Semarang
Penatalaksanaan
Penyakit Tiroid Autoimun
?
Struma difusa
Struma nodosa Hipotiroid Defisiensi Iodium
Eutiroid Otonom
CC Heuck, A. Kallner, A.S. Kanagasabapathy, W. Riesen. WHO: Diagnosis and monitoring of disease of the thyroid, 2000
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Terdiri dari:
Tiroiditis post
Subklinis Penyakit Graves Tiroiditis Hashimoto
partum
1. Penyakit Graves
2. Tiroiditis Hashimoto
3. Gangguan tiroid subklinis (subtle)
4. Tiroiditis post partum
Etiologi: multifaktorial
Won Sang Yoo, Hyun Kyung Chung. Recent advance in autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab 2016;31:379-85
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Etiologi penyakit
tiroid autoimun:
multifaktorial
Grigoris E, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014;170:241-52
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Patogenesis
Penyakit Graves
HLA
CTLA-4
PTPN-22
Antigen
APC
MHC
Sel T
Sel B
Sitokin
Perjalanan alamiah
penyakit tiroid
autoimun
Tahap I
uji fungsi tiroid normal, autoantibodi (-)
Tahap II
Uji fungsi tiroid normal, autoantibodi (+)
Tahap III
Subklinis hipo/hiper, autoantibodi (++)
Tahap IV
Penyakit Graves, Tiroiditis Hashimoto
Grigoris E, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014;170:241-52
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Wanita: kehamilan
Wanita >> (perbandingan 5-10x lipat)
Hamil: antibodi tiroid dalam serum menurun karena produksi Treg state of
tolerance to fetal allo antigens avoid fetal rejection
Grigoris E, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014;170:241-52
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Grigoris E, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014;170:241-52
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Grigoris E, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014;170:241-52
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Aspek Genetik
Mutasi gen pada penyakit tiroid autoimun
1. Gen spesifik tiroid:
Gen TSH reseptor
Gen Tiroglobulin
2. Gen imunoregulator:
Gen HLA kelas II
Gen CTLA4
Gen PTPN22
Gen IL2RA (mengatur Treg)
Gen FOXP3 (mengatur Treg) – pada kromosom X
Gen AIRE (Autoimmune Regulator) – thymic medullary epithelial cell (tolerance) PAS tipe 1
Grigoris E, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014;170:241-52
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Grigoris E, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014;170:241-52
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Nutrisi: Selenium
Kelenjar tiroid punya Se terbanyak dibanding organ lain (0,2-2 mcg/gram)
Selenoprotein pelindung dari stress oksidatif
1. Glutation peroksidase
2. Tioredoksin reduktase
Kadar Se memiliki keterkaitan berpola “U” dengan penyakit
Kadar Se rendah
gangguan fungsi imun
progresivitas penyakit tiroid autoimun
Suplementasi Se
menurunkan titer anti TPO
menghambat perburukan oftalmopati Graves
Dosis: 200 mcg/hari
Mara V, Francisco Carrilho, Miguel Melo. Selenium and thyroid disease: fram pathophysiology to treatment. International Journal of Endocrinology 2017;1-9
Grigoris E, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014;170:241-52
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Vitamin D
• Sel imunokompeten seperti monosit, makrofag, dendritik, limfosit T, limfosit B
mengekspresikan Vitamin D activating enzyme dan reseptor Vitamin D (VDR)
• Vitamin D3 aktif berikatan dengan VDR memodulasi sistem imun alami maupun adaptif
• Kadar vitamin D yang rendah menjadi faktor risiko berbagai penyakit autoimun
• Korea lebih dari 6000 responden
Prevalensi TPO-Ab pada wanita dengan defisiensi vit. D berbeda bermakna dengan
prevalensi pada kelompok insufisiensi vit. D dan normal vit. D [21.2; 15.5; 12.6% (P<0.027)].
Grigoris E, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014;170:241-52
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Yersinia enterocolitisca
Reaksi silang dengan TSH reseptor
Virus hepatitis C
Enterovirus
Menginfeksi tirosit sitokin proinflamasi menginduksi autoimun hipotiroid
Grigoris E, Wilmar M. Wiersinga. Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014;170:241-52
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
I. Penyakit Graves
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Klinis:
Keterangan: Tirotoksikosis (skor Wayne >20)
A. Struma difusa, proptosis, oedem palpebra
B. Struma difusa, proptosis, retraksi palpebra
Laboratoris:
• freeT4 meningkat
• TSHs tersupresi
George J. Kahaly, Luigi Bartalena, Lazlo Hegedus, Laurence Leenhardt, Kris Poppe, Simon H, Pearce. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 2018;7:167-86
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
George J. Kahaly, Luigi Bartalena, Lazlo Hegedus, Laurence Leenhardt, Kris Poppe, Simon H, Pearce. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 2018;7:167-86
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
• Operasi (tiroidektomi)
3
Terapi
Prinsip:
• Kasus baru Metimazol 12-18 bln
• TRAb masih tinggi + 12 bulan lagi
• TRAb masih tinggi beralih ke RAI /
tiroidektomi [TRAb tinggi 80-100%
relaps; TRAb normal 30% relaps]
• Rencana hamil sd. hamil trimester I
MMI rubah ke PTU
• Kambuh setelah 1 sesi terapi
definitif (RAI atau ablasi); MMI dosis
kecil jangka Panjang (bila menolak)
• Oftalmopati berat jangan RAI
Nyeri 1 Rasa tertekan pada/di belakang bola mata dalam 4 minggu terakhir 1
2 Nyeri saat melirik ke samping, atas, bawah dalam 4 minggu terakhir 1
Maarten Mourits , Mark Prummel, Wilmar Wiersinga, L. Koornneef. Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Clinical Endocrinology 1997;47:9-14
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Hipertiroidisme
(TSH-R-Ab)
Metimazole
Propiltiourasil
Tiroidektomi
Aberansi autoimun
(presentasi Ag; sel imun)
Remisi
Laurberg, Eur J Endocrinol 2006
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
2
Menghambat ekspresi HLA
3
Menurunkan aktivasi sel T
4
Hambat konversi T4 jadi T3
5
Normalisasi populasi sel NK
George J. Kahaly, Luigi Bartalena, Lazlo Hegedus, Laurence Leenhardt, Kris Poppe, Simon H, Pearce. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 2018;7:167-86
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Jarang (0,2-1%)
• Gastrointestinal
• Gangguan sensasi rasa dan bau
• Agranulositosis
Sangat jarang (<0,1%)
• Anemia aplastik
• Trombositopenia
• Vaskulitis-lupus like
• Hepatitis
• Hipoglikemia
• Ikterik obstruktif
George J. Kahaly, Luigi Bartalena, Lazlo Hegedus, Laurence Leenhardt, Kris Poppe, Simon H, Pearce. 2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 2018;7:167-86
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Krisis Tiroid
Hidrokortison /
Insuf adrenal deksametason
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Tiroiditis Hashimoto
www.thyroid.org
Won Sang Yoo, Hyun Kyung Chung. Recent advance in autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab 2016;31:379-85
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Erin Joanne Keely. Postpartum thyroiditis: an autoimmune thyroid disorder which predicts future thyroid health. Obstetric Medicine 2011; 4:7-11
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Prevalensi 0,6-16% (tergantung kriteria diagnosis, usia, jenis kelamin, asupan iodium)
Komplikasi Risiko
Atrial fibrilasi 2-3x
Gagal jantung kongestif 1-2x
Stroke iskemik ?
Fraktur 1-3x
5. Depresi
6. Obesitas (TSH-resistensi insulin)
Komplikasi
Obesitas
DM
Dislipidemia
Penyakit jantung koroner
Gagal jantung kongestif
ATA Guidelines 2017, Diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and post partum
WORKSHOP PIT PAPDI Cab. Semarang
Terima Kasih