CopyrightGruber
© 2010Fourth
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Copyright © 2012 Worth Publishers 1 of 35
Distribusi Pendapatan dan Program Kesejahteraan 17
17.1 Fakta pada Distribusi Pendapatan di AS
17.2 Kebijakan Kesejahteraan di AS
17.3 Biaya Bahaya Moral atas Kebijakan Kesejahteraan
17.4 Mengurangi Bahaya Moral atas Kesejahteraan
17.5 Perbaikan Kesejahteraan
17.6 Kesimpulan
Disusun oleh
Dan Sacks
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CHAPTER 17 ■ INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND WELFARE PROGRAMS
17
Distribusi Pendapatan dan Program Kesejahteraan
17
Kasus Kesejahteraan yang Ditangani di AS, 1960−2011
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CHAPTER 17 ■ INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND WELFARE PROGRAMS
17.1
Fakta dalam Distribusi Pendapatan di AS:
Ketimpangan Pendapatan Relatif
• Ketimpangan pendapatan relatif mengalami
peningkatan di AS.
• Ketimpangan pendapatan relatif: Jumlah penghasilan
orang miskin dibandingkan dengan penghasilan orang
kaya.
Penghasilan dibagi dalam: 1967 1980 1990 2000 2010
20% terendah 4 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.3
20% kedua 10.8 10.3 9.6 8.9 8.5
20% ketiga 17.3 16.9 15.9 14.8 14.6
20% keempat 24.2 24.9 24 23 23.4
20% tertinggi 43.8 43.7 46.6 49.8 50.2
Top 5% 17.5 15.8 18.6 22.1 21.3
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CHAPTER 17 ■ INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND WELFARE PROGRAMS
17.1
Fakta dalam Distribusi Pendapatan di AS:
Ketimpangan Pendapatan Relatif
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CHAPTER 17 ■ INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND WELFARE PROGRAMS
17.1
Ketimpangan Pendapatan Relatif: Negara OECD Pilihan
Pembagian Pendapatan
Terendah Kedua Ketiga Keempat Tertinggi Top 10%
Swedia 10.7 14.4 17.6 21.5 35.7 10.9
Austria 8.4 12.4 16.8 22.3 40.1 13.6
Perancis 9.4 12.9 16.3 21 40.4 15.2
Inggris 7.9 11.2 15 20.6 45.4 19.8
US 3.3 8.5 14.6 23.4 50.2 21.3
Meksico 4.6 7.8 11.6 18.3 57.6 32.3
Rata-
Rata 8.5 12.2 16 21.1 42.2 16.7
OECD
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17.1
Kemiskinan Absolut dan Angka Kemiskinan
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17.1
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CHAPTER 17 ■ INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND WELFARE PROGRAMS
17.1
Angka Kemiskinan dari Masa ke Masa
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17.1
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CHAPTER 17 ■ INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND WELFARE PROGRAMS
17.1
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17.1
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CHAPTER 17 ■ INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND WELFARE PROGRAMS
17.2
Kebijakan Kesejahteraan di AS
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CHAPTER 17 ■ INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND WELFARE PROGRAMS
17.2
Kebijakan Kesejahteraan di AS
17.2
Program Kesejahteraan Tunai
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CHAPTER 17 ■ INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND WELFARE PROGRAMS
17.2
Program Sosial Non Tunai
• Kupon Makanan
o Menyediakan kartu debit yang dapat digunakan
untuk membeli makanan.
• Medicaid
o Program sosial kategori terbesar.
• Perumahan Masyarakat
o Program “Section 8 vouchers” di AS dengan
memberi subsidi rumah.
• Program Lainnya
o WIC; program makan siang di sekolah; dll…
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17.3
Efek Bahaya Moral dari Sistem Transfer
Menggunakan Metode Means-Tested
17.3
Efek Bahaya Moral dari Sistem Transfer
Menggunakan Metode Means-Tested
Konsumsi per
tahun ($)
A
$25,000
Y
12,170 D
G = 11,170
B
5,000
X
C
0 400 1,027 1,106 1,600 2,000 Lama waktu
luang (jam)
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17.3
Menyelesaikan Bahaya Moral dengan Menurunkan
Tarif Potongan Bantuan
Konsumsi per
tahun ($)
$25,000
A Z1
22,500 B2
22,340 Kemiringan = upah bersih = −6.25
Z2
Y2
Y1 X2
12,170 D
G = 11,170
B1
Kemiringan = upah
5,000 tarif = −12.50
X1
C
0 200 268 1,027 1,106 1,600 2,000 Lama waktu
luang (jam)
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17.3
Program Redistribusi “Iron Triangle”
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17.4
Berganti ke Pembayaran Kesejahteraan yang
Dikategorikan
17.4
Menyasar ke Kaum Single Mother
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17.4
Menggunakan “Ordeal Mechanisms”
17.4
PENERAPAN: Contoh Ordeal Mechanisms
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17.4
Meningkatkan Pilihan Lain
Konsumsi per
tahun ($)
E
$35,000
Kemiringan = upah =
−17.50
A
25,000
Y2
17,500
C
0 1,000 1,106 1,381 2,000 Lama waktu
1,027
luang (jam)
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17.4
Meningkatkan Pilihan Lain
• Latihan
o Penurunan sederhana dalam kesejahteraan,
pendapatan meningkat.
• Subsidi Pasar Tenaga Kerja
o Menambah jumlah lapangan kerja, mengurangi
kesejahteraan.
• Penitipan Anak
o Meningkatkan jumlah ibu-ibu pekerja
• Tunjangan Anak
o Pergeseran beban kepada ayah yang tidak
bertanggungjawab.
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17.4
Menghapus Jerat Kesejahteraan
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17.4
Menghapus Jerat Kesejahteraan
Konsumsi per
tahun ($)
F
Asuransi kesehatan =
G = 11,170 $2,000
D
C
0 268 2,000 Lama waktu
luang (jam)
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17.4
PEMBUKTIAN: Proyek Swasembada Kanada
17.5
Perubahan Karena Reformasi Kesejahteraan
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17.5
PEMBUKTIAN: Menghitung Dampak Reformasi
Kesejahteraan
17.5
Efek Reformasi Kesejahteraan 1996
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17.5
Apakah Reformasi Kesejahteraan Berhasil?
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17.6
Kesimpulan
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