OUR SUSTAINABLE EFFORT

Hidrogeologi & Air Bawah Tanah

(Hydrogeology and Groundwater)

Hidrogeologi Pertambangan

1 HGL Pertambangan – Lecture # 01 – Pendahuluan – Prodi Tek. Pertambangan Sem.V – UIN 2020
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2 HGL Pertambangan – Lecture # 01 – Pendahuluan – Prodi Tek. Pertambangan Sem.V – UIN 2020
Kita sudah bincang mengenai

1. Mineral
2. Batuan
3. Tanah
4. Now Air

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Objectives
• Memahami perbedaan bidang hidrogeologi dgn
hidrologi
• Meninjau sumber air dan siklus air
• Memahami konsep asas: porositas (porosity),
permeabilitas (permeability), akuifer, akuitard,
akuiklud.
• Memahami konsep posisi air dan faktor yg
mengawal kedudukannya
• Memahami karakter dan perilaku Airtanah dalam
beragam settings
• Diskusi problem-2 lingkungan terkait degan
Airtanah.
 Hidrogeologi vs hidrologi
Hidrologi = cabang ilmu Geografi yang mempelajari
pergerakan, distribusi, dan kualitas air di seluruh Bumi,
termasuk siklus hidrologi dan sumber daya air. Orang yang
ahli dalam bidang hidrologi disebut hidrolog, bekerja dalam
bidang ilmu bumi dan ilmu lingkungan , serta teknik sipil dan
teknik lingkungan.
Hidrogeologi (hidro- berarti air, dan -geologi berarti ilmu
mengenai batuan) merupakan bagian dari hidrologi yang
mempelajari penyebaran dan pergerakan air tanah dalam
tanah dan batuan di kerak Bumi (umumnya dalam akuifer).
Geohidrologi → (hidrologi pada geologi) sering digunakan
secara bertukaran dengan hidrogeologi→ (geologi pada
hidrologi).

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Airtanah sebagai suatu sumber
penting untuk
• Air Minum (kehidupan)
• Erosi , Sedimentasi & Proses-2 geologi
(Keseimbangan lingkungan)
• Pertanian, Peternakan & Perkebunan
• Aneka macam Industri (Listrik, O & G,
Mineral, O & M, Parawisata, DLL).

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Kemampuan batuan menyimpan air
• Sifat-2 batuan untuk menyimpan dan
meluluskan air :
– Porosity - percentage of rock's volume that is
openings
– Permeability - ability of rock to transmit a fluid
– Aquifer - Rock that is permeable, able to store
and transport water (examples)
– Aquitard - Rock that is impermeable, acts to
hinder or prevent water movement (examples)

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Distribusi Sumberdaya Air
(Approx.)

RESERVOIR AIR
(AQUIFER)

•Infinite tapi pasti

•Luas tetapi relatif
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Distribusi Air di Bumi

• Total = 326 million cubic miles

• Percentages
– 97.2% oceans
– 2.15% ice caps and glaciers
– .65% lakes, streams, groundwater,
atmosphere

(bandingkan dgn slaid no 8)

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Siklus Hidrologi
 Siklus Hidrologi
• Powered by solar energy and gravity
• Evaporation and precipitation
• Continuous recycling of water
• Where does water go that falls on the land?
– Runoff (air larian)
– Infiltration
– Evaporation (penguapan)
– Temporary storage as snow and ice
– Temporary storage in lakes
– Temporary storage in plants (evapo-transpiration)
and animals
– Chemical reactions with rocks and minerals
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 Siklus Hidrologi

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Siklus Hidrologi (lebih rinci)
• A. Division of water on Earth
• 97.2% in oceans
• 2.15% in glaciers (largest source of fresh (non-
saline) water on Earth)
• 0.62% in groundwater (underground aquifers)
• 0.017% in lakes
• 0.005% in soil moisture
• 0.001% in atmosphere
• 0.0001% in stream channels

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Water budget
• Water that comes out as rain on land:
• 50%: evaporated & transpired by plants
• 30%: runoff, eventually reaching the ocean
• 20%: goes into groundwater

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Porosity and Permeability

• Dua ciri yg penting yg ada pada

batuan dan tanah

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 Porosity (keliangan) is the amount of
pore space in a rock (the spaces
between the grains)

Porosity = volume of pores/total volume

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 Pores (pori-2)

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 Perhatian Penting
• Tahukah anda semua jenis batuan
sedimen, beku / igneous dan metamorf ?
• Tahukah anda ciri2 asas pada Tiga jenis
batuan tersebut? (struktur kimia, sifat
fisika dan kimia, proses kejadiannya /
pembentukannya / genesanya)

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• Porosity depends on:
• Grain size (usually, coarser grains > finer grains)
• Sorting of the grains (uniformity of grain size)
Are the grains all the same size (well sorted), or
are a variety of grain sizes present, with finer
grains filling the spaces between the larger
grains (poorly sorted)?
• Shape of the grains
• Packing and arrangement of grains.
Cubic packing. Porosity = 47.64%
Rhombohedral packing. Porosity = 25.95%

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sorting

High energy environment Low energy environment

Packing?

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• What are some examples of a rock with
high porosity?
• What are some examples of a rock with
low porosity?

JAWABAN ANDA?

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 Wentworth scale - grain size scale

Particle name Particle diameter

• Boulders > 256 m
• Cobbles 64 - 256 mm
• Pebbles 2 - 64 mm
• Sand 1/16 – 2 mm
• Silt 1/256 - 1/16 mm
(or 0.004 - 0.0625 mm)
• Clay < 1/256 mm
(or < 0.004 mm) <2 mikron
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Pengelasan batuan sedimen
1 Terrigenous (detrital or clastic) – bumi/benua
Conglomerate or Breccia
Sandstone
Siltstone
POROSITY?
Shale
claystone Ada/tak ada
2 Chemical/biochemical Rendah/tinggi
Evaporites
Carbonate sedimentary rocks (limestones and dolostone)
Siliceous sedimentary rocks
3 Organic (coals)
Other – ironstones
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Permeability (permeabilitas) is
the ease with which fluids flow
through a rock or sediment
• A rock is permeable if fluids pass through
it, and impermeable if fluid flow through
the rock is negligible

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 Definition of permeability

Rujukan: Rock Slope Engineering

26 by Hoek and Bray (1979)
Permeability depends on:
• Grain size
Coarser-grained sediments are more
permeable than fine-grained sediments
because the pores between the grains are
larger.
• Sorting
• Grain shape
• Packing (controls pore size)
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• What are some examples of a rock with
high permeability?
• What are some examples of a rock with
low permeability?

JAWAPAN ANDA?

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Masih Ingat Klasifikasi Batuan Beku ??

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 Mineral-2 yg terdapat
pada zona metamorfik

REGIONAL
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Rumus

Changes that occur in the transformation

to become metamorphic rocks

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FACIES GRADE
Koeff. Permeabilitas khas untuk Batuan dan Tanah

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 Hubungan antara porosity-permeability

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 Beberapa Istilah
AQUIFER, AQUICLUDES, WATER
TABLE, UNCONFINED, CONFINED
AND PERCHED AQUIFER / WATER.

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Aquifers and Aquicludes
• An aquifer is a water-bearing rock.
Aquifers have high porosity and high permeability.
• Examples of rock types that could be aquifers?
• Aquicludes are water-excluding rocks.
They have little or low porosity or permeability.
• Examples of rock types that could be aquicludes?

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Confined, Un-Confined & Perched Water / Aquifer

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 Secondary Permeability

Note that some impermeable

rock types may serve as
aquifers if they are highly
jointed. Water may be in the
joints or cracks in the rock

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 Water table/Paras air

Bergantung kpd topografi

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 Water table

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 The Water Table (Paras air)
• When it rains, some of the water
percolates or soaks into the ground. We
call this infiltration. Some of the water is
held in the soil because it clings to the
soil particles because of molecular
attraction. It may evaporate from the
soil or be used by plants (zone of
aeration, also called the vadose
zone). Both air and water occupy the
pores spaces.
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 Excess water penetrates downward
until it reaches the water table.
Below this point, all of the pore
spaces are filled with water (zone
of saturation), also called the
phreatic zone.

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• The water table is the top of the
saturation zone.
• The water table is not flat. It is
influenced by the topography, but
is more subdued. It stands
somewhat higher under hills, and
lower under valleys.

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 Almost constant rain

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 Frequent rain & Average

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 In-frequent rain & Semi-desert

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 Water-table
• Where the water table intersects
(or lies above) the ground surface,
springs, lakes, swamps, or rivers
are present. In humid areas,
groundwater movement supplies a
flow of water to a stream or river.
• If a well is drilled, the waterlevel in
the well is at the water table.
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• The position of the water table may
fluctuate with droughts.
• If water is withdrawn from a well, the water
table is lowered in the immediate vicinity of
the well. The lowered surface of the water
table around a well forms a conical
depression in the water table. It is called
the cone of depression.
• If significant quantities of water are
withdrawn from a well, the cone of
depression may be so large that it affects
the water level of other wells nearby.
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Water table & Groundwater flow

Processes
• Recharge-precipitation and infiltration
• Discharge-rivers, runoff, pumping
• Related to topography
• Related to seasons

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 Water table & Groundwater flow

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Artesian Wells
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Perched water
 Groundwater as resource
might be affected by:

• Seasonal changes
• Effects of pumping
• Pollution of groundwater
• Recharge area of aquifer

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Problems associated with
groundwater withdrawal

• Ground water depletion

• Land subsidence
• Sinkhole formation
• Groundwater pollution or contamination
• Saltwater encroachment
• Recharge area problems
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Seawater before and after pumping

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 Groundwater

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 Groundwater

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 Example of Aquifer

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 PUMPING TEST

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 DRAWDOWN

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 Sensor untuk merekam
Paras / muka air tanah
(piezometer)

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Pola Aliran Air Permukaan

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 67 2020
HGL Pertambangan – Lecture # 01 – Pendahuluan – Prodi Tek. Pertambangan Sem.V – UIN
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