API : KECIL JADI KAWAN BESAR JADI LAWAN

Bilangan balai bomba 261

Bilangan kebakaran 28,741
panggilan palsu 534
Kematian 80
Kecederaan 81
Taksiran kerugian (RM Juta) 927.49
PUNCA KEBAKARAN JUMLAH KAEDAH KAWALAN #1
ELEKTRIK 3,802 Kontraktor ?
PUNTUNG ROKOK 777
PERCIKAN API 390
MERCUN/ BUNGA API 56
UBAT 182 #2
NYAMUK/LILIN/COLOK
DAPUR GAS/MINYAK 1,064
REAKSI SPONTAN 281
SENGAJA DIBAKAR #3
NIAT BAIK 5,482
NIAT JAHAT 1,156
TIDAK DIKETAHUI 3,166
TINDAK BALAS KIMIA 18
MANCIS API 136
LAIN-LAIN PUNCA 17,130
KENAPA PERLU ADA KESELAMATAN
KEBAKARAN?
Keselamatan Kebakaran keseluruhan nya berkait kpd. RISIKO.
Kemungkinan berlakunya kebakaran boleh jadi rendah, tetapi
potensi akibatnya boleh jadi tinggi.
Kebakaran dapat membawa pelbagai akibat:
• Membunuh dan memudaratkan kesihatan
• Musnah harta benda
• Gangguan kpd. Perniagaan
• Pencemaran alam sekitar
 PENGERTIAN API DAN KEBAKARAN

HABA

RANTAI
REAKSI
BAHAN
O2 MUDAH
TERBAKAR

Api ialah suatu reaksi kimia (oksidasi) cepat yang

terbentuk dari 3 (tiga) unsur (panas, oksigen dan bahan
mudah terbakar) yang menghasilkan panas dan cahaya.
Peringkat Api pada skalamakro
Peringkat Api Mula (Initial fire)
I sources”.
Peringkat Api Membesar (Fire build-up)
II.
Peringkat “Flashover”
III.
Punca mula api boleh timbul dari beberapa “ignition
Api mula menjana banyak lagi haba yang akan
menyebabkan lebih banyak lagi dekomposisi dan
pengewapan bahan yang membakar, pengeluaran asap tebal dan
gas beracun. Kadar kemaraan api bergantung kepada mudahnya
pencucuhan (ignition), diukur dengan suhu pencucuhan (ignition
temperature).
Apabila sesuatu bahan mudah terbakar berada pada suhu
melebihi suhu pencucuhan, bahan itu akan meletup jadi
api. ”This is really cool”.

Peringkat Api sepenuh maju (fully- all combustible material is contributing to the fire, with
IV. developed) extensive heat, smoke, and toxic gas generation. Containing
the fire becomes more important than extinguishing it.

Peringkat Api meyebar (Fire Api yang telah maju sepenuhnya menjadi punca pencucuh
V. propagation) pada bahan-bahan berhampiran dan memajukan kebakaran
baru (iaitu, api merebak dari bilik ke bilik)
1.1 SOURCES OF IGNITION - GENERAL TEMPERATURES

Punca Suhu (Celsius)

Cigarettes - 400°-780°
ventilated
Cigarettes - 288°
unventilated
conditions
Cigarettes - 510°-621°
insulated and
smoldering
Match 600°-800°
Candle flame 600°-1400°
Stove element >550°
Fluorescent light 60°-80°
Incandescent light 100°-300°
Tungsten halogen 600°-900°
light
Electrical arcing to 3750°
Electrical spark 1316°
PERINGKAT SATU - Punca nyala (ignition)
sediakan tenaga haba bagi memulakan
pembakaran (combustion).
Contoh Punca Kebakaran:
Api (Flames) – Mancis bernyala, “pilot light”
(hot water heater, dapur, stove, relau)
Percikan Elektrik – Litar pintas, Elektrik statik,
kilat
Cahaya – Matahari, laser
Benda Panas - bara , “radiant heater”
Kebakaran ialah nyala
api baik kecil maupun
besar pada tempat,
situasi dan waktu
yang tidak
dikehendaki yang
bersifat merugikan
dan pada umumnya
sulit untuk
dikendalikan.
Peringkat III – “Flashover”: Time to Get Out
“Flashovers” berlaku dengan laju dan melibatkan peningkatan
pada penumbuhan dan kemajuan kebakaran.

Pada peringkat ini api yang mula pada punca tertentu bertukar
kepada api yang melibatkan setiap bahan yang boleh membakar
tanpa sentuhan api.
Pemindahan haba pada dan selepas “flashover” adalah melalui
radiasi.

“Flasovers” = Bahaya = masa singkat untuk lari ke tempat selamat.

Peringkat II – Pembesaran Api (Fire Build-up)
Air Sampling Systems
An Air Sampling panel is a high sensitivity detection system,
which operates by drawing the air from the protected area into
the panel and through a laser or LED chamber, which detects
the smoke in the air.

The system has inherent immunity to dust/dirt build-up, high

signal to noise level and resistance to problems caused by
vibration and high humidity.

Masterfire can supply and maintain all leading brands including

ICAM, Stratos,VESDA & Wagner..
The name VESDA, what does it mean?
The name VESDA is an abbreviation for Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus! The name VESDA has become a
generic name for most air sampling applications. The name VESDA is a trade mark of Xtralis.

What is VESDA?
VESDA is simply a laser based smoke detector, which means it is a very good smoke detector! VESDA smoke
detectors have been operating in specialist fire detection applications for over 20 years. VESDA is the most
advanced aspirating smoke detection equipment on the market. VESDA smoke detectors hold more certifications
than any other aspirating smoke detectors.

How does VESDA work?

A VESDA detector is much like a vacuum cleaner. It sucks air for the protected environment through the purpose
built aspirating pipe and samples the quality of air passing through the VESDA laser chamber.
Door Closer – Sets with Flexilodice

Fire resistant
ventilation
grilles
FireStop
 Passive Fire Protection Products
Intumescent Pipe Wraps, Collars & Sleeves
Applied pipe wraps, collars and sleeves running
through masonry and concrete expand when
exposed to heat, stopping the spread of fire &
smoke.

Intumescents for Electrical Protection

Astroflame intumescent socket box covers & socket
box inserts expand when exposed to heat, stopping
the spread of smoke & fire
An intumescent is a substance that swells as a result of heat exposure,
thus increasing in volume and decreasing in density. Intumescents are
typically used in passive fire protection
Products Tested
• Fire Resistance Tests for Non-loadbearing and Loadbearing Horizontal Elements of Construction
- Flooring System
- Roofing System
- Suspended Ceiling System
- Beam
- Roller Shutter Assemblies (Horizontal)
- Ducting System
• Fire Resistance Tests for Non-loadbearing and Loadbearing Vertical Elements of Construction
- Timber Doorsets
- Composite Doorsets
- Steel Doorsets
- Glazed Doorsets
- Fire Dampers
- Roller Shutter Assemblies (Vertical and Sliding)
- Drywall Partition/Panel System
- Lift Landing Door
- Precast Wall Panel
- Penetration Seals
- Brick/Block Walls
-Glazing
•Cyclic Movement Endurance Test for Side-Hung
-Fire Resistance Doorset
• Indicative Fire Resistance Tests on Products/Systems
- Iron Mongeries
- Horizontal Building Elements
- Vertical Building Elements
- Penetration Seals
• Reaction to Fire Tests
- Non-Combustibility Test
- Surface Spread of Flame Test
- Fire Propagation Test
• Active Fire Protection System for Performance Tests
- Portable Fire Extinguishers (Water, Foam, Dry Powder and CO2 )
- Fire Reel Hoses
- Fire Hose Reels
- Landing Valves
- CO2 Valves
Range of Services: Relevant Standards
Fire Resistance Tests:
MS 1073: Part 2: 1996 Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance (General Principles)
MS 1073: Part 3: 1996 Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance (Type of Doorsets)
BS 476: Part 20: 1987 Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Elements of Construction (General
Principles)
BS 476: Part 21: 1987 Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Loadbearing Elements of Construction
BS 476: Part 22: 1987 Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Non-loadbearing Elements of Construc.
BS 476: Part 23: 1987 Methods for Determination of the Contribution of Components to the Fire Resistance of
Struct.
BS 476: Part 24: 1987 Methods for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Ventilation Ducts
BS EN 1363-1: 1999 Fire Resistance Tests - Part 1: General Requirements
BS EN 1363-2: 1999 Alternative and Additional Procedures (Hydrocarbon test)
BS EN 1364-1: 1999 Fire Resistance Tests for Non-loadbearing Elements - Part 1: Walls
BS EN 1365-1: 1999 Fire Resistance Tests for Loadbearing Elements - Part 1: Walls
BS EN 1366-1: 1999 Service Ducts and Shafts
BS EN 1634-1: 2000 Fire Resistance Tests for Door and Shutter Assemblies - Part 1: Fire Doors and Shutters
UL 10B Fire Tests of Door Assemblies
UL 10C Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door Assemblies
AS 1530: Part 4 : 1997 Fire Resistance Tests of Elements of Construction
ASTM E119 Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
 Fire Doors
Clauses 162 – 164
Fire Doors _ 162(2) Openings in compartment and separating walls to be protected by Fire Doors in
accordance with the FRP requirements of the relevant walls referred in the Ninth Schedule 162(3)
Openings in protected structures to be protected by Fire Doors with FRP not less than ½ of the relevant
walls referred in the Ninth Schedule 162(4) Openings in protected corridor or lobby to be protected by Fire
Doors having FRP of ½ hour.
 Sedutan UBBL - "TKA" ertinya tempoh ketahanan api.

162. (1) Pintu-pintu Api daripada TKA yang berpatutan hendaklah disediakan.
(2) Ruang buka dalam dinding petak dan dinding pengasing hendaklah dilindungi dengan
suatu pintu api yang mempunyai TKA mengikut kehendak-kehendak bagi dinding itu
yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual Kesembilan Undang-Undang Kecil ini.
(3) Ruang buka dalam struktur pelindung hendaklah dilindungi dengan pintu api yang
mempunyai TKA tidak kurang daripada setengah daripada kehendak bagi dinding
sekeliling yang dinyatakan dalam ladual Kesembilan Undang-Undang Kecil ini tetapi
dalam mana-mana hal tidak kurang daripada setengah jam.
(4) Ruang buka dalam dinding sekat yang mengepungi suatu koridor atau ruang terlindung
hendaklah dilindungi dengan pintu api yang mempu/lyai TKA selama setengah jam.
(5) Pintu-pintu api termasuk bingkai hendaklah dibina mengikut spesifikali yang boleh
ditunjukkan sebagai memenuhi kehendak-kehendak TKA yang relevan apabila diuji
mengikut seksyen 3 PB 476:1951.
163. Pintu-pintu api yang mematuhi cara pembinaan yang ditentukan di bawah ini hendaklah disifatkan sebagai memenuhi
kehendak-kehendak TKA yang ditetapkan:
(a) pintu dan bingkai yang dibina mengikut salah satu daripada spesifikasi-spesifikasi berikut hendaklah disifatkan
sebagai memuaskan kehendak-kehendak bagi pintu yang mempunyai TKA selama setengah jam:
(i) suatu pintu tunggal 900 milimeter Iebar x 2100 milimeter tinggi maksimum at au pintu kern bar 1800 milimeter x
2100 milimeter tinggi maksimum yang dibina daripada teras kayu keras pejal tidak kurang daripada 37 milimeter tebal
dilapisi dengan pelekat yang mematuhi sama ada PB 745 "Glu Haiwan", atau PB 1204, "Pelekat Damar Sintetik
(fenolik dan aminoplastik) bagi kayu" Bahagian I, "Pelekat mengisi ruang", atau PB 1444, "Glu kasein beku sejuk untuk
kayu", dilapisi pada kedua-dua belah dengan papan lapis hingga jumlah tebalnya tidak kurang daripada 43 milimeter
dan semua tepinya dikemas dengan jalur tepi pejal sepenuh lebar pintu itu. Sisi bingkai pintu kembar yang bertemu
hendaklah diribetkan 12 milimeter dalamnya atau boleh dimukatumpukan dengan syarat bahawa kelegaannya dikawal
pada suatu minimum;
(ii) pintu boleh dihayun dua hala dengan syarat ianya dipasang atas spring lantai hidraulik dan kelegaan pada lantai
tidak melebihi 5 milimeter dan bingkai dan sisi bingkai bertemu tidak melebehi 3 milimeter;
(iii) suatu panel penglihatan boleh digabungkan dengan syarat ianya tidak melebihi 1.25 meter persegi bagi satu daun
dengan tiada apa-apa ukuran melebihi 1370 milimeter dan ianya digilap dengan 6 milimeter Kaca Berdawai Georgia
dalam penahan kayu keras;
(iv) pintu yang dibina mengikut PB No. 459: Bahagian 3: 1951 Pintu Rata Tahan Api dan Bingkai Kayu dan Logam
(Jenis Setengah Jam);
(v) bingkai kayu bagi pintu api setengah jam dihayun sehala yang lebar keseluruhannya ialah 60 milimeter termasuk
25 milimeter ribet dan kedalaman yang bersesuaian dengan ketebalan pintu itu ditambah dengan 34 milimeter
penahan;
(vi) bingkai logam untuk pintu api setengah jam hendaklah daripada kepingan keluli tidak ringan daripada 18
tolok yang lebar keseluruhannya ialah 50 milimeter termasuk 18 milimeter ribet dan kedalaman yang
bersesuaian dengan ketebalan pintu itu ditambah dengan 53 milimeter penahan;
(vii) bingkai kayu atau logam bagi pintu dihayun dua hala hendaklah sebagaimana dinyatakan di atas
dengan mempunyai kelegaan minimum di antara bingkai dan pintu.
(b) Pintu dan bingkai yang dibina mengikut salah satu daripada spesifikasi-spesifikasi berikut hendaklah
disifatkan sebagai memuaskan kehendak-kehendak bagi pintu yang mempunyai TKA selama satu jam:
(i) suatu pintu tunggal yang tidak melebihi 900 milimeter lebar x 2100 milimeter tinggi atau pintu kembar
tidak melebihi 1800 milimeter x 2100 milimeter tinggi dibina mengikut spesifikasi (a) bagi pintu setengah jam
tetapi menggabungkan pada kedua-dua permukaan sama ada di luar atau di bawah permukaan kayu lapis
itu satu lapis papan penebatan asbestos menglkut PB 3536 (bukan simen asbestos) tidak kurang daripada 5
milimeter tebal;
(ii) pintu boleh dihayun satu hala sahaja dan pintu kembar hendaklah mempunyai ribet 12 milimeter lebar
pada temuan sisi bingkai;
(iii) suatu panel penglihatan boleh digabungkan dengan syarat ianya tidak melebihi 0.0645 meter persegi
bagi satu daun dengan tiada apa-apa ukuran melebihi 300 milimeter dan ianya digilap dengan 6 milimeter
Kaca Berdawai Georgia dalam penahan kayu keras;
(iv) pintu yang dibina mengikut PB 459: Bahagian 3: 1951: Pintu Rata Tahan Api dan Bingkai Kayu dan
Logam (Jenis Satu Jam);
(v) bingkai bagi pintu api satu jam hendaklah sama seperti bingkai bagi pintu api setengah jam kecuali
bingkai kayu itu hendaklah diserap padat dengan 15% atau 18% larutan fosfat monoammonium dalam air.
Tests for fire resistance of record protection equipment

The following classifications may be attained when testing in accordance with UL 72.
Class
This rating is the requirement in data safes and vault structures for protecting digital information on magnetic
media or hard drives. Temperatures inside the protected chamber must be held below 125 °F (52 °C) for the time
period specified, such as Class 125-2 Hour, with temperatures up to 2,000 °F (1,090 °C) outside the vault. The
temperature reading is taken on the inside surfaces of the protective structure. Maintaining the temperature
below 125°F. is critical because data is lost above that temperature threshold, even if the media or hard drives
appear to be intact.
Class 150 Rating
This is the rating required to protect microfilm, microfiche, and other film-based information storage media.
Above 150°F (65.5°C) film is distorted by the heat and information is lost. A Class 150-2 Hour vault must keep the
temperature below 150°F. for at least two hours, with temperatures up to 2,000°F. (1,093.3°C) outside the vault.
Class 350 Rating
This rating is the requirement for protecting paper documents. Above 350°F (176.7°C) paper is distorted by the
heat and information is lost. A Class 350-4 Hour vault must keep the temperature below 350°F. for at least four
hours, with temperatures up to 2,800°F. (1,093.3°C) outside the vault.
148. (1) Tiada apa-apa ruang buka boleh dibuat dalam mana-mana dinding pangsa atau
lantai petak kecuali mengenai mana-mana satu atau lebih daripada yang berikut:
(.)
(.)
(.)

(6) Sesuatu dinding pangsa atau lantai petak yang dikehendaki oleh Undang-Undang
Kecil ini supaya mempunyai TKA selama satu jam atau lebih
Intumescent pipe wraps and collars are designed for use on plastic pipes that pass through masonry floors and
walls; the intumescent material expands inwards in a fire situation to squeeze the collapsing pipe until the opening is
completely sealed.
Intumescent downlighter covers and fire hoods / canopies for recessed light fittings prevent fire from penetrating
the ceiling void and thus preserve the fire resistant integrity of the ceiling; they are typically 30 or 60 minutes fire
rated.
Electrical sockets in walls and skirting boards are another vulnerable point in a fire rated compartment; intumescent
socket box inserts / covers expand to fill the electrical box in a fire, preventing the spread of flames, smoke and hot
gases.
Testing and certification
When choosing PFP products, it is important to ensure that they have been tested to the relevant and current British
standard: for example, BS476: 1987 (Fire tests on building materials and structures) Part 20 (Method for
determination of the fire resistance of elements of construction – general principles) and Part 22 (Methods for
determination of the fire resistance of non-loadbearing elements of construction).
It is also recommended that CERTIFIRE approved products are used. CERTIFIRE is a national certification body that
specifically operates in the field of PFP. Its quality mark reflects, not only compliance with the minimum regulatory
requirements for CE Marking, but the additional requirements of ISO9001:2000 certification and independent audit
testing.
Fire Resistance Test:
MS 1073: Part 2: 1996 - Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance (General Principles)
MS 1073: Part 3: 1996 - Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance (Type of Doorsets)
BS 476: Part 20: 1987 - Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Elements of Construction (General Principles)
BS 476: Part 21: 1987 - Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Loadbearing Elements of Construction
BS 476: Part 22: 1987 - Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Non-Loadbearing Elements of Construction
BS 476: Part 23: 1987 - Method for Determination of the Contribution of Components to the Fire Resistance of Structure
BS 476: Part 24: 1987 - Method for Determination of the Fire Resistance of Ventilation Ducts
BS EN 1363-1: 1999 - Fire Resistance Tests - Part 1: General Requirements
BS EN 1363-2: 1999 - Alternative and Additional Procedures (Hydrocarbon test)
BS EN 1364-1: 1999 - Fire Resistance Tests for Non-Loadbearing Elements - Part 1: Walls
BS EN 1365-1: 1999 - Fire Resistance Tests for Loadbearing Elements - Part 1: Walls
BS EN 1366-1: 1999 - Service Ducts and Shafts
BS EN 1634-1: 2000 - Fire Resistance Tests for Door and Shutter Assemblies - Part 1: Fire Doors and Shutters
UL 10B - Fire Tests of Door Assemblies
UL 10C - Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door Assemblies
AS 1530: Part 4: 1997 - Fire Resistance Tests of Elements of Construction
ASTM E119 - Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
IMO A 18/RES. 754 - Fire Resistance Tests for "A", "B", and "F" Class Divisions
ISO 834-4:2000 - Specific Requirements for Loadbearing Vertical Separating Elements
ISO 834-5:2000 - Specific Requirements for Loadbearing Horizontal Separating Elements
ISO 834-6:2000 - Specific Requirements for Beams
ISO 834-8:2000 - Specific Requirements for Non-Loadbearing Vertical Separating Elements
ISO 834-9:2000 - Specific Requirements for Non-Loadbearing Ceiling Elements
Dinding-api (Firewall - construction)

Dinding-api ialah satu jenis halangan “fireproof” dibina untuk menahan api daripada menyebar antara atau melalui
bangunan , struktur, “electrical substation transformers” , atau dalaman pesawat “aircraft “ atau kenderaan.

Dinding-api ialah sebahagian daripada sistem pencegahan pasif kebakaran (passive fire protection) dalam sesebuah
bangunan.

Dinding-api digunakan dalam membahagikan bangunan kepada kawasan api berasingan dan di bina ikut kod bangunan
tempatan (UBBL).

Firewalls can be used to separate high value transformers at an electrical substation in the event of a mineral oil tank rupture
and ignition. The firewall serves as a fire containment wall between one oil-filled transformer and other neighboring
transformers, building structures, and site equipment.
Types of Firewall (construction)

There are three main classifications of fire wall: firewalls, fire barrier walls, and high challenge firewalls. To the
layperson, the common use of language typically includes all three when referring to a firewall unless distinguishing
between them is necessary.
A firewall is a wall separating transformers, structures, or buildings or a wall subdividing a building to prevent the
spread of fire and having a fire resistance rating and independent structural stability.[1]
A fire barrier wall, also referred to as a fire partition, is a fire rated wall assembly which is not a fire wall. Typically,
the main differences is that a fire barrier wall is not structurally self-sufficient, and does not extend through the roof,
or necessarily to the underside of the floor above.
Fire barrier walls are continuous from an exterior wall to an exterior wall, or from a floor below to a floor or roof
above, or from one fire barrier wall to another fire barrier wall, fire wall, or high challenge fire wall having a fire
resistance rating of at least equal rating as required for the fire barrier wall. They are continuous through all
concealed spaces (e.g., above a ceiling), but are not required to extend through concealed spaces if the construction
assembly forming the bottom of the space has a fire resistance rating at least equal of the fire barrier wall.[3]
A high challenge fire wall is a wall used to separate transformers, structures, or buildings or a wall subdividing a
building with high fire challenge occupancies, having enhanced fire resistance ratings and enhanced appurtenance
protection to prevent the spread of fire, and having structural stability.
Portions of structures that are subdivided by fire walls are permitted to be considered separate buildings, in that fire
walls have sufficient structural stability to maintain the integrity of the wall in the event of the collapse of the
building construction on either side of the wall.
Characteristics of Firewall (construction)

Fire rating - Fire walls are constructed in such a way as to achieve a code-determined fire-resistance rating, thus forming
part of a fire compartment's passive fire protection.
Germany includes repeated impact force testing upon new fire wall systems. Other codes require impact resistance on a
performance basis[6]
Design loads – Fire wall must withstand a minimum 5 lb./sq.ft., and additional seismic loads.[7]
Substation Transformer Firewalls are typically free standing modular walls custom designed and engineered to meet
application needs.
Building Firewalls typically extend through the roof and terminate at a code-determined height above it. They are usually
finished off on the top with flashing (sheet metal cap) for protection against the elements.
Materials
Building and structural firewalls in North America are usually made of concrete, concrete blocks or reinforced concrete.
Old walls, often built prior to World War II, will consist of brick.
Fire barrier walls are typically constructed of drywall/gypsum board partitions.
Penetrations – Penetrations through fire walls, such as for pipes and cables, must be protected with a firestop assembly
to prevent the spread of fire through the wall at this point. Penetrations (holes) must not imperil the structural integrity
of the wall, such that the wall must be able to withstand a fire without threat of collapse.[8]
Openings – Openings in Fire walls, such as doors and windows, must be fire rated as fire door assemblies and fire window
assemblies.
Performance based design
Firewalls being used in different application may require different design and performance specifications. Knowing
the potential conditions that may exist during a fire are critical to selecting and installing a firewall. For example, a
firewall designed to meet National Fire Protection Agency, (NFPA), 221-09 section A.5.7 which indicates an average
temperature of 800°F, is not designed to withstand higher temperatures such as would be present in higher challenge
fires, and as a result would fail in a time less than the wall rating.

Performance based design takes into account the potential conditions during a fire. Understanding thermal limitations
of materials is essential to using the correct material for the application
 SELANGOR
SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION
STREET, DRAINGAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
Sel. P.U. 26/1985
SELANGOR UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1986

PART VIII
FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS.
225. Detecting and extinguishing fire.
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and
with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as
specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5
metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire
appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority
.
 Pencegahan Kebakaran “Aktif” Lwn. “Pasif” :
Adakah kedua-duanya Perlu?
Sistem pencegahan kebakaran yang
seimbang mengandungi 3 unsur kunci:

Pengesanan (Detection),
Penindasan (Suppression), dan
Pembendungan (Containment)

Tanpa mana satu dari tiga unsur ini ,

pencegahan kebakaran akan
dikompromikan.
1.1.1 Alat Pengesan
Automatic Fire Detection And Alarm System

Fire detection and alarm systems are designed to provide warning of the
outbreak of fire and allow appropriate fire fighting action to be taken
before the situation gets out of control.
The fire alarm system can either be operated automatically or manually.
Automatic operation is via the detectors whereas manual operation is by
breaking the glass at the manual call point (breakglass unit).
To override the automatic operation of this system in case of its failure
during a fire, use the nearest unit of the manual breakglass.
The manual/automatic actuation of the detectors will cause an alarm
condition on the master fire alarm panel which will then actuate all the
alarm bells installed.

A set of standby battery with capacity for 72 hours supply is provided in the
event of any power failure.
Type of Fire Detection System
There are four types of fire detection systems:
(a) Conventional system
(b) Addressable system
(c) Analogue addressable system
(d) Air sampling system
(d) Air sampling system/aspirating smoke
detection (ASD)

Air sampling, or aspirating, fire detection systems represent new technology that can offer increased protection by
providing earlier detection and a potential to reduce the physical and aesthetic impact of fire protection upgrades
in historic buildings.

Air sampling systems consist of small components which can be installed with minimal visual and structural impact.
The small sampling tubes used to collect air can be concealed in unobtrusive places like light fixtures, ledges, or
ornamental ceilings, which makes these systems good choices for historic properties.

Since air sampling systems are generally costlier than conventional detection systems, and have limitations, at this
time their use in NCR public buildings is best limited to particular spaces where their capabilities offer exceptional
benefits in reduced visual impact or damage to ornamental finishes. Consider use for large spaces with high
ceilings or spaces with ornamental ceilings and upper wall surfaces. These systems can be combined with other
types of detection and suppression systems.
1.2 Perolehan Alat & Bahan

Sistem SPPK Sistem SPPK =

(Pasif & Sistem
Aktif)
Pencegah dan
Perlindungan
Alat & Bahan
(Pemasangan,
Kebakaran
Loji & Jentera
Ukur, Uji,
Kesan dll.)
Types of Extinguishers

To help in choosing the proper extinguisher,

fires are classed A, B, C, or D, according to the
type of fuel (e.g., paper, grease, oil) that is
involved in the fire. Extinguishers are
available for use on one or more classes of
fire, depending on the extinguishing agent
they contain (e.g., water, chemicals).
AUTOMATIC
SPRINKLER
SYSTEM
WATER SPRAY SYSTEM
CO2 SYSTEM
HOSE REEL SYSTEM
Hose Reel System –

v Design Standard
§ M.S. 1489 Part 1: Hydrant System, Hose Reels and Foam Inlets;
§ M.S. 1447 - Hose Reels with semi – rigid hose;
§ M.S. 1488: Semi – rigid hoses for first aid fixed installations.

v Other Compliants on Design Method of Hose Reel System;

§ 10th.Schedule (UBBL)

Fire Hose Reels consist of a fully extendable hose length of 36 meters, a

nozzle fitted at the end of the hose enabling the operator to control the
direction and flow of water to aim at the fire.
Design Method of Hose Reel System;

§ Compliy to M.S.1447 and stated detailed under the 10th.Schedule (6+0.UBBL)

§ Each hose reel are usually placed where it can cover 30 meters of hose between the hose reels
stack.
§ Minimum discharge at each hose reel is 30 lit/min (1.8 m³/min) of water within 6 meters of all
parts of the space protected.
§ The rubber hoses should comply to M.S 1488 (min: 30 m in length)
§ Size of Hose Reel Pipe is 50mm (nom. dia.) and the material is Galvanised Steel – Medium
Grade Class B for above ground but for Underground G.I Pipe -Heavy Grade Class C & to be feed
to individual hose pipe size ≥ 25mm dia.
§ The pipe shall be painted with primer and finished with red paint or may be identified with red
bands.
Design Method of Hose Reel System;

§ Hose Reel Pumps – 1 (One) unit on Duty and 1 (One) unit on Standby
§ Pump Flow Rates – 120 lit/min@ operating pressure at 2 to 3 bars (4 Hose Reels could be
activated at one time)
§ The Standby Hose Reel Pump – Set should be supplied with power from the emergency
generator or diesel engine driven (fuel supply should be adequate for min. 1 hour of operation)
§ Starting and Stopping the Duty pump-set need to be set at 80% and 100% of System pressure
respectively;
§ Starting and Stopping the Standby pump – set need to be set at 60% to 100% of system
pressure respectively.
§ Diesel pump – set should be capable of automatic starting but should only be stopped manually.
§ If the total hose reel < 4 Units than no need to use emergency power; i.e Electrical Generator
or Diesel Engine Driven.
§ All hose reels system shall not be tapped off from Automatic Sprinkler System
Design Method of Hose Reel System;

§ Min. Floor Size Area of Hose Reel Stacks : 1200mm - Length X 800mm - Depth (mm²)
§ Minimum Effective Capacity of Fire Water Storage Tank should be sized based 2275 litres
(500 Ig) for the first hose reel and 1137.5 liters (250 Ig) for every additional hose reel. The
maximum effective capacity is approximately 9100 litres (2001 Ig).
§ The Material used for the Fire Tank is either made from Pressed Steel (hot dipped galvanised
and coated internally with Bituminous paints for corrosion protection), FRP – Fiberglass
Reinforced Plastics or R.C Concrete.
§ This Hose Reel Tank need to be refilled with 50mm Supply pipe and at the min. flow rates of
150lit/min (33 Igpm)
§ Pump Rooms would be located at the Ground Floor or Roof Floor Level and the min. Fire
Protection Plant Room Size as following below table;
Plant Room for Hose Reel Tank
Hose Reel Tank Room 3(W) x 2(L) x 5(H) Within apartment footprint and could be shared
with Wet Riser Tank Room if Required.
If the location of hose reel tank at roof top than it
is advisable to combine with a Roof Storage Water
Tank (i.e Shopping Complexes like Carrefour,
Tesco or Giant)
Ventilation slots should be provided with insect
screen to prevent entry of vermin
 Convert to
Convert from
Pa (N/m2) bar atmosphere mm Hg mm H2O m H2 O kg/

Pa (N/m2) 1 10-5 9.87 10-6 0.0075 0.1 10-4 1.02

bar 105 1 0.987 750 1.0197 104 10.197 1.0

atmosphere 1.01 105 1.013 1 759.9 10332 10.332 1.

pound square inches

6894.76 0.069 0.068 51.7 689.7 0.690 0.
(psi)

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
HOSE LENGHT : 36 Meters
HOSE DIAMETER : 19MM
MINIUM INLET PRESSURE : 220 kPa
TEST PRESSURE : 1700kPa
MAXIMUM WORKING
: 1000kPa
PRESSURE
 Gun type fire nozzle

Model QLD6.0/8-A

Working Pressure 7Bar/100PSI

Max Flow Rate 500LPM@100PSI

Max Flow Distance 38M

Connections Size
1.5” and 2.5”
Available
Inlet 1.5”
Storz, NH, British or
Connections Type
Japanese
Available
Instantaneous
Unit Weight 2.5kg
HIGH EXPANSION FOAM SYSTEM
Hypoxic Air Fire Suppression

What is an Hypoxic Air system?

Of all of the anti fire systems the Hypoxic air
option has to be the most engineered fire
protection system design. It is operated
automatically under microprocessor control to
regulate the amount of oxygen within a given
environment.
In order for combustion to take place oxygen
levels in a given environment must be over
15% to 16% by volume. This system
purposefully maintains an oxygen level
suitable for human occupation, but low
enough to ensure the prevention of ignition in
the first instance.
1.2 Perolehan Alat & Bahan
Kerja2 Perolehan adalah yg. Pertama menyusul setelah dapat Surat
Setuju Terima tawaran projek. Proses ini merangkumi 3 rangka kerja
utama:
1. Rancang keperluan alat dan bahan (rujuk kpd. Senarai Kuantiti dan
Lukisan Rekaan seperti Tender )
2. “Sourcing”
3. Pembelian/Purchase
Rancang keperluan alat dan bahan – dilaksanakan dengan cara
“Take off”
1. Kenal Komponen sistem (Rujuk Lukisan rekaan, senarai kuantiti)
2. Tahu susunan komponen (Rujuk Lukisan schematic)
3. Bagi Setiap komponen lakukan senarai “Take off” menunjukkan
peralatan, mesin atau jentera perlu uktuk pemasangan
Contoh Lukisan Schematic Sprinkler System
Bil. SENARAI KOMPONEN Senarai “Take Off” Nota
1 Primary Power Supply
2 Secondary Power Supply
3 Fire Alarm Panel
4 Initiating Devices
5 Notification Appliances
6 Water Supply Tank 1. Connection from Mains
2. Tank
3. Connection to Pump(s)
7 Fire Pump 1. Jacking (Jockey)Pump
2. Fire Pump
8
9
SIJIL PERAKUAN BAHAN [Sebanyak 24 item yang terlibat iaitu:-]
1.Pintu Rintangan Api / Fire Door
2.Sesekat Api / Fire Damper
3.Gelendung Api / Fire Roller Shutter
4.Batu-bata / Bricks
5.Bahan-bahan Kelas ‘O’ / Class ‘O’
6.Pengadang Api / Firestop
7.Dinding Drywall / Drywall Construction
8.Blok Konkrit Rongga / Hollow Concrete
Block
9.Pintu Pelantar Tahan Api / Fire Rated Lift
Landing Door
10.Saluran Tahan Api / Fire Rated Duct
11.Tirai Asap / Smoke Curtain
12.Lampu Tanda Keluar / KELUAR Sign
13.Lampu Kecemasan / Emergency Light
14.Alat Pengesan Asap / Smoke Detector
15.Alat Pengesan haba / Heat Detector
16.Penggera Kebakaran Manual / Manual Fire
Alarm
17.Loceng Penggera / Alarm Bell
18.Kabel Rintangan Api / Fire Resistant Cable
19.Salur Bantu Mula / Fire Hose Reel
20.Kepala Springkler / Springkler Head
21.Sistem Pengeluaran Asap / Smoke Extraction
System
22.Panel Penggera Kebakaran / Fire Alarm Panel
23.Fire Suppression System / Halon Alternatif
24.Alat Pemadam Api / Fire Extinguisher
Galvanized Iron Pipes : Identification Marking

The British Standard Steel Tubes produced to BS1387:1967 is available in three thickness class which known as Class A,
Class B and Class C . Also available in black welded or hot dipped galvanised finish in 6 meter length.

Class A ( Light Duty )

Class B ( Medium Duty )
Class C ( Heavy Duty)

Applications
For ordinary Conyeyance of steam, gas, air, water etc...
End Connection and End Protection
The Pipes have produced to two type of end connection :-
•Plain end square cut ( P/E )
•Threaded and Fixed with coupling ( T/C ) - Supplied screwed with taper threads to BS21 and fitted with one taper
threaded malleable iron socket.
Tubes are marked by colour bands about 50mm wide :-

Class A ( Light) Class B ( Medium ) Class B ( Medium )

Brown Blue Red
SKOP KERJA

Lukisan & Spesifikasi adalah seperti yang ditentukan oleh Jurutera Perunding

AM (Spesifikasi)

The work to be performed under this Contract is listed hereunder: -

Supply delivery, installation, testing and commissioning of the Fire

Prevention and Protection System.

Service and maintenance of the above systems for a period of the

twelve (12) months from the date of handing over in good running
conditions to Owner.
Tanggungjawab Kontraktor:

1. Faham maksud Spesifikasi/BQ

2. Tahu baca pelan
3. Faham keseluruhan Sistem/Loji
4. Faham keperluan “DESIGN CODES AND STANDARDS” –
Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (UBBL)
Jabatan Kilang & Jentera (Machinery Department)
Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat
Tenaga Nasional Berhad/Suruhanjaha Tenaga
Jabatan Alam Sekitar
All other authorities having jurisdiction over this installation
The economical ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguishers are effective on all types of fire-class, A, B or C.

The dry powder agents, mono-ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulphate base – are non conductors of electricity.
When used, the fire extinguisher is highly effective in reducing the heat of the fire because
1) a cloud of powder provides an effective heat shield and
2) there is an immediate knockdown of the flames.
This suffocates the flames and any remaining embers are extinguished by a layer of melted powder.
Fire detection and alarm system are design to provide warning of
the outbreak of fire and allow appropriate fire fighting action to
taken before the situation get out of control.

The design depends on.

A. Type of building –UBBL Requirement, Bomba Requirements.
B. Type of system to be installed.
C. Type Of Fire Detection System.
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Codes & Standards
Automatic fire alarm system shall be design based on B.S 5839 part 1
~ part5: 1988, UBBL 1984 TENTH SCHEDULE.

Others standard LBS 1014 Loss Prevention Certification Board

Types of Fire Alarm Systems
All Fire Alarm Systems essentially operate on the same principle.
If a detector detects smoke or heat or someone operates a break
glass unit (manual break point), then alarm sounders operate to
warn others in the building that there may be a fire and to
evacuate. It may also incorporate remote signaling equipment
which would alert the fire brigade via a central station.

Fire Alarm Systems can be broken down into four categories:

1. Conventional
2. Addressable
3. Analogue Addressable
4. Wireless systems
Conventional Fire Alarm System
In a Conventional Fire Alarm System, a number of call points and detectors are
wired to the Fire Alarm Control Panel in Zones.

A Zone is a circuit and typically one would wire a circuit per floor or fire compartment.

The Fire Alarm Control Panel has a number of Zone Lamps. The reason for having
Zones is to give a rough idea as to where a fire has occurred. This is important for
the fire brigade and of course for the building management. The accuracy of knowing
where a fire has started is controlled by the number of Zones a Control Panel has
and the number of circuits that have been wired within the building.

The Control Panel is wired to a minimum of two sounder circuits which could contain
bells, electronic sounders or other audible devices. Each circuit has an end of line
device which is used for monitoring purposes
 Sistem Amaran Kebakaran Konvensional
Sistem Amaran Kebakaran Konvensional
menjadi pilihan untuk sistem yang kecil
atau dimana belanjawan menjadi
kekangan.
Addressable Systems
The detection principle of an Addressable System is similar to a Conventional
System except that the Control Panel can determine exactly which detector or
call point has initiated the alarm. The detection circuit is wired as a loop and up
to 99 devices may be connected to each loop. The detectors are essentially
Conventional Detectors, with an address built in. The address in each detector
is set by dil switches and the Control Panel is programmed to display the
information required when that particular detector is operated. Additional Field
Devices are available which may be wired to the loop for detection only i.e. it is
possible to detect a normally open contact closing such as sprinkler flow
switch, or a normally closed contact opening. Sounders are wired in a minimum
of two sounder circuits exactly as a Conventional System. Loop Isolation
Modules are available for fitting on to the detection loop/loops such that the
loop is sectioned in order to ensure that a short circuit, or one fault will only
cause the loss of a minimal part of the system.
Analogue Addressable Fire Alarm Systems
Analogue Addressable Fire Alarm Systems are often known as Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems. There
are several different types of Analogue Systems available which are determined by the type of protocol
which they use. The bulk of standard Analogue Detectors available are fairly stupid as the Detectors
can only give output signals representing the value of detected phenomena. It is left up to the Control
Unit to decide whether there is a fire, fault, pre-alarm or other. With a true Intelligent Analogue System
each detector effectively incorporates its own computer which evaluates the environment around it, and
communicates to the Control Panel whether there is a fire, fault or the detector head needs cleaning.
Essentially Analogue Systems are far more complex and incorporate far more facilities than
Conventional or Addressable Systems. Their primary purpose is to help prevent the occurrence of false
alarms. With the Analogue Addressable System, up to 127 input devices i.e.: Smoke Detectors, Call
Points, Heat Detectors, Contact Monitors and other interface devices may be wired to each detection
loop. In addition to the 127 Input Devices, up to 32 Output Devices such as Loop Sounders, Relay
Modules and Sounder Modules may be connected. Analogue Systems are available in 2, 4 and 8 loop
versions which means large premises can be monitored from one single panel. Isolator units should be
connected between sections of detectors as described for Addressable Systems.
Wireless Fire Alarm System
Wireless fire alarm systems are an effective alternative to
traditional wired fire alarm systems for all applications.
They utilise secure, licence-free radio communications to
interconnect the sensors and devices (smoke detectors,
call-points, etc.) with the controllers. It is a simple concept,
which provides many unique benefits and is a full analogue
addressable fire detection system without the need for
cable.
In a typical Conventional Fire Alarm System the 'intelligence' of the system resides solely within the Fire Alarm
Control Panel, which receives a trigger signal from a Conventional Detector or Call Point and in turn, signals the
condition to other devices such as alarm sounders and remote signalling equipment.A typical Conventional Fire Alarm
Arrangement:Conventional detectors are normally connected to the Fire Control Panel via dedicated circuits, each
circuit protecting a designated 'Zone' or 'Area' of the building (the maximum size of which will often be governed by
local standards). Detectors have two states, Normal and Alarm.
The Fire Control Panel will normally be arranged in a set number of Zones or Circuits, e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8 etc. and have 2
separate sounder circuits.
Conventional’ Fire Alarm Systems, in their various forms, have
been around for many years and have changed little in terms of
technology. Although its design and reliability have improved
significantly, however, Conventional Systems are a well-proven
technology. This System has protected thousands of properties
worldwide. A Conventional Fire Alarm System is often the
natural choice for smaller Firms or where budget is a main
constraint.
In a typical Conventional Fire Alarm System the ‘intelligence’ of
the system resides solely within the Fire Alarm Control Panel
which receives a trigger signal from a Conventional Detector or
Call Point and in-turn send signals to other devices such as
alarm sounders and remote signaling equipment.
Conventional Detectors are normally connected to the Fire
Control Panel through dedicated circuits, each circuit
protecting a designated ‘Zone’ or ‘Area’ of the building.
Fire Alarm System Zone Plans & Mimics In BS5839-
1:2013
The introduction of BS5839-1:2013 has introduced new
recommnedations to Fire Alarm System Zone Plans and
Mimic Diagrams. This article covers some of these
recommendations.
In at least one multiple-fatality fire, it has been determined
that some or all of the deaths could have been avoided if
a diagrammatic representation of the premises had been
provided in close proximity to the fire alarm system control
panel.
BS58839-1:2013 states that it is important to ensure that a
suitable zone plan is provided adjacent to the fire alarm
control panel (including repeater panels), unless the
control panel equipment includes a suitable display, i.e. an
illuminated mimic panel. The objective is to ensure that
those responding to a fire alarm activation are given clear,
easy to understand information as to the location of the
fire.
BS5839-1:2013 Recommendations Of Fire Alarm Zone
Mimic Diagrams
In close proximity or on fire alarm system indicating
equipment there should be a diagramitic representation of
the building. This representation should show at least the
buildings entrances, the main circulation areas and the
division of the system into zones.
The fire alarm system zone plan should be correctly
orientated. For example a plan drawn with north at the
top of the sheet should be mounted on a north facing
wall. Alternatively a plan drawn with south at top should
not be mounted on a north facing wall. The idea behind
this is to make the information as easy as possible to
understand.
The Safety Centre features some ideal products for use
with fire alarm system zone plans. We have an ideal
product to help comply with these zone plan
recommendations.
2.2 Shop Drawings
Satu set lukisan yang di buat oleh Kontraktor – berasaskan
maklumat dari pembekal, pembuat, pengilang, sub-kontraktor,
atau fabricator.

“Shop drawings” adalah perlu bagi kebanyakan komponen-

komponen “pre-fabricated”.
Contoh: DB (elektrikal), Control panel, Alarm Panel, elevators,
structural steel, trusses, pre-cast, windows, appliances,
cabinets, air handling units and millwork
• Pihak Kontraktor kemukakan sebutharga bagi sesuatu projek
berasakan ”TENDER DWG.”
• Kontraktor yg. berjaya sediakan “SHOP DWG’ yang akan digunakan di
tapak pembinaan.
• Adalah tanggungjawab Kontraktor menyediakan “detailed design “
berasaskan “basic design “ yang disediakan oleh Klien/Perunding
sebagai sebahgaian dokumen tender.
2.2.1 SHOP DRAWINGS (Spesifikasi)

The working drawings to be submitted to the Engineer for approval

prior to installation shall include but not limited to the followings: -
All layout plans, elevations and sections. (All piping layouts shall be double-lined).
Piping routes and layout diagrams.
Piping schematic diagrams.
Schematic wiring and control diagrams, the control shall include written sequence.
Vibration and isolation of equipment details.
Duct and pipe penetration details for fire and vibration isolation.
Hanger details showing provisions for vibration isolation and expansion for pipework
and ductwork.
Foundation and bases for equipment.
Switchboards motor control centre single line and layout details.
Noise isolation provision details.
Shop Drawings : Seperti dalam Kontrak
Kes “Shop Drawings” di Tolak
Kurang “Professionalism”:
Sketch
Tanpa “Title Block”
Tak ikut spesifikasi atau
“regulations” seperti “Building
Code”, TNB, Telekom, SPAN dsb.
2.4 Keterangan Pemasangan (Method Statement)
A Method Statement is a document detailing how a particular task or activity will
be carried out. It should detail the possible dangers/risks associated with your
particular part of the project and the methods of control to be established, to show
how the work will be managed safely.

A method statement is, fundamentally, a written safe system of work, or series of

safe systems of work.
Method Statements are agreed between:
1. a client and principal contractor; or
2. a principal contractor and contractor,
and are produced where work with a foreseeable high hazard content is to be
undertaken.
A method statement should specify the activities to be undertaken on a stage-by-
stage basis and the precautions necessary to protect site operators, the client's
employees and members of the public who could be affected by site activities. In
certain cases, method statements may be produced and agreed between a client
and principal contractor for a range of high risk activities prior to commencement
of work.
What goes into a Method Statement?

Whilst there is no standard format for a method statement, the following aspects may need consideration:
• working systems to be used;
• arrangements for access e.g. to roofs;
• methods for safeguarding existing structures;
• structural stability precautions, e.g. temporary shoring arrangements;
• arrangements for protecting the safety of members of the public;
• plant and equipment to be used;
• health protection arrangements, such as the use of local exhaust ventilation and respiratory protection,
where hazardous dusts and fumes could be created;
• procedures to prevent local pollution;
• segregation of specific areas; and
• procedures to ensure compliance with legal requirements under, for instance, Control of Noise at Work
Regulations; Work at Height Regulations; Control of Lead at Work Regulations; and Construction (Design
and Management) Regulations.
2.4 Keterangan Pemasangan (Method Statement)

Sijil Perakuan Bahan

• Semua Pepasangan Keselamatan Kebakaran yang dipasang atau
dibina di mana-mana premis hendaklah mempunyai Sijil Perakuan
Bahan yang dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat
Malaysia. Sebanyak 24 item yang terlibat
Testing requirements for the Wet Riser System are the following;

1. Static Pressure Test – to clear up the debris from the inside of Those main wet risers and
hydraulically the
pressure to be tested up to 14 Bars or 150% the WorkingPressure, whichever is the
higher for 2 hours, measured at the lowest landing valve and a check is carried out for
leakage at all joints and landing valve connections.
.
2. Flow Test – A three way of landing valve should be provided on the roof or topmost
floor for testing purposes
where the main motif is to measure the water flow rates
 Multiply by
Convert to
Convert
Pa atmosp
from bar mm Hg mm H2O m H2O kg/cm2
(N/m2) here
Pa 9.87 10- 1.02 10-
1 10-5 0.0075 0.1 10 -4
(N/m2) 6 5

1.0197
bar 105 1 0.987 750 10.197 1.0197
104
atmosp
1.01 105 1.013 1 759.9 10332 10.332 1.03
here
1.33 10- 1.32 10- 1.36 10-
mm Hg 133.3 3 3 1 13.3 0.013 3

mm 0.00009 9.87 10- 1.02 10-

10 5 0.075 1 0.001 4
H2O 7
9.87 10-
m H2O 104 0.097 2 75 1000 1 0.102
kg/cm2 9.8 104 0.98 0.97 735 10000 10 1
pound
4.78 10- 4.72 10- 4.78 10- 4.88 10-
square 47.8 4 4 0.36 4.78 3 4
feet
pound
square
6894.76 0.069 0.068 51.7 689.7 0.690 0.07
inches
(psi)
inches
3377 0.0338 0.033 25.4 337.7 0.337 0.034
Hg
inches 2.49 10- 2.46 10-
248.8 3 3 1.87 25.4 0.0254 0.0025
H2O
 Multiply by
Convert to
Convert from
Pa (N/m2) bar atmosphere mm Hg mm H2O m H2O kg/cm2

Pa (N/m2) 1 10-5 9.87 10-6 0.0075 0.1 10-4 1.02 10-5

bar 105 1 0.987 750 1.0197 104 10.197 1.0197

atmosphere 1.01 105 1.013 1 759.9 10332 10.332 1.03

mm Hg 133.3 1.33 10-3 1.32 10-3 1 13.3 0.013 1.36 10-3

mm H2O 10 0.000097 9.87 10-5 0.075 1 0.001 1.02 10-4

m H2 O 104 0.097 9.87 10-2 75 1000 1 0.102

kg/cm2 9.8 104 0.98 0.97 735 10000 10 1

pound square feet 47.8 4.78 10-4 4.72 10-4 0.36 4.78 4.78 10-3 4.88 10-4

pound square inches

6894.76 0.069 0.068 51.7 689.7 0.690 0.07
(psi)

inches Hg 3377 0.0338 0.033 25.4 337.7 0.337 0.034

inches H2O 248.8 2.49 10-3 2.46 10-3 1.87 25.4 0.0254 0.0025