Laksmono, Datumaya & Abidin / Analysis Bioavtur for Energy Security / 243-256

Jurnal Pertahanan ISSN : 2087-9415

Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan
yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism & Integrity Vol. 2 | No. 3

Analysis Bioavtur for Energy Security

Rudy Laksmono W* Arwin Datumaya W** Zaenal Abidin***
*Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia
**Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia
***Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia

Article Info Abstract

Keywords: In 2014, Avtur commodities in Indonesia, recorded a
Bioavtur deficit of 0.9 million kiloliters. This situation are not
Energi security. profitable, both economically and energy security.
This aim of research is exposing clearly about the
condition of national energy resources, the
development of biofuels (especially bioavtur) and
policies that support the production and use of
bioavtur. This study used a qualitative approach with
descriptive analysis. Data sources obtained from in-
depth interviews with the institutions related to the
energy field, air transport, the biofuels industry
(bioavtur) and farmer groups/associations of oil palm
plantations. The results is there are a variety of
biological sources in Indonesia that can be used
bioavtur such as algae, pecans, coconut, and palm oil.
Opportunities and prospects bioavtur market in
Indonesia is promising. Future studies are necessary
to improve the economics of the plant-based oil
bioavtur because Indonesia has large oil supply
source.
Corresponding Author: Pada tahun 2014, avtur komoditas di Indonesia,
rudy.laksmono@idu.ac.id mencatat defisit sebesar 0,9 juta kiloliter. Situasi ini
tidak menguntungkan, baik secara ekonomi dan
keamanan energi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah
mengungkap dengan jelas tentang kondisi sumber
daya energi nasional, pengembangan biofuel (terutama
bioavtur) dan kebijakan yang mendukung produksi
dan penggunaan bioavtur. Penelitian ini menggunakan
pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif.
sumber data yang diperoleh dari wawancara mendalam
dengan lembaga-lembaga yang terkait dengan bidang

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Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 2 No. 3 (2016)

energi, transportasi udara, industri biofuel (bioavtur)

dan kelompok tani / asosiasi perkebunan kelapa sawit.
Hasil ini ada berbagai sumber hayati di Indonesia yang
dapat digunakan bioavtur seperti ganggang, kemiri,
Jurnal Pertahanan kelapa, dan minyak sawit. Peluang dan prospek pasar
Volume 2 Nomor 3 bioavtur di Indonesia cukup menjanjikan. Studi masa
September-December 2016
ISSN 2087-9415 depan diperlukan untuk meningkatkan ekonomi dari
pp. 243-256 bioavtur minyak nabati karena Indonesia memiliki
©2016 JP. All rights reserved. sumber pasokan minyak besar.

Introduction country, both economically and

energy security. One of those
Fuel shortages certain types
such as diesel oil and Avtur oil (Jet opportunities to overcome deficit
Avtur commodities are used bioavtur.
Fuel), imported from the China
country, Japan, Singapore, and the Bioavtur generated by
European Union. One of the refined hydrogenesis technology, ie splitting
products are imported kerosene used vegetable oils component with
for cooking and aircraft fuel. Avtur is hydrogen. Unsaturated triglycerides
a kind of kerosene with special (vegetable oil component)
specifications, especially the boiling hydrogenated into saturated fatty acids
point and freezing. Kerosene and propane (C3H8). Saturated fatty
production by domestic refineries are acids are redecarboxylation and
not able to suffice the country need so hydrogenated to hydrocarbons.
that the government must comply Compared with Avtur
through the import Avtur from abroad. produced from petroleum refineries,
Indonesia avtur consumption bioavtur has advantages more
in 2014 totaled 4.2 million kiloliters environmentally friendly, as well as
(KL) while production from domestic lubrication and cleaning machine
refineries only reached 3.3 million KL, properties (thus affecting the
so the balance Avtur commodities performance of the machine).
recorded a deficit of 0.9 million KL. However, although it does not require
This situation are not profitable for the modifications to the engine fuel

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 Laksmono, Datumaya & Abidin / Analysis Bioavtur for Energy Security / 243-256

vehicles, bioavtur have a tendency to conversion of animal fats, vegetable

freeze faster, and specific oils and biomass into paraffinic
consumption (usage amount for the hydrocarbons that could make use of
same performance) greater 4.5% to existing pyrolysis, hydrotreatment and
6.0%. cracking technologies that already
exist in petroleum refineries
It has been proven by Eller,
(ÉcoRessources Consultants, 2012).
Varga, & Hancsók (2016) who study
the production of jet fuel from natural The first test performed on
triglycerides (technical grade coconut aircraft flying from São José dos
oil) with special hydrocracking Campos to Brasília using pure
(hydrogenation of olefinic double biokerosene (no added minerals
bonds, propane split, traditional kerosene) called cent.
hydrodeoxygenation, decarbonylation Seames and Aulich (2008) with the
and decarboxylation) with lower synthesis process technology bioavtur
chemical and energy costs, less using raw materials soybean oil and
harmful material emission and better canola oil. While, McCall et al. (2009)
economy. This means significant using the raw material for refined
chemical and operation cost soybean oil (Refined bleached
decreasing, less energy consumption, deodorised / RBD) and Bradin (2011)
moreover less harmful material with the raw material crude soybean
emission. oil, pure soybean oil, corn oil, Rapseed
oil, and cottonseed oil.
In abroad, many efforts have
been made bioavtur of some types of Companies biofuel from Brazil
vegetable oils, such as castor oil, in cooperation with NASA and Boeing
camelina oil, and oil microalgae. in 2006 to develop aircraft fuel in the
Increasing avtur prices is one reason form of biokerosene called jet biofuel
why the airline will begin to look using transesterification reaction. The
bioavtur as an alternative fuel. The successful development of plant-based
combination of these factors led to the fuel technology is followed by several
development of processes for the success other airlines. The aviation

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Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 2 No. 3 (2016)
industry is actively searching for
replacements for conventional jet fuel
through the use of biofuels. Air New
Zealand and Continental Airlines have
recently performed two successful test
flights (Air New Zealand, 2008; ATW,
2009). Furthermore, Virgin Atlantic
(2008) reports successful test flights
using biofuel. For the moment biofuels
is more of a problem for the aviation
industry due to the issue with FAME.
Production of bio-jet fuels has so far
only been for research purposes and
far from on an industrial scale.
In Indonesia, the source of raw
materials bioavtur diverse enough, but
based on availability, palm kernel oil
and coconut meat is a potential
candidate. Currently, Indonesia is the
largest palm oil producing countries in
the world; Crude Palm Oil (CPO) of
national palm oil production in 2014,
reaching 29.5 million tons and is
expected to reach 61.06 million tons in
2030. Location bioavtur production of
CPO is the islands which is central to
the production of palm oil plants, ie
Sumatra and Kalimantan. Meanwhile
oil also has the potential to be used as
raw materials bioavtur. Coconut oil
advantages compared CPO is 98% of
246
the area is people's plantation. But the
consumption of fresh coconut and
variations of oil production inside the
country a very high so that production
for Crude Coconut Oil (CCO) only
700-800 tons / year.
Research has been carried out
by various institutions such as
Pertamina, Agency for Assessment
and Application of Technology
(Indonesia: Badan Pengkajian dan
Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT)),
Institute of Oil and Gas (Indonesia:
Lembaga Minyak dan Gas Bumi
(Lemigas)), and universities to study
the manufacture and utilization
bioavtur as a substitute or Avtur
mixture for aircraft fuel. The Ministry
of Transportation is targeting bioavtur
consumption by 2% of all aviation fuel
supply can be realized at 2016 to
reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
Bioavtur program for the aircraft also
has been a priority of the Director
General of New and Renewable
Energy and Energy Conservation
(Indonesia: Energi Baru dan
Terbarukan dan Konservasi Energi
(EBT-KE)). Bioavtur user penetration
is done in stages and is expected to
reduce fuel consumption (energy
 Laksmono, Datumaya & Abidin / Analysis Bioavtur for Energy Security / 243-256
diversification), increasing national
energy security and reduce greenhouse
gas emissions as energy security
factors
Jet Fuel (Avtur)
Avtur or Jet Fuel or ATF
(Aviation Turbine Fuel) is an aircraft
fuel with gas turbine engines. The
most common avtur type used for
commercial airlines are Jet A and Jet-
A1. Another type jet fuel is Jet-B is
used for cold weather. Avtur is a
mixture of light hydrocarbons with the
amount chain destillate carbon
constrained by the products
requirements such as the freezing
point or smoke point. Kerosene type
Avtur (including Jet A and Jet-A1) has
a the amount chains of carbon atoms
between 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per
molecule); while naphtha type Avtur
(including Jet-B), has a the amount
chains of carbon atoms between 5 and
15.
The dominant fuel is jet fuel
originating from crude oil as it is used
in all large aircraft. Jet fuel is almost
exclusively extracted from the
kerosene fraction of crude oil, which
distills between the gasoline fraction
and the diesel fraction. The IEA has
estimated that the world’s total
refinery production in 2006 at 3861
million tonnes (Mt). The aviation fuel
part was 6.3%, implying an annual
aviation fuel production of 243 Mt
(corresponding to about 5 Mb/d),
including both jet fuel and aviation
gasoline (IEA, 2008).
Bioavtur Economical
Almost all jet fuel of today is
manufactured from crude oil (Liu,
Yan, & Chen, 2013). A relatively
small percentage is made from three
unconventional sources of
petroleum—Canadian oil sands,
Venezuelan VHOs, and oil shale (Liu,
Yan, & Chen, 2013; Long, et. al.,
2007; Jiang, et al., 2008; Al-Otoom, et.
al., 2009; Kok and Pamir, 2000).
Alternative fuels are the future of the
aviation industry today (Blakey, Rye,
& Wilson, 2011).
The aviation industry can
expect alternative fuel potential
environmental interests of the
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
and useful economic life cycle with an
increase in the availability of fuel and
fuel costs are lower (Bailis and Bake,
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Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 2 No. 3 (2016)

2010). Bioavtur economical studies presented on the table below::

conducted abroad with various kinds
of raw materials to produce figures
Table 1. Economical Bioavtur from Various Raw Materials Production
Pongamia Sugarcane Algae
Total Capital Investment ($M) $506 $259 $3,451
Annual Operating Cost ($M) $303 $253 $984
Facility-‐dependent Costs1,2 31.93% 18.84% 84.17%
Raw Materials1 57.86% 70.89% 10.11%
Utilities1 5.56% 8.13% 4.43%
Labor Cost1 4.53% 2.14% 1.25%
Consumables1 0.12% 0.01% 0.04%
The minimum sale price ($/bbl) $373.68 $301.35 $1,343.18
1
As percentage of annual operating cost
2
Facility-dependent costs include depreciation, maintenance,insurance and overhead

Sugarcane raw material average rate of USD 12,000 / liter to

showed the cost per barrel lower than Rp 15,000 / liter, while CPO price
Pongamia and algae. Starting in 2016 more expensive than fuel price, then
every liter of Avtur should be mixed bioavtur price more than Rp 15,000
with 2% of biofuels or bioavtur. per liter. It certainly would be burden
However, with bioavtur aircraft fuel on airlines. With airline operating
price more expensive than Avtur. costs 30%-40% for fuel, the price is
In Indonesia, cost calculation more expensive bioavtur 20%-30%
bioavtur of oil crops still are than regular jet fuel prices.
approximate. According to Heru Bioavtur for Environment
Setiawan (Vice President of Corporate Boeing estimates that biofuels
Strategic Planning of Pertamina could reduce greenhouse gas
Company), these process about 70- emissions by 60 to 80 percent. Began
80% of CPO price. Most of the in 2016, Indonesian government
petroleum products that can be based imposed mandatory rules to mix 2%
on renewable biofuel as oil was more biofuel-based oil into Avtur.
expensive than conventional. With a According to Garuda Indonesia
biofuel mix only 2% not burdensome Airlines Company, use bioavtur only
for airlines and passengers as end user. helps reduce exhaust gas and save on
Currently, avtur price engaged in the fuel usage. According Novianto,

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Operations Director of Garuda 2003, and next. Currently, National

Indonesia Airlines Company, although energy policy has contained in the
there is no cost savings, but the Decree of the Minister of Energy and
exhaust emissions of CO2 and sulfur is Mineral Resources as Chairman of the
reduced more by nearly 50%. All National Energy Coordinating Agency
aircraft types using fuel types bioavtur about National Energy Management
generally specification better than 2005-2015.
Avtur. The government has establish
Energy Policy policies on the use of biofuels
In accordance with (biodiesel, bioethanol, pure vegetable
Presidential Decree No. 5 of 2006, the oil, bioavtur) for substitution of fuel
National Energy Policy, known as oil. However, there has been no policy
"Scenario National Energy Mix", it governing bioavtur. While biodiesel
was determined in 2025 the energy use Regulation can be seen on the table 2.
from biofuels expected to reach 5%, Directorate General of New Energy,
equivalent to 4.7 million kiloliters. Renewable and Energy Conservation
These rates are equivalent to 22.26 forming Aviation Biofuel and
million kiloliters of biofuel, which will Renewable Energy Task Force
supply biodiesel amounted to 10.22 (ABRETF), consisting from various
million kiloliters. airlines, universities, and research
National Energy Policy is centers. ABRETF program can be
formulated are periodically (within 10 seen on figure 2.
years), began in 1981, 1987, 1991,
Table 2. Biodiesel Policy in Indonesia
Level of Policy Policy
Constitution • Act No. 39/2014
• Act No. 30/2007
Regulation of Government • Government Regulation No. 24/2015
and Presidential • Government Regulation No. 79/2014
• Presidential Regulation No. 61/2015
Ministerial Regulation Ministry of Finance
• Ministerial Regulation No..133/2015
• Ministerial Regulation No. 113/2015
• Ministerial Regulation No. 136/2015

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Level of Policy Policy

Ministry of Trade
• Ministerial Regulation No. 748/2015
• Ministerial Regulation No. 54/2015
• Ministerial Regulation No. 748/2015
• Ministerial Regulation No. 74/2015
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
• Ministerial Regulation No. 12/2015
• Ministerial Regulation No. 29/2015
• Ministerial Regulation No. 3239/2015
Directorate General • Decision Directorate General of New Energy,
Renewable and Energy Conservation No.
723K/10/DJE/2013

Establishment of policy, strategy,

system, procedure & regulation

Establishment of data basis, method of

emission calculation, & improvement of
human resources capability

Study, research & development Biofuel utilization

Biofuel
utilization of 3%
Testing of 2%

Study and Utilization of 7.5 MW renewable energy in 20 non

research commercial airports

Figure 2. Plan of Biofuel Utilization and Renewable Energy to airplane

Research Method studied (Creswell, 2014).

This study used a qualitative This research method using

approach. Qualitative research is an
approach to understanding and deepen
the meaning of individual or group
social issues and human problems. In
addition, qualitative research started
by using assumptions and interpretive
framework or theory that can shape or
influence the studies that are being
descriptive analysis, with the intention
of exposing clearly about the condition
of national energy resources, the
development of biofuels (especially
bioavtur) and policies that support the
production and use of bioavtur, as well
as analysis of the use of bioavtur as
fuel on the aircraft, and its prospects in

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the future, and its relation to resistance 13.2 x 5.5% x 80% x 80% tons, or 467
national energy. kg, or 584 liters per year. With a land
area of oil palm plantations in
Data sources obtained from in-
Indonesia 7.9 million hectares per
depth interviews with the institutions
2013, bioavtur supply potential are 3.7
related to the energy field, air
million tons, or 4.6 million kiloliters.
transport, the biofuels industry
Meanwhile, Indonesian aviation fuel
(bioavtur) and farmer groups or
supply balance showed a deficit of 0.9
associations of oil palm plantations.
million kiloliters, namely the
Data collected through interviews,
production and consumption of 3.3
documentary studies, focus group
liters of 4.2 million kiloliters.
discussions, and observations.
Implementation bioavtur as
Result and Discussion
fuel for air transport carried through a
The Potential Bioavtur Calculation
blending policy. Scenario blending
The calculation of bioavtur
portion will provide aviation fuel at the
supply potential in this study based on
balance sheet impact: 10%, required
sources bioavtur kernel oil palm fruit;
bioavtur many as 0.37 million liters of
Palm plantation area in Indonesia by
aviation fuel so that the deficit will be
2013 are 7.9 million hectares;
reduced to 0.53 million kiloliters per
Acquisition of fresh fruit bunches
year; 20%, required bioavtur much as
(Indonesia: Tandan Buah Segar
0.82 million kiloliters aviation fuel so
(TBS)) on palm oil plantations in
that the deficit was reduced to 0.075
Indonesia was 13.2 tons hectare per
million kiloliters; and 25%, required
year; Obtaining kernel is 5.5% by TBS
bioavtur 1.1 million kiloliters, which
weight; Obtaining kernel oil is 80% by
will provide national account surplus
weight of the kernel; Bioavtur
aviation fuel supply. From resource
acquisition is 80% by weight of kernel
availability bioavtur aspect, the policy
oil; and bioavtur density is 0.8 kg per
is implemented eligible for potential
liter
supply of 4.6 million kiloliters
From data above, each hectare bioavtur far above the need for
of oil palm are bioavtur acquisition of blending.

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Economies Calculation of Bioavtur perception of the economic situation in

To obtain raw materials, the future at the time of the project.
namely palm kernel oil, bioavtur have While energy security is defined as the
to compete with other users that is availability of a regular supply of
fine-cosmetics industry who bid a high energy at an affordable price (Chang,
price. With kernel oil price assumption 2001).
for CPO reference price as stipulated Strategic projects and public
in the Minister of Trade No. 68 Year
interest generally requires long-term
2015 regarding Stipulation export preparation, both to prepare systems,
benchmark price of US $ 529.51 per infrastructure, and human resources.
metric ton, the specific weight of 0.8 Need to be taken into account also the
kg / liter and Rp.14,000-exchange rate influence of the "learning curve" cost
per US $, then obtained a palm kernel reduction, which will increase the
oil price of Rp. 5927 per liter. By using competitiveness of aviation fuel
biodiesel manufacturing cost of Rp. bioavtur. Whereas, Energy security
1300 per liter, the production cost are seeks to ensure access to affordable,
bioavtur Rp.7.227 per liter. Plus 10% clean, and secure sources of energy to
PPN and other costs, the selling price underpin sustainable global economic
bioavtur can reach Rp 8,000 per liter. growth and to protect our
Meanwhile, Pertamina sells Jet-A1 environment. Energy security is
fuel at Sukarno Hatta airport for defined as the availability of a reliable,
Rp.7.508 per liter, so that the issue affordable, and clean supply of energy
price will be the main obstacle in the (Commission of the European
utilization bioavtur to enter the Communities, 2007).
aviation fuel market
Currently, bioavtur may still
Utilization Policy Bioavtur Analysis not be able to compete with alternative
Project feasibility is uses for other palm kernel oil (fine
determined by external variables that cosmetics and exports) that have a
costs and prices are volatile and higher opportunity costs. If the
dynamic, so the decision on whether a development bioavtur allowed
project "go or no go" depends on the

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stagnant, and at a later time where
palm kernel oil use to bioavtur had the
opportunity cost is higher than at any
other use, then the country will have
the opportunity losses due to the loss
of an opportunity to get more added
value for the system bioavtur in the
country is not ready for production.
Bioavtur industry is positioned
for supporting the national energy
security (diversification of energy
sources, more environmentally
friendly, and improve its sustainability
by renewable). Even compared kernel
oil exports, to use bioavtur will
provide a greater multiplier effect for
the economy. Thus it is reasonable if
the Government provides incentives
for industrial development bioavtur.
A variety of incentives could
be given by the Government to support
the industrial development bioavtur,
namely: First, DMO palm kernel oil;
DMO (dometic market obligation) for
palm kernel oil producers to set aside
part of its production to the domestic
market consumption. The amount is
determined regulator (government),
for example by 10%. In exchange,
producers receive a payment
production cost of palm kernel oil.
Bioavtur industry will be assured raw
material supply at a price below the
export price, which would increase
fuel bioavtur competitiveness, Second,
Investment Tax Credit; Be given to
reducing the tax burden so that it will
lower the selling price bioavtur.
Third, exemption or PPN
payment by the Government; As an
infant industry, bioavtur need to be
given protection by the PPN
exemption. These incentives are so
helpful to lower the selling price
bioavtur; Fourthly, Liability blending
with bioavtur aviation fuel; In terms of
product off-taking, liability in aviation
fuel blending bioavtur provide
marketing collateral bioavtur. With
this assurance MARR (Minimum
Attractive Rate of Return) bioavtur
company to be low, and will lower the
selling price bioavtur.
Additional measures such as
the subsidies provision , soft loans, and
so forth can be done even when
unpopular. Direct subsidies could be
given to bioavtur used by military
aircraft, because the subsidy will
impact on the budget for military
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Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 2 No. 3 (2016)
aircraft operation. Keep in mind that
the provision of this protection is only
temporary, as an instrument to help the
growth of industries that face barriers
cost of learning and economies of
scale.
Socialization Use Bioavtur
From interviews with
stakeholders during the
conducted a survey in East Java, found
that not many people who know and be
aware of issues bioavtur.
socialization bioavtur business
opportunity needs to be encouraged in
order to support the growth of the
industry bioavtur strengthened and the
Government should be more active in
formulating policies
Conclusion
First, there are a variety of
biological sources in Indonesia that
can be used bioavtur such as algae,
pecans, coconut, and palm oil. With
the availability of abundant, palm
kernel oil from the plant is a source of
reliable bioavtur. Bioavtur potential
that can be produced per 2013 were 3.7
million tonnes, or 4.6 million
kiloliters.
Second, in terms of demand,
254
opportunities and prospects bioavtur
market in Indonesia is promising, as
indicated by the jet fuel deficit
amounted to 0.9 million tons in 2014,
and will continue to grow in the future
with more intense activities of the
aviation industry. Nevertheless, the
main obstacle are raw materials price.
the
Palm kernel oil is currently used as
team
ingredients in fine cosmetics which are
highly valued domestic and export
kernel oil gets too high prices.
Thus
Third, if Government would
be made decision about increased the
independence level of energy sector
with bioavtur palm kernel oil,
necessary to intervene in the market in
an effort to encourage the use bioavtur
and Fourth, readiness all stakeholders
to use bioavtur are limited, and the
Government should be more active in
formulating policies.
Recommendation
Future studies are necessary to
improve the economics of the plant-
based oil bioavtur because Indonesia
has large oil supply source. Bioavtur
based microalgae research abroad is
being carried with massive, for that
Indonesia should also enhance
 Laksmono, Datumaya & Abidin / Analysis Bioavtur for Energy Security / 243-256

research-based bioavtur oil as its 7928 273 B2

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