PELATIHAN

ELECTRIC MOTOR

DASAR MESIN LISTRIK

MUHAMAD ALI, MT
http://muhal.wordpress.com

PENDAHULUAN

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 Sistem Sistem
Electrik Electric Mekanik

e, i Machine T, n

Motor
Aliran Energi
Generator

• Mesin Listrik merupakan hubungan antara sistem

elektrik dan sistem mekanik.
• Konversi dari mekanik menjadi elektrik : generator
• Konversi dari elektrik menjadi mekanik : motor

Mesin
Listrik

Mesin DC Mesin AC

Mesin Sinkron Mesin

Induksi

• Mesin listrik dikatakan AC (Generator atau Motor)

jika sistem kelistrikannya adalah AC.
• Mesin DC (Generator atau Motor) jika sistem
kelistrikannya adalah DC.

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 Sistem Kopling Sistem
Medan Mekanik
Elektrik Magnet
e, i T, n

Fenomena Mesin Listrik:

• Sebuah penghantar yang bergerak pada medan magnet,
akan menghasilkan tegangan induksi pada penghantar.
• Pada saat Arus yang dibawa penghantar ditempatkan
pada medan magnet, penghantar akan menghasilkan
gaya mekanik.

Struktur Dasar Mesin Listrik

• Struktur mesin listrik

mempunyai 2 komponen
utama yaitu, stator dan rotor,
yang dipisahkan oleh gap
udara.

• Stator:
Bagian mesin yang diam.

• Rotor:
Bagian mesin yang berputar.
Rotor dan stator terbuat dari
bahan ferromagnetic.

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 MESIN DC

Konsep Mesin DC

• Aksi Generator :
Tegangan EMF diinduksi pada penghantar jika
penghantar bergerak melalui medan magnet.

• Aksi Motor :
Gaya diinduksi pada penghantar yang mempunyai arus
yang melewati penghantar tersebut dan ditempatkan
pada medan magnet

• Mesin DC dapat digunakan sebagai generator maupun

motor.

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 Aplikasi Mesin DC
 Mesin DC lebih banyak digunakan sebagai
motor.
 Kelebihan utama Mesin DC adalah
“Kemudahan pengaturan kecepatan dan Torsi”
 Penggunaan terbatas pada aplikasi: mills,
mines and trains. Contoh: trolleys and
underground subway cars.
 In the past, automobiles were equipped with dc
dynamos to charge their batteries.

Aplikasi Mesin DC

 Starter biasanya menggunakan Mesin DC Seri

 Teknologi switching pada Elektronika Daya
telah mengurangi penggunaan Mesin DC baik
sebagai Motor maupun Generator.
 Teknologi kontrol Elektronik (Controlled
Rectifier, Chopper, AC Regulator, Inverter)
secara perlahan menggantikan peran Mesin
DC.
 Nevertheless, a large number of dc motors are
still used by industry and several thousand are
sold annually.

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 Generator DC
e =(B × v). l e = induced voltage, v = velocity of the conductor,
e =B l v sinα cosβ B = flux density and l is the length of the conductor

 - angle between the direction in which

the conductor is moving and the flux is
acting.
β - smallest possible angle the
conductor makes with the direction of,
the vector product, ( v × B) and for
maximum induction,
β = 0. Hence, e = Blv for most cases.
( v × B) indicates the direction of the
current flow in the conductor, or the
polarity of the emf.

Konstruksi Mesin DC

• Stator: Stationary part of the

machine. The stator carries a field
winding that is used to produce the
required magnetic field by DC
excitation. Often know as the field.

• Rotor: The rotor is the rotating

part of the machine. The rotor
carries a distributed winding, and is
the winding where the emf is
induced. Also known as the
armature.

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 Rangkaian Ekivalen Motor DC

The equivalent circuit of DC Motors (and Generators)

has two components:

• Armature circuit: it can be represented by a voltage

source and a resistance connected in series (the
armature resistance). The armature winding has a
resistance, Ra.

• The field circuit: It is represented by a winding that

generates the magnetic field and a resistance connected
in series. The field winding has resistance Rf.

Klasifikasi Motor DC

• Separately Excited and Shunt Motors

Field and armature windings are either connected
separate or in parallel.

• Series Motors
Field and armature windings are connected in series.

• Compound Motors
Has both shunt and series field so it combines
features of series and shunt motors.

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 Motor DC Penguatan Terpisah

– The armature winding supplies the load.

– The field winding is supplied by a separate DC source whose
voltage is variable.
– Good speed control.

Motor DC Shunt (Paralel)

– The armature and field windings are connected in parallel.

– Constant speed operation.

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 Motor DC Seri

– The armature and field winding are connected in series.

– High starting torque.

Motor DC Kompon

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Aliran Daya dan Rugi-rugi Motor DC

Aliran Daya dan Rugi-rugi Motor DC

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 Pengaturan Kecepatan Motor DC

Kecepatan dapat dikontrol dengan mengatur :

1. Resistan jangkar (Armature) menggunakan Resistan

Luar Ra Ext.
2. Jika dapat diatur dengan menggunakan Resistan
external Radj secara seri dengan Rf untuk mengatur
flux, sehingga kecepatan dapat diatur.
3. Tegangan armature, jika motor dieksitasi secara
terpisah

Perbandingan Motor DC

Shunt Motors:
“Kecepatan Konstan” (speed regulation is very good). Adjustable
speed, medium starting torque.
Aplikasi: Pompa Centrifugal, machine tools, blower, fans, Pompa
Reciprocating, dll.

Motor DC Seri:
Kecepatan motor dapat diubah secara drastis dari kondisi beban ke
kondisi beban lain. Torsi awal besar.
Aplikasi: hoists, electric trains, conveyors, elevators, electric cars.

Motor DC Kompoun : Variable speed motors. It has a high starting

torque and the no-load speed is controllable unlike in series motors.
Aplikasi : Rolling mills, sudden temporary loads, heavy machine
tools, punches, etc

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 MESIN AC

Klasifikasi Mesin AC

Mesin Sinkron:
• Generator Sinkron : A primary source of electrical
energy.
• Motor Sinkron : Used as motors as well as power
factor compensators (synchronous condensers).
Asynchronous (Induction) Machines:
• Motor Induksi : Most widely used electrical motors
in both domestic and industrial applications.
• Generator Induksi : Due to lack of a separate field
excitation, these machines are rarely used as
generators.

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 Mesin Sinkron

 Unlike induction machines, the rotating air gap field

and the rotor rotate at the same speed, called the
synchronous speed.
 Synchronous machines are used primarily as
generators of electrical power, called synchronous
generators or alternators.
 They are usually large machines generating electrical
power at hydro, nuclear, or thermal power stations.
 Application as a motor: pumps in generating stations,
electric clocks, timers, and so forth where constant
speed is desired.

Mesin Sinkron

Mesin Round Lilit

• The stator is a ring

shaped laminated iron-
core with slots.
• Three phase windings
are placed in the slots.
• Round solid iron rotor
with slots.
• A single winding is
placed in the slots. Dc
current is supplied
through slip rings.

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 Mesin Sinkron

Mesin Salient Rotor

• The stator has a laminated
iron-core with slots and
three phase windings
placed in the slots.
• The rotor has salient poles
excited by dc current.
• DC current is supplied to
the rotor through slip-
rings and brushes.

Generator Sinkron
Principle of Operation 3) The rotating magnetic field
1) From an external source, the produced by the field current
field winding is supplied with induces voltages in the outer
a DC current -> excitation. stator (armature) winding. The
2) Rotor (field) winding is frequency of these voltages is
mechanically turned (rotated) in synchronism with the rotor
at synchronous speed. speed.

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 Paralel Generator

Generators are rarely used in isolated situations. More

commonly, generators are used in parallel, often
massively in parallel, such as in the power grid. The
following steps must be adhered to:
•when adding a generator to an existing power grid:
1) RMS line voltages of the two generators must be the
same.
2) Phase sequence must be the same.
3) Phase angles of the corresponding phases must be the
same.
4) Frequency must be the same.

Mesin Induksi
 The induction machine is the most rugged and the most
widely used machine in industry.
 Both stator and rotor winding carry alternating
currents.
 The alternating current (ac) is supplied to the stator
winding directly and to the rotor winding by induction
– hence the name induction machine.
 Application (1f): washing machines, refrigerators,
blenders, juice mixers, stereo turntables, etc.
 2f induction motors are used primarily as servomotors
in a control system.
 Application 3f: pumps, fans, compressors, paper mills,
textile mills, etc.

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 Mesin Induksi
It is usually for large 3 Compared to squirrel cage
phase induction motors. rotors, wound rotor
•Rotor has a winding the motors are expensive and
same as stator and the require maintenance of
end of each phase is the slip rings and
connected to a slip ring. brushes, so it is not so
•Three brushes contact common in industry
the three slip-rings to applications.
three connected •Wound rotor induction
resistances (3-phase Y) motor was the standard
for reduction of form for variable speed
starting current and control before the advent
speed control. of motor

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