Struktur Rangka Baja

Tahan Gempa

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Peraturan/Standar Perencanaan
Struktur Rangka Baja
 Bertujuan untuk menjamin keselamatan pada gempa
terburuk (rencana) yang mungkin terjadi pada struktur
 Pada saat gempa kuat terjadi, kecuali disebutkan secara
khusus, tidak bertujuan untuk:
 Membatasi kerusakan

 Menjamin berfungsinya struktur

 Menjamin kemudahan perbaikan

 Didasarkan pada daktilitas struktur untuk mendapatkan

bangunan yang ekonomis

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 Peraturan/Standar
Perencanaan Struktur Rangka Baja

SNI-1729-2015 Spesifikasi untuk Bangunan Gedung Baja

Struktural
AISC 360-2016 Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings
AISC 358-2016 Pre-qualified Connections for Special and
Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for
Seismic Applications
AISC 341-2016 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel
Building

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Struktur Rangka Baja

Tahan Gempa
 Memiliki sistem penahan beban lateral
 Prinsip utama perencanaan struktur baja tahan gempa 
performance based design
 Tidak terjadi kerusakan akibat gempa ringan

 Kerusakan ringan (non struktural) akibat gempa sedang

 Kerusakan struktural tapi tidak runtuh akibat gempa besar

 Tipe sistem struktur yang umum digunakan:

 Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)

 Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF)

 Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF)

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 Struktur Rangka Baja
Tahan Gempa
 Kinerja struktur rangka baja tahan gempa ditentukan oleh:
 Kapasitas (kekuatan)
 Kekakuan
 Daktilitas
 Disipasi energi
 Konsep disain struktur baja tahan gempa  berupaya
menjamin terjadinya penyerapan energi gempa secara
efektif melalui mekanisme pembentukan sendi plastis
pada bagian struktur tertentu

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Elastic Response and

Response Spectra

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 Daktilitas
 Definisi umum:
Kemampuan untuk memikul deformasi inelastis yang besar
tanpa mengalami kehilangan kekuatan

d V
Vy
V

δ
δy δmax

dmax
Ductility Ratio :  d 
dy
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Inelastic Response

 More economical
 Reduced base shear
 Similar maximum
displacement for moderate
and long period range

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 Design Earthquake

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Struktur Rangka Baja Tahan Gempa

 Disain struktur memperhatikan:
 Daktilitas
 Disipasi energi
 Untuk mendapatkan perilaku daktail:
 Deformasi inelastis harus terjadi pada elemen struktur
rangka yang bersifat daktail, (contoh: kelelehan lentur
pada balok di sistem MRF)
 Mencegah keruntuhan yang tidak bersifat daktail
seperti fraktur dan instabilitas/tekuk

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 Struktur Rangka Baja Tahan Gempa
 Evaluasi daktilitas dan energi disipasi  Kurva Histeresis

(a) Poor Hysteretic Behavior (b) Good Hysteretic Behavior

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Kinerja Struktur Rangka Baja

Tahan Gempa
CBF

EBF
Gaya, H

MRF

Perpindahan, D

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6
 Kinerja Struktur Rangka Baja
Tahan Gempa
Sistem Struktur Area Leleh

Sistem Rangka Pemikul Momen

Ujung Balok
(Moment Resisting Frames)

Sistem Rangka Bresing Bresing dan

Konsentris Pelat Buhul
(Concentrically Braced Frames) (Bresing tekuk)

Sistem Rangka Bresing Eksentrik “Link”

(Eccentrically Braced Frames) (Bresing stabil)

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Struktur Rangka Tahan Gempa

 Disain struktur rangka baja
 Tentukan elemen struktur yang direncanakan
mendisipasi energi (leleh) pada saat gempa dan
berfungsi sebagai fuse
 Disain elemen fuse dengan detailing yang baik untuk
menjamin adanya daktilitas yang cukup sebelum
terjadi keruntuhan
 Disain elemen struktur lainnya agar lebih kuat
daripada elemen fuse dengan konsep capacity design

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 Struktur Rangka Tahan Gempa
 Elemen-elemen penting dalam disain:
 Gaya-gaya lateral – kekuatan dan kekakuan (strength
and stiffness)
 Persyaratan detailing – daktilitas

 SNI serta AISC Seismic Provisions:

memberikan spesifikasi persyaratan detailing
untuk menjamin perilaku daktail pada struktur

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UBC 1997 (Seismic Load)

 Beban gempa berdasarkan peraturan

C vI 2.5C aI
V W W
RT R
 Faktor R untuk Sistem Struktur Baja

Sistem Struktur Faktor R

SMRF 8.5
EBF 7.0
SCBF 6.4
OCBF 5.6
OMRF 4.5

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 ASCE 7 Seismic Performance Factors

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ASCE Seismic
Performance
Objectives

 Intend to achieve the Basic Performance Objective for ordinary

buildings (Occupancy Category II)
 Only DBE, defined as two thirds of the MCE, is used for design, and
target performance level is Life Safety
 Implicitly assumed that structures will also achieve other two goals:
collapse prevention at MCE and immediate occupancy at frequent
earthquake with a recurrence interval of 72 years.
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 AISC Seismic Provisions
 General provisions applicable to all systems
 Beban gempa horisontal terfaktor:

1.2 D + 0.5 L + W0 QE
0.9 D - W0 QE

QE = komponen horisontal dari gempa

W0 = faktor kuat lebih (overstrength) sistem
= 3 untuk moment frames
= 2 untuk sistem rangka lain

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AISC Seismic Provisions

 Expected Yield Strength:

Fye = Ry Fy
Fye = expected yield strength
Fy = minimum specified yield strength
Ry = 1.5 untuk ASTM A36
= 1.1 untuk A572 Gr. 50
Fye digunakan dalam capacity design provisions
 Charpy V-Notch Requirements untuk material las (weld metal)
untuk las tumpul di muka kolom:
CVN minimum = 20 ft-lbs pada -20F
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 AISC Seismic Provisions
 Column Requirements
 Bertujuan menjamin kapasitas kolom, agar kolom cukup
kuat
 Untuk Pu/fPn > 0.4:
 Cek kapasitas aksial kolom dengan menggunakan
beban gempa terfaktor
 Perkecualian, gaya aksial kolom tidak melebihi:
1. Beban maksimum yang ditransfer ke kolom
berdasarkan 1.1 Ry dari balok dan bresing/pengaku
(dengan asumsi semua balok leleh)
2. Kapasitas uplift fondasi

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AISC Seismic Provisions

 Simpangan Antar Lantai (Story Drift)
 AISC Seismic Provisions:
“Limits on story drift shall be in accordance with the
governing code…”
 Commentary:
“Drift limits for seismic design… are excluded from the
seismic provisions, but research has shown that they
provide a function well beyond assuring the serviceability
of the structure.”
“Recent research has shown that the added strength
provided by drift limits may be very important to the
satisfactory performance of the structure during a major
earthquake.”
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 Moment Resisting Frame
(MRF)

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Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)

 Susunan rangka persegi empat dari balok dan kolom
dengan sambungan balok-kolom yang kaku (rigid
connection)  bentuk sederhana
 Menahan beban gempa dengan mekanisme momen
lentur dan gaya geser pada balok dan kolom
 Tidak dapat berdeformasi tanpa adanya lentur pada balok
dan kolom
 Kekakuan dan kekuatan lateral frame keseluruhan
ditentukan oleh kekakuan lentur dan kekuatan elemen
strukturnya
 Daktilitas struktur didapat dari:
 Leleh lentur (flexural yielding) pada balok
 Leleh lentur (flexural yielding) pada kolom
 Leleh geser (shear yielding) pada panel zone (di dekat joint)
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 Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)
 Keuntungan MRF:
 Daktilitas tinggi
 Memudahkan secara arsitektural
 Kerugian MRF:
 Kekakuan relatif rendah  perlu elemen struktur yang lebih
besar untuk memenuhi limit simpangan dan mencegah
kerusakan non struktural yang lebih besar
 Perubahan mendasar pada MRF setelah Gempa Northridge
dan Kobe  sistem MRF dapat memiliki kinerja rendah
dalam menerima beban gempa akibat kegagalan
sambungan balok-kolom

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Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)

Rigid
connection

Typical Moment Frame

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 Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)

 Design Objective : Develop a ductile energy dissipation

mechanism under cyclic load
 How ?  Force yielding into ductile elements
of the frame
 Prevent non-ductile failure modes
(fractures and instability/buckling)
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Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)

 Momen lentur pada MRF akibat beban lateral

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 Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)
 Plastic energy dissipation through the formation of hinges
 Structural components expected to dissipate hysteretic
energy must be detailed to allow development of large
plastic rotation without significant loss of strength
 Possible plastic hinge locations  3 basic components
Panel Zone
(Shear Yielding)

Column
(Flexural and
Axial Yielding)

Beam
(Flexural Yielding)
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Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)

 Possible Collapse Mechanism

(a) Beam Sidesway Mechanism (b) Column Sidesway Mechanism

(“Strong Column – Weak Beam”) (“Soft-Story”)

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 Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)
 Sendi plastis pada balok lebih diinginkan karena:
 Menyerap energi gempa lebih besar memerlukan sendi
plastis yang lebih banyak untuk membentuk mekanisme runtuh
 Untuk deformasi yang sama, kebutuhan kapasitas rotasi sendi
plastis pada kolom untuk column sway mechanism lebih besar
dibandingkan pada balok untuk beam sway mechanism 
memberikan kemungkinan runtuh yang lebih besar jika
kapasitas rotasi terlampaui
 Strong column – weak beam/girder requirement:

Mpcol
 1.0
Mpbeam
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Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)

 Plastic Rotation Demands
 Estimates are obtained by inelastic response-history
analyses  examine its plastic collapse mechanism at the
point of maximum drift
 Prior to Northridge, the largest plastic rotations expected
in beams alone (in the absence of panel zone plastic
deformations) were 0.02 radian
 Post Northridge, required connection plastic rotation
capacity was increased to 0.03 radian for new construction
and 0.025 radian for post-earthquake modification of
existing buildings

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 Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)
 Lateral and Local Buckling
 Selected structural members that are designed as fuse
elements must yield (reach and maintain plastic moment
through large plastic rotations)  hysteretic dissipation
energy
 Instability should be delayed to avoid premature failures
 local flange and web buckling, and lateral-torsional
buckling
 Only seismically compact structural shapes should be used
for structural members expected to develop plastic hinges
 Lateral bracing to both flanges should be provided at each
plastic hinge location and properly spaced

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Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)

 Column Design
 Axial forces in columns
 Prevent column buckling
 Additional load can be applied to obtain maximum axial force 
overstrength factor Ω0
 Column Splices
 Location of inflection points can substantially impact the design
of column splices
 Partial penetration welds in thick members  brittle under tension
 Splices subjected to net tension forces to be designed for no less than
half of the column axial cross-sectional plastic strength, or 150% of the
required splice strength calculated by analysis

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 Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)
 Critical detailing area: beam-to-column connections
 Persyaratan disain:
 Struktur rangka harus memiliki daktilitas yang cukup
besar tanpa adanya kegagalan pada sambungan balok-
kolom (beam-to-column connection)
 Sambungan/connection harus cukup kuat untuk
menghasilkan kapasitas balok
 Kegagalan sambungan struktur baja yang dicegah:
 Column flange distortion

 Column web yielding and crippling

 Panel zone failures

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Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)

 Kegagalan MRF pada Gempa Northridge 1994 umumnya
akibat kegagalan pada sambungan
 Tipikal sambungan ‘welded flange-bolted web moment
connection’ yang digunakan pada struktur pada periode
awal 1970an sd 1994
Welded Access Hole

Beam Flange
Stiffener Backup Bar
Column
Problem/Critical Area
Flange
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 “Pre Northridge” Moment Connection
 Studi eksperimental sambungan balok-kolom
 Tipikal test setup:

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“Pre Northridge” Moment Connection

 Studi awal dengan ‘large scale specimen’
 UC Berkeley – 1970
 Spesimen balok: W18x50 dan W24x76
 Membandingkan ‘all-welded connection’ dengan
‘welded flange-bolted web connection’
 Pengamatan:
 Daktilitas besar didapat untuk semua spesimen ‘all
welded connection’
 Spesimen ‘welded flange-bolted web connection’
memiliki daktilitas yang lebih rendah, tetapi dianggap
masih dapat diterima

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 “Pre Northridge” Moment Connection

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“Pre Northridge” Moment Connection

 Studi lanjutan dengan ‘large scale specimen’
 UC Berkeley, UT Austin, etc
 Meninjau kembali perilaku ‘welded flange-bolted
web connection’
 Pengamatan:
 Kinerja spesimen ‘welded flange-bolted web
connection’ sangat bervariasi
 Typical failure modes: fracture at or near beam flange
groove welds
 Sebagian besar spesimen tidak memiliki daktilitas
balok yang memadai sebelum kegagalan terjadi pada
sambungan

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 “Pre Northridge” Moment Connection

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Perilaku Moment Connection pada

Gempa Northridge
 Observasi kerusakan
 Kerusakan struktural pada ratusan bangunan, tetapi tidak ada
bangunan yang runtuh karena durasi gempa singkat
 Struktur baja memiliki jumlah bentang dengan sambungan
kaku (Moment Connection) sedikit redundancy turun
 Banyak sambungan/connection yang gagal pada kondisi elastis
 Kegagalan sambungan disebabkan fraktur
 Berawal pada cacat pada kaki las dari sambungan las tumpul
pada pelat sayap bawah balok ke pelat sayap kolom
 Retak kemudian menjalar ke pelat badan kolom
 Lesson learned
Tanpa detailing yang baik, sistem struktur baja dapat runtuh
seperti sistem struktur lainnya karena terbatasnya daktilitas
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 Moment Connection pada
Gempa Northridge
 Kerusakan tipikal

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Moment Connection pada

Gempa Northridge
 Faktor penyebab kerusakan
moment connection
 Las
 Disain
 Material

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 Moment Connection pada
Gempa Northridge
 Las pada moment connection
 Inadequate toughness of weld metal, typical:
 elektroda E70T-4 diameter 0.120”
 Charpy V-Notch: < 5ft-lb pada 70F
( < 7 J pada 21C)
 Welding defect (terutama pada daerah sekitar
lubang akses)
 Efek dari notch/celah yang terjadi pada backing bars
dan weld tabs

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Moment Connection pada

Gempa Northridge
 Disain moment connection
 Overstress on beam flange groove weld
 Stress concentrations
 Scale effects

 Material struktur pada moment connection

 Overstrength material baja A36

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 Moment Connection pada
Gempa Northridge
 Disain Moment Connection
 Overstress pada beam flange groove weld, dimana semua
gaya disalurkan melalui sambungan las

A f Fu
Mult = Af Fu (d-tf)
d-tf = Af (d-tf)Fu
= Zf Fu
A f Fu

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Moment Connection pada

Gempa Northridge
 Disain moment connection
 Ductile behavior  kapasitas sambungan lebih besar
dibandingkan kapasitas balok yang memperhitungkan
overstrength:
Zf Fu > 1.2 Mp
Zf Fu > 1.2 Z Fy  Fy/Fu < 0.85 Zf/Z
Typical Zf/Z = 0.7  0.85 Zf/Z ≈ 0.6 (required)
Material A36  avg. Fy/Fu = 0.72 (available)

 May not be possible to develop required plastic

deformations in beams, even with perfect groove-welded
connections
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 Moment Connection pada
Gempa Northridge
 Disain moment connection
 Stress concentrations  column flange thickness

Stiffener mengurangi konsentrasi tegangan jika

tebal pelat sayap kolom tidak memadai
 Prior to Northridge earthquake, AISC (1992) suggested to
use continuity plates
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Moment Connection pada

Gempa Northridge
 Columns without
stiffeners -
column flange
bending in
tension region

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 Moment Connection pada
Gempa Northridge
 Disain moment connection
 Scale effects  terutama untuk elemen berukuran
besar (jumbo shape)

σ σ
X

ε ε
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Improved Moment Connection -

after Northridge
 Welding Improvement
 High toughness weld metal
 Removal of backing bars and weld tabs, and usage of fillet
welds to avoid sharp corners
 Quality control
 Design Improvement
 Strengthening connections: using cover plate, ribs, haunches,
and side plate
 Weakening beam that frame into connection: using reduced
beam section (RBS)/dogbone connections
 Propriety connections with extended bolted end plates or
bolted connections

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 Improved Moment Connection after
Northridge
“STANDARD” CONNECTION CONNECTION WITH COVER PLATES

“DOGBONE” CONNECTION

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Seismic Provisions untuk

Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)
 AISC Seismic Provisions:
 Special Moment Frames
 Intermediate Moment Frames
 Ordinary Moment Frames
 Special Truss Moment Frames
 SNI 2015:
 Sistem Rangka Pemikul Momen Biasa (SRPMB)
 Sistem Rangka Pemikul Momen Menengah (SRPMM)
 Sistem Rangka Pemikul Momen Khusus (SRPMK)

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 AISC Seismic Provisions untuk
Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)
 Requirements untuk Beam-to-
Column Connection pada SMRF
 Disain sambungan didasarkan
pada uji siklik yang memadai
dengan spesimen full scale atau
near full scale
 Uji spesimen menghasilkan
kapasitas rotasi plastis minimum
sebesar 0.03 radian untuk satu
siklus tanpa terjadi pengurangan
kekuatan hingga 20 persen
 Kriteria disain Beam-to-Column
Connetion pada SMRF: FEMA 350,
351, 352, dan 353
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Ductile Moment Resisting Frames

 To use of high toughness weld filler metal, better
welding practice, and high-quality inspection
 To move plastic hinge away from the face of the
column, to avoid problems related to the potential
fragility of groove welds subjected to triaxial stress
condition
 Prevent beam-column joint failures (column flange
distortion, column web yielding and crippling, and
panel zone failure)
 Continuity plates and doubler plate may be required
 Check forces on column panel zones

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 Column Panel Zone
 Column Panel Zone
 Subject to high shear
 Shear yielding and large
shear deformations
possible (forms “shear
hinge)
 Provides alternate
yielding mechanism in a
steel moment frame
Column
Panel Zone

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Column Panel Zone

 Panel Zone Shear Force
ML MR M  MR
Vu    L
0.95d bL 0.95d bR LH
M
LH = story height R
L

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 Column Panel Zone
 Behavior of panel zone  joint deformation due to
panel zone shear yielding (forming ‘shear hinge’)

Typical Experimental Response of Panel Zone

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Column Panel Zone

 Panel Zone Shear Strength

 3 bcf t cf2 
Vn  0 . 6 Fy d c t p 1  
 d d t
b c p 

tp = thickness of panel zone (including doublers)

dc = column depth
db = beam depth
bcf = column flange width
tcf = column flange thickness

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 AISC Seismic Provisions untuk
Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)

 Requirements for Panel Zone Shear Strength

Vu  fVn
where Vu need not exceed shear force developed by
0.8  Ry Mp

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AISC Seismic Provisions untuk

Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)
 Additional Detailing Requirements
 for beams (ductile elements)
 to ensure ductile behavior and prevent
brittle failures
 Width to thickness ratio (b/t) limits  to prevent
local buckling
 Lateral bracing requirement  to prevent LTB

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 Capacity Design Procedure of
Ductile Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)
 Design Procedure  ductile behavior
 Beam sidesway mechanism
 Flexural yielding on beams
 Avoid brittle failure (fracture and instability)
 Steps:
1. Select method to relocate plastic hinge away from columns
(haunches, dogbones, etc) and
2. Select plan layout with as many moment-frame bays as
possible to promote redundancy
3. Demonstrate strength and ductility of connection type by
approved cyclic testing (or calculations if results from past
tests on similar details can be used)
(cont’d)
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Capacity Design Procedure of

Ductile Moment Resisting Frame (MRF)
4. Assume location of plastic hinges:
 Strengthened connection (db is beam depth) :
 db/3 from toes of haunches or vertical ribs, and
 db/4 beyond ends of cover plates
 Weakened sections (total length of reduced section: 0.75 db - db,
flange reduction starts at db/4 from column face) :
 mid-length of reduced flanges with circular or straight cut, and
 db/4 toward column from that middle point for tapered cut
5. Determine probable plastic moment at plastic hinge location
6. Calculate shear, Vp, acting at plastic hinge location; moment at
column face, Mf; and moment at column centerline, Mc
7. Promote strong column weak beam
8. Design panel zones

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 Inelastic Behavior of Frames –
Hinges in Beam Span

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Location of Plastic Hinges

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 Strength Demand at Plastic Hinges

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Strength Demand at
Plastic Hinges

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 Beam-Column Connection
 Basic principle: to ensure that plastic hinges will be
developed in beam spans
 Alternative connections for seismic resistant
frames  prequalified connections
 References:
 Ductile Design of Steel Structures - Bruneau

 FEMA 350, 351,352, 353

 AISC – Pre-qualified Connections for Special and

Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic
Applications

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Prequalified SMRF Connections

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 Bolted Connection
 Most common application: field joints for erection of
structures
 Forces acting on the joint: resisted by the fasteners in either
tension or shear
 Shear strength of high strength bolts is approximately 60% of
the tensile strength

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Welded Connections
 Weld stresses
 Butt welds

May be assumed capable of developing the tensile yield

stress of base metal on their minimum throat section
 Fillet welds

Should develop the required maximum strength of base

metal when made by electrodes of comparable strength

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36
 Welded Connections
 Complete penetration butt welds
 Forces are carried primarily in compression or tension, and
limited by the tensile or compressive strength of base metal
or weld metal
 Weld metal is usually stronger than base metal, thus
strength of butt welds should be calculated based on the
yield strength of base metal
 Fillet welds
 Ultimate strength when subjected to shear depends on the
strength of weld metal and the direction of applied load
 Longitudinal welds provide lower bound for weld strength,
while transverse welds are somewhat stronger
 Fillet welds calculations are based on longitudinal welds
 If subjected to combination of shear and bending stresses,
calculation can be proportional
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Welded Unreinforced Flange –

Bolted Web Connection
 Backing bar
removal
 Improvement of
weld

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 Welded Unreinforced Flange –
Bolted Web Connection
Design Procedure (Ref. FEMA 350)
1. Calculate Mpr at hinge location
2. Calculate Vp at hinge location
3. Calculate Mc, Mr, and Cy
4. Calculate required panel zone thickness
5. Calculate connection shear:
2M y
Vf   Vg
L  dc
Vf = maximum shear at column face
Vg = shear at column face due to factored gravity load
6. Design shear tab and bolts for Vf. Bolts should be designed
for bearing, using φ = 1.0
7. Check requirements for continuity plates
8. Detail connection
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Welded
Unreinforced
Flange – Welded
Web Connection

 Fully welded
 Prequalified
connection

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 Welded Unreinforced Flange –
Welded Web Connection
Design Procedure (Ref. FEMA 350)
1. Calculate Mpr at hinge location
2. Calculate Vp at hinge location
3. Calculate Mc and Cy
4. Calculate required panel zone thickness
5. Check requirements for continuity plates
6. Detail connection

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Cover
Plates
 Improved
connection
 Additional
strength on
column face
 higher Mpb

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 Reduced Beam
Section
 Improved
connection
 Reduced
strength on
beam span
 less Mpb

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Bolted
Unstiffened
End Plate
 Prequalified
connection

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 Bolted
Unstiffened
End Plate
 Prequalified
connection

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Bolted
Stiffened
End Plate
 Prequalified
connection

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 Bolted
Stiffened
End Plate

 Prequalified
connection

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Bolted
Flange
Plate
 Prequalified
connection

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 Bolted
Flange
Plate

 Prequalified
connection

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Double
Split Tee

 Prequalified
connection

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 Slotted Web Connection

 Proprietary connections
 Experiments should be
conducted to evaluate
actual behavior

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Bolted Bracket Connection

 Proprietary
connections
 Experiments should
be conducted to
evaluate actual
behavior

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 Reduced Web Connection
 Proprietary
connections
 Experiments
should be
conducted
to evaluate
actual
behavior

Note: special considerations should be made for

castellated beam
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