Introduction

Strength of Materials
Apa itu Mekanika?
Cabang ilmu fisika yang berbicara tentang
keadaan diam atau geraknya benda-benda
yang mengalami kerja atau aksi gaya
 Engineering Mechanics
Rigid Body Deformable Body Fluid
Mechanics Mechanics Mechanics

Mekanika
Statika
Kekuatan Material
Struktur

Kinematika
Dinamika
 Apa yang dipelajari?
 Konsep tegangan dan berbagai macam
tegangan
 Momen inersia dan momen polar
 Transformasi dan kombinasi tegangan
 Teori kegagalan statis
 Kenapa kok bahas tegangan?
 Mengetahui kelakuan suatu struktur tidak hanya
tergantung dari keseimbangan antar gaya
 Tetapi juga perlu mengetahui karakteristik fisik
dari bahan struktur tersebut
 Pada yang mana kemudian perlu memahami
kekuatan bahan terhadap gaya eksternal
 Kekuatan itu ditunjukkan oleh distribusi gaya
internal pada struktur (tegangan)
 Sehingga struktur tersebut dapat dikatakan tidak
mengalami kegagalan, yaitu seimbang dan kuat
 Buku apa yang dipakai?

 Ferdinand P. Beer, Mechanics of Materials, 3th -

8th Edition, Mc. Graw Hill
 R. C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Material, 3th
Edition, Person Prentice-Hall
 Buku-buku Engineering Mechanics lain yang
ditulis oleh: Beer, Meriam, Schaum, dll
 Buku-buku Mechanics of Material lain yang
ditulis oleh Popov, Riley, Schaum, dll.
Penilaian

1. Quizes/assignments: 20%
2. Mid – Test: 35%
3. Final Test: 45%

Tidak mentolerir segala bentuk kecurangan,

Tetapi tetap boleh cross check
 Yang wajib dikuasai !

 Menggambar FBD
 Memakai persamaan keseimbangan
 Menentukan gaya reaksi di tumpuan
 Membuat diagram gaya geser dan diagram
momen
 Menentukan besar dan posisi gaya geser
maksimum dan momen maksimum
Supports &
Reactions
Surface forces at
supports or
points of contact
between bodies
are called
REACTIONS
Supports &
Reactions
Translations and
Rotations
Forces and
Moments
Pin connections
allow rotation.
Reactions at pins
are forces and
NOT MOMENTS.
Equilibrium
 Vectors: F = 0 M = 0

 Coplanar force systems:

Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Mo = 0 Perpendicular
to the plane
containing the
• Draw a FBD to account for forces
ALL loads acting on the body.
Example: Find the vertical reactions at A
and B for the shaft shown.
FBD
(800 N/m)(0.150 m) = 120 N
225 N

A B

Ay By

Comment on dashed line around the distributed load.

Equilibrium
Equations

+ M A  0  .400 m (B y )  120 N (.275 m)  225 N (.500 m)

 120 N (.275 m)  225 N (.500 m)
By 
 .400 m
B y  363.75 N 
+ Fy  0  Ay  120 N  363.75 N  225 N
A y  18.75 N
A y  18.75 N 
 Review of Statics

• The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
• Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports

1 - 16
 Structure Free-Body Diagram

• Structure is detached from supports and

the loads and reaction forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

1 - 17
Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN

• Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 

Reaction forces are directed along boom

and rod

1 - 18
 Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends

• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

F
 B 0
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN
1 - 19
 Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50  103 N
s BC    159 MPa
A 314  10-6 m 2

• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
s all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
1 - 20
 Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum sall= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50  103 N
s all  A   500  10 6 m 2
A s all 100  106 Pa
d2
A
4

d
4A


4 500  10  6 m 2   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm
 

• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

adequate
1 - 21
Konsep Stress-Strain
Deformasi Elastis & Plastis
Tensile Test
Tensile Test
 Deformasi Elastis & Plastis

Elastis

Plastis
 Deformasi Elastis & Plastis

Tensile Test
Tegangan

Regangan
Deformasi Elastis
Modulus Elastisitas or Modulus Young

Hooke’s Law
Deformasi Elastis
Modulus Elastisitas or Modulus Young

Untuk Besi Cor Kelabu dan Polymer

 Modulus Elastisitas

Graphite
Metals Composites
Ceramics Polymers
Alloys /fibers
1200
Semicond
Eceramics
1000 Diamond
800
600
400 Tungsten
Si carbide
Al oxide Carbon fibers only
> Emetals
Molybdenum Si nitride
E(GPa) 200
Steel, Ni
Tantalum
Platinum
<111>
Si crystal
CFRE(|| fibers)* >> Epolymers
Cu alloys <100> Aramid fibers only
100 Zinc, Ti
80 Silver, Gold Glass-soda AFRE(|| fibers)*
Aluminum Glass fibers only
60
Magnesium, GFRE(|| fibers)*
40 Tin
Concrete

109 Pa 20 GFRE*
CFRE*
Graphite GFRE( fibers)*
10
8 CFRE( fibers)*
6 AFRE( fibers)*
Polyester
4 PET
PS
PC Epoxy only
2
PP
1 HDPE
0.8
0.6 Wood( grain)
PTFE
0.4

0.2 LDPE
Deformasi Elastis
 Batas Deformasi Elastis
Yield Strength or Yield Stress
 Yield Strength
Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
2000
Steel (4140) qt
sy(ceramics)
>>sy(metals)

in ceramic matrix and epoxy matrix composites, since

Yield strength, sy (MPa)

1000

since in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

Ti (5Al-2.5Sn)a

in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

700
600
W (pure) >> sy(polymers)
Cu (71500) cw
500 Mo (pure)
Steel (4140) a
400
Steel (1020) cd

Hard to measure,
300
Room T values
Hard to measure,

Al (6061) ag
200 Steel (1020) hr
Ti (pure)a ¨
Ta (pure)
Cu (71500) hr

100
dry
70 PC
60 Al (6061) a Nylon 6,6
50 PET
humid
40 PVC
PP
30 HDPE

20

LDPE
Tin (pure)
10
 Deformasi Plastis
Tensile Strength
Deformasi Plastis
 Kuat Tarik
Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
5000 C fibers
3000
Aramid fib
E-glass fib TS(ceram)
Tensile strength, TS (MPa)

2000 Steel (4140) qt

AFRE(|| fiber)
~TS(met)
1000 W (pure) Diamond GFRE(|| fiber)
Ti (5Al-2.5Sn)aa
Steel (4140) CFRE(|| fiber) ~ TS(comp)
Cu (71500) cw Si nitride
Cu (71500) hr Al oxide
300
Steel (1020)
Al (6061) ag
>> TS(poly)
Ti (pure)a
200 Ta (pure)
Al (6061) a Si crystal
100 wood(|| fiber)
<100> Nylon 6,6
Glass-soda PC PET
40 Concrete PVC GFRE( fiber)
30 PP CFRE( fiber)
AFRE( fiber)
HDPE
20 Graphite
LDPE

10

wood( fiber)

1
Jenis beban
Jenis beban
Tegangan