1

5. Anak panah pada pengeluar dalam symbol

9.3 transistor menunjukkan apa?
Transistor What does the arrow on the emitter in the symbol
of transistor indicate?

Aktiviti 1 / Activity 1: ………………………………………………………………

Tujuan: Huraikan transistor dari segi terminalnya.
Aim; Describe a transistor in terms of its terminal
6. Rajah 9.3.1 menunjukkan litar asas bagi
1. Apa itu transistor? transistor npn.
What is a transistor? Diagram 9.3.1 shows a basic circuit for npn
transistor.
………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

2. Berikan contoh alat yang menggunakan

transistor.
Give example device which use transistor.

………………………………………………………………

3. Lengkap /Complete:
Struktur transistor npn Struktur transistor pnp (a) Namakan dua laluan arus melalui
Structure of npn Structure of pnp transistor
transistor transistor Name two current paths through the
transistor.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

(b) Namakan tiga jenis arus yang melalui

transistor.
Symbol transistor npn Simbol transistor pnp Name three type of current passing through
Symbol of npn transistor Symbol of pnp transistor a transistor.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

(c) Bandingkan ketiga-tiga arus.Tuliskan

satu persamaan yang menghubungkan
ketiga-tiga arus itu.
Compare the three current. Write an
4. Nama dan nyatakan fungsi 3 terminal equation to relate the three current.
transistor
Name and state the function of the three terminal ………………………………………………………………
of transistor.
Terminal Fungsi terminal (d) Apa fungsi R1 dan R2 dalam litar di atas.?
Function of terminals What is the function of resistance R1 and R2
in the above circuit?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

(e) Terdapat dua simpang p-n dalam

transistor. Pilih samada pincang ke
depan atau pincang songsang.
 2

There are two p-n junctions in the transistor.

Choose either forward biased or reverse 2. Apa maksud pemerhatian ini berkaitan arus
biased. tapak, IB dan arus pengumpul, IC?
What does this indicate about base current, IB and
Simpang BE collector current, IC?
(tapak pengeluar):
BE junction (base ………………………………………………………………
emitter) 3. Apakah yang berlaku apabila suis S
Simpang BC dihidupkan?
(tapak pengumpul) What happen when switch S is switched on?
BC junction (base
collector) ………………………………………………………………

4. Apa maksud pemerhatian ini berkaitan arus

tapak, IB dan arus pengumpul, IC?
What does this indicate about base current, IB and
collector current, IC?

7. Lukis litar asas bagi transistor pnp. Tunjukkan ………………………………………………………………

arah arus yang mengalir dalam transistor.
Draw a basic circuit for pnp transistor. Show the ………………………………………………………………
direction of current flow in the transistor.

5. Apakah syarat untuk menghidupkan

transistor?
What is the requirement for the transistor to switch
on?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

6. Bandingkan kecerahan mentol M1 dan M2.

Compare the brightness of bulb M1 and M2.

………………………………………………………………

Aktiviti 2 / Activity 2 7. Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh kecerahan

Tujuan: Mengkaji pengaliran pembawa cas dalam
sebuah transistor.
Aim: To study the flow of charge carrier in a
transistor.
mentol-mentol itu mengenai arus tapak, IB dan
arus pengumpul, IC?
What does the brightness of the bulb indicate
about the base current, IB and collector current,
IC ?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

8. Apakah dua fungsi transistor apabila:

What are two functions of transistor when:
(a) Jika tiada arus tapak, IB maka tiada arus
pengumpul, IC. Arus tapak, IB
menghidupkan arus pengumpul, IC.
1. Perhatikan kecerahan kedua-dua mentol If there is no base current, IB, then there is
apabila suis S dibuka. also no collector current,IC. Base current, IB
Observe the brightness of the bulbs when the switches on the collector current, IC.
switch is opened.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

(b) Arus tapak,IB kawal magnitud arus
pengumpul, IC. Perubahan kecil dalam arus
tapak akan hasilkan perubahan besar
dalam arus pengumpul.
Base current, IB controls the magnitude of the
collector current, IC. A small change in the
base current, results in a big change in the
collector current
………………………………………………………………
9. Rajah 9.3.3 menunjukkan litar transistor.
Diagram 9.3.3 shows a circuit of transistor.
(a) Nyatakan keadaan sambungan di simpang
State the state of connection at junction:
Simpang BE: …………………………………
Junction BE
Simpang BC:……………………………………
Junction BC
(b) Apabila suis S dibuka, berapakah nilai:
When switch S is opened, what is the value:
IB? = ………. .. IC? = …………
(c) Mengapakah tiada arus pengumpul bila
tiada arus tapak?
Why there is no collector current when there
no base current?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(d) Apabila suis S dihidupkan, apakah yang
berlaku pada elektron bebas dalam lapisan
pengeluar?
When switch S is switched on, what happen
to the free electrons in the emitter?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(e) Beri dua sebab mengapa kebanyakan
elektron dari lapisan pengeluar akan
3
tertarik terus ke lapisan pengumpul
melalui lapisan tapak?
Give two reasons why most of the electrons
from emitter will attract to the collector
through base?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(f) Bandingkan nilai arus tapak dan arus
pengumpul.
Compare base current and collector current.
………………………………………………………………
Rajah 9.3.4 menunjukkan analogi arus tapak
mengawal pengaliran arus pengumpul.
Diagram 9.3.4 shows the analogy of base current
controlling the collector current.
Amplier arus = Arus pengumpul
Arus tapak
Current = Collector current
Amplication base current
Aktiviti 3 / Activity 3:
Tujuan: Huraikan bagaimana transistor digunakan
sebagai suis automatic.
Aim: Describe how a transistor can
be used as an automatic switch.
1. Rajah 9.3.6 menunjukkan litar mengandungi
transistor, bateri, perintang R1, perintang
bolehubah R2 dan mentol lampu.
Diagram 9.3.6 shows a circuit consisting of a
transistor, dry cells, a resistor R1, a variable
resistor R2 and a bulb has been set up.

i. Namakan jenis transistor yang
digunakan.
Name the type of transistor used.
…………………………………………………..
ii. Bagaimana anda hubungkan V, V1 dan
V2 ?
How can you relate V, V1 and V2?
……………………………………………………
iii. Apa yang boleh anda katakan mengenai
arus yang mengalir melalui R1 dan R2?
What can you say about the current that
pass through R1 and R2?
………………………………………………………………
iv. Apa hubungan antara V and R?
What is the relationship between R and V?
………………………………………………………………
v. Namakan hukum yang terlibat dalam
hubungan itu.
Name a law involved in the relationship.
………………………………………………………………
vi. Lengkapkan / Complete:
If R1 = R2, V1 = ……… V2 = …………..
If V1 = 1 V, V2 = ………….
If V1 = 5 V, V2 = ………….
2. Rajah 9.3.7 menunjukkan satu litar pembahagi
voltan.
Diagram 9.3.7 shows a potential divider circuit.
4
(a) Lengkapkan / Complete:
Voltan tapak = 0 : IB = …….., IC = ……….
Base voltage transistor : OFF / ON
(b) Apakah syarat kepada voltan tapak
supaya transistor dihidupkan?
What is the condition for the base voltage to
switch on the transistor?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
(c) Mengapa kita menggunakan perintang
boleh ubah?
Why we use variable resistor?
………………………………………………………………
(d) Beri contoh perintang boleh ubah.
Give example of variable resistor.
………………………………………………………………
Aktiviti 5 / Activity 5:
Tujuan: Membina litar transistor sebagai suis
automatic.
Aim: Built a transistor circuit for an automatic switch.
1. Rajah 9.3.8 menunjukkan perintang peka
cahaya, PPC.
Diagram 9.3.8 shows a light-dependent
resistance, LDR
(a) Apa ciri perintang peka cahaya, PPC
What is the characteristic of a light-
dependent resistor, LDR?
………………………………………………………………
(b) Rajah 9.3.9 menunjukkan litar bagi suis
LDR automatic
 5

Diagram 9.3.9 shows a circuit for LDR

automatic switch.

siang malam
day night
Rintangan Tinggi Rendah
LDR High Low
Tanda (√) pada ruangan yang betul. Resistance
Tick (√) at the correct space . of LDR
siang malam Voltan LDR Tinggi Rendah
day night LDR voltage High Low
Rintangan Tinggi Rendah
LDR High Low
Resistance Voltan Lebih dari 0.7 V Kurang dari 0.7 V
of LDR tapak More than 0.7 V Less than 0.7 V
Voltan LDR Tinggi Rendah Base
LDR voltage High Low voltage

Arus tapak, IB mengalir IB tidak mengalir

Voltan Lebih dari 0.7 V Kurang dari 0.7 V IB IB will flow IB will not flow
tapak More than 0.7 V Less than 0.7 V Base
Base current, IB
voltage Arus IC akan mengalir IC tidak mengalir
pengumpul, IC will flow IC will not flow
Arus tapak, IB mengalir IB tidak mengalir Collector
IB IB will flow IB will not flow current, IC
Base Transistor Dihidupkan Dimatikan
current, IB Switch ON Switch OFF
Arus IC akan mengalir IC tidak mengalir
pengumpul, IC will flow IC will not flow
Collector Mentol Menyala Tidak menyala
current, IC Bulb Light up Will not light up

Transistor Dihidupkan Dimatikan

Switch ON Switch OFF
(c) Rajah 9.3.10 menunjukkan litar bagi suis
lampu automatic bagi LDR yang bertukar
Mentol Menyala Tidak menyala tempat dengan perintang.
Bulb Light up Will not light up Diagram 9.3.10 shows a circuit for automatic
light bulb switch where the LDR interchange
position with the resistor.
 6

tapak More than 0.7 V Less than 0.7 V

Base
voltage

Arus tapak, IB mengalir IB tidak mengalir

IB IB will flow IB will not flow
Base
current, IB
Arus IC akan mengalir IC tidak mengalir
pengumpul, IC will flow IC will not flow
Collector
current, IC
Transistor Dihidupkan Dimatikan
Switch ON Switch OFF

Mentol Menyala Tidak menyala

Tanda (√) pada ruangan yang betul Bulb Light up Will not light up
Tick (√) at the correct space
siang malam
day night
Rintangan Tinggi Rendah
LDR High Low
Resistance
of LDR
Voltan LDR Tinggi Rendah 2. Rajah 9.3.11 menunjukkan satu thermostat.
LDR voltage High Low Diagram 9.3.8 shows a thermistors.

Voltan Lebih dari 0.7 V Kurang dari 0.7 V

tapak More than 0.7 V Less than 0.7 V
Base
voltage

Arus tapak, IB mengalir IB tidak mengalir

IB IB will flow IB will not flow (a) Apa ciri perintang peka haba?
Base What is the characteristic of a heat-
current, IB dependent resistor, thermistors?
Arus IC akan mengalir IC tidak mengalir
………………………………………………………………
pengumpul, IC will flow IC will not flow
Collector
(b) Rajah 9.3.12 menunjukkan litar bagi suis
current, IC
automatic untuk sistem mengesan
Transistor Dihidupkan Dimatikan
kebakaran.
Switch ON Switch OFF
Diagram 9.3.12 shows an automatic switch
circuit for fire alarm system
Mentol Menyala Tidak menyala
Bulb Light up Will not light up

siang malam
day night
Rintangan Tinggi Rendah
LDR High Low
Resistance
of LDR
Voltan LDR Tinggi Rendah i. Tanda (√) pada ruangan yang betul
LDR voltage High Low Tick (√) at the correct space
Suhu tinggi suhu rendah
high temperature low temperature
Voltan Lebih dari 0.7 V Kurang dari 0.7 V Rintangan Tinggi Rendah
termostat High Low
 7

Resistance
of thermistor
Voltan Tinggi Rendah
termostat High Low
thermistor TUTORIAL 9.3
voltage 1. Diagram 1 shows a symbol for npn transistor.
Voltan Lebih dari 0.7 V Kurang dari 0.7 V Electrodes P, Q and R refer to
tapak More than 0.7 V Less than 0.7 V
Base
voltage

Arus tapak, IB mengalir IB tidak mengalir

IB IB will flow IB will not flow
Base
current, IB
P Q R
Arus IC akan mengalir IC tidak mengalir
A Base Emitter Collector
pengumpul, IC will flow IC will not flow
B Base Collector Emitter
Collector
current, IC C Collector Base Emitter
Transistor Dihidupkan Dimatikan D Emitter Base Collector
Switch ON Switch OFF
2. The diagram shows the symbol for a
Penggera Berbunyi Tidak berbunyi transistor.
Alarm go off Will not go off

Which of the following shows the correct

name of the electrode P and the type of the
a. Tanda (√) pada ruangan yang betul transistor? (2003)
Tick (√) at the correct space Electrode P Type of transistor
Suhu tinggi suhu rendah A Emitter pnp
high temperature low temperature B Collector pnp
Rintangan Tinggi Rendah C Emitter npn
termostat High Low D Collector npn
Resistance
of thermistor 3. Which statement about a transistor is
Voltan Tinggi Rendah correct? (2008)
termostat High Low A. Has two electrodes
thermistor B. Acts as a full wave rectifier
voltage C. Has its own internal energy supply
Voltan Lebih dari 0.7 V Kurang dari 0.7 V D. Functions as an amplifier
tapak More than 0.7 V Less than 0.7 V
Base 4. What are the electrical components that must
voltage be placed at P and Q in the circuit as shown
in Diagram 2
Arus tapak, IB mengalir IB tidak mengalir
IB IB will flow IB will not flow
Base
current, IB
Arus IC akan mengalir IC tidak mengalir
pengumpul, IC will flow IC will not flow
Collector
current, IC
Transistor Dihidupkan Dimatikan
Switch ON Switch OFF P Q
A Bulb Bulb
B Battery Bulb
Penggera Berbunyi Tidak berbunyi
Alarm go off Will not go off C Resistor Battery
D Bulb resistor
 8

5. An npn transistor is connected to a dc power

supply as shown in Diagram 3.

Diagram 6
A. Receiver
B. A switch
Which of the following is correct? C. Transmitter
A Ie > Ic >Ib D. Heater
B Ie > Ib >Ic
C Ic > Ie >Ib 10. Which of the following shows the correct
circuit to light up the bulb during daylight but
D Ic > Ib >Ie
light off the bulb at night.

6. In which circuit does the bulb light up?

(2004)

7. The function of transistor in the circuit shown

in Diagram 5 is ___

11. In which circuit will the light-emitting diode

(LED) light up when the switch is on? (2005)

Diagram 5
A. Rectifier
B. Amplifier
C. Automatic switch
D. Voltage divider

8. The function of the transistor in the circuit

shown in Diagram 6 is

12. Which of the following circuits can function?
(2006)
13. Diagram shows an automatic switch circuit to
light up a bulb at night.
What changes should be done to light up the
bulb during the day time? (2007)
A. Reverse the terminals of the battery
B. Interchange R1 and R2
C. Replace the npn transistor with a pnp
transistor
D. Replace resistor R3 with a resistor of
lower resistance
9
14. Diagram 29 shows a transistor circuit.
What is the reading of V2 when V1 is 1.5 V?
1.5 V
1.5 V
1.1 V
PAPER 2 SECTION A:
1. SPM 2003
Diagram 7 shows a light dependent resistor (LDR),
resistors R and S, a light emmiting diode (LED), a
transistor and a battery that will be connected to
form a circuit. The LED emits lights when it is in a
bright surroundings.
Rajah 7 menunjukkan perintang peka cahaya (LDR),
perintang R dan S, diod pemancar cahaya (LED),
transistor dan bateri yang akan disambungkan untuk
membina satu litar LED bercahaya apabila keadaan
persekitaran terang.
(a) (i) State one function of a transistor.
Nyatakan satu fungsi transistor.
………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Complete the circuit in Diagram 7 so that
the LED emits light in a bright
surroundings.
Lengkapkan Rajah 7 supaya menjadi litar di
mana LED akan menyala apabila keadaan
sekitar terang. [1 mark]
 10

(iii) Give one reason why LED emits light in a

bright surroundings.
Berikan satu sebab mengapa LED itu
bercahaya dalam keadaan sekitar terang.

………………………………………………………………

(b) What modification is required to the

circuit so that the LED will emit light
when the surroundings become dark?
Apakah pengubasuaian yang perlu
dilakukan pada litar itu supaya LED
bercahaya apabila keadaan sekitar gelap?

………………………………………………………………
[1 mark] 1. SPM 2012 Question 4
Diagram 4 shows a circuit with a transistor that
(c) An alarm is needed which emits sound acts as an automatic switch.
when there is a fire. Two modifications Rajah 4 menunjukkan litar dengan transistor yang
have to be made to the circuit in (a)(ii) by bertindak sebagai suis automatic.
replacing electronic components.
Anda memerlukan satu penggera yang
menghasilkan bunyi apabila berlaku
kebakaran. Dua pengubahsuaian perlu
dilakukan pada litar di (a)(ii) dengan
menggantikan komponen elektronik.

(i) State one electronic component

which needs to be replaced. Give a
reason for your answer.
Nyatakan satu komponen elektronik
yang perlu diganti. Beri sebab bagi
jawapan anda.

………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(ii) Name two electronic components
that are needed to replace the
unsuitable components.
Namakan dua komponen yang perlu
digunakan bagi menggantikan
komponen-komponen yang tidak sesuai
itu.
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(d) In the space below, draw a circuit
diagram to show the new circuit.
Pada ruang di bawah, lakarkan rajah litar
bagi litar yang baru itu.
[2 marks]
Resistor X has high resistance in the dark and low
resistance in the bright.
Perintang X mempunyai rintangan tinggi dalam gelap
dan rintangan rendah dalam cerah.
(a) Name resistor X [1 mark]
Namakan perintang X.
………………………………………………………………
(b) The resistance of resistor X is 40 kΩ when it
is in the dark.
Rintangan perintang X ialah 40 kΩ apabila ia
berada dalam gelap.
Calculate / Hitung :
(i) The potential difference between T and U
Beza keupayaan antara T dan U
[2 marks]
 11

(ii) The current flows through resistor X

Arus yang mengalir dalam perintang X.
[2 marks]

(c) Explain why the light emitting diode (LED)

lights up when resistor X is in the dark.
Terangkan mengapa diod pemancar cahaya
(LED).

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]