AIRPORT OPERATION

PERTEMUAN I
27 FEBRUARI 2023

Sumber : IATA 2019, ADRM, GANI WIJAYA AP1

Key Topics Airport Operation

• Forecasting
• Master Planning
• Airside Infrastructure
• Passenger terminal
• BHS
• Cargo
• Airport Support Elements
• Surface Access Systems
Tujuan Pembelajaran

1. Peserta mampu memahami operasional airport

2. Peserta mampu memahami fasilitas airport baik
fasilitas utama maupun pendukung
3. Peserta mampu memahami stakeholder bandara
4. Peserta memahami prinsip – prinsip perencanaan dan
pengoperasian bandara.
Sejarah Penerbangan

1903 1908 1909

Louis Bleriot berhasil
Penerbangan pesawat Wilbur Wright bersama 1
melakukan penerbangan
pertama kali oleh Wright penumpang menaiki
pertama melintasi
bersaudara di Amerika pesawat
English Channel

1911 1919 1920

Penerbangan Internasional
Burgess Co. menjadi Terjadwal Pertama untuk
Maskapai KLM (Belanda)
produsen pesawat Amerika penumpang & jasa air mail
mulai beroperasi
Serikat berlisensi pertama di AS oleh AeroMarine West
Indies Airways
Sejarah Bandara

1922
Bandara Permanen Khusus
Komersial Pertama dibuka
di Flughafen Devau
(sekarang bernama
Kaliningrad Devau Airport )
- Rusia
1930 1940
Pramugari Pertama, Ellen
Banyak maskapai menutup
Church, di Boeing Air
penerbangan komersial
Transport (sekarang United
untuk membantu PD II
Airlines) - Amerika Serikat

1945 -1970 1976 2007

Penerbangan Supersonic
Masa setelah perang Penerbangan komersial
Terjdwal untuk
dimana penerbangan pertama Airbus A380
Penumpang Pertama Kali
didominasi oleh pesawat oleh Singapore Airlines
oleh Concorde British
menggunakan jet SQ380
Airways
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

• Convention on International Civil Aviation dikenal sebagai

1944
“Chicago Convention” ditandatangani oleh 52 negara

1947 • ICAO resmi terbentuk di Montreal Canada

1950 • Indonesia masuk secara resmi menjadi anggota ICAO

• ICAO merupakan sebuah badan yang bernaung di bawah PBB yang

berfungsi sebagai pengawas atau pengendali dengan melakukan
audit terkait penerbangan angkutan sipil negara-negara anggotanya.
• Tujuan ICAO adalah Keamanan & Keselamatan, Efisiensi dan
Keteraturan (Security & Safety, Efficiency, Regularity).
Jenis Bandara

1. Enclave Civil : Bandara Juanda, Halim Perdana Kusuma, Bandara Adi

Sumarmo Solo, Bandara Adi Sujipto Jogja
2. Komersil : Bandara Ngurah Rai Bali, Bandara SAMS, Bandara Soetta
3. Bandara yang dikelola pemerintah/ perintis
Peran Bandara

Simpul
jaringan
transportasi
udara

Prasarana Pintu
Kedaulatan gerbang
negara ekonomi

Peran
Bandara

Pembuka
isolasi Alih moda
daerah, & transportasi
penanganan
bencana

Pendorong
industri &
perdagangan
Fungsi Bandara

• Pembinaan kegiatan penerbangan

Tempat • Kepabeanan
penyelenggaraan • Keimigrasian
kegiatan pemerintahan • kekarantinaan

• Unit Penyelenggara Bandar Udara atau

Tempat Badan Usaha Bandar Udara
penyelenggaraan • Badan Usaha Angkutan Udara
• Badan Hukum Indonesia atau perorangan
kegiatan pengusahaan melalui kerjasama dengan UPBU atau BUBU
Fasilitas Bandara

• Runway • Terminal Penumpang • Pergudangan

• Bangunan Kargo
• RESA • Penginapan / Hotel
• Tower ATC
• Stopway • Bangunan Operasi • Restoran
• Runway Strip • Jalan Masuk • Jasa Boga
• Taxiway • Parkir Kendaraan • Lapangan Golf
• Apron • DPPU
• Hanggar
• Marka • Marka & Rambu
• Rambu • Bangunan Administrasi
• Taman Meteorology • Pengelolaan Limbah
Airside Landside Fasilitas
Facility Facility Penunjang
Airside Infrastructure

Airside facilities are inter-related systems processing aircraft flows and a critical
element on airport planning:
 Runways Aircraft stands Passenger Terminal
 Taxiways Cargo
Main Parallel
 Apron Taxiways
 A/C stands Apron
 A/C Ground
Servicing
 Air and Ground
Navigation Aids
R.E.T.s (Heavy,
Medium and Small) Multiple Queuing
for Aircraft Sequencing
at Departure
Runway

Mengapa sistem landasan pacu sangat penting dalam konteks perencanaan

bandara?

• Runway Land Requirements

▪ Luas tanah yang dibutuhkan untuk mendukung pergerakan pesawat di sekitar
lapangan terbang seringkali dapat melebihi 50% dari total luas bandara.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

GVA – approx. 70%

Copyright © 2018 IATA 13

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

223 ha

273 ha

210 ha

85 ha

LHR – approx. 55%

Copyright © 2018 IATA 14
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
280 ha

245 ha

195 ha

125 ha

ATL – approx. 75%

130 ha

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Runway Sizing

Runway sizing
 Runway land requirements and sizing depends on:
 Aircraft Code
 Temperature
 Elevation
 Runway slope
 Design aircraft
 Additional safety requirements
Runway Sizing - Aircraft code letter
Runway length – Design Aircraft

 Runway Length Requirements

▪ Code C a/c length req. range from
− 1,828 (A318) to 2,860 (B737-900)
▪ Code D a/c length req. range from:
− 2,450 (A310-300*) to 3,580 (B767-400ER)
▪ Code E a/c length req. range from:
− 3,260 (A340-200*) to 3,500 (B777-300)
▪ Code F a/c length req. range from:
− 2,750 (A380) to 3,090 (B747-8)
− 2,728** (A350) to 3,100 (B787-8)

Notes:
* denotes aircraft no longer in production
** approx. distance taken from table on slide 24
Runway width and additional safety areas

ICAO Annex 14 defines runway width

and additional safety areas
requirements
Runway location and siting

Untuk menentukan di mana landasan pacu harus diletakkan dan diposisikan, kita
perlu mempertimbangkan batasan-batasan berikut:
 Geological
 Topographical
 Meteorological
 Environmental
 Other
Runway location and siting - geological

 Terkadang kebutuhan untuk membangun landasan pacu baru berdampak

besar pada pengambilan lahan dan dapat membutuhkan lahan di luar batas
bandara
 Ketika tanah perlu dianalisis untuk penentuan tapak landasan baru, kondisi
geologi dapat menjadi kunci dalam:
 Menilai konstruksi awal dan biaya pemeliharaan berkelanjutan
 Apakah landasan pacu akan mempertahankan kualitas rancangannya dan untuk berapa
lama
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Runway location and siting - geological
Example: Kansai Airport (Phase 1)
Runway location and siting - topographical

 Seringkali kebutuhan untuk membangun landasan pacu baru berdampak besar

pada pengambilan lahan dan dapat membutuhkan lahan di luar batas bandara
 Ketika tanah perlu dianalisis untuk penentuan tapak landasan baru, kondisi
topografi dapat menjadi kunci dalam:
 Menilai biaya konstruksi awal
 Dampak pada medan lokal
 Dampak hambatan jika topografi yang beragam ada di sekitar bandara
 Perubahan level ke level lapangan terbang yang ada
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Runway location and siting - topographical
Example: Madeira Airport
International
Runway Civil Aviation
location Organization
and (ICAO)
siting – topographical
Example: Hechi Airport (China)
Runway location and siting - environmental

Example: Malaga Airport

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 Runway location and siting – other

Example: Gibraltar Airport

Copyright © 2018 IATA 27

Runway Capacity

• Kapasitas landasan pacu pada akhirnya menentukan kapasitas

bandara mana pun. Setiap upaya harus dilakukan untuk memastikan
bahwa fasilitas bandara tidak membatasi kapasitas dan kinerja
landasan pacu
Movement Definition

 ICAO definitions for take-off and landing clearances:

 Sebuah pesawat pendarat (landing aircraft ) biasanya tidak akan diizinkan untuk melewati
ambang landasan pacu pada final approach sampai pesawat pendarat sebelumnya bebas
dari runway in use.
 Pesawat yang berangkat (take off aircraft) biasanya tidak diizinkan untuk mulai lepas
landas sampai pesawat yang berangkat sebelumnya telah melewati ujung landasan pacu
yang digunakan (runway in use)
Runway Hourly Capacity

 Tarif per jam operasi pesawat (keberangkatan dan/atau kedatangan) yang

dapat diakomodasi oleh sistem landasan pacu. Ini sangat tergantung pada:
 Design of the Airspace
 Approach and Departure separation rules
 Aircraft size (fleet mix)
 Runway Layout and mode of operation
 Runway Occupancy Time
Jenis Runway
Single runway
(Geneva)

Advantages Disadvantages
• Lesser impact on environment due to reduced apron area and • Airport capacity restricted by single runway movements capability
reduced mvts/hr. • Runway emergencies and maintenance more difficult to manage
• Runway utilization often high • Cross wind take off and landing can present problems
• Recommended choice of IATA (subject to capacity requirements)
Jenis Runway

Open “V” to “L” Runways

(Dublin)

Advantages
• Increased runway capacity mvts/hr.
• Varied runway orientations to overcome seasonal prevailing winds
• Runway emergencies and maintenance easier
• Both runways can be used simultaneously
Disadvantages
• Larger impact on environment
• Layout occupies larger apron area
• Does not lend to efficient apron expansion
• One runway will always be more compromised to prevailing wind
• Crash at apex can render both inoperative
Jenis Runway

Staggered Runways
(Manchester)

Advantages Disadvantages
• Runway utilization can be high • Cross wind take off and landing can present problems
• Runway emergencies and maintenance easier
• Dedicated take off and landing promotes safer operation
• Lends to efficient apron expansion
• Recommended choice of IATA
Jenis Runway

Dual Parallel Runways

(Munich)

Advantages Disadvantages
• Runway utilization can be high • Cross wind take off and landing can present problems
• Runway emergencies and maintenance easier
• Dedicated take off and landing promotes safer operation
• Lends to efficient apron expansion
• Recommended choice of IATA
Jenis Runway
Multiple Parallel Runways
(LAX)

Advantages Disadvantages
• Runway utilization can be high • Cross wind take off and landing can present problems
• Runway emergencies and maintenance easier
• Dedicated take off and landing promotes safer operation
• Lends to efficient apron expansion
• Recommended choice of IATA
TAXIWAY
System Overview
System Overview
Taxiway

• Taxiways menyediakan jalur yang ditentukan antara satu bagian bandara

dan lainnya termasuk
• Runway exit taxiways (including Rapid Exit Taxiways)
• Runway parallel taxiways
• Apron taxiways
• Taxilanes
• Taxiways merupakan jaringan elemen yang saling berhubungan yang
melayani arriving and departing aircraft.
Taxiway minimal separation (Annex 14)
Runway c.l. 747-400
747-400

Runway strip: 150 m

Rnwy to twy c.l.: Column (5)

Taxiway c.l. 747-400

747-400

Twy to twy c.l.: Column (10)

Taxiway c.l. 747-400

747-400

Twy c.l. to object: Column (11)

Aircraft stands Length of the critical aircraft

747-400
747-400

Apron clearance: 4.5 m for "C"

and 7.5 m for "D", "E" and "F" Service road: 12 m
No Parallel Taxiway

Swaziland Airport
Partial Parallel Taxiway

Nairobi Airport
Single Parallel Taxiway
Lima Airport
Full Parallel Taxiways
Hongkong Airport
Aircraft Parking Stand

Overview
• An aircraft stand is a designated area intended for parking aircraft
for the purposes of loading and unloading passengers, baggage,
mail or cargo, or for re-fuelling, long-stay parking or maintenance.
Aircraft Parking SIzing

• Stand width should

match the maximum
wingspan of the aircraft
code
• Stand length is not
defined and is becoming
a problem
Aircraft Parking Sizing

 Stand width should match

the maximum wingspan of
the aircraft code
 Stand length is not defined
and is becoming a problem

Copyright © 2018 IATA 47

Aircraft Parking Layout

An aircraft stand should provide the

following minimum clearances between
an aircraft using the stand and any
adjacent building, aircraft or another
stand and other object:
 Code C: 4.5m
 Code D,E, and F: 7.5m
Multiple Aircraft Ramping Stand
Passenger Boarding Bridges

• Three types of PBB:

• Apron Drive
• Fixed
• Cantilever
Aircraft Ground Servicing

The apron must provide for the

maneuvering and parking
requirements of various units of
ground servicing equipment:
• Passenger Boarding
• Baggage, cargo and mail
• Catering and cleaning
• Pushback/Towing
• Fuelling
• Others (i.e., power units, air starters,
air conditioners,…)
Air and Ground Navigation Aids
Visual Aids
• Visual aids consist on markings and lights with different requirements
for:
• Non-Precision Approach
• Precision Approach (CAT I)
• Precision Approach (CAT II/III)
Air and Ground Navigation Aids

Non-Visual Aids
• Non-visual aids can support operations in decreasing cloud base and
visibility conditions:
• Non-Precision Approach
• Precision Approach (CAT I)
• Precision Approach (CAT II/III)
Air and Ground Navigation Aids

Air Traffic Control Towers Design

The following design characteristics should be observed by control tower
and terminal building planners:
• Ability to clearly see the stand perimeter of every stand on the apron
• Ability to see and control all taxiways and runways
• Ability to communicate with aircraft and remote ATC organizations
• Ground radar monitors
• Emergency services, crash/incident alert and security communications
• Provision of 360° anti-glare, anti-distortion apron viewing glazing
• Provision of CCTV monitoring for the remote review stands
• Towers should not be placed too close to flight paths
• Provision of suitable security fencing and access control systems
• Provision of dedicated heating, ventilation and power transformer systems, with provision of separate
emergency back-ups for each of these systems
Air Traffic Control Towers Considerations
THANK YOU

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