DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL.................................................................................................... i
DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................................. ii

BAB I PEMBAHASAN
PENGERTIAN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.......................................................... 1
1. RELATIVE PRONOUN............................................................................. 1
A. RELATIVE PRONOUN SEBAGAI SUBJEK.................................... 1
B. RELATIVE PRONOUN SEBAGAI OBJEK...................................... 2
C. RELATIVE PRONOUN SEBAGAI POSSESIVE.............................. 3
2. RELATIVE ADVERB................................................................................ 5
A. RELATIVE ADVERB SEBAGAI ADVERB OF PLACE................. 5
B. RELATIVE ADVERB SEBAGAI ADVERB OF TIME.................... 6
C. RELATIVE ADVERB SEBAGAI ADVERB OF REASON............. 7

BAB II PENUTUP
KRITIK DAN SARAN................................................................................................. 8
DAFTAR PUSTAKA

BAB I
PENJELASAN
Adjective Clause
Adjective clause adalah anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda.
Adjective clause yang sering disebut juga sebagai relative clause. Ada 2 jenis adjective clause,
yakni: relative pronoun, dan relative adverb.
Jika keterangan ini terdiri dari kumpulan katay ang mempunyai subject dan predikat maka
disebut adjective clause. Adjective clause harus didekatkan pada kata-kata yang diterangkannya
agar lebih mendapatkan kejelasannya. Adjective clause dibagi menjadi dua macam yakni Relative
Pronoun dan Relative Adverb.
I. RELATIVE PRONOUN
Adalah kata ganti penghubung yang digunakan untuk membentuk sebuah kalimat yang
berasal dari 2 buah kalimat. Relative pronoun menggantikan satu atau dua frase “benda” yang
identik dan menghubungkan kalimat yang satu dengan kalimat yang lainnya, dimana nantinya
kalimat yang satu akan menerangkan kalimat yang lainnya.
a. Relative Pronoun sebagai subject (“who”, “which”, dan “that”)
Who” digunakan untuk menggantikan frase “orang” yang berkedudukan sebagai subject,
sedangkan “which” digunakan untuk menggantikan frase “benda” atau “hewan” yang
berkedudukan sebagai subject dan “that” digunakan untuk menggantikan frase “orang”, “binatang”
atau “benda” sebagai subject.
Contoh:
Kalimat 1: The man is my close friend
Kalimat 2: He helped you yesterday
The man who (that) helped you is my close friend
Orang yang menolongmu tadi adalah teman dekatku
Kalimat 1: I saw my friend in a new blue T-Shirt
Kalimat 2: It was bought on Sunday
I saw my friend in a new blue T- Shirt which (that) was bought on Sunday.
Aku melihat temanku dengan kaos biru barunya yang dia beli pada hari minggu
b. Relative Pronoun sebagai object (“whom”, “which”, dan “that”)
“Whom” digunakan untuk menggantikan frase “orang” yang berkedudukan sebagai
object, “which” digunakan untuk menggantikan frase “benda” atau “hewan” yang berkedudukan
sebagai object dan keduanya bisa digantikan dengan that (orang, hewan atau binatang).
Dalam kondisi informal, “who” dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk menggantikan “whom”.
Contoh:
Kalimat 1: The dog was dead
Kaliamt 2: I kick it yesterday
The dog that(which) I kick yesterday was dead.
Anjing yang saya tendang kemarin itu mati
Contoh lain:
The economic crysis in Indonesia that (which) many expert have tried to overcome will be over
soon.
Krisis ekonomi yang di indonesia yang sudah banyak ahli mencoba menanganinya segera
berakhir.
c. Relative pronoun sebagai possessive; “whose”, dan “of which”
“Whose” digunakan untuk menggantikan kepemilikan yang berupa “orang”, “benda”, atau
“hewan” sedangkan “of which” untuk kepemilikan “benda” atau “hewan”.
Contoh:
Kalimat 1: The film is about a spy
Kaliamt 2: His wife betrays him
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him
 Filmnya tentang mata-mata dimana sang istri menghianatinya
Kalimat 1: The mountain was an impressive sight
Kaliamt 2: Its peak was barely discernable
The mountain, whose peak was barely discernable, was impressive sight,
Pegunungan, dimana puncaknya terlihat jelas, sungguh pemandangan yang mengagumkan
The mountain, of which peak was barely discernable, was impressive sight
Pegunungan, dimana puncaknya terlihat jelas, sungguh pemandangan yang mengagumkan
Selain itu, “whom”, “which” dan “whose” juga dapat digunakan setelah pronoun yang berupa
quantity atau number, seperti: some of, many of, most of, none of, one of, two of, half of, both of,
neither of, each of, all of, several of, a few of, aa little of, a number of, dan lain-lain. Sedangkan
punctuation “tanda baca” yang digunakan dalam struktur ini adalah tanda baca koma ( , ).
Contoh:
Kalimat 1: In my class, there are 20 students
Kalimat 2: Most of them are from East Java
In my class, there are 20 students, most of whom are from East Java
Di dalam kelasku, terdapat 20 murid, kebanyakan dari mereka berasal dari Jawa Timur
Kalimat 1: He gave several reasons
Kalimat 2: Only a few of them were valid
He gave several reasons, only of which are valid
Dia memberi beberapa alasan, namun hanya beberapa yang valid
Kaliamt 1: The teacher discussed Jim
Kalimat 2: One of his problem was poor student habits
The teacher discussed Jim, one of whose problem was poor student habits.
Para guru mendiskusikan Jim, salah satu masalah yang dia miliki adalah kebiasaan malas belajar
II. RELATIVE ADVERB
a. Relative Adverb sebagai Adverd of Place; “where”, “that”, dan “in/at/on which”
Where digunakan dalam adjective clause untuk mengganti kata tempat (city, country,
room, house, etc).Jika “where” digunakan, maka kata “preposition” dari kalimat tersebut
ditiadakan. Namun, sebaliknya jika “where” tak digunakan tetapi menggunakan kata ganti
lainnya maka “preposition” harus ada dalam kalimat.
Contoh:
Kalimat 1: The small town has grown to a large metropolis
Kalimat 2: I was born there
The small town where I was born has grown to a large metropolis
Kota kecil dimana aku dilahirkan sudah tumbuh menjadi kota metropolitan.
The small town in which I was born has grown to a large metropolis
Kota kecil dimana aku dilahirkan sudah tumbuh menjadi kota metropolitan.
The small town which I was born in has grown to a large metropolis
 Kota kecil dimana aku dilahirkan sudah tumbuh menjadi kota metropolitan.
The small town that I was born has grown to a large metropolis
Kota kecil dimana aku dilahirkan sudah tumbuh menjadi kota metropolitan.
Penggunaan preposition in (pada “in which”) tergantung pada jenis noun yang digunakan pada
antecedant-nya, karena noun-nya berupa town maka preposition yang digunakan adalah in, begitu
seterusnya.
b. Relative Adverb sebagai Adverd of Time: “when”
Kata “when” dalam Adjective Clause digunakan untuk mengganti kata keterangan waktu
(noun of time). Seperti: year, day, time, century, etc.
Bebeda dengan “where” dalam kata ganti ini, jika dalam kalimat kata ganti keterangan
waktunya menggunakan kata “which” maka sebelum kata “which” harus disandangkan kata
“preposition”.

Kalimat 1: I’ll never forget the day

Kaliamt 2: I met you
Jika digabungkan menggunakan kata “when”
I’ll never forget the day when I met you
Aku tak akan pernah lupa hari dimana aku bertemu dengan mu
I’ll never forget the day that I met you
Aku tak akan pernah lupa hari dimana aku bertemu dengan mu
c. Relative Adverb sebagai Adverd of Reason:”why”
Kata “why” yang menunjukan alasan, yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, kadang-kadang
bisa digantikan dengan “that” atau kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat
Contoh:
The reason why I fall for you
Alasan kenapa aku berkorban untukmu
The reason that I fall for you
Alasan kenapa aku berkorban untukmu
The reason I fall for you
Alasan aku berkorban untukmu.

Dalam baahasa inggris formal (resmi). Sering kali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam
pola noun+ of which. Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause tersebut menerangkan sesuatu

Contoh:
Kalimat 1: Wehave an antique table
Kalimat 2: the top of it has jade inlay
We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay
 Contoh lain:
Lalimat 1:We toured a 300 years old house
Kalimat 2: the exterior of the house conssist of logs cemented with lay
We toures a 300 years old house, the exterior of which consisted of log cemented lay

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Ehrlich Eugene, Schaum’s Outlines English Grammar, Erlangga, Jakarta: 2004.

Juanda Suryadi, Complete english grammar belajar bahasa inggris dari awal sampai
mahir, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta: 2011.
Baehaqi Imam, Let’s speak English!, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta: 2008.
Schrampfer Azar Betty, Understanding and Using English Grammar, Binarupa Aksara, Jakarta:
1993.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Problem Background
English is the language used by almost every person in the world. at the present
time, learning English is very important. English language is not only used to talk to the west, but
has become a requirement to enter the world of work. children in schools in Asian countries, must
learn English. There is so much discussion in English.but that will be discussed in this paper is
about the adjective clause. Adjective clause is a very important discussion because it is very often
used both in conversation especially in the writing of English. in this paper, I will attempt to
explain a little about the adjective clause.

B. Problem Formulation
1. What is the definition of adjective clause?
2. What are types of adjective clause?
3. How is the usual patterns of adjective clauses?
4. How to use adjective clause?
5. How is the position of adjective clause?

C. Writing Purpose
To fulfill Grammar task.

D. Writing methods
1. Fetching data from literature sources.
2. Looking for material from the internet

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. DEFENITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Adjective clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and Predicate of its
own, and does the work of an adjective.[1]Adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases
under certain grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you will see a noun modified by an
adjective clause and then an example of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective
phrase. The red dots indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-
to-phrase reduction in these examples. For such reductions to occur, the relative pronoun must be
a subject pronoun in all cases.

Grammatical
Clause Phrase
Condition

Verb in adjective People who live in people living in large

clause is an active verb large cities... cities...

Students who are

Verb in adjective Students studying at
studying at urban
clause is progressive urban campuses...
campuses...

Children born with

Children who are
Verb in adjective congenital heart
bornwith congenital
clause is passive disease... (the preferred
heart disease...
style)

Adj. clause has the Children who are most Children most likely to
verb be + adjective + likely to recover from recover from serious
infinitive complement serious illness... illness...

Dr. Francisco
Ramirez,chief pediatric
Adj. clause has Dr. Francisco
surgeonat Children's
another name for the Ramirez, who is chief
Hospital,... the
modified noun (an pediatric surgeon at
appositive phrase is
appositive) Children's Hospital,...
preferred style and is
non-restrictive.

Relative pronoun use who subject or object pronoun for people which subject or
object pronoun for animals and things which referring to a whole sentence whose possession for
people animals and things whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative
clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who) that subject or object pronoun for
people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible).
 relative
use
pronoun

who subject or object pronoun for people

which subject or object pronoun for animals and things

which referring to a whole sentence

whose possession for people animals and things

object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in

whom
defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)

subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative
that
clauses (who or which are also possible)

B. TYPE OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An adjective clause may be classified according to the antecedent[2] that the
introductory word refers to.
Noun Antecedent Introductory Word Illustrative Sentence

Meaning

A person (1) Relative Pronoun:  Subject-He paid the money

to the man who(or that) had
Who (whom or whose) or that done the work.
  Object of verb-He paid the
man whom (or that) he had
hired.

 Object of Preposition-He
paid the man from whomhe
had borrowed the money.

 Possesive adjective-This is
the girl whose picture you
saw.

 Subject-Here is a
bookwhich (or that)
describes animals.

 Object of verb-The
chairwhich (or that) he
broke is being repaired.

 Object of preposition-She was

wearing the coat
Which or that forwhich she had paid
$2,000.
A thing

(2) Relative Adverb:

A time When This is the year when the

Olympic Games are held.

Here is the house where I

A place Where live.

Give me one good

reasonwhy you did that.[3]
A reason Why
C. USUAL PATTERNS OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

S + Be/V + N/Pronoun Adjective Clause

Relative Pronoun + S + V

Example:
 A pilot is a person who flies an air plane.
 This is the picture that I like very much.
 An expert is a person who has special knowledge in one area.
 I have just met the girl whose car is Mitsubishi.
 Lucia wears suit which cost US $ 250.
 That is the place where the victim was found.
 The man whose hause is blue works for PT. EXXON MOBILE.
 This is the girl whom the car belong to will be sold.
 This was the month when I was born.[4]
 Students who are intelligent understand adjectives.
 I love sentences which extol the virtues of English teachers.
 Students whom I admire want to become English teachers.
 My English teacher, who wears old fashioned ties, is laughed at by the students.
 My English book, which is a monument of boredom, is used mainly as a door stop.
(a) USUAL: I like the people who live next to me. In everyday informal usage, often one
LESS USUAL: I like the people that live next to me. adjective clause pattern is used more
commonly than another. In (a): As
subject pronoun, who is more
common than that.
(b) USUAL: I like books that have good plots. In (b): As a subject pronoun, that is
LESS USUAL: I like books which have good plots. more common than which.

(c) USUAL: I like the people I met last night. In (c) and (d): Object pronouns are
(d) USUAL: I like the book I read last night. commonly omitted, especially in
speaking.

D. USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1. Using Whose
Whose is used to show possession. It carries
the same meaning as other possessive pronouns
 I know the man used as adjectives: his, her, its, and their. Like
his, her, its, and their, whose is connected to a
His bicycle was stolen. noun:

↓ His bicycle → whose bicycle

(a) I know the man whose bicycle was stoles Her composition → whose composition

Both whose and the noun it is connected to are

placed at the beginning of the adjective clause.
The student writes well Whose cannot be omitted.

I read her composition

(b) The student whose composition I read

writes well.

Mr. Catt has a painting. Whose usually modifies people, but it may also
be used to modify things, as in (c).
Its value is inestimable.

(c) Mr, Chatt has a painting whose valueis

inestimable.

2. Using Where
The building is very old. Where is used in an adjective
clause to modify a place (city,
He lives there (in that building) country, room, house, etc.).

If where is used, a preposition

in NOT included in the adjective
clause, as in (a). If where is not
 (a) The building where he lives is used, the preposition must be
very old. included, as in (b).

(b) The building in which he lives is

very old.

(c) The building which he livesin is

very old.

(d) The building that he lives inis

very old.

(e) The building he lives in is very

old.

3. Using When
I’ll never forget the day. When is used in an adjective
clause to modify a noun of time
I met you then (on that day). (year, day, time, century, etc.).

The use of a preposition in an

adjective clause that modifies a
(a) I’ll never forget the daywhen noun of time is somewhat different
from yhat in order adjective
I met you. clauses: a preposition is used
preceding which, as in (b).
(b) I’ll never forget the day on Otherwise, the preposition is
which omitted.

I met you.

(c) I’ll never forget the day that

I met you.

(d) I’ll never forget the day I met

you.
 4. Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns
(a) There is someone (whom) I Adjective clauses can modify
want you to meet. indefinite pronouns
(e.g.,someone,
(b) Everything he said waspure everything,everybody). Object
nonsense. pronouns (e.g., who(m), that,
which) are usually omitted in the
(c) Anybody who wants to come is adjective clause.
welcome.

(d) Paula was the only one I knew at Adjective clauses can modifythe
the party. one(s) and those.

(e) Scholarship are available

forthose who need financial
assitance.

(f) INCORRECT: I who am student Adjective clauses are almost

at this school come from a never used to modify personal
country in Asia. pronouns. Native speakers would
not write the sentence in (f). (g) is
(g) It is I who am responsible. possible, but very formal and
uncommon. (h) si awell-known
(h) He who laughs last laughs best. saying in which heis used as an
indefinite pronoun (meaning
“anyone,” “any person”.[5]

5. Using Subject Pronouns: Who, Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Subject Pronouns: "Who",
"Which", "That"

Without adjective clause / Using adjective clause / relative

relative clause clause
 I will introduce you to a
friendwho runs a successful
I will introduce you to a
business.
friend.He runs a successful
I will introduce you to a
business.
friendthat runs a successful
business.

The book which has raised

The book is about religion. It has controversy is about religion.
raised controversy. The book that has raised
controversy is about religion.

• "Who", "which" or "that" is the subject of the adjective clause.

• "Who" is used to change the form of the subject.
• "Which" is used to change the subject in the form of objects.
• "That" is used to change the form of the subject and the object, and is more commonly used
than "which". However, "that" can only be used in defining relative clause only. (Read
MenggunakanAdjectiveClause Combining Sentences (Relative Clause).

6. Using Object Pronouns: Who(m), Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Object Pronouns:
"Who(m)", "Which", "That"

Without adjective clause / Using adjective clause / relative

relative clause clause

I will introduce you to a

I will introduce you to a friend.
You have never met him before.
friend(who(m)) you have never
met before.
I will introduce you to a
friend(that) you have never met
before.

The book is about religion. I The book (which) I bought in

bought it in Gramedia bookstore Gramedia bookstore last week is
last week. about religion.
The book (that) I bought in
 Gramedia bookstore last week is
about religion.

The song to which I am

listeningwas very popular in
1990's.
The song was very popular in
The song (which) I am listening
1990's. I am listening to it.
to was very popular in 1990's.
The song (that) I am listening
towas very popular in 1990's.

• "Whom" is used to change the form of the object, commonly used in formal English. For an
informal and conversational English, "who" is used more often replace "Whom".
• "Which" is used to replace an object in the form of objects.
• "That" is used to change the form of the object or objects, and is more commonly used than
"which". However, "that" can only be used in defining relative clause only. (Read Combining
Sentences Using Adjective Clause (Relative Clause).
• In conversational English (oral), "who", "which" or "that" is often omitted.

E. POSITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

The normal position of an adjective clause is immeditelyafter the noun or pronoun
to which it refers. However, sometimes a prepositional a participal phrase may intervene-He
greetedall his old friends from Paris, who were delighted to see him again. Where such a phrase
intervenes, the antecedent of the adjective clause may be ambiguous. For example, in the sentence
The Dean wrote to the parents of the students who had helped with the annual carnival, it is not
clear whether the antecedent of who is the parents or the students.
Occasionally an adjective clause referring to the subject comes after the verb,
especially when the antecedent is a pronoun-Everyone came who could afford the price of the
ticket. Such a construction may have a literary or even an archaic flavor:
All’s well that ends well (Shakespeare)
He prayeth best who loveth best (Coleridge)[6]

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclucion
Adjective clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and Predicate of its
own, and does the work of an adjective.Adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases under
certain grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you will see a noun modified by an
adjective clause and then an example of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective
 phrase. The red dots indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-
to-phrase reduction in these examples. For such reductions to occur, the relative pronoun must be
a subject pronoun in all cases.
Conjunction between one another clause in the adjective clause are:
1. Who
Its function is to replace the subject (Person)
Example: - This works very diligently Manager who is my brother
`- This Man who lives next to me is very friendly
2. Whom
Its function is to describe the object (person)
Example: - This Man Whom I met is very friendly
- The Lady Whom I met the party last night is our secretary
3. Whose
Functions adalahberhubungan ownership
Example: - The Man Whose car stolen called the police
- The secretary Whose bag is red entered the seminar room
4. Which
Its function is used for objects, either in subject or object position.
Example: - The laser printer roomates I saw at the exibilition last night is very expensive. - The
computer executes the roomates the program is very expensive very fast

B. Suggestion
As English University student, we have to always concern and develop our
knowledge about English, especially in Adjective Clause.

[1] Wren and Martin, High School English Grammer and Composition, (Malaysia: Crescent Press, 1989).
[2] The adjective clause modifies a preceding noun or pronoun. Te noun or pronoun being modified is
called the antecedent.
[3] Marcella Frank, Modern English A Practical Reference Guide, (United States Of America: Prentie Hall,
1972), p. 276-277.
[4] Stace Witney Wright, Toefl Super Lengkap, (Yogyakarta: Kalarana Press, 2012).
[5] Betty Schramptfer Azar, English Grammar Third Edition, International Edition, (United States of
America: Longman, 1999), p.270-278.