IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
Ristina Mirwanti
Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran
Emergency Department
• Angka kunjungan total IGD : tinggi
• à di Indonesia, jumlah data kunjungan ke IGD sebanyak 4.402.205 kunjungan
yang merupakan 13,3% dari total seluruh kunjungan di RSU (Direktorat Jenderal
Bina Pelayanan Medik Depkes tahun 2007, )
• Dari jumlah seluruh kunjungan IGD, terdapat 12,0% berasal dari pasien rujukan
(Harding, Almquist, dan Hashemi, 2011).
• https://www.cdc.gov/hai/infectiontypes.html
Mengapa pencegahan infeksi penting?
• Perkembangan penyakit serius.
• Perubahan fokus pencegahan infeksi : dulu à sekarang.
• Dampak à >> penderitaan pasien; >>disabilitas; >> resiko kematian;
>>los; >> biaya; >> beban kerja tenaga kesehatan;
Pencegahan infeksi
PATIENT SAFETY
• Patient safety is the absence of preventable harm to a patient during the
process of health care and reduction of risk of unnecessary harm associated
with health care to an acceptable minimum (WHO)
INTERNATIONAL PATIENT SAFETY
GOALS
• Goal One. Identify patients correctly.
• Goal Two. Improve effective communication.
• Goal Three. Improve the safety of high-alert medications.
• Goal Four. Ensure safe surgery.
• Goal Five. Reduce the risk of health care-associated infections.
• Goal Six. Reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls.
Standard Precautions
• praktik pencegahan infeksi minimum berlaku untuk semua perawatan pasien,
terlepas dari status infeksi yang masih dicurigai maupun yang telah
dikonfirmasi oleh pasien, didalam memberikan layanan kesehatan (CDC,
2015).
• untuk melindungi HealthCare Proffesionals (HCP) dan mencegah HCP
dalam menyebarkan infeksi di antara pasien (CDC, 2015)
Standard Precaution
• Hand hygiene.
• Use of personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, masks, eyewear).
• Respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette.
• Sharps safety (engineering and work practice controls).
• Safe injection practices (i.e., aseptic technique for parenteral medications).
• Sterile instruments and devices.
• Clean and disinfected environmental surfaces.
• (https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/summary-infection-prevention-practices/standard-
precautions.html)
Standard precaution
• hand hygiene (kebersihan tangan), Alat Pelindung Diri (APD), dekontaminasi
peralatan perawatan pasien, kesehatan lingkungan, pengelolaan limbah,
penatalaksanaan linen, perlindungan kesehatan petugas, penempatan pasien,
kebersihan pernapasan / etika batuk dan bersin, praktik injeksi yang aman,
dan praktik lumbal pungsi yang aman
• (Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor 27, 2017).
Nurse
• kebersihan tangan (hand hygiene), penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD),
praktik injeksi yang aman, penanganan secara aman terhadap peralatan atau
permukaan yang berpotensi terkontaminasi di lingkungan pasien, dan
kebersihan pernapasan / etika batuk dan bersin
• (CDC, 2015)
HAND HYGIENE
Hand Hygiene
• https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5116.pdf
Hand Hygiene
• Patogen penyebab HCAI à dari kulit tangan
• Tujuan : Mencegah kolonisasi dan infeksi pada pasien dan tenaga kesehatan
• Indikasi : kemungkinan transfer mikroorganisme
• 5 moments
1. before touching a patient;
2. before a clean/aseptic procedure;
3. after bodily fluid exposure risk;
4. after touching a patient;
5. after touching patient surroundings.
• Hand Rubbing & Hand washing?
WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene
in Health Care
• Before routine clinical work begins, remove all wrist and hand jewellery
and cover cuts and abrasions with waterproof dressings.
• Fingernails should be kept short and false nails should not be worn.
• Wash hands with soap and water whenever they are visibly dirty or visibly
soiled with blood or other bodily fluids and after using the toilet.
• When exposure to potential spore-forming pathogens is strongly suspected
or proven, including during outbreaks of Clostridium difficile, hand washing
with soap and water is the preferred method.
• Use an alcohol-based hand rub as the preferred means for routine hand
antisepsis when hands are not visibly soiled. If an alcohol-based hand rub is
not available, wash hands with soap and water.
Hand hygiene techniques
• Hand rubbing
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 1 – DOKTER DAN PERAWAT
Tempat Praktik Umum dan - Masker bedah 3 ply - Sarung tangan karet sekali pakai
kegiatan yang tidak
menimbulkan aerosol