Sensor dan Transduser
Rudi Susanto
Definisi Sensor dan transduser
Sensor adalah suatu peralatan yang
berfungsi untuk mendeteksi gejala-gejala
atau sinyal-sinyal yang berasal dari
perubahan suatu energi seperti energi
listrik, energi fisika, energi kimia, energi
biologi, energi mekanik dan sebagainya
Contoh; Camera sebagai sensor penglihatan,
telinga sebagai sensor pendengaran, kulit
sebagai sensor peraba, LDR (light dependent
resistance) sebagai sensor cahaya, dan lainnya.
Transduser adalah sebuah alat yang bila
digerakan oleh suatu energi di dalam sebuah
sistem transmisi, akan menyalurkan energi
tersebut dalam bentuk yang sama atau dalam
bentuk yang berlainan ke sistem transmisi
berikutnya”. Transmisi energi ini bisa berupa
listrik, mekanik, kimia, optic (radiasi) atau thermal
(panas).
Skema Input Output Tranduser
Detectable Phenomenon
Stimulus Quantity
Acoustic Wave (amplitude, phase, polarization), Spectrum, Wave
Velocity
Biological & Chemical Fluid Concentrations (Gas or Liquid)
Electric Charge, Voltage, Current, Electric Field (amplitude,
phase,
polarization), Conductivity, Permittivity
Magnetic Magnetic Field (amplitude, phase, polarization), Flux,
Permeability
Optical Refractive Index, Reflectivity, Absorption
Thermal Temperature, Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal Conductivity
Mechanical Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Strain, Stress,
Pressure, Torque
Choosing a Sensor
Sensor Block Diagram
Primary Secondary
measurand Transduction Transduction
Isyarat Isyarat
input output
• Blok diagram sensor
Passive Sensor
• Mengkonversi sifat-sifat/isyarat fisik atau
kimia ke dalam isyarat yang lain tanpa
bantuan sumber energi
Contoh
Active Sensor
• Mengkonversi sifat-sifat/isyarat fisik atau
kimia ke dalam isyarat yang lain dengan
bantuan sumber energi
• Merupakan pilihan utama untuk isyarat-isyarat
yang lemah/kecil
Active Sensor
Primary Secondary
measurand Transduction Transduction
Isyarat Isyarat
input output
Auxiliary Energy
Source
• Blok Diagram Active Sensor
Analog Output
• Active sensor di industri elektronika
mempunyai standar isyarat listrik baik analog
(berupa tegangan atau arus) maupun digital
Digital Output
• Computer Based atau Microprocessor
Sensor dan Cara Kerjanya
Positional Sensors: potentiometer
Can be Linear or Rotational
Processing circuit
16
Positional Sensors: LVDT
Linear Variable
Differential
Transformer
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Positional Sensors: Inductive Proximity Switch
• Detects the presence of metallic objects (non-
contact) via changing inductance
• Sensor has 4 main parts: field producing Oscillator
via a Coil; Detection Circuit which detects change in
the field; and Output Circuit generating a signal (NO
or NC) Used in traffic lights (inductive loop buried under the road).
Sense objects in dirty environment.
Does not work for non-metallic objects. Omni-directional.
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Positional Sensors: Rotary Encoders
• Incremental and absolute types
• Incremental encoder needs a counter, loses absolute
position between power glitches, must be re-homed
• Absolute encoders common in CD/DVD drives
19
Temperature Sensors
• Bimetallic switch (electro-mechanical) – used in
thermostats. Can be “creep” or “snap” action.
Creep-action: coil or spiral that unwinds or coils with changing
temperature
• Thermistors (thermally sensitive resistors); Platinum
Resistance Thermometer (PRT), very high accuracy.
20
Thermocouples
• Two dissimilar metals induce voltage difference (few
mV per 10K) – electro-thermal or Seebeck effect
• Use op-amp to process/amplify the voltage
• Absolute accuracy of 1K is difficult
21
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Light sensors: photoconductive cells
• Light dependent resistor (LDR) cell
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Light level sensitive switch
24
Photojunction devices
phototransistor
photodiode
25
Photovoltaic Solar Cells
• Can convert about 20% of light power into electricity
• Voltage is low (diode drop, ~0.6V)
Solar power is 1.4kW/m^2
26
Photomultiplier tubes (PMT)
• Most sensitive of light sensors (can detect individual
photons)
• Acts as a current source
electrons
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Motion sensors/transducers
• Switches, solenoids, relays, motors, etc.
• Motors
• DC
• Brushed/brushless
Stepper motor
• Servo
• Stepper motors
• AC
Brushed motor – permanent magnets on armature, rotor acts as electromagnet
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Brushless motor – permanent magnet on the rotor, electromagnets on armature are
Sound transducers
microphone speaker
• Note: voice coil can also be used to generate fast
motion 29
Piezo transducers
• Detect motion (high and low frequency)
• Sound (lab this week), pressure, fast motion
• Cheap, reliable but has a very limited range of
motion
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Tugas!
1.Teori Pengantar Sensor
2.Rangkaian Elektronika Sensor
3.Prinsip Kerja
4.Algoritma Program dalam
Implementasi
