Bab 7 Analisa Termal 2
Bab 7 Analisa Termal 2
• Perbedaan suhu antara sampel dengan material standar yang inert, T = TS - TR,
diukur saat keduanya diberi perlakuan panas tertentu.
• Sampel dan standar dijaga pada suhu yang sama, bahkan selama terjadi perubahan-
perubahan termal tertentu pada sampel.
• Variabel yang diukur adalah besarnya energi yang diperlukan untuk menjaga
perbedaan suhu sampel dan standar sama dengan nol, d q/dt.
1)Sample/sample holder
sample holder
alumina block
• sample and reference cells (Al) heating
coil
sensors
sample reference
• Pt/Rh atau chromel/alumel thermocouples pan pan
furnace
keuntungan:
DTA
kelemahan:
• during a thermal event in the sample, the system will transfer heat to or from the
sample pan to maintain the same temperature in reference and sample pans
sample reference
pan pan
sample holder
• Pt resistance thermocouples
• separate sensors and heaters for the sample and reference
furnace
temperature controller
• small sample pans (0.1 mL) of inert or treated metals (Al, Pt, Ni, etc.)
• the same material and configuration should be used for the sample and the
reference
• material should completely cover the bottom of the pan to ensure good
thermal contact
• avoid overfilling the pan to minimize thermal lag from the bulk of the
material to the sensor
sensors
chromel wafer
furnace
temperature controller
TR TS
temperature
TRP
TSP
thermocouple is not in physical
TR TL contact with sample
reference
TS
sample
Texp ≠ TS – TR
DSC Calibration
baseline
2-step process
heat flow
• use of calibration standards of known heat capacity, such as sapphire, slow accurate
heating rates (0.5–2.0 °C/min), and similar sample and reference pan weights
calibrants metals
• In 156.6 °C; 28.45 J/g
• high purity • Sn 231.9 °C
• accurately known enthalpies • Al 660.4 °C
• thermally stable inorganics
• light stable (h ) • KNO3 128.7 °C
• nonhygroscopic • KClO4 299.4 °C
• unreactive (pan, atmosphere) organics
• polystyrene 105 °C
• benzoic acid 122.3 °C; 147.3 J/g
• anthracene 216 °C; 161.9 J/g
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
reflection
null
Weight (%)
60
endothermic events
melting
sublimation
solid-solid transitions
desolvation
chemical reactions
exothermic events
crystallization
solid-solid transitions
sulphapyridine decomposition
chemical reactions
baseline shifts
glass transition
Thermal Methods in the Study of Polymorphs and Solvates
polymorph screening/identification
thermal stability
• melting
1.0
• crystallization 0.5
• solid-state transformations
• desolvation 0.0
• glass transition
• sublimation
• decomposition -1.0
heat flow
-1.5
––––––– Form II
Form
––––––– Form IIII
• heat of fusion
Form
––––––– Variable
Form III Hydrate
––––––– Dihydrate
-2.0
––––––– Acetic acid solvate
• heat of transition
• heat capacity -2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Exo Up Temperature (°C)
mixture analysis
• chemical purity
• physical purity (crystal forms, crystallinity)
phase diagrams
• eutectic formation (interactions with other molecules)
Sample: INDIUM CRIMPED PAN CHECK File: C:...\10C per min crimped\DSC010920A.3
156.50°C
28.87J/g
0.0
extrapolated
-0.5 onset temperature
Heat Flow (W/g)
-1.0
-1.5
peak melting
-2.0 temperature
157.81°C
-2.5
140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175
Exo Up Temperature (°C) Universal V3.3B TA Instruments
Melting Processes by DSC
pure substances
• melting characterized
at peak maxima
• eutectic impurities
may produce a second
melting with decomposition peak
• exothermic
• endothermic
Glass Transitions
• second-order transition characterized by
change in heat capacity (no heat absorbed
or evolved)
Enthalpy of Fusion
Size: 7.6300 mg DSC Operator: Ron Vansickle
Method: indium Run Date: 20-Sep-01 09:13
Comment: P/N 56S-107 Instrument: 2920 MDSC V2.6A
0.5
156.50°C
28.87J/g
0.0
-0.5
Heat Flow (W/g)
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
157.81°C
-2.5
140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175
Exo Up Temperature (°C) Universal V3.3B TA Instruments
Burger’s Rules for Polymorphic Transitions
enantiotropy monotropy
endothermic
endothermic
Heat of Transition Rule
• endo-/exothermic solid-solid transition • exothermic solid-solid transition
* assumes negligible heat capacity difference between polymorphs over temperatures of interest
Purity by DSC
RTo2 . 1 97%
Tm = To -
Ho f
99%
• applies to dilute solutions, i.e., nearly
pure substances (purity ≥98%)
benzoic acid 99.9%
Plato, C.; Glasgow, Jr., A.R. Anal. Chem., 1969, 41(2), 330-336.
Effect of Heating Rate
Lot A - pure
2046742
FILE# 022511DSC.1
-1
Heat Flow (W/g)
-2
Lot B - seeds
2046742
FILE# 022458 DSC.1 Form II ?
-3
-4
-5
80 130 180 230 280
Exo Up Temperature (°C) Universal V3.3B TA Instruments
• Lot B: seeds of high melting polymorph induce solid-state transition below the melting
temperature of the low melting polymorph
Polymorph Characterization: Variable Melting Point
• lots A and B of lower melting polymorph (identical by XRD) appear to have a “variable”
melting point
0.1
-0.1
Lot A
-0.3
Heat Flow (W/g)
-0.5
Lot B
-0.7
-0.9
-1.1
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Exo Up Temperature (°C) Universal V3.3B TA Instruments
0.00 0.2
-0.05
-0.10 0.0
-0.20 -0.2
-0.25
-0.30
Lot B -0.4
Lot B
-0.35
-0.40 -0.6
-0.50 -0.8
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Exo Up Temperature (°C) Universal V3.3B TA Instruments
Exo Up Temperature (°C) Universal V3.3B TA Instruments
• the “variable” melting point was related to the large stability difference between the
two polymorphs; the system was driven to undergo both melting and solid-state
conversion to the higher melting form
Polymorph Stability from Melting and Eutectic Melting Data
• polymorph stability predicted from pure melting data near the melting temperatures
0.2
(G1-G2)(Tm2) = Hm1(Tm2-Tm1)/Tm1 0 Y
sdf
Tt
-0.2 ON
• eutectic melting method developed
to establish thermodynamic stability -0.4
eutectic melting melting
of polymorph pairs over larger
temperature range
DSC Signal
Y
ON ON Y
(b) ON
ON
Y ON Y
TmA Tm1 Y
+benzil pure forms
A P1 Tm2 +thymol +azobenzene +acetanilide
40 60 80 100 120
P2 T, oC
TmRC
RC (G1-G2)(Te1) = Hme2(Te2-Te1)/(xe2Te2)
Te2
(G1-G2)(Te2) = Hme1(Te2-Te1)/(xe1Te1)
Te1
1 0
xe2 xe1 x 1 Yu, L. J. Pharm. Sci., 1995, 84(8), 966-974.
Yu, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2000, 122, 585-591.
“Hyphenated” Techniques
TG-DTA 120
15.55%
4.2
(0.9513mg)
24.80°C
TG-DSC
3.2
100.0%
80
TG-MS (EGA) 0
-0.8
-40 -1.8
20 70 120 170 220 270
Exo Up Temperature (°C) Universal V3.3B TA Instruments
mechanical
sample pan cool air entry
sample topples shock of
distortion shifting
over in pan measuring cell into cell
of Al pan
sensor
contamination
RT changes intermittant
electrical effects, closing of hole
power spikes, etc. in pan lid
burst of
pan lid