DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL.................................................................................. i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN.................................................................... iii
KATA PENGANTAR................................................................................ iv
DAFTAR ISI............................................................................................... v
DAFTAR GAMBAR.................................................................................. xiii
DAFTAR TABEL...................................................................................... xviii
DAFTAR GRAFIK.................................................................................... xxii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN........................................................................... 1
1.1. Latar Belakang............................................................................. 1
1.2. Batasan Masalah.......................................................................... 2
1.3. Maksud Dan Tujuan Penelitian................................................... 3
1.3.1. Maksud............................................................................... 3
1.3.2. Tujuan................................................................................ 3
1.4. Metodologi Penelitian................................................................. 3
1.4.1. Studi Literatur.................................................................... 3
1.4.2. Pengumpulan Data............................................................. 4
1.4.3. Pengolahan, Pengujian, Perhitungan dan Analisa.............. 4
1.5. Sistimatika Penulisan................................................................... 4

BAB II TINJAUAN UMUM LAPANGAN DAN LABORATORIUM 6

2.1. Lokasi Pengambilan Sampel....................................................... 6
2.2. Tinjauan Umum Laboratorium.................................................... 9
2.3. Program-program Laboraturium................................................. 9
2.3.1. Fasilitas-fasilitas Laboraturium.......................................... 9
2.3.1.1.................................................................................Visi dan
Misi......................................................................... 12
2.3.1.1.1. Visi......................................................... 12
2.3.1.1.2. Misi........................................................ 12

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 2.4. Struktur Organisasi Laboratorium............................................... 13
BAB III KARAKTERISTIK RESERVOIR............................................ 14
3.1. Karakteristik Batuan Reservoir................................................... 14
3.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Reservoir.................................. 15
3.1.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Batupasir................................. 15
3.1.1.2. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Karbonat..................... 20
3.1.1.3. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Shale........................... 21
3.1.2. Sifat Fisik Batuan Reservoir.............................................. 23
3.1.2.1. Porositas............................................................... 23
3.1.2.2. Permeabilitas........................................................ 27
3.1.2.3. Saturasi................................................................. 34
3.1.2.4. Tekanan Kapiler................................................... 37
3.1.2.5. Wettabilitas.......................................................... 40
3.1.2.6. Kompressibilitas.................................................. 43
3.2. Karakteristik Fluida Reservoir.................................................... 45
3.2.1. Komposisi Fluida Reservoir............................................... 46
3.2.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Hidrokarbon............................ 46
3.2.1.2. Komposisi Kimia non Hidrokarbon..................... 52
3.2.1.3. Komposisi Kimia Air Formasi............................. 54
3.2.2. Sifat Fisik Fluida reservoir................................................. 55
3.2.2.1. Sifat Fisik Gas...................................................... 55
3.2.2.2. Sifat Fisik Minyak............................................... 63
3.2.2.3. Sifat Fisik Air Formasi........................................ 70
3.3. Kondisi Reservoir........................................................................ 77
3.3.1. Tekanan Reservoir............................................................. 78
3.3.1.1. Tekanan Hidrostatik............................................. 78
3.3.1.2. Tekanan Kapiler................................................... 78
3.3.1.3. Tekanan Overburden............................................ 79
3.3.1.4. Tekanan Formasi.................................................. 80
3.3.1.5. Tekanan Rekah.................................................... 80
3.3.2. Temperature Reservoir....................................................... 81

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 3.4. Jenis-jenis Reservoir.................................................................... 82
3.4.1. Berdasarkan Perangkap Reservoir..................................... 82
3.4.1.1. Perangkap Struktur.............................................. 82
3.4.1.2. Perangkap Stratigrafi........................................... 85
3.4.1.3. Perangkap Kombinasi.......................................... 88
3.4.2. Berdasarkan Fasa Fluida Hidrokarbon............................... 90
3.4.2.1. Reservoir Gas....................................................... 90
3.4.2.2. Reservoir Gas Kondensat..................................... 92
3.4.2.3. Reservoir Minyak................................................ 93
3.4.3. Berdasarkan Mekanisme Pendorong reservoir.................. 97
3.4.3.1. Depletion Drive Reservoir................................... 97
3.4.3.2. Gas Cap Drive Reservoir..................................... 99
3.4.3.3. Water Drive Reservoir......................................... 101
3.4.3.4. Segretion Drive Reservoir................................... 102
3.4.3.5. Combination Drive Reservoir.............................. 104

BAB IV TEORI DASAR PEMBORAN................................................... 105

4.1. Operasi Pemboran....................................................................... 105
4.2. Perencanaan Pemboran................................................................ 106
4.3. System Pemboran........................................................................ 106
4.3.1. Sistem Tenaga (Power System)......................................... 107
4.3.1.1. Power Supply Equipment.................................... 108
4.3.1.2. Distribution (Transmission) Equipment.............. 109
4.3.2. Sistem Pengangkat (Hoisting System)............................... 114
4.3.3. Sistem Putar (Rotating System)......................................... 129
4.3.3.1. Peralatan Putar (Rotary Assembly)......................  130
4.3.3.2. Rangkaian Pipa Bor............................................. 135
4.3.3.3. Mata Bor (Bit)...................................................... 144
4.3.4. Sistem Sirkulasi (Circulation System)............................... 147
4.3.4.1. Lumpur Pemboran (Drilling Fluids).................... 149
4.3.4.2. Tempat Persiapan (Preparation Area).................. 150

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 4.3.4.3. Peralatan Sirkulasi (Circulating Equipment)....... 152
4.3.4.4. Tempat Pengkondisian Lumpur Pengeboran....... 153
4.3.5. Sistem Pencegah Semburan Liar (Blow Out Priventer
System)............................................................................... 157
4.3.5.1. BOP Stack............................................................ 159
4.3.5.2. Accumulator......................................................... 161
4.3.5.3. Supporting System............................................... 161
4.4. Lumpur Pemboran....................................................................... 162
4.4.1. Jenis Fluida Pemboran....................................................... 162
4.4.1.1................................................................................Fluida
Newtonian............................................................. 163
4.4.1.2................................................................................Fluida
Non-Newtonian .................................................... 163
4.4.2. Jenis-jenis Lumpur Pemboran............................................ 166
4.4.2.1................................................................................Water
Based Mud............................................................ 166
4.4.2.2................................................................................Oil-in-
Water Emultion Muds (Emulsion Mud)............... 166
4.4.2.3................................................................................Oil Base
dan Oil Base Emulsion Mud................................. 168
4.4.2.4................................................................................Gaseous
Drilling Fluid......................................................... 169
4.4.3. Aditif Lumpur Pemboran................................................... 170
4.4.3.1................................................................................Material
Pemberat (Weighting Material)............................ 170
4.4.3.2................................................................................Pengent
al (Viscosifier)....................................................... 171
4.4.3.3................................................................................Pengenc
er (Viscosity-Reducing Chemical)........................ 171
4.4.3.4................................................................................Fluid-
Loss Reducer......................................................... 172

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 4.4.3.5................................................................................Material
Loss Circulation.................................................... 172
4.4.3.6................................................................................Pengont
rol Korosi.............................................................. 172
4.4.3.7................................................................................Pengont
rol Ph..................................................................... 173
4.4.3.8................................................................................Bahan-
bahan sebagai Fluccolant...................................... 173
4.4.3.9................................................................................Emulsifi
er............................................................................ 173
4.4.4. Komposisi Lumpur Pemboran........................................... 173
4.4.4.1................................................................................Fasa
Cair........................................................................ 173
4.4.4.2................................................................................Reactive
Solids (zat padat yang bereaksi)............................ 174
4.4.4.3................................................................................Inert
Solids (zat padat yang tidak bereaksi)................... 174
4.4.4.4................................................................................Fasa
Kimia..................................................................... 174
4.4.5. Fungsi Lumpur Pemboran.................................................. 175
4.4.6. Sifat Fisik Lumpur Pemboran............................................ 178
4.4.6.1................................................................................Densitas
...............................................................................179
4.4.6.2................................................................................Viscosit
as........................................................................... 181
4.4.6.3................................................................................Plastic
Viscocity............................................................... 182
4.4.6.4................................................................................Yield
Point...................................................................... 182
4.4.6.5................................................................................Gel
Strength................................................................. 182

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 4.4.6.6................................................................................Filtratio
n Loss.................................................................... 184
4.4.6.7................................................................................Mud
Cake...................................................................... 188
4.4.6.8................................................................................pH
...............................................................................189
4.4.7. Sifat-Sifat Lumpur pada Tekanan dan Temperatur
Tinggi................................................................................. 189
4.4.7.1................................................................................Filtratio
n Loss Pada Tekanan Dan Temperatur
Tinggi.................................................................... 189
4.4.7.2................................................................................Rheolog
i Pada Tekanan Dan Temperatur
Tinggi.................................................................... 191
4.4.8. Pola Aliran......................................................................... 193
4.4.9. Kontaminasi Lumpur Pemboran........................................ 195
4.5. Analisa Varians Dan Uji Duncan................................................ 197
4.6. Analisa velocity dalam pengangkatan serbuk bor (cutting)......... 200
4.6.1. Rasio Transport seerbuk bor (cutting Transport Ratio)...... 200
4.6.2. Perhitungan kondisi slip velocity pengangkatan cutting..... 201

BAB V METODOLOGI PENELITIAN.................................................. 204

5.1. Tujuan Penelitian......................................................................... 204
5.2. Metodologi Penelitian................................................................. 204
5.3. Alat Dan Bahan........................................................................... 204
5.3.1. Alat..................................................................................... 204
5.3.2. Bahan................................................................................. 210
5.4. Prosedur Pembuatan Lumpur...................................................... 210
5.4.1. Pembuatan Lumpur Sampel A1......................................... 210
5.4.2. Pembuatan Lumpur Sampel A2......................................... 210
5.4.3. Pembuatan Lumpur Sampel A3......................................... 211

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 5.4.4. Pembuatan Lumpur Sampel A4......................................... 211
5.5. Prosedur Pengukuran Sifat Fisik Lumpur................................... 212
5.5.1. Pengukuran Densitas Lumpur............................................ 212
5.5.2. Pengukuran Plastic Viscocity dan Yield Point.................. 212
5.5.3. Pengukuran Gel Strength................................................... 213
5.5.4. Pengukuran Filtration Loss, Mud Cake dan pH................. 213
5.6. Spesifikasi Lumpur Pemboran.................................................... 215
5.7. Komposisi Lumpur Pemboran..................................................... 216

BAB VI PENGOLAHAN, PENGUJIAN, PERHITUNGAN

DAN ANALISA........................................................................... 223
6.1. Data.............................................................................................. 223
6.1.1. Alat dan Bahan................................................................... 223
6.1.2. Komposisi Lumpur Pemboan............................................. 223
6.1.3. Spesifikasi Lumpur Pemboran........................................... 225
6.1.4. Data Sumu.......................................................................... 226
BAGAN ALIR.................................................................................... 227
6.2. Pengujian Sampel A0 ................................................................. 228
6.2.1. Bahan Yang Digunakan .................................................... 228
6.2.2. Hasil Pengukuran Densitas................................................ 228
6.2.3. Hasil Pengukuran Plastic Viscocity................................... 228
6.2.4. Hasil Pengukuran Yield Point............................................ 230
6.2.5. Hasil Pengukuran Gel Strength.......................................... 231
6.2.6. Hasil Pengukuran Filtration Loss....................................... 232
6.2.7. Hasil Pengukuran Ketebalan Mud Cake............................ 232
6.2.8. Hasil Pengukuan pH........................................................... 233
6.3. Pengujian Sampel A1 (Lumpur Dasar) ...................................... 234
6.3.1. Bahan Yang Digunakan .................................................... 234
6.3.2. Hasil Pengukuran Densitas ............................................... 234
6.3.3. Hasil Pengukuran Plastic Viscosity .................................. 235
6.3.4. Hasil Pengukuran Yield Point ........................................... 237

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 6.3.5. Hasil Pengukuran Gel Strength ......................................... 239
6.3.6. Hasil Pengukuran Filtration Loss ...................................... 242
6.3.7. Hasil Pengukuran Ketebalan Mud Cake ........................... 243
6.3.8. Hasil Pengukuran pH ........................................................ 245
6.4. Pengujian Sampel A2 ................................................................ 246
6.4.1. Bahan Yang Digunakan .................................................... 247
6.4.2. Hasil Pengukuran Densitas ............................................... 247
6.4.3. Hasil Pengukuran Plastic Viscosity .................................. 248
6.4.4. Hasil Pengukuran Yield Point ........................................... 250
6.4.5. Hasil Pengukuran Gel Strength ......................................... 252
6.4.6. Hasil Pengukuran Filtration Loss ...................................... 256
6.4.7. Hasil Pengukuran Ketebalan Mud Cake ........................... 254
6.4.8. Hasil Pengukuran pH ........................................................ 257
6.5. Pengujian Sampel A3 (Sampel A2 + Barite 15 gr) .................... 259
6.5.1. Bahan Yang Digunakan .................................................... 259
6.5.2. Hasil Pengukuran Densitas ............................................... 260
6.5.3. Hasil Pengukuran Plastic Viscosity .................................. 261
6.5.4. Hasil Pengukuran Yield Point ........................................... 263
6.5.5. Hasil Pengukuran Gel Strength ......................................... 265
6.5.6. Hasil Pengukuran Filtration Loss ...................................... 267
6.5.7. Hasil Pengukuran Ketebalan Mud Cake ........................... 268
6.5.8. Hasil Pengukuran pH ........................................................ 270
6.6. Analisa Varians Dan Uji Duncan ............................................... 271
6.6.1. Analisa Varians Dan Uji Duncan Densitas ....................... 271
6.6.2. Analisa Varians Dan Uji Duncan Plastic Viscosity .......... 273
6.6.3. Analisa Varians Dan Uji Duncan Yield Point .................. 275
6.6.4. Analisa Varians Dan Uji Duncan Gel Strength 10”........... 277
6.6.5. Analisa Varians Dan Uji Duncan Gel Strength 10’ .......... 279
6.6.6. Analisa Varians Dan Uji Duncan Filtration Loss ............. 281
6.6.7. Analisa Varians Dan Uji Duncan Mud Cake .................... 283
6.6.8. Analisa Varians Dan Uji Duncan pH................................. 285

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 6.7. Analisa slip velocity dalam pengangkatan serbuk bor................. 287
6.7.1. Perhitungan vslip dalam pengangkatan serbuk bor
(Sampel Lumpur A0) ........................................................ 287
6.7.1.1. Cutting Transport Ratio................................ 288
6.7.1.2. Perhitungan Kondisi Slip Velocity Pengangkatan
Serbuk Bor............................................................. 288
6.7.2. Perhitungan kondisi vslip pengangkatan serbuk bor
(Sampel lumpur A1)........................................................... 289
6.7.2.1.Cutting Transport Ratio.......................................... 289
6.7.2.2. Perhitungan Kondisi Slip Velocity Pengangkatan
Serbok Bor..............................................................290
6.7.3. Perhitungan kondisi vslip pengangkatan serbuk bor
(Sampel lumpur A2)........................................................... 290
6.7.3.1 Cutting Transport Ratio......................................... 291
6.7.3.2 Perhitungan Kondisi Slip Velocity Pengangkatan
Serbok Bor............................................................. 291
6.7.4. Perhitungan kondisi vslip pengangkatan serbuk bo
(Sampel lumpur A3)........................................................... 292
6.7.4.1 Cutting Transport Ratio......................................... 292
6.7.4.2 Perhitungan Kondisi Slip Velocity Pengangkatan
Sebok Bor............................................................... 293
BAB VII PEMBAHASAN......................................................................... 295
7.1. Pembahasan Mengenai Hasil Uji Laboratoium........................... 295
7.1.1. Densitas.............................................................................. 295
7.1.2. Plastic Viscocity ................................................................ 297
7.1.3. Yield Point......................................................................... 298
7.1.4. Gel Strength....................................................................... 299
7.1.5. Filtration Loss.................................................................... 301
7.1.6. Ketebalan Mud Cake.......................................................... 303
7.1.7. pH....................................................................................... 304
BAB VIII KESIMPULAN......................................................................... 305

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA................................................................................. 308

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