methylphenidate
Meloxicam Methylprednisolone
Menadione Methylsalicylate
Metoclopramide HCl Mupirocin
Metoprolol Mycophenolate
Metronidazole
Mianserin
Miconazole
Midazolam
Milrinone
Minocycline
Minoxidil
Mirtazapine
Misoprostol
Mitomycin
Mitoxantrone
Moclobemide
Mometasone furoate
Monoxerutin
Morphine
Moxifloxacin
Moxonidine
N Nifedipine
N-acetylcysteine Nifuroxazide
Nabumetone Nimesulide
Nadroparin calcium Nimodipine
Naftidrofuryl Nitrazepam
Naftifine Nitroglycerin
Naphazoline Nizatidine
Naproxen Nomegestrol acetate
Nateglinide Norephinephrine bitartrate
Neomycin Norethisterone
Neostigmine Norfloxacin
Netilmicin Norgestrel
Nevirapine Noscapine
Niacin Nystatin
Nicardipine
Nicergoline
Nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide
Nicotinyl alcohol
O Oxytetracycline
Octreotide Oxytocin
Ofloxacin
Oilatum
Olanzapine
Olmesartan medoxomil
Olopatadine
Omeprazole
Ondansetron
Orciprenaline sulphate
Orlistat
Ornithin
Oseltamivir
Otilonium bromide
Oxaliplatin
Oxatomide
Oxcarbazepine
Oxymetazoline
Oxyphenbutazone
P Perindopril
Paclitaxel Permethrin
Pamidronate Perphenazine
Pancreatin Pethidine
Pancuronium Br Phaseolus vulgaris
Panthenol Phenazopyridine
Pantoprazole Phenobarbital
Papaverine HCl Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Paracetamol Phenylbutazone
Parecoxib Phenylephrine
Paromomycin Phenylpropanolamine HCl
Paroxetine Phenytoin
Pefloxacin Pilocarpine
Peginterferon alfa-2a Pimecrolimus
Peginterferon alfa-2b Pioglitazone
Pemirolast Pipemidic Acid
Penicillin G Benzathine Piperacillin
Penicillin G Procaine Piperazine
Pentoxyfilline Piracetam
Pirenoxine Probenecid
Piroxicam Procaine benzylpenicillin
Pizotifen Procaterol
Pneumococcal Vaccine Prochlorpherazine
Policresulen Progesterone
Poliovirus Vaccine Promethazine theoclate
Polymigel Propafenone HCl
Polymyxin B Propantheline bromide
Polyvinyl alcohol Propranolol
Potassium chloride Propylthiouracil
Povidone Iodine Pseudoephedrine
Prajmalium bitartrate Pyrantel Pamoate
Pramiverine Pyrazinamide
Pravastatin Pyridostigmine
Prednicarbate Pyridoxine
Prednisolone Pyrimethamine
Prednisone Pyritinol
Primaquine

Q
Quinapril
Quinine sulfat

R Risedronate
Rabeprazole Ritodrine
Rabies immune globulin- Ritonavir
Human Rituximab
Rabies vaccine Rivastigmine
Racecadotril Rocuronium Br
Raloxifene Rosiglitazone
Ramipril Rosuvastatin
Ramosetron Roxithromycin
Ranitidine HCl
Rebamipide
Reserpin
Retinol
Retinoic Acid
Rho(D) Immune Globulin
Ribavirin
Riboflavin
Rifampicin
Rifampin
S Sotalol
Salbutamol Sparfloxacin
Salicylic acid Spiramycin
Salmeterol Spironolactone
Salmonella Typhii Stavudine
Secnidazole Streptokinase
Selenium sulfide Streptomycin
Sertaconazole Succinylcholine Cl
Sertraline Sucralfate
Sibutramine Sulbenicillin
Sildenafil Sulbutiamine
Silver Sulfadiazine Sulfacetamide
Simeticone Sulfadoxine
Simvastatin Sulfasalazine
Sodium hyaluronate Sulfur
Sodium nitroprusside Sulpiride
Sodium Picosulfate Sultamicillin
Somatostatin Sumatriptan
Somatropin Suxamethonium chloride
T Tetracycline
Tacrolimus Tetrahydrozoline
Tadalafil Theophylline
Tamoxifen Thiamine
Tamsulosin Thiamphenicol
Tazobactam Thymalfasin
Tegafur Thymosin alpha-1
Tegaserod Tianeptine
Teicoplanin Tibolone
Telmisartan Ticlopidine HCl
Temozolomide Tiemonium methylsulphate
Tenoxicam Timepidium bromide
Teprenone Timolol
Terazosin Tinidazole
Terbinafin Tinoridine
Terbutaline Tioconazole
Terfenadine Tiotropium bromide
Testosterone Tipepidine hibenzate
Tetanus Immune Globulin Tizanidine
Tobramycin Triamcinolone acetonide
Tocopheryl nicotinate Triazolam
Tolterodine Trifluoperazine
Topiramate Trihexyphenidyl
Tramadol Trimetazidine
Trandolapril Trimetoquinol HCl
Tranexamic acid Tripelennamine
Trastuzumab Tromantadine HCl
Travoprost Tropisetron
Tretinoin

U
Undecylenic acid
Urea

V Vincristine
Valaciclovir Vinorelbine
Valdecoxib Vitamin A
Valethamate bromide Vitamin B1
Valganciclovir Vitamin B12
Valproate semisodium Vitamin B2
Valproic acid Vitamin B6
Valsartan Vitamin B Complex
Vancomycin Vitamin C
Vardenafil Vitamin D2
Varicella Virus Vaccine Vitamin D3
Vecuronium Br Vitamin E
Venlafaxine Vitamin H
Verapamil Vitamin K
Verteporfin Voriconazole
Vinblastine

W
Warfarin

X
Xylometazoline

Z
Zafirlukast
Zidovudine
Zoledronic acid

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DAFTAR NAMA GENERIK OBAT

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: Dosis dan cara pemberian oral *

: Diberikan bersama makanan

: Diberikan bersama atau tanpa makanan

: Diberikan saat perut kosong (1 jam sebelum makan atau

Tingkat Keamanan untuk Ibu Hamil

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: 1-2 tab/ hr, 1 jam stlh makan & sebelum tidur .

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: Perut Kosong/ menjelang tidur/ timbul gejala. Tdk >7 hr

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: Dws 400 mg pagi & malam, atau 200 mg 3x/hr waktu

Refluks Esofagitis 150mg 2x/hr.

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: 40 mg 1x/hr atau 20 mg 2x/hr

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: 1x/hr ditelan utuh. Terapi tdk > dr 4 mgg

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

I: Tukak Duodenum, Tukak lambung, Refluks esofagitis

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: Tab 40 mg/hr slm 2-8 mgg. IV 40 mg/hr slm < 8 mgg.

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

pelan/ infus slm 10-30mnt.

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Pemeliharaan 2-4 tab/hr dibagi bbrp dosis.

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: Tab, Amp,Supp: Dws 3x 10 mg/ hr Anak 0,5 mg/kg/hr.

tidur) , anak 0.25-0.5 mg/kgBB 3x/hr.

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Enema 1x/hr. Supp 2x/hr.

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: 6mg 2x/hr selama maks 12 minggu

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: 2 mg 3x/hr . Akut 4 mg 2x/hr selama 2 hr.

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: 135 mg 3x/hr, 20 menit a.c

Genghis Khun (nafanakhun@gmail.com,nafanakhun.wordpress.com)

D: Dws 10-20 mg 4x/hr, anak 10 mg 3x/hr.