A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug) affects

the activity of a drug when both are administered together. This action can be synergistic
(when the drug’s effect is increased) or antagonistic (when the drug’s effect is decreased) or
a new effect can be produced that neither produces on its own. Typically, interactions
between drugs come to mind (drug-drug interaction). However, interactions may also exist
between drugs and foods (drug-food interactions), as well as drugs and medicinal plants or
herbs (drug-plant interactions). People taking antidepressant drugs such as monoamine
oxidase inhibitors should not take food containing tyramine as hypertensive crisis may
occur (an example of a drug-food interaction). These interactions may occur out of
accidental misuse or due to lack of knowledge about the active ingredients involved in the
relevant substances.
Interaksi obat adalah situasi di mana suatu zat (biasanya obat lain) mempengaruhi
aktivitas obat ketika keduanya diberikan bersama. Tindakan ini dapat bersifat sinergis (ketika
efek obat meningkat) atau antagonis (ketika efek obat menurun) atau efek baru dapat
dihasilkan yang tidak dihasilkan oleh keduanya. Biasanya, interaksi antar obat muncul di
pikiran (interaksi obat-obat). Namun, interaksi juga dapat terjadi antara obat dan makanan
(interaksi obat-makanan), serta obat-obatan dan tanaman obat atau jamu (interaksi obat-
tanaman). Orang yang memakai obat antidepresan seperti inhibitor oksidase monoamine
tidak boleh mengambil makanan yang mengandung tyramine karena krisis hipertensi dapat
terjadi (contoh interaksi obat-makanan). Interaksi ini dapat terjadi karena penyalahgunaan
yang tidak disengaja atau karena kurangnya pengetahuan tentang bahan aktif yang terlibat
dalam zat yang relevan.

It is therefore easy to see the importance of these pharmacological interactions in

the practice of medicine. If a patient is taking two drugs and one of them increases the
effect of the other it is possible that an overdose may occur. The interaction of the two
drugs may also increase the risk that side effects will occur. On the other hand, if the action
of a drug is reduced it may cease to have any therapeutic use because of under dosage.
Oleh karena itu mudah untuk melihat pentingnya interaksi farmakologis ini dalam
praktik kedokteran. Jika seorang pasien menggunakan dua obat dan salah satunya
meningkatkan efek yang lain, kemungkinan overdosis dapat terjadi. Interaksi kedua obat
tersebut juga dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya efek samping. Di sisi lain, jika aksi obat
berkurang, penggunaan terapeutik dapat dihentikan karena dosisnya kurang.
The pharmaceutical interactions that are of special interest to the practice of
medicine are primarily those that have negative effects for an organism. The risk that a
pharmacological interaction will appear increases as a function of the number of drugs
administered to a patient at the same time.
Interaksi farmasi yang menjadi perhatian khusus dalam praktik kedokteran terutama
adalah interaksi yang memiliki efek negatif bagi suatu organisme. Risiko munculnya interaksi
farmakologi meningkat sebagai fungsi dari jumlah obat yang diberikan kepada pasien pada
waktu yang sama.
It is also possible for interactions to occur outside an organism before administration
of the drugs has taken place. This can occur when two drugs are mixed, for example, in a
saline solution prior to intravenous injection.
 Interaksi juga mungkin terjadi di luar organisme sebelum pemberian obat dilakukan.
Ini dapat terjadi ketika dua obat dicampur, misalnya dalam larutan garam sebelum injeksi
intravena.
Drug interactions may be the result of various processes. These processes may
include alterations in the pharmacokinetics of the drug, such as alterations in the
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug. Alternatively, drug
interactions may be the result of the pharmacodynamic properties of the drug, e.g. the
co-administration of a receptor antagonist and an agonist for the same receptor.
Interaksi obat mungkin merupakan hasil dari berbagai proses. Proses ini mungkin
termasuk perubahan dalam farmakokinetik obat, seperti perubahan dalam penyerapan,
distribusi, metabolisme, dan ekskresi (ADME) suatu obat. Atau, interaksi obat mungkin
merupakan hasil dari sifat farmakodinamik obat, mis. pemberian bersama antagonis reseptor
dan agonis untuk reseptor yang sama.
A. Exercise 2

Answer the questions.

1. What is a drug interaction?

A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug)

affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together.

2. What action is called synergistic?

This action can be synergistic (when the drug’s effect is increased) or antagonistic (when
the drug’s effect is decreased) or a new effect can be produced that neither produces on
its own.

3. What is a drug-food interaction?

People taking antidepressant drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors should not take
food containing tyramine as hypertensive crisis may occur (an example of a drug-food
interaction). These interactions may occur out of accidental misuse or due to lack of
knowledge about the active ingredients involved in the relevant substances.

4. What is a drug-plant interaction?

Any pharmacological modification caused by herbal substances to another prescription

medication (diagnostic, therapeutic or other action of a drug) in or on the body. An herb
might increases or decreases the effects of co-administered drugs.

5. What is antagonistic action?

Antagonists are drugs that bind to receptors without activating the receptors. Antagonists
usually bind via ionic, hydrogen, or van der Waals bonds so that they are reversible.

6. What may occur if a patient is taking two drugs and one of them increases the effect of
the other?

If a patient is taking two drugs and one of them increases the effect of the other it is
 possible that an overdose may occur. The interaction of the two drugs may also increase
the risk that side effects will occur. On the other hand, if the action of a drug is reduced it
may cease to have any therapeutic use because of under dosage.
7. What interactions are of special interest to the practice of medicine?
A drug interaction is a reaction between two (or more) drugs or between a drug and a
food, beverage, or supplement.

8. Is it possible for interactions to occur outside an organism?

It is also possible for interactions to occur outside an organism before administration of

the drugs has taken place. This can occur when two drugs are mixed, for example, in a
saline solution prior to intravenous injection.
Latihan 2
Jawablah pertanyaan.
1. Apa itu interaksi obat?
2. Tindakan apa yang disebut sinergis?
3. Apa itu interaksi obat-makanan?
4. Apa yang dimaksud dengan interaksi obat-tanaman?
5. Apa itu tindakan antagonis?
6. Apa yang mungkin terjadi jika seorang pasien menggunakan dua obat dan salah
satunya
meningkatkan efek yang lain?
7. Interaksi apa yang menjadi perhatian khusus dalam praktik kedokteran?
8. Mungkinkah interaksi terjadi di luar organisme?

B. Exercise 3

Fill in the gaps using the words from the box.

allergic drug toxic drowsiness

weight occurs side-effects

Therapeutic benefits of a Drug on the market far outweighs it

risks. All drugs are likely to have some a l l e r g i c unwanted action of a
drug, e.g.
Side – effects from an antihistamine given to relieve drowsinnes symptoms, or
acceleration of the heart by a drug given for asthma. The term is not usually applied to the
toxic effects of an overdose, but to an effect of a standard
therapeutic dose.
A side effect is usually regarded as an undesirable secondary effect which

Occurs in addition to the desired therapeutic effect of a drug or medication. Side effects may
 vary for each individual depending on the person's disease state, age, weight , gender,
ethnicity and general health.

Manfaat terapeutik dari ____ di pasar jauh melebihi risikonya. Semua obat cenderung
memiliki beberapa __– tindakan obat yang tidak diinginkan, mis. ____ dari antihistamin yang
diberikan untuk meredakan ____ gejala, atau percepatan jantung oleh obat yang diberikan
untuk asma. Istilah ini biasanya tidak diterapkan untuk efek ___ dari overdosis, tetapi untuk
efek terapi standar dosis. Efek samping biasanya dianggap sebagai efek sekunder yang tidak
diinginkan yang _____ selain efek terapeutik yang diinginkan dari suatu obat atau pengobatan.
Efek samping dapat bervariasi pada setiap individu tergantung pada keadaan penyakit orang
tersebut, usia, _____, jenis kelamin, etnis dan kesehatan umum.

A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all
related to a single topic. Almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than a few
sentences should be organized into paragraphs. This is because paragraphs show a reader
where the subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus help the reader see the
organization of the essay and grasp its main points.

Paragraf adalah rangkaian kalimat yang teratur dan koheren, dan semuanya terkait
dengan satu topik. Hampir setiap tulisan yang Anda buat yang lebih panjang dari beberapa
kalimat harus disusun dalam paragraf. Ini karena paragraf menunjukkan kepada pembaca di
mana subdivisi esai dimulai dan diakhiri, dan dengan demikian membantu pembaca melihat
organisasi esai dan memahami poin utamanya.

Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of information. A paragraph could

contain a series of brief examples or a single long illustration of a general point. It might
describe a place, character, or process; narrate a series of events; compare or contrast two or
more things; classify items into categories; or describe causes and effects. Regardless of the
kind of information they contain, all paragraphs share certain characteristics. One of the most
important of these is a topic sentence.

Paragraf dapat berisi berbagai jenis informasi. Sebuah paragraf dapat berisi serangkaian
contoh singkat atau satu ilustrasi panjang dari suatu poin umum. Itu mungkin menggambarkan
tempat, karakter, atau proses; menceritakan rangkaian peristiwa; membandingkan atau
membedakan dua hal atau lebih; mengklasifikasikan item ke dalam kategori; atau menjelaskan
sebab dan akibat. Terlepas dari jenis informasi yang dikandungnya, semua paragraf memiliki
karakteristik tertentu. Salah satu yang paling penting adalah kalimat topik.

A well-organized paragraph supports or develops a single controlling idea, which is

expressed in a sentence called the topic sentence. A topic sentence has several important
functions: it substantiates or supports an essay’s thesis statement; it unifies the content of a
paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to
be discussed and how the paragraph will discuss it. Readers generally look to the first few
sentences in a paragraph to determine the subject and perspective of the paragraph. That’s
why it’s often best to put the topic sentence at the very beginning of the paragraph. In some
cases, however, it’s more effective to place another sentence before the topic sentence—for
example, a sentence linking the current paragraph to the previous one, or one providing
background information.

Paragraf yang tertata dengan baik mendukung atau mengembangkan satu ide
pengendali, yang diungkapkan dalam sebuah kalimat yang disebut kalimat topik. Kalimat topik
memiliki beberapa fungsi penting: memperkuat atau mendukung pernyataan tesis esai; itu
menyatukan isi paragraf dan mengarahkan urutan kalimat; dan menyarankan pembaca tentang
topik yang akan dibahas dan bagaimana paragraf akan membahasnya. Pembaca umumnya
melihat beberapa kalimat pertama dalam sebuah paragraf untuk menentukan subjek dan
perspektif paragraf. Itulah mengapa seringkali yang terbaik adalah meletakkan kalimat topik di
awal paragraf. Namun, dalam beberapa kasus, akan lebih efektif untuk menempatkan kalimat
lain sebelum kalimat topik—misalnya, kalimat yang menghubungkan paragraf saat ini dengan
paragraf sebelumnya, atau kalimat yang memberikan informasi latar belakang.

Although most paragraphs should have a topic sentence, there are a few situations
when a paragraph might not need a topic sentence. For example, you might be able to omit a
topic sentence in a paragraph that narrates a series of events, if a paragraph continues
developing an idea that you introduced (with a topic sentence) in the previous paragraph, or
if all the sentences and details in a paragraph clearly refer— perhaps indirectly—to a main
point. The vast majority of your paragraphs, however, should have a topic sentence.
Meskipun sebagian besar paragraf harus memiliki kalimat topik, ada beberapa situasi di
mana sebuah paragraf mungkin tidak memerlukan kalimat topik. Misalnya, Anda mungkin
dapat menghilangkan kalimat topik dalam paragraf yang menceritakan rangkaian peristiwa, jika
paragraf terus mengembangkan ide yang Anda perkenalkan (dengan kalimat topik) di paragraf
sebelumnya, atau jika semua kalimat dan detailnya dalam sebuah paragraf merujuk dengan
jelas—mungkin secara tidak langsung—ke poin utama. Namun, sebagian besar paragraf Anda
harus memiliki kalimat topik.

Most paragraphs in an essay have a three-part structure—introduction, body, and

conclusion. You can see this structure in paragraphs whether they are narrating,
describing, comparing, contrasting, or analyzing information. Each part of the paragraph
plays an important role in communicating your meaning to your reader.
Sebagian besar paragraf dalam esai memiliki struktur tiga bagian—pendahuluan, isi,
dan kesimpulan. Anda dapat melihat struktur ini dalam paragraf apakah itu menceritakan,
menggambarkan, membandingkan, mengontraskan, atau menganalisis informasi. Setiap
bagian dari paragraf memainkan peran penting dalam mengkomunikasikan maksud Anda
kepada pembaca Anda.

Introduction: the first section of a paragraph; should include the topic sentence and any
other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or
provide a transition.

Pendahuluan: bagian pertama paragraf; harus menyertakan kalimat topik dan kalimat lain
di awal paragraf yang memberikan informasi latar belakang atau memberikan transisi.

Body: follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments,
analysis, examples, and other information.
 Isi: mengikuti pendahuluan; membahas gagasan pengendali, menggunakan fakta, argumen,
analisis, contoh, dan informasi lainnya.

Conclusion: the final section; summarizes the connections between the information
discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph’s controlling idea
Kesimpulan: bagian terakhir; merangkum hubungan antara informasi yang dibahas dalam
tubuh paragraf dan gagasan pengontrol paragraf

C. Exercise 4
Read the paragraph below and then determine its elements.
Toxicology (from the Greek words τοξικός- toxicos "poisonous" and logos) is the
study of poisons, an extension of pharmacology. It is concerned with the study of the
adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It studies symptoms, mechanisms,
treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people. Its functions
have expanded from identifying poisons and searching for treatments to include forensic
toxicology (forensic medicine) and testing and detection of a fast-growing number of new
potentially toxic substances used in workplaces, in agriculture (e.g., insecticides, other
pesticides, fertilizers), in cosmetics, as food additives, and as drugs (see drug poisoning).
Perhaps the area of largest expansion is the study of toxic waste in the air, water, and
soil, including chlorofluorocarbons, acid rain, dioxin, and radioactive
isotopes.

Toksikologi (dari kata Yunani τοξικός- toxicos "beracun" dan logos) adalah studi
tentang racun, perpanjangan dari farmakologi. Ini berkaitan dengan studi tentang efek buruk
bahan kimia pada organisme hidup. Ini mempelajari gejala, mekanisme, perawatan dan
deteksi keracunan, terutama keracunan orang. Fungsinya telah berkembang dari
mengidentifikasi racun dan mencari perawatan untuk memasukkan toksikologi forensik
(kedokteran forensik) dan pengujian dan deteksi zat beracun baru yang tumbuh cepat yang
digunakan di tempat kerja, di pertanian (misalnya, insektisida, pestisida lain, pupuk) , dalam
kosmetik, sebagai bahan tambahan makanan, dan sebagai obat (lihat keracunan obat).
Mungkin bidang perluasan terbesar adalah studi tentang limbah beracun di udara, air, dan
tanah, termasuk klorofluorokarbon, hujan asam, dioksin, dan radioaktif,isotop.

Topic Sentence : Toxicology (from the Greek words tofukó-toxicos "poisonous" and
logos) is the study of poisons, an extension of pharmacology

Supporting Sentences : It is concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on
living organisms. It studies symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning,
especially the poisoning of people. Its functions have expanded from identifying poisons and
searching for treatments to include forensic toxicology (forensic medicine) and testing and
detection of a fast-growing number of new potentially toxic substances used in workplaces, in
agriculture (e.g., insecticides, other pesticides, fertilizers), in cosmetics, as food additives, and
as drugs (see drug poisoning).
Closing Sentence : Perhaps the area of largest expansion is the study of toxic waste in the
air, water, and soil, including chlorofluorocarbons, acid rain, dioxin, and
radioactive isotopes.
D. Exercise 5
Continue this following topic sentence to be a good paragraph.

MY FUTURE
SPECIALITY
I have chosen pharmacy as my future speciality. Pharmacy is the science which studies
medicinal substances used for treating and preventing different diseases. Pharmacy studies
recognizing, identifying, collecting, selecting, preparing, storing, testing, compounding and
dispensing all medicinal substances. A pharmacist or a provisor is a specialist with higher
pharmaceutical education who is permitted by law to prepare drugs at chemist’s shops,
pharmaceutical plants, to check up the quality of the drugs, to dispense and supply them. A
pharmacist together with a doctor devotes his life to protecting people’s health. He is often
called ‘the second doctor’.To become a pharmacist one should achieve knowledge of different
subjects. Future specialists must know chemistry - the science explaining composition and
transformation of matter, different fields of chemistry. Thus, General Chemistry deals with
basic principles and inorganic substances, Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of carbon
compounds, Analytical Chemistry studies qualitative and quantitative analyses of inorganic
substances, Biochemistry studies biochemical processes taking place in the human body and in
animals, Toxicological Chemistry deals with toxic substances and their action on the organism.
Botany is the science of plants, their structure, functions and classification, Pharmacognozy is
the science of drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin. Of course, my future speciality is
closely connected with drugs, that is why future pharmacists must know Pharmacology which
is broadly defined as the science of drugs and their action and other sciences.The sphere of
action of a pharmacist is broad: at a chemist’s he may be a manager, or an assistant manager,
a head of a department, a dispensing pharmacist, an analytical chemist. A manager is
responsible for the work of all departments of a chemist’s, it’s financial, economic and
administrative activity. A dispensing pharmacist takes prescriptions and delivers drugs. An
analytical chemist controls the effectiveness of drugs, their technology and time of storing. A
specialist with higher pharmaceutical education has the right to be the head of a drug
storehouse or his assistant. A pharmacist may also work at a chemical analytical laboratory,
which controls the quality of prepared drugs at pharmacies as well as ready-made drugs. Very
often leading specialists of pharmaceutical factories are graduates of pharmaceutical
academies.At present the sphere of action of a pharmacist is becoming broader: it’s worth to
say about the specialists who work at numerous biochemical, clinical laboratories at sanatoria,
hospitals, polyclinics. Many specialists have private chemist’s shops which supply the
population with all kinds of medicines, vitamins and things of medical care many of which are
imported. Of course one can see pharmacy graduates teaching at higher educational
establishments, schools of pharmacy, medical schools, secondary schools, etc.Wherever a
provisor works he must always remember that he works with people. There is no a provisor
without love for his profession, a profound respect for people. His aim is to help an ill person
 to use the prescribed medicines in a better way, to strengthen a person’s belief in a sooner
recovery

E. Exercise 6
Conclude the pattern of Simple Past Continous Tense.
(+) John was going to Londo next month

(-) John was not going to Londo next month

(?) Was john going to Londo next month ?

F. Exercise 7
Fill in the blanks with appropriate Past Continuous form of the verb
given in the brackets.

1. I TV at eight o’clock yesterday evening.

a. was watching
b. watched
c. am watching
2. I a medical book all day yesterday.
a. read
b. was reading
c. had read
3. At the time when it happened, I to the University.
a. was going
b. went
c. am going
4. As I down the road, I saw my English teacher.
a. were walking
b. was walking
c. walked
5. The phone rang while I organic chemistry.
a. was studying
b. study
c. was studying
6. It happened while I in a hostel last year.
a. lives
b. was living
c. had living
7. When I entered her room, she the piano.
a. was playing
b. played
c. were playing
8. Students to the exam all week.
a. was learning
b. were learning
c. were learn

G. Exercise 8
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.

1. A: What (you, do) when the accident occurred?

 What are you doing when the accident occurced?

B: I (try) to change a light bulb that had burnt out.

 I am trying to change a light bulb that had burnt out

2. Sebastian (arrive) at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not) there.
She (study, at the library) for her final examination in French.
 Sebastian is arriving at susan’s house a little before 9:00 PM, but she is not there. She is
studying at the library for her final examination in French.
3. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch,
also) television. That's all she ever does!
 Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she watching also
television. That's all she ever does!
4. After (find) the wallet full of money, (go, immediately) to the police and (turn) it in.

5. The doctor (say) that Tom (be) too sick to go to work and that he (need) to stay at
home for a couple of days.

 The doctor is saying that Tom is too sick to go to work and that he needing
to stay at home for a couple of days.
6. A:I (call) you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) there. Where were you?
 I am calling you last night after dinner, but you are not there. where were you?
B: I (work) out at the fitness center.
 I am working out at the fitness center.
7. When (walk) into the busy office, the secretary (talk) on the phone with a
customer, several clerks (work, busily) at their desks, and two managers (discuss,
quietly) methods to improve customer service.
 When walking into the busy office, the secretary talking on the phone with a customer,
several clerks busily is working at their desks, and two managers discuss is quietly methods